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Robotics

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A robot is a mechanicalor

virtual, artificial agent. A robot is

usually an electro-mechanical

system, which, by its appearance

or movements, conveys a sense

that it has intent or agency of its

own.

Roboticsis the science and technologyof robots, their design, manufacture, and

application. Robotics requires a working

knowledge ofelectronics, mechanics,

andsoftware.

A person working in the field is a roboticist.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics


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A typical robot must have several, but not all of

the following properties: Is not 'natural' / has been artificially created. Can sense its environment. Can manipulate things in its environment.

Has some degree ofintelligence, or ability to make choicesbased on the environment, or automatic control /preprogrammed sequence.

Is programmable. Can move with one or more axes ofrotation or translation. Can make dexterous coordinated movements. Appears to have intent or agency (reification,

anthropomorphisation or Pathetic fallacy

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathetic_fallacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathetic_fallacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathetic_fallacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathetic_fallacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulatorhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural


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Other definitions of robot

There is no one definition of robot which satisfies everyone,and many people havewritten their own. For example,International standardISO 8373 defines a "robot" as:" Anautomatically controll

ed, reprogrammable, multipurpose,manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which maybe either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial

automation applications.

Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, onceremark

ed I can't define a robot, but I know one when I seeone.

The Cambridge Online Dictionarydefines "robot" as:A machine used to perform jobs automatically, which is

controlled by a computer

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_8373&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_8373&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelbergerhttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_8373&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard


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History The first industrial robot, digitally

operated and teachable, was inventedbyGeorge Devol and was called theU

nimate. It is worth noting that not a

single patent was cited against hisoriginal robotics patent (No.2,988,237).

The first Unimate was personally soldby Devol to General Motors in 1960and installed in 1961 in a plant inTrenton, New Jersey to lift hot piecesof metal from a die-casting machineand stack them.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devol


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Contemporary uses

Industrial robot andDomestic robot

Robots today have many missions, purposes, andmotivations for their creation. They can be placed into

roughly two categories based on the type of job they do: Jobs which a robot can do better than a human. Here,

robots can increase productivity, accuracy, and endurance.

Jobs which a human could do better than a robot, but it is

desirable to remove the human for some reason. Here,robots free us from dirty, dangerous and dull tasks.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot


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Why Robots?- Reduce repetitive motion injuries

- Reduced workers compensation claims

- Reduce turnover of skilled operators- Increased throughput potential

- Productivity increase Multi shift operation savings

Larger reach capability Greater painting speed endurance

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Increased productivity, accuracy, and enduranceJobs which require speed,

accuracy, reliability, andendurance can be performedfar better by a robot than by a

human. This has lead tocheaper mass-produced goods,including automobiles and

electronic goods.

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The number of installed robots has grown faster and faster,

and today there are more than 800,000 worldwide (42% in

Japan, 40% in the EU and 18% in the USA).


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Some examples of factory robots include:

Car production

Packaging:

Electronics:

Automated Guided Vehicles:

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaker


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Food Industry

Working at temperatures as low asminus 30 degrees centigrade withoutshivering is simply inhuman and that's

why many frozen food manufacturershave turned to Fanuc robots.

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The world's fastest packing robot thenew M-420iA which is available intwo or four-axis configurations whichcan perform up to 3,000 cycles perhour. It can rotate through 180 andfits easily into any kind of productionline.
http://robotics.micromech.co.uk/robotcell/product_info_fanuc_m_420ia.shtmlhttp://robotics.micromech.co.uk/robotcell/product_info_fanuc_m_420ia.shtmlhttp://robotics.micromech.co.uk/robotcell/product_info_fanuc_m_420ia.shtmlhttp://robotics.micromech.co.uk/robotcell/product_info_fanuc_m_420ia.shtml


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Painting

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Automated robotic

application of material

brings consistency to the

spray out process.

Improve appearance

consistency

Improve product film build

consistency Provide consistent gun

target distance

Reduce part defects


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Packaging & Palletising

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Robots can be tailored to suit customers packaging

and palletising requirements. The powerful M-410iWWis the world's largest palletising robot with a maximumpayload of 400 kg, but it has the kind of agility thatwould put many a Sumo to shame.


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The Roboroo robot wasdeveloped by Holden, a

car-making firm in

Australia. Engineerswanted to design better

protective bars for their

cars and this plastic and

metal test dummy was

ideal to assess the effectsof collisions with suicidal

kangaroos. The first

Roboroo was built in 1994.

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Bomb disposal

robots make a

dangerous job alittle less

hazardous. They're

designed to search

for, locate andneutralise explosive

devices.

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Robodog is the world'smost powerful, advancedand largest commercial

legged robot.

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Current developments

Medical robotics :is a growing field and regulatoryapproval has been granted for

the use of robots in minimallyinvasive procedures. Robots are

being used in performing highlydelicate, accurate surgery, or toallow a surgeon who is located

remotely from their patient toperform a procedure using arobot controlled remotely. Morerecently, robots can be usedautonomously in surgery

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.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shadow_Hand_Bulb.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon


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Dangers and fears Although current robots are not believed tohave developed to the stage where they poseany threat or danger to society , fears andconcerns about robots have been repeatedlyexpressed in a wide range of books andfilms.

Even without malicious programming, arobot, especially a future model movingfreely in a human environment, ispotentially dangerous because of its largemoving masses, powerful actuators and

unpredictably complex behavior. A robotfalling on someone or just stepping on hisfoot by mistake could cause much moredamage to the victim than a human being ofthe same size.

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