road network evaluation tools: overview , main c oncepts , applications
DESCRIPTION
Road Network Evaluation Tools: Overview , Main C oncepts , Applications. Cesar Queiroz, Ph.D. Consultant, former World Bank Highways Adviser Arusha , Tanzania, 16-20 September 2013. RONET Overview , M ain C oncepts, Background and Applications. Infrastructure and economic development - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cesar Queiroz, Ph.D. Consultant, former World Bank Highways Adviser
Arusha, Tanzania, 16-20 September 2013
Road Network Evaluation Tools:Overview, Main Concepts, Applications
RONET Overview, Main Concepts, Background and Applications
• Infrastructure and economic development• Optimization defined• A common concern: how to optimize
maintenance and rehabilitation• What is required for an agency to use
RONET? • RONET structure• RONET applications• Next steps
Infrastructure• “The built environment in which we
live” (Ausubel and Herman)• The physical framework upon
which the economy operates and our standard of living depends (ASCE)
Infrastructure comprises• Public utilities: power,
telecommunications, piped water supply, sanitation and sewerage, solid waste collection and disposal, piped gas
• Public works: roads, dams, canals, railways, ports, waterways, airports, buildings
Developing and Developed Countries• Developing countries include low- and middle-
income economies• Developed (advanced, industrial, rich) countries
denote high-income economies• The World Bank’s main criterion for classifying
economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita, previously referred to as gross national product (GNP)
• http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
Classification of EconomiesEconomies GNI per capita
Low-income $1,035 or lessMiddle-Income $1,036 to $12,615
Lower $1,036 to $4,085Upper $4,086 to $12,615
High-income $12,616 or more
Source: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications
Examples of Gross National Income
GNI,$/cap
Nor SwiUS UK Slo Por Est
Rus Bra Bot Chi Ser Bol Ind TajTan
DRC0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Examples of Gross National Income
GNI,$/cap
Slo EstRus Bra Bot SA Chi Ser Ukr Bol Ind La
oSen Taj
Tan MozDRC
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Economic Development and InfrastructureGNI ($/pop)
Source: Queiroz and Gautam
GNI = 1.39 PRDR squared: 0.7698 countries
Road AgencyBudget
Total Road Transport Costs
User Costs
Budget, Costs $
TooLarge
Too Poor Optimal Too Good
Optimal
TooSmall
Road Condition
Optimal Road Condition
• RONET, developed by Rodrigo Archondo-Callao for SSATP, helps decision makers to:Monitor network conditionPlan allocation of resourcesAssess consequences of macro
policiesDesign Road Asset Management
Systems
Road Network Evaluation Tools
• Availability: RONET is available free of charge on the World Bank website at: http://go.worldbank.org/HWVR0FWEF0
http://go.worldbank.org/FF0CT8M770 • General use: RONET can be used in
any city, country or region, provided that appropriate data are available
• Version 2.00 – latest version, published in 2009
Road Network Evaluation Tools
RONET Version 2.00
Road Network Evaluation Tools Version 2.00, January, 2009
Step Configuration Inputs Calculations Outputs
O-Length & Utilization1) C-Basic Configuration I-Country Data Current Condition Assessment O-Asset Value
I-Road Network Length O-RoughnessO-Network Distribution ChartsO-Network Monitoring Indicators
Performance Assessment O-Network Performance2) C-Standards Configuration I-Historical Expenditures O-Annual Work Program
O-Solution CatalogO-Road Works DistributionO-Road Works SummaryO-Historical Expenditures Comparison
3) C-Vehicle Fleet Configuration I-Road User Charges Road User Revenues O-Fuel Consumption RevenuesI-Funding Requirements O-Road User Revenues
O-Requirements & Revenues Comparison
The World BankWashington, D.C.
PAM
What is Required for an Agency to Take Advantage of Tools Such as HDM-4 and RONET?• Updated road inventory and condition data,
e.g., length of roads in each category, pavement structure, road roughness
• Traffic data, e.g., volumes by vehicle category, weight of heavy vehicles
• Road user cost data, e.g., price of new vehicles, fuel consumption and cost
• Unit cost of road works, e.g., rehabilitation ($/km), new construction ($/km)
Total 5 X 5 X 5 X 5 = 625 Road Classes
Matrix of Road Classes: Overall Network Evaluation
Network Road TypeType Concrete Asphalt S.T. Gravel EarthMotorwaysPrimarySecondaryTertiaryUnclassified
Traffic Condition CategoryCategory Very Good Good Fair Poor Very PoorTraffic ITraffic IITraffic IIITraffic IVTraffic V
Road Network Length Matrix
• Main road condition indicator used by models such as RONET and HDM
• A standard scale used throughout the world to quantify the roughness of roads
• The IRI summarizes the roughness qualities that impact vehicle response (such as vehicle vibration)
• It relates to overall vehicle ride, operating cost, dynamic wheel loads, and overall surface condition
International Roughness Index (IRI)
• The International Road Roughness Experiment, Brasilia, Brazil, 1982
• Reference: World Bank Technical Paper No. 45, “The International Road Roughness Experiment: Establishing Correlation and a Calibration Standard for Measurements,” available at: http://go.worldbank.org/0UUNR93490
Development of IRI
International Roughness Index
• IRI is determined by measuring the profile along the wheel paths of the road, and then filtering the profiles through a quarter-car mathematical model to simulate the suspension deflection of a passenger car
• Its uses include assessing road condition and as a construction specification
IRI Meaning and Uses
• “ProVAL” - Profile Viewing and AnaLysis - an engineering software used to view and analyze pavement profiles, including IRI calculations
• Sponsored by the US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
• Available free of charge from: http://www.roadprofile.com/
IRI Calculation from Road Profiles
21
• “RoadRuf” – a tool for computing IRI, available from the University of Michigan at: http://www.umtri.umich.edu/divisionPage.php?pageID=62
• RoadRuf includes an interactive X-Y plotter and a spectrum analyzer
• A sample program for calculating IRI is available at: http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/IRIMain.f
IRI Calculation from Road Profiles
RONET uses simplified incremental road deterioration model for paved roads:
•traffic loading (YE4)•pavement modified structural number andsubgrade bearing capacity (SNC)•pavement age (t)•environmental coefficient (m)•existing condition (IRIa)
gm 5K m t
gp o 1 2 gm adIRI K e 1 SNC YE4 t K m IRI
RONET Paved Road Deterioration Model
• Expressed as a polynomial function of roughness for each vehicle category
• Developed using World Bank RUCKS (Road User Costs Knowledge System) model
URUC - unit road users’ cost ($/vehicle-km)IRI - pavement longitudinal roughness (m/km)a0, a1, a2, a3 - model coefficients that depend on input data
(e.g., new vehicle, fuel and tire costs)
Road User Costs Model
2 3o 1 2 3URUC a a IRI a IRI a IRI
• Very good: IRI less than 2.5 m/km• Good: IRI from 2.5 m/km to 3.5 m/km• Fair: IRI from 3.5 m/km to 5.5 m/km• Poor: IRI from 5.5 m/km to 10.5 m/km• Very poor: IRI higher than 10.5 m/km
Example of IRI and Road Condition
Riverside Freeway, SR 91, CA
31
• Five or less network types can be defined by the user based on functional classification, region, terrain type, or environmental type
Default Alternative
Configuration Configurations ExamplesNetwork Types by Types by Types by
Type Functional Class Geographic Region Terrain Type1 Motorways North Region Flat Terrain2 Primary South Region Hilly Terrain3 Secondary Easthern Region Mountainous Terrain4 Tertiary Western Region NA
5 Unclassified Central Region NA
Types of Road Network
32
• RONET uses five surface types. The country specific characteristics of the surface types are user defined
Default
Surface ConfigurationType Surface Type
1 Cement Concrete2 Asphalt Mix3 Surface Treatment4 Gravel5 Earth
Surface Types
Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) Illustrative Standards
Surface Traffic Traffic Minimum Maximum Average Geometry Pavement
Type Category Level (veh/day) (veh/day) (veh/day) Standard StandardEarth Traffic I T1 0 10 5 1-lane warranted Formation not warranted
Traffic II T2 10 30 20 1-lane warranted Formation warrantedTraffic III T3 30 100 65 2-lane warranted Gravel warrantedTraffic IV T4 100 300 200 2-lane warranted Gravel warrantedTraffic V T5 300 1,000 650 2-lane warranted Paved Surface warranted
Gravel Traffic I T2 10 30 20 1-lane warranted Formation warranted
Traffic II T3 30 100 65 2-lane warranted Gravel warranted
Traffic III T4 100 300 200 2-lane warranted Gravel warrantedTraffic IV T5 300 1,000 650 2-lane warranted Paved Surface warranted
Traffic V T6 1,000 3,000 2,000 2-lane warranted Paved Surface warrantedPaved Traffic I T4 100 300 200 2-lane warranted Gravel warranted
Traffic II T5 300 1,000 650 2-lane warranted Paved Surface warrantedTraffic III T6 1,000 3,000 2,000 2-lane warranted Paved Surface warrantedTraffic IV T7 3,000 10,000 6,500 2-lane warranted Paved Surface warranted
Traffic V T8 10,000 30,000 20,000 4-lane warranted Paved Surface warranted- Standard given for illustration purposes. Proper standards are country specific.- AADT of motorized 4-tires or more 2-way traffic
Traffic categories vary by surface type
34
• Very Good: requires only routine maintenance (RM)
• Good: requires RM plus preventive maintenance or spot regravelling or repairs
• Fair: requires RM plus periodic maintenance • Poor: requires RM plus strengthening or partial
reconstruction • Very Poor: requires RM plus full reconstruction
Road Condition Categories
35
• Length of road sections (per category, traffic, condition) comprising the network
• Unit cost of road works• Selected country data (e.g., discount
rate, fuel cost, salaries, vehicle fleet, traffic growth rate)
RONET Main Input Data
Road CurrentType Condition Current Asset Value Unit Cost
Paved Roads Very Good Construction Unit CostGood Construction Unit Cost - Preventive Treatment Unit Cost
Fair Construction Unit Cost - Resurfacing Unit CostPoor Construction Unit Cost - Strengthening Unit CostVery Poor Construction Unit Cost - Full Reconstruction Unit Cost
Gravel Roads Very Good Construction Unit CostGood Construction Unit Cost - Spot Regravelling Unit Cost
Fair Construction Unit Cost - Regravelling Unit Cost
Poor Construction Unit Cost - Partial Reconstruction Unit CostVery Poor Construction Unit Cost - Full Reconstruction Unit Cost
Earth Roads Very Good Construction Unit CostGood Construction Unit Cost - Spot Repairs Unit CostFair Construction Unit Cost - Heavy Grading Unit CostPoor Construction Unit Cost - Partial Reconstruction Unit CostVery Poor Construction Unit Cost - Full Reconstruction Unit Cost
Current Asset Value Calculation
Budget Scenarios ConsequencesOptimal +2 Road WorksOptimal +1 Performance FinancialOptimal Assessment EconomicOptimal -1 ConditionOptimal -2 Asset ValueOptimal -3 Road UsersDo Minimum Etc.Do NothingCustom
RoadNetwork
Performance Assessment
What are the consequences of different budget scenarios?
RONET evaluates alternative maintenance and rehabilitation road works standards for each road class
Road Work Standards
Code StandardA Very highB HighC MediumD LowE Very lowF Do minimumG Do nothing
Defined in RONET at: Capital Road Works Standards Configuration
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0 5 10 15 20
Year
Rou
ghne
ss (I
RI,
m/k
m)
Very High StandardHigh StandardMedium StandardLow StandardVery Low StandardDo MinimumDo Nothing
Asphalt Mix Roads Standards
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Pres
ent V
alue
Cos
ts (M
$)
Road Agency Costs Road User Costs
Total Society Costs
Optimal Standard
Least Total SocietyCosts
RONET determines optimal standard per road class
Budget ScenariosOptimal + 2 Two standards above optimal standard per road class
Optimal + 1 One standard above optimal standard per road class
Optimal Optimal standard per road class
Optimal – 1 One standard below optimal standard per road class
Optimal – 2 Two standards below optimal standard per road class
Optimal – 3 Three standards below optimal standard per road class
Do Minimum Do minimum on all road classes
Do Nothing Do nothing on all road classes
Custom User defined standard per network type and traffic category
Road Agency Costs Breakdown (Years 1-20)Annual Costs Years 1-20, M$/year
Network Scenario Rehabilitation Periodic Maint. Recurrent Maint. Road AgencyTotal Optimal +2 28.6 27.6 10.6 66.8Network Optimal +1 25.4 19.6 10.1 55.1
Optimal 19.6 18.4 7.7 45.7Optimal -1 21.5 11.2 8.1 40.8Optimal -2 17.9 10.5 8.5 36.8Optimal -3 16.1 11.9 3.4 31.4Do Minimum 6.9 8.5 2.4 17.7Do Nothing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Custom 16.6 24.9 7.4 48.8
An Example of Consequencesto the Road Agency
Unit Road User CostsUnit Road User Costs ($/vehicle-km)
Network Scenario Current Years 5 Years 10 Years 20Total Optimal +2 0.328 0.298 0.298 0.296Network Optimal +1 0.328 0.299 0.301 0.306
Optimal 0.328 0.301 0.301 0.308Optimal -1 0.328 0.309 0.313 0.325Optimal -2 0.328 0.318 0.326 0.339Optimal -3 0.328 0.335 0.339 0.352Do Minimum 0.328 0.355 0.369 0.397Do Nothing 0.328 0.362 0.376 0.420Custom 0.328 0.312 0.315 0.311
Consequences to Road Users
Society Costs (Total Costs Years 1-20)Total Costs Years 1-20, M$
Network Scenario Road Agency Road Users SocietyTotal Optimal +2 1,335 17,698 19,033Network Optimal +1 1,102 17,936 19,038
Optimal 913 18,026 18,939Optimal -1 817 18,794 19,610Optimal -2 735 19,491 20,226Optimal -3 629 20,360 20,989Do Minimum 354 22,027 22,381Do Nothing 0 22,896 22,896Custom 977 18,635 19,612
Consequences to Society
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Optimal +2 Optimal +1 Optimal Optimal -1 Optimal -2 Optimal -3 Do Minimum Do Nothing Custom
Scenario
Current Year 5 Year 10 Year 20
Consequences to Road Network Condition: Roughness (IRI in m/km)
RoadWorksDetails(M$)Other Tables for:($/km-year)($/veh-km)(km/year)
per surface classand surface type
Years 1-5 Years 6-20Road Agency Costs (M$/year) Road Agency Costs (M$/year)Network Paved Unpaved Total Percent Network Paved Unpaved Total PercentMotorways 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% Motorways 0.0 0.0 0.0 0%Primary 27.0 2.7 29.8 33% Primary 10.4 1.5 11.9 39%Secondary 11.1 23.0 34.1 38% Secondary 3.1 10.1 13.2 43%Tertiary 0.0 27.1 27.1 30% Tertiary 0.0 5.4 5.4 18%Total 38.2 52.9 91.0 100% Total 13.5 17.0 30.5 100%Percent 42% 58% 100% Percent 44% 56% 100%Rehabilitation Costs (M$/year) Rehabilitation Costs (M$/year)Network Paved Unpaved Total Percent Network Paved Unpaved Total PercentMotorways 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% Motorways 0.0 0.0 0.0 0%Primary 13.1 2.3 15.3 24% Primary 3.2 0.0 3.2 65%Secondary 9.2 16.7 25.9 41% Secondary 1.7 0.0 1.7 35%Tertiary 0.0 22.5 22.5 35% Tertiary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0%Total 22.2 41.5 63.7 100% Total 4.9 0.0 4.9 100%Percent 35% 65% 100% Percent 100% 0% 100%Periodic Maintenance Costs (M$/year) Periodic Maintenance Costs (M$/year)Network Paved Unpaved Total Percent Network Paved Unpaved Total PercentMotorways 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% Motorways 0.0 0.0 0.0 0%Primary 12.1 0.2 12.2 63% Primary 5.4 1.2 6.5 36%Secondary 1.4 3.0 4.4 22% Secondary 0.9 6.8 7.7 43%Tertiary 0.0 2.9 2.9 15% Tertiary 0.0 3.8 3.8 21%Total 13.4 6.1 19.6 100% Total 6.2 11.8 18.0 100%Percent 69% 31% 100% Percent 35% 65% 100%Recurrent Maintenance Costs (M$/year) Recurrent Maintenance Costs (M$/year)Network Paved Unpaved Total Percent Network Paved Unpaved Total PercentMotorways 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% Motorways 0.0 0.0 0.0 0%Primary 1.9 0.3 2.2 28% Primary 1.9 0.3 2.1 28%Secondary 0.5 3.3 3.8 50% Secondary 0.5 3.3 3.8 50%Tertiary 0.0 1.7 1.7 22% Tertiary 0.0 1.7 1.7 22%Total 2.5 5.2 7.7 100% Total 2.4 5.2 7.6 100%Percent 32% 68% 100% Percent 31% 69% 100%
Road User Charges
Road User ChargesPerformance Assessment Fuel Consumption
Vehicle Registration FeesLicense FeesRoad Damage Fees
Routine Maintenance Distance Travel FeesPeriodic Maintenance International Transit Revenues
Rehabilitation Toll Revenues+ Foreign Vehicle Permit Revenues
Administration Vignettes RevenuesImprovements Carbon Taxes Revenues
Other Traffic Enforcement Revenues= Other Fees and Taxes Revenues
Total Funding Needs Total Revenues
Funding Gap
• Review RONET’s User Guide• RONET familiarization interactive
exercise• Obtain as realistic as possible
information on a road network of each participating country
• Develop an optimum road network M&R program for the selected network
• Prepare a brief report and present the results
Next steps
Cesar QueirozSSATP/World Bank ConsultantFormer World Bank Highways AdviserTel +1 301 755 [email protected], DC, USA
RONET Team ExerciseRoad Network Two-lane Equivalent:Length, condition and traffic levels
Length, kmPrimary Good Fair Poor Good Fair Poor
5000 1000 2500 1500
Asphalt 300 750 450 Surf Treat 700 1750 1050vpd300-1000 60 150 90 140 350 2101000-3000 240 600 360 560 1400 840
This example of calculation is for primary roads. Please follow the example and obtain the lengths
per cell for secondary and tertiary roads.
Cesar Queiroz, former World Bank Highways Adviser, is an international consultant on roads and transport infrastructure. His main expertise is in public-private partnerships, road management and development, performance-based contracts, port reform and rehabilitation, improving governance, quality assurance and evaluation, research, teaching and training. Between 1986 and 2006, he held several positions with the World Bank, including Lead Highway Engineer and Principal Highway Engineer. Prior to joining the World Bank, Cesar was the deputy director of the Brazilian Road Research Institute in Rio de Janeiro. He holds a Ph.D. in civil engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, a M.Sc. in production engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and a B.Sc. in civil engineering from the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil. Cesar has published two books and more than 130 papers and articles. His recent assignments include infrastructure advisory services to Russia, Brazil, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Philippines, Uganda, Sri Lanka, India, Egypt, Colombia, Laos, Mozambique, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Sweden and Norway. He is currently a visiting professor at the University of Belgrade, Serbia, and has lectured on PPP at George Washington University since 1996, and at the International Law Institute since 2007.