road markings presentation

Road MarkingsRoad Markings

Establishing New Establishing New

Standards For Standards For Visibility Visibility & Safety& Safety

Presented by :YOUR ROAD MARKINGS PARTNER

FACTSFACTS

1.1. Studies have shown more than half of Studies have shown more than half of all traffic fatalities occur at night all traffic fatalities occur at night although there is a significantly less although there is a significantly less travel during nighttime hourstravel during nighttime hours

2.2. Virtually all drivers (99%) feel bright Virtually all drivers (99%) feel bright and easy-to-see road markings are and easy-to-see road markings are important to driver safety.important to driver safety.

FACTSFACTS

3.3. Studies in California, showed that when a Studies in California, showed that when a centre line was added to roads which were centre line was added to roads which were totally unmarked, the number of accidents totally unmarked, the number of accidents was reduced by 64%.was reduced by 64%.

4.4. Further studies showed that when edgelines Further studies showed that when edgelines were added to roads which had previously were added to roads which had previously had centre lines only, the number of had centre lines only, the number of accidents was reduced by between 16 and accidents was reduced by between 16 and 60%.60%.

FACTSFACTS

5.5. Studies in Britain have shown that Studies in Britain have shown that effect of edgeline is dramatically effect of edgeline is dramatically increased at night with total accident increased at night with total accident reduction by between 13 and 30%.reduction by between 13 and 30%.

6.6. Recent facts from JKJR stated that Recent facts from JKJR stated that 18% of accidents in Malaysia caused 18% of accidents in Malaysia caused by poor visibility of road features (inc. by poor visibility of road features (inc. markings)markings)

FACTSFACTS

Summary:Summary:• Road markings provide almost Road markings provide almost

total total guidance guidance for road users and for road users and improve safety.improve safety.

• Road markings are only good Road markings are only good and and serve its function when it is serve its function when it is VISIBLE VISIBLE at all times.at all times.

COMPONENT IV : CAR,BUSES AND HEAVY VEHICLES

ROAD SAFETY STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR FEDERAL ROADS

Areas Goals What we will do How we will do it (Strategies) Short term Long term How we will judge our progress Action by

(Objective) (Our Measures) Cars, Buses, Heavy Vehicles

To improve traffic condition due to road environment to reduce accident involving cars, buses and heavy vehicles

Road Maintenance Carry out Remedial Actions Money spent and no. of maintenance works issued

USJ/ JKRN/ JD

Repainting of worn out road line markings

and improvement of nighttime visibility,

Proper provision of double lines. Carry out yearly scheduled and ad hoc program

Install speed reduction devices

Install roadside barriers/ guardrails

Prepared budget to implement works

Remove sight distraction/ sightline restriction

Improve texture/ skid resistance.

Install more warning signs e.g.

advisory speed sign at sharp curves/ residentials/ school

Adequate surface Drainage

ISSUES IN ROAD MARKINGSISSUES IN ROAD MARKINGS

• Functional lifeFunctional life

• PerformancePerformance

• DurabilityDurability

• Compliance with SpecificationsCompliance with Specifications

• Safety & Traffic inconvenienceSafety & Traffic inconvenience

• Costs effectivenessCosts effectiveness


• Functional life (issue)Functional life (issue)• Defined as the period during which the Defined as the period during which the

road marking fulfils all the requirements road marking fulfils all the requirements initially specified by the responsible initially specified by the responsible road authority. road authority.

• Presently no life period specified in any Presently no life period specified in any contract.contract.

• No measurements.No measurements.


• Functional Life (solution)Functional Life (solution)• The functional life must be defined in The functional life must be defined in

any contract ( 1 or 2 yrs)any contract ( 1 or 2 yrs)• Contractor must provide warranty as Contractor must provide warranty as

specified. specified. • Monitoring - Insists on regular Monitoring - Insists on regular

measurements and checks during measurements and checks during warranty period.warranty period.


• PerformancePerformance• Need for Need for kkey ey pperformance erformance iindicators of ndicators of

finished road markings (end users finished road markings (end users perspective)perspective)

• BS EN 1436 define performance criteria BS EN 1436 define performance criteria in terms of :in terms of :• Colour (chromaticity)Colour (chromaticity)• Visibility (retroreflectivity) – night & day timeVisibility (retroreflectivity) – night & day time• Skid resistanceSkid resistance


• DurabilityDurability• Refers to the retention of the integrity of Refers to the retention of the integrity of

the material in the marking itself the material in the marking itself • BS EN 1436: 1998 does not have BS EN 1436: 1998 does not have

specific performance requirement for specific performance requirement for durability (durability (neither does BS 3262neither does BS 3262))

• Durability is indicated by “functional Durability is indicated by “functional life” & “performance”life” & “performance”


• Compliance with specifications. (issues)Compliance with specifications. (issues)• BS 3262: (1989) Hot-applied thermoplastic road BS 3262: (1989) Hot-applied thermoplastic road

markings (in 3 parts)markings (in 3 parts)• Recipe-based & method specification basically.Recipe-based & method specification basically.• Only one level of quality specified for all road Only one level of quality specified for all road

situation.situation.• Difficult to supervise (testing & control)Difficult to supervise (testing & control)• Testing and approval prior to layingTesting and approval prior to laying• Performance measurements very subjectivePerformance measurements very subjective


• Compliance with specifications. (Solution)Compliance with specifications. (Solution)

• BS EN 1436: (1998 ) Road marking materials – BS EN 1436: (1998 ) Road marking materials – Road marking performance for road usersRoad marking performance for road users

• Performance-based.Performance-based.• Specifies various levels of performance that can be Specifies various levels of performance that can be

stated in contract which will govern required quality stated in contract which will govern required quality of the road marking.of the road marking.

• Describes methods of measuring the various Describes methods of measuring the various performance characteristics.performance characteristics.


• BS EN 1436BS EN 1436

The standard specifies the The standard specifies the performance for performance for the road userthe road user of white and yellow road of white and yellow road markings based onmarkings based on luminance (colour), luminance (colour), day-time visibility, night-time visibility and day-time visibility, night-time visibility and skid resistance combined with durability.skid resistance combined with durability.

This allows the Client / Engineer to specify This allows the Client / Engineer to specify the performance needs of their road the performance needs of their road markings. markings.


• BS EN 1436BS EN 1436

The tables in the specification allow The tables in the specification allow the Client/Engineer to choose the the Client/Engineer to choose the specification required from road specification required from road markings, leaving the onus on the markings, leaving the onus on the contractor to produce a marking to contractor to produce a marking to meet their needs.meet their needs.


Specifying criteria for White road markings - BS EN 1436

Retro-reflection (dry)

Retro-reflection (wet) Luminance Skid Resistance

Class Value Class Value Class Value Class Value

R0 NIL RW NIL B0 NIL S0 NIL

R2 100 mcd RW1 25 mcd B2 30 S1 45 SRV

R4 200 mcd RW2 35 mcd B3 40 S2 50 SRV

R5 300 mcd RW3 50 mcd B4 50 S3 55 SRV

B5 60 S4 60 SRV

S5 65 SRV


Specifying criteria for Yellow road markings - BS EN 1436

Retro-reflection (dry)

Retro-reflection (wet) Luminance Skid Resistance

Class Value Class Value Class Value Class Value

R0 NIL RW NIL B0 NIL S0 NIL

R1 80 mcd RW1 25 mcd B1 20 S1 45 SRV

R3 150 mcd RW2 35 mcd B2 30 S2 50 SRV

R4 200 mcd RW3 50 mcd B3 40 S3 55 SRV

S4 60 SRV

S5 65 SRV


• Safety and Traffic inconvenience Safety and Traffic inconvenience (issue)(issue)• Marking of roads is a very dangerous Marking of roads is a very dangerous

job job • Long periods of partial road closures Long periods of partial road closures

causes inconvenience to trafficcauses inconvenience to traffic


• Safety and Traffic inconvenience Safety and Traffic inconvenience (solution)(solution)• Use more speedier, productive and Use more speedier, productive and

effective road marking machines.effective road marking machines.• Speedier project delivery reduces traffic Speedier project delivery reduces traffic

inconvenience.inconvenience.• Less workers, and better site control Less workers, and better site control

can improve workers and public safety.can improve workers and public safety.


• Field quality control (issue)Field quality control (issue)• Thermoplastics temperature controlThermoplastics temperature control• Embedment of glass beads.Embedment of glass beads.• Dimensions of markingsDimensions of markings


• Field quality control (solution)Field quality control (solution)

Sample types of marking Sample types of marking


• Cost effectiveness ? FAQ’s :Cost effectiveness ? FAQ’s :• How long does road markings lasts?How long does road markings lasts?• When or how often do we replace markings?When or how often do we replace markings?• How much should we pay?How much should we pay?• Do we get what we pay for?Do we get what we pay for?• Will road markings work when conditions are Will road markings work when conditions are

less favourable? E.g. poor visibilty at night, less favourable? E.g. poor visibilty at night, during heavy rain with tight, winding road during heavy rain with tight, winding road geometry.geometry.

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

• Improve visibility of road markings Improve visibility of road markings especially in worst of conditions e.g. especially in worst of conditions e.g. during rain at night.during rain at night.

• Use better performance and more durable Use better performance and more durable materials.materials.

• Monitor (measure and collect data) to Monitor (measure and collect data) to determine suitable frequency of road re -determine suitable frequency of road re -markings.markings.

RETRO-REFLECTIVITYRETRO-REFLECTIVITY

• Retro-reflectivity is the ability of a road Retro-reflectivity is the ability of a road marking to reflect light from a vehicle's marking to reflect light from a vehicle's headlights back to the driving position of headlights back to the driving position of a vehicle. a vehicle.

• Initially it will be determined by the Initially it will be determined by the amount of glass beads spread on the line. amount of glass beads spread on the line. The continuing performance of the line is The continuing performance of the line is determined by the amount and quality of determined by the amount and quality of glass beads included in the body of the glass beads included in the body of the road marking.road marking.


How does it work?How does it work?


Retroreflectivity diagramRetroreflectivity diagram


Retroreflectometer Retroreflectometer

Wet Night Retro ReflectivityWet Night Retro Reflectivity


Bigger beads is better.Bigger beads is better.

Night VisibilityNight Visibility

Lines with Visibeads compared to Yellow Bars with Conventional beads

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

HIGH QUALITY MATERIALS + GOOD APPLICATION HIGH QUALITY MATERIALS + GOOD APPLICATION TECHNIQUES = BRIGHTER, SHARPER, MORE TECHNIQUES = BRIGHTER, SHARPER, MORE DURABLE MARKINGSDURABLE MARKINGS

IMPROVED VISIBILITY = INCREASED SAFETYIMPROVED VISIBILITY = INCREASED SAFETY

THANK YOUTHANK YOUFROMFROM

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