The Rock Cycle

• How do surface processes contributeHow do surface processes contribute to the rock cycle?

• How is the rock cycle related to plateHow is the rock cycle related to plate tectonics?

The Rock Cycle

• rock cycle• rock cycle

• extrusive rock

• intrusive rock

• upliftuplift

• deposition

What is the rock cycle?

• rock cycle: series of processes that

What is the rock cycle?

y pcontinually change one rock type into another is called the

• As materials move through the rock cycle they can take the form ofcycle, they can take the form of igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, or metamorphic rocks. p

What is the rock cycle? (cont )

• At times, the material might not be rock

What is the rock cycle? (cont.)

, gat all but instead, sediment, magma, or lava.

• Some processes in the rock cycle take place on Earth’s surface and othersplace on Earth s surface, and others take place deep beneath Earth’s surface.

What is the rock cycle? (cont )What is the rock cycle? (cont.)

Interactive Rock Cycley

Interactives . The Rock Cycle . The Rock CycleCycle

Processes of the Rock Cycle

• The formation of minerals or rocks are key

Processes of the Rock Cycle

processes of the rock cycle.

Recall that igneous rock forms from molten grock that is on or below earth’s surface

• extrusive igneous rock: when lava eruptsextrusive igneous rock: when lava erupts and cools and crystallizes on Earth’s surface

• intrusive igneous rock: when magmaintrusive igneous rock: when magma cools and crystallizes inside Earth

Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont )

• Uplift : the process that

Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)

p pmoves large amounts of rock up to Earth’s surface and to higher elevations

• Uplift is driven by theUplift is driven by the movement of tectonic plates and is related to the pbuilding of mountains

• At earth’s surface, rock is subject to the environment.

• Rock is weathered by wind rain glaciersRock is weathered by wind, rain, glaciers, and the activities of some organisms (or living things); these processes break down g g ); pexposed rock into sediment

• Sediment is moved by erosion• Sediment is moved by erosion.

• Erosion: process by which glaciers, rain, and wind carry sediment to low-lying places called basins

• Deposition: the process of laying down p p y gsediment in a new location

• Over time deposition causes layers of• Over time, deposition causes layers of sediment to form, one on top of the other.

Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont )Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)

How are surface processes involved in the rock cycle?involved in the rock cycle?

Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont )

• Compaction: the weight of upper layers of sediment on lower layers of sediment

Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)

of sediment on lower layers of sediment pushes the grains of the bottom layers closer togethercloser together

• Pores: tiny spaces between the grains of y p gsedimentary rocks

• When there is water containing dissolved• When there is water containing dissolved minerals in the pores between sediment, the minerals can crystallize, which helpsthe minerals can crystallize, which helps cement the grains together in sedimentaryrock

• Rocks subjected to high temperatures and• Rocks subjected to high temperatures and pressure undergo a change known as metamorphismmetamorphism.

• With high enough temps, the metamorphic k lt d brock can melt and become magma.

• When the magma cools and solidifies,When the magma cools and solidifies, igneous rock forms and another turn of the rock cycle begins.y g

Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont )

• The theory of plate tectonics states that

Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)

y pEarth’s surface is broken into rigid plates.

• These plates move as a result of Earth’s internal thermal energy and convectioninternal thermal energy and convection of the mantle.

Th th l i th t f• The theory explains the movement of continents, as well as earthquakes and volcanoesvolcanoes.

• Volcanoes form near plate boundaries,Volcanoes form near plate boundaries, giving rise to igneous rock; this kind of rock also forms where plates move apart.p p

• Rocks near colliding plates are often exposed to high pressure which causesexposed to high pressure, which causes them to undergo metamorphism.

• When plates collide, one plate can get pushed deep below earth’s surface, where the rock melts and becomes magma; inthe rock melts and becomes magma; in time it is likely to become igneous rock

• Colliding plates can push rock to earth’s g p psurface; such rock is subject to erosion, which breaks the rock into sediment.

f fThese pieces of rock can eventually form sedimentary rock.

Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont )Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)

• Processes within Earth that move tectonic plates also drive the rock cycle.

• As long as these processes exist the• As long as these processes exist, the rock cycle will continue.

Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont )Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)

How is the rock cycle related yto plate tectonics?

• Weathering and erosion are important processes in the rockimportant processes in the rock cycle.

• Uplift contributes to rock• Uplift contributes to rock cycle processes on Earth’s surface.

• Plate tectonic activity contributes to rock cycle

b h E h’ fprocesses beneath Earth’s surface.

What type of rock forms when yplava erupts and cools and crystallizes on Earth’s surface?A. intrusive rock

B t i kB. extrusive rock

C. metamorphic rock p

D. none of these

What process moves large p gamounts of rock up to Earth’s surface and to higher elevations?A. uplift

B depositionB. deposition

C. crystallization

D. compaction

During what process does the weight g p gof overlying layers of sediment push the grains of the bottom layers closer together?

A. uplift

together?

B. deposition

C. compactionC. compaction

D. none of the above

5 All rock types are related through the

Do you agree or disagree?

5. All rock types are related through the rock cycle.

6 Rocks move at a slow and constant6. Rocks move at a slow and constant rate through the rock cycle.

Key Concept Summary

Interactive Concept MapInteractive Concept Map

Chapter Review

Standardized Test Practice

How are minerals and rocks formed, identified, classified,

?and used?

Lesson 1: Minerals• Minerals form when solids crystallize from molten

material or from solutions.

Lesson 1: Minerals

• Properties such as color, streak, hardness, and cleavage are used to identify minerals. Unique properties such as magnetism reaction to acid andproperties such as magnetism, reaction to acid, and fluorescence can also be used to identify certain minerals.

• Minerals are used to make everyday products such as toothpaste and makeup. Metals are used in cars and buildings. Gemstones are valued for their gbeauty.

Lesson 2: RocksLesson 2: Rocks• Rocks are classified based on their texture and

composition.p• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava solidifies.

Sedimentary rocks from when sediments are lithified Metamorphic rocks form when parent rockslithified. Metamorphic rocks form when parent rocks are changed by thermal energy, pressure, or hot fluids.

• Rocks are used in construction, abrasives, and art.

Lesson 3: The Rock Cycle• Surface processes break down existing rocks into

sediment. They transport this sediment to locations

Lesson 3: The Rock Cycle

y pwhere it undergoes deposition and can be recycled to make more rocks.Thermal energy is released• Thermal energy is released at plate boundaries. This thermal energy provides the energy needed for makingenergy needed for making igneous and metamorphic rocks. It also drives the f th t k tforces that expose rocks to processes occurring on Earth’s surface.