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Ro I Rxeb

Matter and Life

†h c„w_ex‡Z evm Kwi Zv †`k I Kv‡j Aew¯’Z cÖvK…wZK RMr| G RMr Ro I

Rxe Øviv MwVZ| G `y‡qi cvi¯úwiK wµqv-cªwZwµqv I cwieZ©‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q

RM‡Zi me ˆewkó¨| wKšÍz Ro Kx? Rxeb Kx? Ro‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi wK?

Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi wb‡q c„w_exi mKj wPšÍvwe`, `vk©wbK I weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q

cÖPyi gZ‡f`| Avgiv G BDwb‡U Ro I Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev Ges

†`L‡ev Ro I Rxe‡bi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© †K wK e‡j‡Qb|

GB BDwb‡U †gvU mvZwU cvV i‡q‡Q

ã R‡oi ¯iƒc : cÖvPxb `vk©wbK gZ

Nature of Matter: Ancient Philosophical Views

ã R‡oi ¯iƒc : AvaywbK `vk©wbK gZ

Nature of Matter: Modern Philosophical Views

ã R‡oi ¯iƒc : ‰eÁvwbK gZ

Nature of Matter: Scientific Views

ã cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc : hš¿ I Rxe‡`n

Nature of Life: Machine and Organism

ã cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc : hvwš¿K gZev`

Nature of Life: Mechanistic Theory of Life

ã cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc : cÖvYev`

Nature of Life: Vitalistic Theory of Life

ã cÖv‡Yi mgb¦qKvix gZev` : D‡b¥lev`

8

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 130

The Synthetic Views of Life: The Emergence Theory

R‡oi ¯iƒc : cÖvPxb `vk©wbK gZ

Nature of Matter: Ancient Philosophical Views

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb

R‡oi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Ro m¤ú‡K© cÖvPxb `vk©wbK‡ì gZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

`vk©wbK‡ì gZvg‡Zi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †_‡K _vK‡j Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

`k©‡bi Rb¥Kvj †_‡K R‡oi cÖK…wZ wbY©‡qi †Póv P‡j Avm‡Q | AvRI R‡oi mwVK

cÖK…wZ ev ¯iƒc wbY©q Kiv †kl n‡q‡Q Ggb ejv hvq bv | e¯ÍzZ wkÿv, mf¨Zv I gvby‡li

Ávb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ R‡oi cÖK…wZ wbY©q mgm¨vI RwUj †_‡K RwUjZi n‡q c‡o‡Q|

R‡oi ¯iƒc (Nature of Matter)

mvaviY †jvK †`k I Kv‡j Aew¯’Z Ges cuvPwU Bw›`ªq w`‡q cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq Ggb mg¯Í

e¯Íz‡KB Ro g‡b K‡i _v‡K| wKšÍz `k©‡b R‡oi A_© †jŠwKK ev mvaviY aviYv †_‡K

wKQyUv wfbœ| `k©‡b Ro ej‡Z eySvq e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb‡K| RvMwZK e¯Ízi bvbvwea

cwieZ©‡bi g‡aÏ hvi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡KB Ro ejv nq| †hgb †Kvb GKwU

dzj d‡j cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i ev gvwU‡Z S‡i c‡o gvwUi mv‡_ wg‡k †h‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz GB

cwieZ©b m‡Ë¡I Avgiv aviYv Kwi bv †h, dz‡ji g~j Dcv`vb webó n‡q‡Q| GB g~j

Dcv`vb ¯’vqx ; e¯Ízi cwieZ©b n‡jI R‡oi cwieZ©b nq bv| R‡oi `y'cÖKv‡ii ¸Y Av‡Q

- gyL¨ ¸Y I †MŠY ¸Y| R‡oi gyL¨ ¸Y we¯Í„wZ I †Kvb ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i _vKv,

A‡f`¨Zv (hvi †fZ‡i XzKv hvq bv), evB‡ii kw³i gva¨‡g MwZkxj nIqv Ges GKB

Ae¯’vq _vKvi cÖe„wË| R‡oi †MŠY ¸Y n‡jv iƒc, im, MÜ, ¯úk© BZ¨vw` Ges GB †MŠY

¸Y¸‡jv R‡oi Avw` Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ ivmvqwbK ms‡hvM ev wµqv †_‡K DrcwË n‡q

_v‡K| hv‡nvK R‡oi Avmj iƒc Avgiv †h‡nZz †Lvjv †Pv‡L †`L‡Z cvwi bv , †m‡nZz G

m¤ú‡K© cÖ_‡gB †`Lv hvK G wel‡q cÖvPxb `vk©wbKiv wK †f‡e‡Qb| cieZ©x cvVmg~‡n

Avgiv AvaywbK `vk©wbK I weÁvbxiv †K wK ‡f‡e‡Qb ‡m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

cvV 1

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 131

cÖvPxb gZ ev gZev`

cÖvPxb gZev` ej‡Z cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi `vk©wbK‡`i gZev`‡K eySvq| cÖvPxb gZev‡`i K_v

Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j cÖ_‡gB wLª÷c~e© lô kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡Ki gvB‡jkxq m¤úª v‡qi

†_wjm, Gbvw·wgÛvi, Gbv·vwgwbm †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wnivwK¬Uvm, †cø‡Uv I A¨vwi÷U‡ji

gZev` Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z nq|

†_wjm (Thales, L„. c~. 624-564)

‡_wjm me©cÖ_g wek¦ RM‡Zi Avw` e¯Ízi bvg K‡ib cvwb| AvBIbxq Øx‡ci evwm›`v

cvðvZ¨ `k©‡bi RbK wn‡m‡e L¨vZ †_wjm e‡jb †h, cvwbB G RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb|

Zuvi g‡Z, cvwb †_‡K me e¯Ízi DrcwË nq Ges cvwb n‡qB me wKQy wejxb n‡q hvq |

cvwb †h GB wek¦ RM‡Z GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡i i‡q‡Q, Zvi Dci wfwË K‡iB

g‡b nq †_wjm cvwb‡KB wek¦ RM‡Zi Avw` e¯Íz wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz cvwb †_‡K

wewfbœ e¯Íz wKfv‡e m„wó n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© †Kvb fvj e¨vL¨v †_wjm w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|

ZvQvov cvwb wb‡RB GKwU RvMwZK e¯Íz Ges †m wn‡m‡e cvwb Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK e¯Ízi g~j

Dcv`vb wKfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i? †m m¤ú‡K© †_wjm †Kvb m‡šÍvlRbK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|

Gbvw·g¨vÛvi (Anaximander, L„. c~. 610-545)

Gbvw·g¨vÛvi †_wj‡mi gZev`‡K mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, cvwb Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK

e¯Ízi g‡a¨ GKwU e¯Íz| ZvB cvwb mg¯Í e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb ev Ro n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zuvi

g‡Z, e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb wbw`©ó †Kvb e¯ÍzB n‡Z cv‡i bv| eis e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb n‡”Q

mxgvnxb (Boundless), GB Ômxgvnxb' Gi †Kvb AvKvi †bB Ges GB AvKviwenxb

mxgvnxb †_‡KB RM‡Zi hveZxq e¯Ízi DrcwË n‡q _v‡K| wKšÍz Gbvw·g¨vÛvi GB

AvKviwenxb Ômxgvnxb' †_‡K wKfv‡e RvMwZK e¯Ízi D™¢e n‡q _v‡K Ges Gi cÖK…wZB ev

wK? G m¤ú‡K© †Kvb hyw³m½Z e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|

Gbvw·wgwbm (Anaximenes, L„. c~. 588-524)

Gbvw·wgwbm †_wjm I Gbvw·g¨vÛv‡ii mv‡_ GKgZ †h, e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb Ro mËv

(material substance), wKšÍz Zv Gbvw·g¨vÛv‡ii gZ Abyhvqx ÔmxgvnxbI bq Awbw`©óI

bq' ev †_wj‡mi gZ Abyhvqx cvwbI bq | wZwb g‡b K‡ib, Awbw`©ó ev AvKviwenxb †Kvb

Dcv`vb AvKviMZ e¯Íz m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Zuvi g‡Z, GKgvÎ evqyB RvMwZK e¯Ízi

g~j Dcv`vb ev Ro mËv|

Gbvw·g¨vÛvi Zvi mxgvnx‡bi †Kvb cwi®‹vi aviYv w`‡Z cv‡ibwb e‡j g‡b nq|

Gbvw·wgwbm evqy‡K RvMwZK e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| ZvQvov, evqy

G‡Kev‡i cvwbi gZ RoxqI bq, Avevi mxgvnx‡bi gZ AvKviwenxbI bq | eis G `y‡qi

gvSvgvwS Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| Z`ycwi evqy Qvov †Kvb RxeB euvP‡Z cv‡i bv Ges evqy me©ÎB

Qwo‡q Av‡Q| Gme Kvi‡YB nqZ Gbvw·wgwbm evqy‡K g~j Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY

Gm Gm GBP Gj


K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz Zuvi `yRb c~e©m~wii b¨vq wZwbI evqy †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK e¯Ízi wKfv‡e

DrcwË nq? Zvi †Kvb m`yËi w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|

wnivwK¬Uvm (Heraclitus, L„. c~. 565-475)

wnivwK¬Uvm Gbvw·wgwb‡mi gZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h, evqy bq eis Av¸bB

RvMwZK e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb | RvMwZK e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv cwieZ©b Ges Gw`K †_‡K

Av¸bB me mgq cwiewZ©Z n‡q _v‡K| Zuvi g‡Z, RM‡Zi wewfbœ e¯Íz Av¸‡biB wfbœ wfbœ

AvKvigvÎ| wKšÍz Av¸bI Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK e¯Ízi b¨vq GKwU e¯Íz| myZivs Av¸b RvMwZK

e¯Íz n‡q Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK e¯Ízi wKfv‡e g~j Dcv`vb n‡Z cv‡i, G e¨vcv‡i wnivwK¬Uv‡mi

†Kvb mwVK e¨vL¨v †bB | ZvB GwU‡KI m‡šÍvlRbK gZev` e‡j MÖnY Kiv hvq bv|

Gw¤úWwK¬m (Empedocles, L„. c~. 495-435)

GK_v jÿYxq †h, gvB‡jkxq m¤úª v‡qi `vk©wbKiv Ges wnivwK¬Uvm RvMwZK e¯Íyi Avw`

Dcv`vb GKwU gvÎ e¯Íz‡Z mxwgZ K‡i iv‡Lb| wKšÍz Gw¤úWwK¬m G wPšÍvavivi g‡a¨ GKwU

bZzb aviYv w`‡q e‡jb †h, G we‡k¦i hveZxq e¯Íz‡K GKwU gvÎ mËv ev e¯Íz Øviv e¨vL¨v

Kiv m¤¢e bq| Zuvi g‡Z, gvwU, cvwb, evZvm I Av¸b G PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mgb¦‡q we‡k¦i

hveZxq e¯Íz MwVZ| †Kvb wKQyi DrcwË ej‡Z GB Dcv`vb¸‡jvi wgwjZ nIqv‡K eySvq

Ges wejywß ev wbt‡kl nIqv ej‡Z G Dcv`vb¸‡jvi we‡”Q` nIqv‡K eySvq|

Gw¤úWwK¬‡mi g‡Z, AbyivM I weivMB Ro e¯Ízi cwiPvjK kw³| GB AbyivM I

weivM‡KB AvaywbK weÁvbxiv AvKl©Y I weKl©Yiƒ‡c e¨vL¨v K‡ib|

Gbv·v‡Mvivm (Anaxagoras, L„. c~. 500-428)

Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi g‡Z, RM‡Zi AmsL¨ e¯Ízi e¨vL¨v gvÎ PviwU Dcv`v‡bi gva¨‡g †`qv

m¤¢e bq| ZvB Zuvi g‡Z, wfbœ wfbœ ¸Ym¤úbœ RvMwZK e¯Ízi g‡a¨ wfbœ wfbœ Dcv`vb

i‡q‡Q| Kv‡jv-mv`v, VvÛv-Mig, ïK‡bv-wf‡R BZ¨vw` ai‡bi AmsL¨ ¸Ywewkó RvMwZK

e¯Íz ev cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ êwPÎ¨ †`Lv hvq| Zuvi g‡Z, RM‡Z hZ iK‡gi ¸Y Av‡Q wVK ZZ

iK‡gi Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Ges GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv G‡K Aci †_‡K ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K c„_K|

Gme Dcv`v‡bi wbR¯ †Kvb mÂvjb kw³ †bB| †h kw³ G‡ì‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i

Gbv·v‡Mvivm Zvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb †PZm (Nous)| wKšÍz GB †PZm RovZ¥K bv Ava¨vwZ¥K

G wb‡q `k©‡b bvbv ai‡bi hyw³-Z‡K©i AeZviYv Kiv nq| Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi G ¸YMZ

Dcv`vbev`‡KB ¸YMZ cigvYyev` (Qualitative Atomism) ejv n‡q _v‡K|

†W‡gvwµUvm (Democritus, L„. c~. 460-370)

cÖvPxb wMª‡mi cigvYyev‡ì cÖavb aviK I evnK n‡”Qb cigvYyev`x wjDwmcvm I

†W‡gvwµUvm| ZuvivI Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi gZ‡K mg_©b K‡i e‡jb †h, RM‡Zi e¯Ízmg~n eû

Dcv`v‡bi Øviv m„ó| wKšÍz G Dcv`vb¸‡jv ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K G‡K Aci †_‡K c„_K bq,

eis cwigv‡Yi w`K †_‡K c„_K| †W‡gvwµUvm e¯Ízi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni †hŠ_ bvg †`b



cigvYy| cigvYyi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q wZwb e‡jb †h, Ro e¯Íz‡K µgvMZ fvM

Ki‡j Ggb KZ¸‡jv m~ÿèKYv cvIqv hvq, †h¸‡jv‡K Avi fvM Kiv hvq bv| G AwZ m~ÿè

I AwefvR¨ KYv¸‡jvB cigvYy| G cigvYy¸‡jv‡K fvM Kiv hvq bv, †Q` Kiv hvq bv|

G¸‡jvi aŸsm ev jq nq bv| G¸‡jv msL¨vq AmsL¨ Ges cÖwZwU cigvYyiB wbR wbR

mËv Av‡Q| G¸‡jv G‡K A‡b¨i †_‡K cwigvY, AvK…wZ I MwZi w`K †_‡K c„_K|

cigvYy¸‡jvi wewfbœ AvK…wZ, cwigvY I MwZi Rb¨B RM‡Z wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi e¯Íz †`Lv

hvq| †W‡gvwµUv‡mi GB gZev`‡K cwigvYMZ cigvYyev` ejv n‡q _v‡K|

†cø‡Uv (Plato, L„. c~. 427-347)

†cø‡Uv R‡oi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q wMÖK `k©‡b GK Awfbe gZev‡`i m„wó K‡ib| †cø‡Uvi

g‡Z, RM‡Zi hveZxq e¯Ízi Avmj mËv n‡jv fve ev aviYv (Ideas) | RM‡Zi mg¯Í e¯Íz

aviYv bvgK mËvi Abywjwc ev cÖwZK…wZ (copy)| Zuvi g‡Z, GKRb we‡kl gvbyl Ôgvbyl'

bvgK aviYvi, GKwU cv_i Ôcv_i' bvgK aviYvi cÖwZK…wZ Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| RM‡Zi

cÖwZwU e¯ÍzB aviYvi †`kMZ cÖKvk Ges GB aviYv‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ †h Dcv`v‡bi

cÖ‡qvRb nq, †mB Dcv`vb‡KB e¯Ízi Ro ev Dcv`vb ejv n‡q _v‡K| e¯Ízi Ro n‡”Q

Ggb GKUv ÔwKQy' hvi †Kvb ¸YI †bB, AvKviI †bB| ZvB Ro e¯Ízi cÖK…wZ ev ¯fve

eY©bv Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI R‡oi mwVK msÁv †`qv m¤¢e bq| e¯Ízi iƒc, im, MÜ BZ¨vw` ¸Y

Zvi Ro †_‡K m„ó n‡q _vK‡jI wKšÍz wKfv‡e Zv m¤¢e, Zvi m`yËi †cø‡Uvi `k©‡b †bB|

A¨vwi÷Uj (Aristotle, L„. c~. 384-322)

A¨vwi÷U‡ji e¯Íz m¤úK©xq mgm¨vi Av‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© GKwU cwi®‹vi aviYv wb‡Z n‡j

Zvi Dcv`vb (Matter) I AvKvi (Form) m¤ú‡K© wKQy Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| A¨vwi÷Uj Zuvi

Dcv`vb I AvKvi gZev‡` e‡j‡Qb †h, cÖ‡Z¨KwU RvMwZK e¯Ízi g‡a¨ cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv

hvq Ges G cwieZ©b GKwU Af¨šÍixY kw³i gva¨‡gB n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯iƒc ejv

hvq, Avg exR Zvi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡gB Avg Mv‡Q cwiYZ nq| G Avg exR †_‡K Avg

MvQB m„wó nq, eU MvQ ev Rvg MvQ m„wó nq bv| Gi KviY n‡jv Avg ex‡Ri g‡a¨ Avg

Mv‡QiB m¤¢ve¨Zv jywK‡q i‡q‡Q| A¨vwi÷U‡ji g‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯Ízi `ywU w`K Av‡Q| G

`ywU n‡jv e¯Ízi Dcv`vb (Ro) I AvKvi (iƒc)| GLv‡b Avg exR n‡”Q Avg Mv‡Qi

Dcv`vb ev Ro Ges Avg ex‡Ri g‡a¨ jy°vwqZ kw³ n‡”Q Avg Mv‡Qi AvKvi, hv Avg

MvQ‡K wbw`©ó c‡_ PvwjZ K‡i Avg Mv‡QB cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| †cwUªK e‡jb, ÒA¨vwi÷Uj

g‡b K‡ib, wek¦ †Kvb wKQyi Øviv MwVZ wKQy bq, eis GKwU weivU cÖwµqvi bvg, Ggb

cÖwµqv hv cwieZ©b ev Dbœqb mvab K‡i _v‡K' (Aristotle thought of the world not as something made out of something, but as a great Process a process of change or development)|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z Ro ev Dcv`vb Kx? Zuvi gZvbymv‡i Dcv`vb I AvKv‡ii g‡a¨

cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb|

2| cÖvPxb cigvYyev`x Kviv ? Zuv‡ì gZvbymv‡i cigvYyi êwkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| RM‡Zi Avw` mËv m¤úK©xq AvBIbxq ev gvB‡jkxq gZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2| Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi Avw` mËv m¤úK©xq aviYv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3| Gw¤úWwK¬‡mi Avw` mËv m¤úK©xq gZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

‰be© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1| Gbvw·wgwb‡mi g‡Z Ro n‡jv

(A) mxgvnxb (Av) Av¸b

(B) cvwb (C) evqy

2| Gw¤úWwK¬‡mi g‡Z Ro n‡jv

(A) GKwU (Av) `ywU e¯Ízi mgwói bvg

(B) wZbwU e¯Ízi mgwói bvg (C) PviwU e¯Ízi mgwói bvg

3| wMÖK cigvYyev‡ì cÖe³v n‡jb

(A) wjewbR (Av) †W‡gvwµUvm

(B) Gbv·v‡Mvivm (C) jK

4| RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb cvwbÑ G gZ

(A) †_wj‡mi (Av) Gbvw·wgwb‡mi

(B) Gbvw·g¨vÛv‡ii (C) Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi|

mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| cÖvPxb Kv‡ji `k©‡b R‡oi †Kvb Av‡jvPbv †bB|

2| `vk©wbK Gbvw·g¨vÛv‡ii g‡Z Ro n‡jv evqy|

mwVK DËi

1| (C) 2| (C) 3| (Av) 4| (A)

1| wg 2| wg



R‡oi ¯iƒc : AvaywbK `vk©wbK gZ

Nature of Matter: Modern Philosophical Views

D‡Ïk¨


Ro m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK `vk©wbK‡ì gZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

`vk©wbK‡ì gZvg‡Zi cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

Avgiv GZÿY Ro ev †gŠj Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© cÖvPxb hy‡Mi `vk©wbK‡ì gZ ev gZev`

m¤‡Ü AeMZ njvg| cÖvPxb hy‡Mi cieZ©x Ges †WKv‡U©i c~‡e©i hyM‡K cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b ga¨

hyM ejv nq| G ga¨ hy‡M G wel‡qi Av‡jvPbvq †Zgb DbœwZ nqwb| †cø‡Uv, A¨vwi÷Uj

I †m›U AMvw÷‡bi `k©bB ga¨ hy‡M cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i iv‡L| ga¨ hyM m¤ú‡K© Avcwb

`k©‡bi BwZnvm co‡j Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| ga¨ hy‡Mi cieZ©x hyM‡K AvaywbK hyM ejv nq|

AvaywbK hy‡M weÁv‡bi DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviviI DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| GLb

Avgiv Ro m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK `vk©wbK‡ì gZvgZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| cieZ©x cv‡V

Avgiv Ro msµvšÍ êÁvwbK gZev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

AvaywbK gZev`mg~n (Modern Theories)

†WKvU© (1596-1650)-Gi gZev`

R‡oi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK êÁvwbK `„wófw½i mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L †hme AvaywbK

`vk©wbK Ro m¤ú‡K© gZev` w`‡q‡Qb, Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_‡gB bvg Ki‡Z nq AvaywbK

`k©‡bi RbK divwm `vk©wbK †WKvU©-Gi| †WKv‡U©i g‡Z, Ro I we¯Í„wZ n‡jv mgv_©K

kã| Zuvi g‡Z, G wek¦ RM‡Zi g~‡j gvÎ `ywU mËv Av‡Q| G `ywU mËv n‡jv Ro I gb|

Ro g‡bi wecixZ| R‡oi cÖavb ag© we¯Í„wZ Ges g‡bi cÖavb ag© †PZbv| Ro hvwš¿K

wbqg Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq Ges gb D‡Ï‡kï Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| Ro n‡”Q wbw®Œq I gb n‡”Q

mwµq| GB Ro I gb `ywU ci¯úi wbi‡cÿ c„_K mËv| †WKv‡U©i g‡Z, k~b¨ †`‡ki

†Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| Zuvi G gZev` ˆØZev‡` cwiYZ nq| †Kbbv wZwb `ywU mËv‡KB mgvb

¸iæZ¡ w`‡q MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©xKv‡j G ˆØZev‡ì m~Î a‡i `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m GK

weivU Av‡jvo‡bi m„wó nq|

cvV 2

Gm Gm GBP Gj


wjewbR (1646-1716)-Gi gZev`

wjewbR, hv‡K c¨vwUªK GKRb ÔBb‡U‡jKPy¨qvj RvBq¨v›U' ev A¯vfvweK eyw×gvb e‡j

AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb, Ro m¤ú‡K© GKwU wecøex gZev` cÖ vb K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, wek¦

KZ¸‡jv KYvi Øviv m„ó, hvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb wZwb wPr cigvYy (Monads)| †gvbvW ev wPr

cigvYy †Kvb Ro e¯Íz bq, eis G¸‡jv n‡jv MwZ I kw³i †K›`ªwe›`y| G¸‡jv RovZ¥K

bq, G¸‡jv gvbwmK| Ro e¯Ízi wPr cigvYy¸‡jv NygšÍ I AbybœZ, Avi g‡bi wPr

cigvYy¸‡jv DbœZ I c~Y© ‡PZbvhy³|

jK (1632-1704)-Gi gZev`

j‡Ki g‡Z, Ro ev e¯Íz KZ¸‡jv ¸‡Yi Avavi (Substratum)| Zuvi g‡Z, Avgiv e¯Íz‡K

cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z cvwi bv, eis e¯Ízi ¸Yvejx‡KB ïay cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z cvwi| j‡Ki e¯Íz

m¤úK©xq aviYv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡j e¯Ízi ¸Y m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì wKQy Rvbv ìKvi| j‡Ki g‡Z,

e¯Ízi g‡a¨ `y'cÖKv‡ii ¸Y Av‡Q gyL¨ I †MŠY| gyL¨ ¸Y n‡jv e¯Íywbf©i| †MŠY ¸Y n‡jv

iƒc, im, MÜ, kã BZ¨vw` Ges G¸‡jv gbwbf©i| e¯Ízi G ¸Y¸‡jv k~‡b¨ fvmgvb Ae¯’vq

_v‡K bv| ¸Y¸‡jvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ GKwU Avav‡ii cÖ‡qvRb| GB AvaviB Ro ev e¯Íz|

†hgb Avcbvi nv‡Z GKwU Møvm Av‡Q| MøvmwU DuPy, †MvjvKvi, k³, ¯”Q BZ¨vw`| G

¸Y¸‡jv‡K †h a‡i †i‡L‡Q ZvB n‡jv MøvmwUi RoZ¡| G ¸Y¸‡jv bv _vK‡j Møvm e‡j

†Kvb wKQyB _vK‡e bv| ZvB GB Avavi hwÌ AÁvZ, Z_vwc G‡K A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv|

evK©wj (1685-1753) Gi gZev`

evK©wj j‡Ki gZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h, Ro ev e¯Íz hw` AÁvZ nq Zvn‡j Zvi

Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K wek¦vm Kiv hvq bv| evK©wji g‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯Íz hv Avgiv †`wL wewfbœ ¸‡Yi

mgwó Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| Zuvi g‡Z, e¯Ízi me ¸YB g‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj Ges G

wn‡m‡e j‡Ki †`qv †MŠY ¸‡Yi gZ gyL¨ ¸YI gbwbf©i| Kv‡RB me e¯Ízi me ¸YB GKB

ai‡bi Ges G ¸Y g‡bi aviYv Qvov Avi wKQy&B bq| Gw`K †_‡K hv‡K Avgiv Ro e‡j

mPivPi g‡b Kwi, Zv Avm‡j g‡bi KZ¸‡jv aviYvi mgwó e¨wZZ Avi wKQyB bq| evK©wj

Gfv‡eB R‡oi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K LÛb K‡ib Ges me e¯Íz‡KB cÖZ¨ÿYwbf©i e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

Zuvi g‡Z, e¯Íz ev Ro e¨w³ I Ck¦‡ii g‡bi aviYvgvÎ|

wgj I wnDg (Mill and Hume)-Gi gZ

wgj I wnDg `yRbB AwfÁZvev`x `vk©wbK, Zuviv R‡oi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡KB ¯xKvi K‡ib bv,

KviY R‡oi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq bv| AwfÁZvq †h e¯Íz‡K cvIqv hvq ïay ZviB

Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯xKvi Kiv hvq| Avi hv cvIqv hvq bv Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯xKvi Kiv A‡hŠw³K|

ZvB Ro e‡j †Kvb c„_K `ª‡eï Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| eis hv cvIqv hvq Zv

n‡jv ms‡e`‡bi mgwógvÎ|



Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, Ro‡K cÖK…wZ †_‡K wbwðý K‡iwQ‡jb evK©wj| Avi wgj I wnDg

Zuvi K_v‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c MÖnY K‡ib| g‡bi iv‡RÏ Zuviv R‡oi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯xKvi bv

K‡i †Kej ms‡e`b I gy`ª‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯xKvi K‡ib|

†nvqvBU‡n‡Wi gZ

AZ¨vaywbKKv‡j R‡oi cÖK…wZi me‡P‡q my›ì e¨vL¨v †`b cÖ‡dmi †nvqvBU‡nW| Zuvi

g‡Z, Ro n‡jv hv‡K Avgiv Avgv‡ì Bw›`ª‡qi Øviv cÖZ¨ÿ Kwi| Ro‡K Avgv‡ì

AwfÁZvi A`„k¨ KviY ej‡j Avgiv †mB cyi‡bv cÖZ¨vL¨vZ cÖK…wZ wØLÛK ZË¡‡KB †g‡b

†bB| wZwb e‡jb, c`v_©we`¨v n‡jv cÖvK…wZK weÁvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †kªô| G we`¨v R‡oi

e¨vL¨v bv Ki‡jI Avgv‡ì Bw›`ªqjä cÖK…wZi e¨vL¨v Aek¨B Ki‡e| weÁv‡bi DbœwZ gv‡b

DbœZZi I AwaKZi MÖnY‡hvM¨ e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì AwfÁZvi DbœwZ| Avgiv

RMZ‡K cÖ_gZ Rvwb ms‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g, Zvici e¨vL¨vi µ‡gvbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgiv

†m RMZ‡KB cÖZ¨ÿY‡hvM¨ e¯Ízi gva¨‡g fvjfv‡e Rvwb| cÖZ¨ÿMZ e¯Ízi gv‡SI †Kej

ms‡e`‡bi e¨vL¨vi DbœwZB †`wL, ms‡e`‡bi DbœwZ bq| e¯Íz¸‡jv‡K cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq bv|

weÁvb G¸‡jv‡K Abygvb K‡i †bq| myZivs weÁv‡bi DbœwZ A_© e¨vL¨vi DbœwZ Ges

A‡_©i m½wZ|

AZGe, Avgiv Ro‡K c`v_©we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welqiƒ‡c Aek¨B wPšÍv Ki‡ev bv| Ro

kãwUi cwie‡Z© cÖK…wZ k‡ãi eënvi Kiv DwPZ n‡e| cÖK…wZ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv hv Avgiv

Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g cÖZ¨ÿ Kwi|

wR. B. g~¨‡ii gZ

AwZ mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji Ab¨Zg `vk©wbK wR. B. g~¨‡ii e³e¨ w`‡q Avgiv G cv‡Vi BwZ

Uvb‡Z PvB| g~ï e‡jb, Avwg e¯Íz‡K wZbwU ¸‡Yi gva¨‡g msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z PvB : GKwU

m`_©K (positive) Ges `ywU bT_©K (negative)| m`_©K ¸YwU n‡jv (1) Roe¯Íz Ggb

wKQ~ hv Aek¨B †`k `Lj K‡i _v‡K; bT_©K ¸Y¸‡jv n‡jv: (2) Roe¯Íz †Kvb cÖKv‡ii

Bw›`ªq DcvË bq (sense-data) Ges (3) †Kvb gb bq ev †Kvb †PZbvi wµqvI bq| wZwb

e‡jb, Avgiv KLbI Ro e¯Ízi ¯MZtiƒc (thing-in-itself) Kx? Zv Rvb‡Z cvwi bv, Z‡e

Gi wK wK ¸Y Av‡Q, wKsev GUv wKfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ wRwb‡mi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ ZvB †Kej

Rvb‡Z cvwi|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| †WKv‡U©i g‡Z Ro Kx? Ro I g‡bi cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2| jK, evK©wj I wnD‡gi Ro m¤úK©xq gZev` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|


1| ‡nvqvBU‡n‡Wi Ro m¤úK©xq gZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2| g~¨‡ii e¯Íz ev Ro m¤úK©xq aviYv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

‰be© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1| cÖ‡dmi †nvqvBU‡n‡Wi g‡Z Ro n‡jv

(A) ms‡e`b (Av) AwfÁZvi mgwó

(B) cÖK…wZ (C) Bw›`ªq Abyf‚wZ

2| j‡Ki g‡Z RoÑ

(A) wPrcigvYy (Av) ¸‡Yi Avavi

(B) cvwb (C) evqy

3| Ro‡K cÖK…wZ †_‡K wbwðý K‡ibÑ

(A) jK (Av) evK©wj

(B) †WKvU© (C) wjewbR

4| GKwU m`_©K I `ywU bT_©K ¸‡Yi gva¨‡g Ro‡K msÁvwqZ K‡ibÑ

(A) wgj (Av) wnDg

(B) evK©wj (C) g~¨i

mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', Ges wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| `vk©wbK wjewb‡Ri g‡Z, R‡oi bvg wPr cigvYy|

2| `vk©wbK j‡Ki g‡Z, R‡oi gyL¨ ¸Y gbwbf©i|

3| `vk©wbK evK©wj R‡oi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯xKvi K‡ib bv|

mwVK DËi

1| (B) 2| (Av) 3| (Av) 4| (C)

1| m 2| wg 3| m



cvV 3

R‡oi cÖK…wZ : êÁvwbK gZev`

Nature of Matter: Scientific Views

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV‡k‡l Avcwb

Ro m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK weÁvbx‡ì gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Ro m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK weÁvbx‡ì g‡Zi mv‡_ `vk©wbK‡ì g‡Zi cv_©K¨ Kx? Zv

Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

RMr m¤ú‡K© GKwU êÁvwbK aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|

f‚wgKv

AvaywbK weÁv‡b R‡oi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© `ywU gZev` cvIqv hvq| Gi cÖ_gwU n‡jv

cigvYyev` ev wbðj Roev` (Static or Atomic Theory of Matter) Avi wØZxqwU n‡jv

mPj Roev` (Dynamic Theory of Matter)| Ewbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K Wvëb cÖ_‡gv³

gZev`wU cÖPvi K‡ib| Gi cÖvq GKkZ eQi ci wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K wØZxq gZwU

cÖPvi Kiv nq| hviv wØZxq gZwU cÖPvi K‡ib Zuv‡ì Ab¨Zg n‡jb weÁvbx fvðwfP,

d¨viv‡W, jW© †Kj&wfb, A÷Iqvì, iv`vi‡dvW©, wbDUb cÖgyL| cÖ_g gZwUi ÎæwU-wePy¨wZi

mgv‡jvPbvi gva¨‡gB m„wó nq †k‡lv³ gZev`wU|

wbðj Roev` (Static Theory of Matter)

Ewbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g fv‡M cÖL¨vZ imvqbwe` Wvëb (1766-1844) bZzbfv‡e

cigvYyev‡ì cËb K‡ib| Wvëb †W‡gvwµUv‡mi cigvYyev‡ì Dci wfwË K‡iB Zuvi

wbðj Roev` Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, †Kvb e¯Íz‡K µgvMZ wef³ Ki‡j Zv

KZ¸‡jv m~ÿè KwYKvq cwiYZ nq| GB m~ÿè KwYKv¸‡jv‡K Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv| GB

KwYKv¸‡jv‡KB cigvYy ejv nq| G¸‡jv Avevi A‡f`¨ I MwZnxb| wKšÍz evB‡i †_‡K

hLb kw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, ZLb G¸‡jv mwµq I mPj n‡q I‡V|

Wvë‡bi g‡Z, Ro I kw³ (matter and energy) n‡jv ci¯úi wbi‡cÿ ¯Zš¿ mËv Ges

Zv‡ì †Kvb webvk †bB, hwÌ Zv‡ì iƒcvšÍi NU‡Z cv‡i| Avi G‡KB ejv nq Ro I

kw³i wbZ¨Zv bxwZ (Laws of Conservatiion of Matter and Energy)|

cvV 3

Gm Gm GBP Gj


AvaywbK weÁvbx‡ì g‡Z, RM‡Zi wewfbœ e¯Íz KZ¸‡jv †gŠwjK Dcv`vb Øviv MwVZ Ges

GB †gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jv kZvwaK| D`vniY¯iƒc ejv hvq cvwb, MvQ-cvjv, evZvm I

gvwU cÖf…wZ RvMwZK e¯Íz‡K hw` we‡kølY Kiv hvq, Zv n‡j Zvi g‡a¨ Kve©b, Aw·‡Rb,

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, K¨vjwmqvg, cvi` BZ¨vw` ai‡bi KZ¸‡jv †gŠwjK c`v_© cvIqv hvq|

†gŠwjK c`v_© ‡jvi wewfbœ Abycv‡Z wgkª‡Yi d‡jB wewfbœ e¯Íz m„wó n‡q _v‡K| †hgb

GK KwYKv Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ `yB KwYKv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wgwjZ n‡j cvwbi m„wó nq| GB

†gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jv KZ¸‡jv m~ÿè KwYKv Øviv MwVZ e‡jB G wgkªY nIqv m¤¢e n‡q

I‡V| †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYyi cwigvYMZ ¯vZš¿ Av‡Q Ges †mRb¨ ¯Y© cigvYyi mv‡_

†iŠc¨ cigvYyi cwigvYMZ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q|

mgv‡jvPbv

Wvë‡bi cigvYyev` ev wbðj Roev‡ì KZ¸‡jv ÎæwU i‡q‡Q :

cÖ_gZ G gZev` Ro I kw³‡K c„_K mËv e‡j Kíbv K‡i ˆØZev‡ì Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q|

wØZxqZ me cigvYyB ÿz`ªZg I †gŠwjK Dcv`vb n‡j GKwU cigvYyi mv‡_ Ab¨ cigvYyi

cwigvYMZ cv_©K¨ wKfv‡e m¤¢e? Zvi †Kvb mwVK e¨vL¨v GB gZev‡` †`qv nqwb|

Z…ZxqZt cigvYyi hw` wbR¯ †Kvb MwZ ev kw³ bv _v‡K, Zv n‡j cÖZ¨ÿ RM‡Z MwZi

D™¢e wKfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i? ZviI †Kvb e¨vL¨v G gZev‡` †bB|

mPj Roev` (Dynamic Theory of Matter)

cigvYyev` ev wbðj Roev‡ì bvbv ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ `~i Kivi gva¨‡gB mPj Roev‡ì

DrcwË nq| weÁvbx d¨viv‡Wi g‡Z, cigvYy wbðj I wbw®Œq bq, eis cÖZ¨KwU cigvYy

kw³i †K›`ª| GRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU cigvYyi AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi ÿgZv Av‡Q| weÁvbx wbDUbI

cigvYyi AvKl©‡Yi kw³‡Z wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| jW© †Kj&wfb-Gi g‡Z, cigvYy n‡”Q me©Î

Zij B_v‡ii AveZ©b Pµ (whirlpool)| GKBfv‡e A÷Iqvì (Ostwald)-Gi g‡Z,

cigvYy n‡”Q kw³i Avavi Ges kw³ mvaviYZ mgvb Ae¯’vq _v‡K| wKšÍz GB Ae¯’vi

cwieZ©b n‡jB kw³i cÖPÛZvi cÖKvk N‡U|

iv`vi‡dvW© (Rutherford), ‡evi (Bohr), †mvgvi‡dì (Somerfeld), wgwjKvb (Milikan) cÖgyL AvaywbK c`v_© weÁvbxiv c~e©eZ©x gZev‡ì fyj-ÎæwU‡K `~i K‡i cigvYy m¤ú‡K© GK

bZzb wel‡qi mÜvb †`b| c~e©eZ©©x weÁvbx‡ì g‡Z, cigvYy wbw®Œq, A‡f`¨, AwefvR¨

(fvM Kiv hvq bv Ggb) Ges mij| wKšÍz Gme weÁvbxiv e‡jb †h, cÖ‡Z¨K cigvYy

AvYweK kw³i Avavi| Avi cÖ‡Z¨KwU cigvYyB fvM‡hvM¨ I †hŠwMK c`v_©| cÖwZwU

cigvYy †h †gŠwjK Dcv`vb Øviv MwVZ, †m me Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v, MwZ I cvi¯úwiK

msMV‡bi Rb¨B GKwU cigvYy Aci cigvYy †_‡K c„_K| cÖwZwU cigvYy e¯ÍzKYv I we`y¨r

kw³i GK GKwU RwUj msMVb, hv Av‡iv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Dcv`v‡bi Øviv MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|

cÖ‡Z¨KwU cigvYyi †fZ‡i GKwU wbDwK¬qvm (neucleus) ev abvZ¥K we`y¨r kw³ (positive electricity) Av‡Q Ges GB wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª K‡i GK ev GKvwaK B‡jKUªb ev FYvZ¥K



we`y¨r kw³ (negative electricity) AbeiZ †Nv‡i| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Qvov me †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i

cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm Ô‡cÖvUb' I ÔwbDUªb' Øviv MwVZ| nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wbDwK¬qv‡m ïay GKwU

Ô‡cÖvUb' _v‡K| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy n‡jv me‡P‡q nvjKv cigvYy Ges Gi GKwU gvÎ

B‡jKUªb Zvi †cÖvU‡bi Pvicv‡k †Nv‡i| B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUb I wbDUªb G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K

g~j KwYKv ejv nq| †Kbbv G‡ì Avi fv½v hvq bv| wbDUª‡bi fi (mass) ‡cÖvU‡bi

f‡ii cÖvq mgvb|

wewfbœ †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi msL¨v wfbœ wfbœ

n‡q _v‡K| BD‡iwbqvg n‡jv fvix †gŠwjK c`v_©, hvi wbDwK¬qv‡m 92wU †cÖvUb Ges

146wU wbDUªb _v‡K, Avi Gi wbDwK¬qv‡mi PZzw`©‡K 99wU B‡jKUªb †Nv‡i| †mŠigÛ‡j

wewfbœ MÖn, DcMÖn †hgb m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i †Nv‡i, †Zgwb cigvYyi g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb

†cÖvUb‡K †K›`ª K‡i †Nv‡i| †mŠigÛj I cigvYyi Kÿ c‡_i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ GB †h,

†mŠigÛ‡ji †ÿ‡Î GKwUgvÎ MÖn AvewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i, wKšÍz GKwU cigvYyi Kÿ c‡_

GKvwaK B‡jKUªb AvewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| AvaywbK weÁvbx‡ì g‡Z, Ro cigvYy n‡jv GK

GKwU kw³cyÄ Ges Ro e¯Ízi †gŠwjK DcKiY n‡jv kw³, Ro bq| weÁvbx‡ì G

gZev`‡K mPj Roev` ejv n‡q _v‡K|

R‡oi wbR©oxKiY (Dematerialization of Matter) eZ©gvb hy‡M cøvsK (Plank), AvBb÷vBb (Einstein) cÖgyL weÁvbx mPj Roev‡ì wfwË‡K

AviI kw³kvjx K‡i R‡oi wbR©oxKiY K‡i‡Qb| Av‡cwÿKZvev` (Theory of Relativity) Ges †Kvqv›Uvgev` (Quantum Theory) cÖvPxb gZev‡ì Dci AvNvZ †n‡b

ewjôfv‡e †NvlYv K‡i †h, fi (Mass) I kw³ (Energy) `ywU ¯Zš¿ mËv bq Ges fi‡K

kw³i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kivi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB, eis fi kw³i iƒcvšÍi Qvov Avi wKQy

bq| ZvB kw³B RM‡Zi g~j Dcv`vb Ges Ro kw³iB GK we‡kl iƒcgvÎ|

†Kvqv›Uvgev` cÖPv‡ii c~‡e© wbDUb g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, Av‡jvK KwYKv (Corpuscle) m~h©

†_‡K †mvRvmywR wbM©Z nq Ges Gi c‡i A‡bK weÁvbx g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, m~h©iwk¥ Zi‡½i

AvKv‡i wbM©Z nq| wKšÍz †Kvqv›Uvgev‡ì g‡Z, Av‡jvK KwYKv¸‡jv wbDU‡bi gZev`

Abyhvqx e¯ÍzKwYKv (Material Particle) bq, eis kw³ KwYKv (Energy Particle)| GB

kw³-KwYKv‡KB Ô†ùvUb' ejv n‡q _v‡K| ZvB †Kvqv›Uvgev‡ì g‡Z, kw³ I

Av‡jvKkw³ g~jZ GKB kw³i wfbœ wfbœ iƒcgvÎ| Gw`K †_‡K kw³ cigvYy‡Z Ges

cigvYy kw³‡Z cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs AvaywbK weÁvbx‡ì M‡elYvi d‡j Ro I

kw³i g‡aï ˆØZZv `~i n‡q hvq Ges kw³B RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb e‡j cwiMwYZ nq|

AvaywbK c`v_©weìv Ro m¤ú‡K© AZ¨šÍ m~ÿè M‡elYv Pvwj‡q Ggb gZev` w`‡q‡Qb †h,

Zuv‡ì‡K Avi Roev`x ejv hvq bv| G cÖm‡½ Av‡gwiKvb `vk©wbK wdwjd d«vs‡Ki GKwU

e³e¨ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb Zuvi cÖL¨vZ 'Philosophy of Science: The Link Between Science and Philosophy' MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, Ò wKšÍz GLb GKwU cwi”Qbœ

aviYv R‡b¥‡Q †h, [Roev‡ì] GB kw³ai aviv wesk kZ‡Ki c`v_©we`¨vq G‡m †_‡g

†M‡Q, we‡kl K‡i Av‡cwÿKZvev` I †Kvqv›Uvgev‡ì cÖeZ©‡bi ci| A‡bK †jLKB G

e¨vcv‡i wbwðZ †h, Roev`x avivi MwZ _vwg‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges fveev‡ì cÖwZ GKwU



cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc : hš¿ I Rxe‡`n

Nature of Life: Machine and Organism D‡Ïk¨


cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Ro I Rxe‡bi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

Avgiv weMZ cv‡V Ro m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ `vk©wbK I ‰eÁvwbK gZvgZ †R‡bwQ| Avgiv

eZ©gvb cv‡V cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| cÖvY ev Rxe‡bi ¯iƒc eyS‡Z n‡j

Avgv‡ì cÖ_‡gB eyS‡Z n‡e hš¿ ev R‡oi mv‡_ cÖvY ev Rxe‡bi wK wK wgj I Awgj

i‡q‡Q|

cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc (Nature of Life) cÖvY ev Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Avgiv GKUz wPšÍv Ki‡jB eyS‡Z cvwi †h, cÖvY ev Rxeb n‡jv Ggb

GKwU kw³ hvi Øviv wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨‡½i weKvk mvab nq Ges Gi Øviv HK¨ ¯’vcb,

†`‡ni ÿqÿwZ c~iY, cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki mv‡_ †`‡ni mvgÄm¨ weavb Ges eske„w×KiY N‡U|

cÖv‡Yi êwkó¨

cÖvY ev Rxe‡bi cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki‡j KZ¸‡jv êwkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| GB êwkó¨¸‡jv

wb‡æv³fv‡e eY©bv Kiv hvq :

cÖ_gZ cÖvY ev Rxeb †`n‡K Avkªq K‡iB wb‡R‡K weKwkZ K‡i|

wØZxqZ cÖvY †`‡ni g‡a¨ Ggb GK kw³ Drcbœ K‡i, hvi d‡j †`‡ni wewfbœ A½-

cÖZ¨‡½i g‡a¨ cwieZ©b I µgweKvk mvab Ges mvgÄm¨ weavb nq|

Z…ZxqZ cÖvY ˆRweK cÖwµqvmg~n‡K my›ìfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i Rxe †`‡ni Kj¨vY mvab K‡i

Ges cvwicvwk©¦‡Ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

PZz_©Z eske„w×i ÿgZv cÖv‡Yi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨| cÖavbZ cÖRbb ÿgZvi gva¨‡gB

¯RvZxq Rxe m„wó ev esk iÿv Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

hš¿ I Rxe‡`n (Machine and Organism)

cvV 4

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cÖvY kw³i ¯iƒc wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡b‡K hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ Zzjbv K‡ib| hš¿

I Rxe‡`n hwÌ AvcvZt `„wó‡Z g‡b nq GK, Z_vwc Avm‡j hš¿ I Rxe‡`n GK bq|

wb‡P hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni mv`„k¨ I êmv`„k¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

hš¿ I Rxe‡`n : mv`„k¨

hš¿ ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ Ggb GKUv e¯Íz‡K eywS, hv KZ¸‡jv Ro As‡ki Øviv MwVZ

Ges evB‡ii †Kvb kw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z| Avi Rxe‡`n ej‡Z Avgiv Ggb GKUv e¯Íz‡K

eywS hv †Kvb ˆRweK cÖwµqvi Avavi|

hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ n‡jv, hš¿ I Rxe‡`n DfqB KZ¸‡jv As‡ki mgb¦‡q

MwVZ| hš¿ †hgb KZ¸‡jv Ask wb‡q MwVZ, Rxe‡`nI †Zgwb KZ¸‡jv A½-cÖZ¨½ wb‡q

MwVZ| hš¿ †hgb hš¿vs‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj, Rxe‡`nI †Zgwb wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨‡½i Dci

wbf©ikxj|

hš¿ I Rxe‡`n : ‰emv`„k¨

hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI hš¿ I Rxe‡`n GK bq| G‡ì g‡a¨ mv`„‡kï

†P‡q êmv`„k¨B †ewk cwijwÿZ nq :

cÖ_gZ hš¿ gvby‡li m„wó| Avi cÖvY cÖvK…wZK ev Hk¦wiK m„wó| hš¿ wewfbœ Ro c`v_©‡K

GKÎ Ki‡jB m„wó Kiv m¤¢e nq, wKšÍz Gfv‡e Rxe‡`n m„wó Kiv m¤¢e bq| hwÌ h‡š¿i

g‡Zv Rxe †`‡nI wewfbœ †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK c`v_© Av‡Q, Z_vwc Rxe †`‡ni e„w× Av‡Q,

wKšÍz h‡š¿i †Kvb e„w× †bB|

wØZxqZ hš¿ evB‡ii kw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq; cÿvšÍ‡i, Rxe‡`n evB‡ii kw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z

nq bv| Af¨šÍixY kw³B G‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i|

Z…ZxqZ hš¿ I Rxe‡`n Df‡q hwÌ G‡ì As‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj, Z_vwc h‡š¿i †ejvq

As‡ki cÖvavb¨ †ewk Ges Rxe †`‡ni †ejvq mgMÖZvi cÖvavb¨ †ewk| GKwU h‡š¿i †Kvb

GKwU Ask weKj n‡jB hš¿wU A‡K‡Rv n‡q c‡o| wKšÍz GB AskwUi ¯Zš¿ Ae¯’vb

mg‡MÖi Dci wbf©i bv K‡iI m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i, †Kbbv hš¿ KZ¸‡jv wewÿß As‡ki GKwU

K…wÎg msMVbgvÎ| cÿvšÍ‡i, Rxe‡`n KZ¸‡jv As‡ki ¯vfvweK msMVb| G wn‡m‡e Rxe

†`‡ni †ejvq mgMÖ‡K As‡ki Dci Ges Ask‡K mg‡MÖi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq|

PZz_©Z hš¿ me mgqB Ac‡ii D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b eëüZ nq, ZvB hš¿ hš¿xi B”QvgZB KvR

K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i, Rx‡ei wbR¯ D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q, †Kbbv Rxe Zvi Af¨šÍixY kw³ ØvivB

cwiPvwjZ nq|

cÂgZ hš¿ n‡jv civaxb Ges ci Øviv wbqwš¿Z| wKšÍz Rxe‡`n ¯vaxb I ¯wbqwš¿Z| G

Rb¨ Rx‡ei wµqvKjvc m¤ú‡K© fwel¨ØvYx Kiv m¤¢e bq|

lôZ Rx‡ei AvZ¥wbqš¿Y, AvZ¥msMVb, AvZ¥msiÿY I AvZ¥weKv‡ki ÿgZv Av‡Q| Rxe

Gme ÿgZvi e‡j cÖ‡qvRb gZ †h †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wb‡R‡K Lvc LvB‡q wb‡Z cv‡i,

bZzb bZzb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz h‡š¿i g‡a¨ Gme ¸Y †bB e‡j hš¿

cy‡ivcywi civaxb| h‡š¿i GKwU Ask weKj n‡q †M‡j hš¿ Zv c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

cÿvšÍ‡i Rxe‡`‡n †Kvb ÿqÿwZ n‡j Rxe Zv wb‡RB c~iY Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| hš¿ ej‡Z Kx eySvq? h‡š¿i mv‡_ Rxe‡`‡ni cv_©K¨ eY©bv Kiæb|


1| cÖv‡Yi ˆewkó¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|

1| hš¿ I Rxe‡`‡ni ˆemv`„k¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|

‰be© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1| cÖv‡Yi Ab¨Zg ‰ewkó¨ ev ag© n‡jv

(A) PÂjZv ev MwZ (Av) w¯’iZv

(B) cÖRbb (C) †KvbUvB bq

2| cÖvY ev Rxeb wb‡R‡K weKwkZ K‡iÑ

(A) gb‡K Avkªq K‡i (Av) †`n‡K Avkªq K‡i

(B) Abyf‚wZ‡K Avkªq K‡i (C) eyw×‡K Avkªq K‡i

3| hš¿ I Rxe‡`n GK

(A) AvcvZt `„wó‡Z (Av) cÖK…Zt c‡ÿ

(B) g~jZt (C) †KvbwUB bq

4| hš¿ me mgqB D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡i

(A) wb‡Ri (Av) eÜyi

(B) Mix‡ei (C) Ac‡ii


1| h‡š¿i eske„w×i ÿgZv Av‡Q|

2| cÖvY †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab K‡i _v‡K|

mwVK DËi

1| (B) 2| (Av) 3| (A) 4| (C)

1| wg 2| m



cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc : hvwš¿K gZev`

Nature of Life: Mechanistic Theory of Life

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV‡k‡l Avcwb

cÖvY m¤úK©xq hvwš¿K gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

hvwš¿K gZev‡ì hyw³mg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

Avgiv weMZ cv‡V hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| eZ©gvb cv‡V Avgiv

Rxe‡bi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| hvwš¿K gZev‡ì g‡Z, Rxeb Ro †_‡KB

D™¢~Z Ges R‡oiB RwUj iƒcgvÎ|

cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc : hvwš¿K gZev` (Mechanistic Theory of Life)

hvwš¿Kev‡ì g‡Z, cÖvY R‡oiB RwUj iƒcgvÎ Ges Rxe‡`n GKwU RwUj hš¿gvÎ| cÖvY

I R‡oi g‡a¨ †Kvb we‡kl cv_©K¨ †bB eis G‡ì g‡a¨ ïay cwigvYMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|

Ro I MwZi †hŠwMK cÖwµqvi d‡j mg¯Í Rx‡ei D™¢e n‡q _v‡K|

Roev`xiv Zuv‡ì gZ‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z wM‡q c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi mvnvh¨ wb‡q

_v‡Kb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, †h †Kvb Rxe‡`n we‡kølY Ki‡jB Kve©b, Aw·‡Rb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb,

Kv¨vjwmqvg cÖf…wZ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| ZvB Rxe‡`n I Ro c`v‡_©i

g‡a¨ Dcv`v‡bi w`K †_‡K †Kvb cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq bv| Rxe‡`n I Ro c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ ïay

cv_©K¨ GB †h, Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ GKUv RwUj MVb eë¯’v †`Lv hvq A_©vr h‡š¿i Zzjbvq

Rxe‡`n n‡jv RwUjZi| Roev`x‡ì g‡Z, †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvi d‡jB Rxe

†Kv‡li D™¢e n‡q _v‡K| GB Rxe‡Kvl eû †Kv‡l wef³ n‡q wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨½ I

Rxe‡`‡ni m„wó K‡i|

ARxeRwbev`

Roev`x‡ì g‡Z, Rxe‡`‡n †Kvb inm¨RbK cÖvY kw³i (vital force) ¯’vb †bB|

cÖvYkw³ Ro kw³i GKwU we‡kl iƒcgvÎ| cÖvY ˆRweK cÖwµqv †_‡K ¯Zš¿ wKQy bq|

h‡š¿i g‡Zv Rxe †`n‡KI hvwš¿K Kvh©KviY m¤úK© w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| hš¿ev` ev

Roev‡ì g~j e³e¨ GB †h, hš¿ I Rxe‡`n GKB Ro kw³i `ywU wfbœ cÖKvkgvÎ|

cvV 5

Gm Gm GBP Gj


†fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK wµqvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨v KivB hš¿ev`x‡ì gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨|

cÖv‡Yi g~‡j i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv Ges Ro kw³i wµqv| Zuv‡ì g~jK_v GB

†h, Ro †_‡KB cÖv‡Yi DrcwË| cÖvY m¤ú‡K© Roev`x‡ì GB AwfgZ‡K ARxeRwbev`

ejv nq|

ˆRweK cÖwµqvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v

Roev`x‡ì g‡Z, DÏxc‡Ki ivmvqwbK AvKl©‡Yi d‡jB Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ ¯Ztù‚Z©

cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hvq| ZvB Rxe‡`n cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weavb Kv‡j †h D‡ËRbv

†`Lvq, Zvi g~‡j hš¿ev`xiv †Kvb cÖvY kw³i Dcw¯’wZ ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| Rxe †`‡ni Dci

DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZwµqv‡K hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z e¨vL¨v Kivi e¨vcv‡i hš¿ev`x‡ì g‡a¨ we‡kl

AvMÖn cwijwÿZ nq| cÖvPxb wMÖK cigvYyev`x †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †KvcviwbKvm, M¨vwjwjI

†WKvU©, wbDUb cÖgyL gbxlxiv hš¿ev‡ì wfwË AviI my`„p K‡ib| Gi c‡i nve©vU© †¯úÝvi

I WviDBb eZ©gvb Kv‡ji hš¿ev‡ì A‡bK DbœwZ mvab K‡i GK we¯§‡qi m„wó K‡ib|

nv·wj (Huxley) Zuvi cÖwm× ÔwdwRK¨vj †ewmm Ae jvBd' (Physical Basis of Life) MÖ‡š’ wMÖK cigvYyev`x‡ì cÖvY m¤úK©xq hvwš¿K gZev`‡K AviI †Rviv‡jvfv‡e mg_©b

K‡ib| †UÛb (Tendon)mn A‡bK AvaywbK weÁvbxI hvwš¿K gZev` mg_©b K‡i‡Qb|

Zuv‡ì g‡Z, Ro I MwZ kw³i †hŠ_ cÖwµqvi d‡jB G RM‡Z bZzb bZzb e¯Ízi Avwef©ve

N‡U _v‡K|

mgv‡jvPbv

hš¿ev`x‡ì gZev` Roev‡ì ¯vfvweK cwiYwZ Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| Ro I cÖvY GK I

Awfbœ n‡Z cv‡i bv, †Kbbv Ro I cÖv‡Yi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK I ¸YMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|

cÖvY mshy³ Rxe‡Kv‡l Ggb KZ¸‡jv ¸Y i‡q‡Q, hvi D™¢e †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK c`v_©

†_‡K n‡Z cv‡i bv| hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v me wel‡q P‡j bv| c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vq

hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v Pj‡Z cv‡i, †Kbbv Gme weÁvb Ro c`v_© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| wKšÍz

cÖv‡Yi Ggb KZ¸‡jv êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v †`qv m¤¢e bq|

hš¿ev`x‡ì g‡Z, cÖvY Ro †_‡K D™¢~Z Ges ¸‡Yi w`K †_‡K cÖvY I R‡oi g‡a¨ †Kvb

cv_©K¨ †bB, hš¿ev`x‡ì G gZ mwVK bq| Ro cÖv‡Yi Avwef©v‡ei Rb¨ eo ‡Rvi GKwU

cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKšÍz cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e cÖvY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov, cÖv‡Yi

AvZ¥msiÿY, AvZ¥wbqš¿Y, AvZ¥cybiærcv`b cÖf…wZ ai‡bi Ggb KZ¸‡jv êwkó¨ Av‡Q,

†h¸‡jv R‡oi g‡a¨ †bB| hwÌ wKQy msL¨K RxeweÁvbx hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z Rxe †`‡ni

e¨vL¨v †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb, Z_vwc A‡bK AvaywbK RxeweÁvbx I kixiZË¡we` G hvwš¿K

c×wZ‡Z cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨v †`qvi cÖ‡Póv‡K wbiærmvwnZ K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY¯iƒc, e„wUk

kixiZË¡we` †R. Gm. n¨vj‡Wb (J.S. Haldane)-Gi bvg D‡jøL Kiv hvq| Zuvi g‡Z, cÖvY

ej‡Z †h e¯Íz‡K Avgiv eywS Zvi †cQ‡b GKwU Avjv`v mËv i‡q‡Q, hv R‡oi g‡a¨ †bB|

Zuvi g‡Z, Ro I cÖv‡Yi g‡a¨ GKwU †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Ges GRb¨ cÖv‡Yi hvwš¿K



e¨vL¨v †`qv m¤¢e bq| †R. Av_©vi _gmb Zuvi Ôw` wmm&‡Ug Ae Gwb‡gU jvBd' (The System of Animate Life) MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, Òc`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi bxwZ ˆ`bw›`b

Rxe‡bi kvixwiK Kvh©µg A_ev AvPiY, Dbœqb I weeZ©‡bi c~~Y© weeiY w`‡Z Aÿg|Ó

Gme welq Òm¤ú~Y© ¯Zš¿ ˆRweK cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z h‡_ó bqÓ (The formulae of physics and chemistry are inadequate for the re-description of the everyday bodily functions or of behaviour or of development or of evolution". They "do not suffice for answering the distinctively biological questions.")|

hš¿ev`x‡ì hyw³mg~n

hš¿ev`xiv hš¿ev‡ì mg_©‡b ‡hme hyw³ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib Zv AviI wek`fv‡e Avgiv GLb

Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev :

cÖ_gZ hš¿ev`x‡ì g‡Z, cÖvY I Rxeb †Kvb inm¨gq e¯Íz bq| hw` Rx‡ei Rxeb avi‡Yi

wewfbœ cÖwµqv hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq, Z‡eB Rxeb I cÖv‡Yi h_v_© e¨vL¨v Kiv

m¤¢e| †h‡nZz cÖvY inm¨RbK †Kvb mËv bq, myZivs cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ †Kvb inm¨RbK

ZË¡ ¯xKvi Kivi †Kvb A_© nq bv|

wØZxqZ Aaybv Rxewe`¨vi AMÖMwZi d‡j GKvwaK ˆRweK cÖwµqvB hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv

m¤¢e n‡”Q| Bw›`ªq ms‡ÿv‡fi mv‡_ ms‡e`‡bi m¤úK©, Rxe †`‡ni A‡½i I gvsm †ckxi

e„w× cÖf…wZ ˆRweK e¨vcvi‡K †gvUvgywU hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e| ZvQvov Avgv‡ì

dzmdz‡mi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Kvgv‡ii nvc‡ii Ges ¯œvqybvjxi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ †Uwj‡dv‡bi Zv‡ii

†Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| myZivs hwÌ A‡bK ˆRweK cÖwµqv‡K GLbI hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv

m¤¢e nqwb, A`~i fwel¨‡Z †h †m mg¯Í ˆRweK cÖwµqvI hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hv‡e bv

Zv ejv hvq bv|

Z…ZxqZ weÁvb mvaviYZ hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v‡KB hyw³m½Z e¨vL¨v e‡j g‡b K‡i| AvR‡Ki

w`‡bi c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi DbœwZi g~‡j Av‡Q †mme welqe¯Ízi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v|

Rxewe`¨vi mgKvjxb DbœwZi g~‡jI Av‡Q hvwš¿K c×wZi Dci AwaK ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc|

Rxe‡bi MwZ-cÖK…wZi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vB Zvi AMÖMwZi m~Pbv K‡i| myZivs Rxe‡bi e¨vL¨v

hvwš¿K nIqvB ¯vfvweK|

PZz_©Z hš¿ev`x‡ì g‡Z, cÖv‡Yi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vB cÖvY‡K mnR‡eva¨ K‡i †Zv‡j| hvwš¿K

e¨vL¨v bv w`‡Z cvi‡j cÖvY `y‡e©va¨ I inm¨gq †_‡K hv‡e| †fŠwZK cÖwµqv¸‡jv Avgiv

cixÿvMv‡i ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z cvwi| myZivs cÖvY‡K hw` †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq

iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq, Zvn‡j cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨v mnR‡eva¨ nq| A_©vr Rxe‡bi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vB

n‡jv hyw³hy³ e¨vL¨v|

cÂgZ cÖvYev` kw³i wbZ¨Zv wbq‡gi we‡ivax| hš¿ev`x‡ì g‡Z, Rx‡ei hw` we‡kl

cÖvYkw³ _v‡K Z‡e Zv Rxe‡bi †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK kw³i mv‡_ GKB ch©v‡q _vK‡e|

myZivs ˆ`wnK kw³ µgvMZ cÖvYkw³ Ges cÖvYkw³ ˆ`wnK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e| d‡j

Rxe‡`‡n µgvMZ ˆ`wnK kw³i DbœwZ I AebwZ NU‡e| wKšÍz kw³i wbZ¨Zv wbqgvbymv‡i

Gm Gm GBP Gj


†Kvb †`‡n †h cwigvY Ro ev kw³ evB‡i †_‡K Av‡m Zvi n«vm-e„w× m¤¢e bq| myZivs

cÖvYkw³ e‡j †Kvb we‡kl kw³ †bB|

lôZ hš¿ev`xiv Zuv‡ì mc‡ÿ hyw³ w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb †h, A‡bK ˆRweK `ªe¨ AvRKvj

cixÿvMv‡i m„wó Kiv hvq| †hgb wcË im Ges Av‡iv A‡bK e¯Íz‡K GKUv RxešÍ Rxe

†`‡ni m„wó e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| myZivs G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GK cÖKvi we‡kl cÖvY kw³i cwiPq

cvIqv hvq| AvRKvj G¸‡jv ivmvqwbK cixÿvMv‡i Drcbœ Kiv hvq|

mßgZ hš¿ev`x nve©vU© †¯úÝv‡ii g‡Z, cÖvY n‡jv Òewntkw³i mv‡_ AvšÍi kw³i µgvMZ

mvgÄm¨weavbÓ (Life is a continuous adjustment of internal to external forces.)|

hš¿ev`x‡ì hyw³¸‡jv GZÿY Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| Gevi Zuv‡ì hyw³¸‡jvi †`vl-ÎæwU

wb‡q Avgiv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

hš¿ev`x‡ì hyw³i mgv‡jvPbv

cÖ_gZ hš¿ev`x‡ì cÖ_g hyw³ Abymv‡i GK_v ejv hvq †h, ev¯ÍweKB cÖvY ev Rxeb †Kvb

inm¨RbK e¯Íz bq| wKšÍz GK_v ïaygvÎ hš¿ev`x‡ì e³e¨B mg_©b K‡i bv| cÖvYev`xivI

Rxeb‡K KLbI inm¨RbK g‡b K‡ib bv| Zuviv Rxeb‡K Ro †_‡K ¯Zš¿ e‡j g‡b

K‡ib e‡jB Rxeb‡K inm¨RbK ejv hvq bv| ZvQvov, hš¿ev`xiv †Kej RoB †h

inm¨RbK bq- G K_vi c‡ÿ †Kvb wbLuyZ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|

wØZxqZt hš¿ev`x‡ì wØZxq hyw³i g‡a¨ †ek mZ¨Zv Av‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j Zv

bq| GK_v mZ¨ †h, m¤úªwZ wKQy msL¨K weÁvbx Rxe †`‡ni hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v w`‡Z †Póv

K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î †h Lye GKUv AMÖMwZ n‡q‡Q Zv ejv hvq bv| n¨vj‡Wb, †evm

cÖgyL cÖ_g ‡kªYxi cÖvwYweÁvbx Rxe †`‡ni hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v MÖnY K‡ibwb| ZvQvov, Rxe‡bi

mvgwMÖKfv‡e hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v m¤¢e n‡e GUvI Avgv‡ì GKUv wek¦vmgvÎ| wek¦vm hyw³ bq|

myZivs Rxe‡bi c~Y© hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v †`qvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì AviI A‡bKw`b nq‡Zv A‡cÿv

Ki‡Z n‡e|

Z…ZxqZ c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ e¯Ízi mv‡_ Rxewe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ e¯Ízi

†gŠwjK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv Ro c`v_©|

myZivs hvwš¿K c×wZ Gme weÁv‡bi Rb¨ LyeB Dchy³ n‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz Rxewe`¨vi

Av‡jvP¨ welq cÖvY| cÖv‡Yi KZ¸‡jv êwkó¨ Av‡Q, cÖv‡Yi mv‡_ R‡oi †gŠwjK cv_©K¨

Av‡Q| d‡j Rxewe`¨v‡KI c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi b¨vq hvwš¿K c×wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z

n‡e GK_v †gv‡UB hyw³hy³ bq|

PZz_©Z hš¿ev`x‡ì PZz_© hyw³wU Av‡`Š m½Z e‡j g‡b nq bv| †Kbbv Rxeb‡K †fŠwZK I

ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡j cÖvY mnR‡eva¨ n‡q DV‡e

hš¿ev`x‡ì GUv GKUv wek¦vmgvÎ| Giv Dchy³ cÖgv‡Yi wfwË‡Z Zv `k©v‡Z cv‡ibwb|

Zuviv †Kej †h welqwU‡K cÖgv‡Yi K_v fve‡Qb, Zv‡K c~e© †_‡KB MÖnY K‡i wb‡q‡Qb|

cÂgZ hš¿ev`x‡ì cÂg hyw³wU‡K `y'w`K †_‡K mvRv‡bv hvq| cÖ_gZ cÖvYx †`‡ni

AšÍwb©wnZ A_ev wµqvkxj †fŠwZK kw³i cwigvY mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq, myZivs



e„w× I AebwZ wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| wØZxqZ cÖvYkw³ Ro kw³i ch©v‡q bq| KviY cÖvY

kw³i cÖK…wZ n‡jv Ro kw³i MwZ I wµqv‡K wba©viY I wbqš¿Y Kiv| d‡j Ro kw³i

mvnv‡h¨ cÖvYkw³ Zvi D‡Ïk¨ mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖvYkw³ wb‡RB mwµq, Avi Rokw³

wbw®Œq|

lôZ hš¿ev`x‡`i lô hyw³wU †Kvb mwZ¨Kv‡ii hyw³ bq| cixÿvMv‡i †h Rxe‡Kv‡li m„wó

Kiv nq Zv RxešÍ bq, g„Z| RxešÍ Rxe‡Kv‡li wµqv-Kg© Avjv`v| Zv‡`i wµqv-Kg©‡K

†fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK c×wZi Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|

mßgZ nve©vU© †¯úÝv‡ii aviYv hyw³hy³ bq| †Kbbv Rxe‡`‡ni †fZi-evB‡ii mvgÄm¨

ivmvqwbK kw³i Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| Rxe‡`n n‡jv ¯wbqwš¿Z, ¯mvgÄm¨c~Y©,

¯iÿK cÖRbb kw³m¤úbœ| GUv †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK kw³i RwUj AvKvi bq| Rxeb

n‡jv bZzb wKQy| Rxeb n‡jv Ro kw³i †P‡q D”P ¯Í‡ii GK mvsMVwbK kw³|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| Rxeb ev cÖvY wK Avm‡jB R‡oi RwUj iƒc? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

4| hš¿ev`x‡`i hyw³¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb Ges Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡Ri gZvgZ w`b|


1| ARxeRwbev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2| ‰RweK cÖwµqvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v D‡jøL Kiæb|

‰be© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1| cÖvY n‡jv ewntkw³i mv‡_ AvšÍtkw³i µgvMZ mvgÄm¨weavb -Dw³wU K‡ib

(A) n¨vj‡Wb (Av) wbDUb

(B) nve©vU© †¯úÝvi (C) Gwi÷Uj

2| hvwš¿K gZev` Abymv‡i, Rxe‡`n I Ro-c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jv h‡š¿i Zzjbvq

Rxe‡`n

(A) mnRZi (Av) RwUjZi

(B) mijZi (C) †KvbwUB bq

3| ÔwdwRK¨vj †ewmm Ad jvBd¤^ MÖš’wUi †jLK

(A) nve©vU© †¯úÝvi (Av) WviDBb

(B) nv·jx (C) †UÛb

4| Ôw` wmm&‡Ug Ad Gwb‡gU jvBd¤^ MÖš’wUi †jLKÑ

(A) †R, Av_©vi _gmb (Av) †R.Gm. n¨vj‡Wb

(B) †KvcviwbKvm (C) M¨vwjwjI


1| hš¿ev`xiv Rxe‡`‡n †Kvb cÖvY-kw³i Dcw¯’wZ ¯xKvi K‡ib bv|

mwVK DËi

1| (B) 2| (Av) 3| (B) 4| (A)

1| m



cÖv‡Yi ¯iƒc : cÖvYev`

Nature of Life: Vitalistic Theory of Life

D‡Ïk¨


Rxe‡bi cÖvYev`x e¨vL¨v D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvYev‡ì hyw³mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvYev‡ì hyw³mg~‡ni †`vl-ÎæwU wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

Avgiv c~e©eZ©x cv‡V Rxe‡bi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| eZ©gvb cv‡V Avgiv

Rxe‡bi cÖvYev`x e¨vL¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| cÖvYev‡ì g‡Z, cÖvY ev Rxeb Ro †_‡K

D™¢~Z bq| cÖvY Rokw³ †_‡K wfbœZi kw³|

cÖvYev` (Vitalistic Theory of Life)

cÖvYev`x‡ì g‡Z, cÖvY Rokw³ †_‡K Avjv`v kw³ Ges G `ywU kw³i g‡a¨ †gŠwjK I

¸YMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| cÖvY Rokw³ †_‡K D™¢~Z nq bv| cÖvY Ro †`n‡K Avkªq K‡iB

wbR‡K weKwkZ K‡i; ZvB e‡j cÖvY kw³‡K Ro †`‡ni †fŠwZK ev ivmvqwbK wµqv ejv

P‡j bv| Rxe A‰Re c`v_© †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| Rx‡ei g‡a¨ Ggb KZ¸‡jv êwkó¨ Av‡Q

hv A‰Re c`v‡_© †bB| ÔcÖvYkw³' bv‡g GK bZzb I ¯Zš¿ Rxebxkw³ w`‡q Rxe‡bi ¯iƒc

D`&NvUb Kiv hvq| GB gZev‡ì bvg cÖvYev`|

`k©‡bi BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Avgiv GB cÖvY kw³i cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© `y'iK‡gi gZev`

cvB : cÖvPxb cÖvYev` I be¨ cÖvYev`|

cÖvPxb cÖvYev`

cÖvPxb cÖvYev‡ì cÖ_g cÖKvk N‡U wMÖK `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷U‡ji †jLvq| Zuvi g‡Z, Dw™¢ ,

cÖvYx I gvby‡li g‡a¨ GK GK cÖKvi kw³i Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q| G cÖvY kw³‡K wZwb

Entelechy ev †`‡ni msMVb kw³ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, MvQ-cvjv,

Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡Q Rbbkxj cÖvYkw³| cÖvYxi g‡a¨ Av‡Q Rbbkxj cÖvY I ms‡e`bkxj

cÖvY| Avi gvby‡li g‡a¨ Av‡Q AviI GKwU kw³ hvi bvg †eŠw×K cÖvY| ga¨ hy‡Mi A‡bK

cvV 6

Gm Gm GBP Gj


`vk©wbK A¨vwi÷U‡ji gZev` mg_©b K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h, Rxe‡bi Avmj iƒc n‡jv

GKwU Ava¨vwZ¥K mËv Ges Zv e¯Íz †_‡K Avjv`v| `vk©wbK †WKvU© G gZev‡ì wKQy

we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, MvQ-cvjv I cÖvYxi †`n h‡š¿i gZB Ges gvby‡li †`nI G

wbq‡gi e¨wZµg bq| wKšÍz gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKUv wPšÍvkw³ Av‡Q| †gvUK_v, cÖvPxb

cÖvYev‡ì g‡Z, cÖvY GKwU †gŠwjK kw³ Ges cÖvY †_‡KB cÖv‡Yi DrcwË m¤¢e, ivmvqwbK

wµqvi d‡j bq|

be¨ cÖvYev`

be¨ cÖvYev‡ì RbK n‡jb Rvg©vb `vk©wbK n¨vÝ wWªK| wZwb cixÿvg~jK êÁvwbK

c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ cÖvYev`‡K bZzb K‡i cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, †Kvb †fŠwZK I

ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ ˆRweK cÖwµqvi e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| Rxe‡bi MVbcÖYvjx I

h‡š¿i MVbcÖYvjxi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| myZivs Rxe‡`n hš¿we‡kl bq Ges

Rxe‡bi †Kvb hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vI m¤¢e bq| GKgvÎ cÖvYZË¡ w`‡qB Rxe‡bi e¨vL¨v m¤¢e|

wWªK KLbI KLbI GB cÖvYZË¡‡K gb¯ÍË¡ e‡jI cwiPq †`b| Zuvi g‡Z, GB gb¯ÍË¡B

Rxe †`‡ni we‡kl MVb fw½gvi Rb¨ `vqx| GB gb¯ÍË¡ Ro †_‡K ¯Zš¿| cÖvY †_‡KB

cÖv‡Yi DrcwË| wKšÍz wcÖ½j †cwUm‡bi g‡Z, wWªK G msMVb kw³‡K wbR©oxq g‡b K‡iI

mvaviY Acwic° Roev‡ì hv`yg‡š¿i †eovRvj †_‡K †ei n‡Z cv‡ibwb|

cÖvYev`x‡ì hyw³mg~n

cÖvYev`xiv cÖvYev‡ì mg_©‡b ‡hme hyw³ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib Zv AviI wek`fv‡e Avgiv

GLb Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev :

1| Rx‡ei MVb I wµqvi GKUv ¯Kxq êwkó¨ Av‡Q, hv †Kvb h‡š¿ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv|

myZivs Rx‡ei †Kvb hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vI m¤¢e n‡q I‡V bv| Rx‡ei A½-cÖZ¨‡½i g‡a¨

†Kvb hvwš¿K m¤úK© †bB| G‡ì m¤úK© m¤ú~Y© wbweo I Awe‡”Q`¨| hš¿ n‡jv

KZ¸‡jv evn¨ m¤úK©wewkó K…wÎg As‡ki mgwó| Gw`K †_‡K h‡š¿i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Zvi

As‡ki Dci m¤ú~Y© wbf©ikxj| cÿvšÍ‡i, Rx‡ei A½-cÖZ¨½ n‡jv AvšÍi

m¤úK©wewkó| d‡j A½-cÖZ¨‡½i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Rxe‡`‡ni Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Dci wbf©ikxj|

myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, h‡š¿i †ejvq mg‡MÖi Zzjbvq As‡ki Ges Rxe †`‡ni

†ÿ‡Î A½-cÖZ¨‡½i Zzjbvq mg‡MÖi cÖvavb¨ †ewk| Rxe‡`n iÿv‡_© mg‡MÖi G

cÖvavb¨ cÖvYkw³i wewkóZvB cÖgvY K‡i| ZvQvov Rx‡ei AvZ¥wbqš¿Y, AvZ¥msiÿY

I AvZ¥weKv‡ki ÿgZv Av‡Q| Rx‡ei cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨, eske„w×,

D‡Ïk¨g~jK KvR BZ¨vw` Zvi êwk‡óïB cÖgvY| h‡š¿ Gme êwkó¨ †bB| Rxe‡`n

hš¿ bq| Kv‡RB Rxe †`‡ni hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v m¤¢e bq|

2| Rx‡ei Kvh© m¤ú‡K© fwel¨ØvYx Kiv hvq bv| KviY Rx‡ei Kv‡h©i ¯vaxbZv Av‡Q|

cÿvšÍ‡i, R‡oi cwieZ©b ev Kv‡h©i fwel¨ØvYx Kiv hvq| KviY R‡oi †Kvb

¯vaxbZv †bB| Ro e¯Íz‡K Avgiv hLb †hgb Kwi †Zgb nq| cÖvYxi ¯’vb

cwieZ©‡bi ÿgZv Av‡Q| Qv` †_‡K GKLvbv cv_i Quy‡o w`‡j †Kv_vq wM‡q co‡e



Zv A‡bKUv AuvP Kiv hvq, wKšÍz †Kvb cvwL‡K a‡i G‡b †Q‡o w`‡j †m †Kv_vq

wM‡q em‡e Zv ejv hvq bv| Kv‡RB cÖvYxi KvR‡K hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|

3| AvaywbK êÁvwbK M‡elYvq cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb †Kvb cÖwµqvi †Kvb hvwš¿K

e¨vL¨v m¤¢e bq| D`vniY¯iƒc ejv hvq, k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi Kvh©, cywó, eske„w×

BZ¨vw`‡K hvwš¿K Kvh©KviY Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq| Aek¨ G¸‡jv‡K

D‡Ïk¨g~jK Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K©i Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| myZivs Rxe‡bi me cÖwµqvB

hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq, Ggb K_v GLb Avi ejv hvq bv|

4| cÖvYkw³ I Rokw³ ¯iƒcZ Avjv`v| PÂjZv ev MwZ n‡jv cÖvY kw³i cÖavb ag©|

Ro n‡jv wbðj| PÂjZv I wbðjZv m¤ú~Y© wecixZag©x| myZivs R‡oi hvwš¿K

e¨vL¨v cÖv‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

5| cÖvYev`x `vk©wbK‡ì g‡Z, Rxe weÁv‡bi mv‡_ c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi

†gŠwjK cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| KviY c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi welqe¯Íz n‡jv Ro|

Kv‡RB hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v c×wZB G weÁvb¸‡jvi GKgvÎ c×wZ| Acic‡ÿ,

cÖvwYweÁvb n‡”Q cÖvYkw³ m¤úK©xq weÁvb| Kv‡RB cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi hvwš¿K

c×wZ GLv‡b Lv‡U bv| ˆRweK KvR‡K †Kej cÖvY kw³i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv

m¤¢e, hš¿ kw³i mvnv‡h¨ bq| Rx‡ei RwUj cÖwµqvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v KLbI m¤¢e

n‡e wKbv? Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq bv|

cÖvYev`x‡ì hyw³i mgv‡jvPbv

cÖvYev`x‡ì cÖ_g gZwU †h †ek †Rviv‡jv Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| mwZ¨B Rx‡ei MVb I

wµqvi êwkó¨ hš¿ †_‡K c„_K| myZivs Rxe‡bi †Kvb hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v †`qv m¤¢e bq|

Rx‡ei ¯vaxbZv Av‡Q| wKšÍz R‡oi ¯vaxbZv †bB| R‡oi Kv‡Ri fwel¨ØvYx Kiv hvq,

wKšÍz Rx‡ei Kv‡Ri fwel¨ØvYx Kiv hvq bv| Ro I Rxe m¤ú~Y© wecixZ ¯fv‡ei| Kv‡RB

R‡oi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v KLbI Rxe‡bi ev cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨v n‡Z cv‡i GK_v ejv P‡j bv|

cÖvYxev`x‡ì Z…Zxq hyw³wU hš¿ev‡ì weiæ‡× GK Pig AvNvZ †n‡b‡Q| GK_v mZ¨ †h,

k¦vm-cÖk¦vm Ges cywói gZ KZ¸‡jv ˆRweK cÖwµqvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|

cÖvYev`x‡ì PZz_© hyw³wUI AZ¨šÍ m½Z e‡j g‡b nq| mPj Rx‡ei mv‡_ wbðj R‡oi

†Kvb †gŠwjK HK¨B m¤¢e bq| myZivs Rx‡ei †Kvb hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v m¤¢e bq| Z‡e

cÖvYev`x‡ì cÂg hyw³wU Lye †Rviv‡jv e‡j g‡b nq bv| KviY ˆRweK cÖwµqvi e¨vL¨v

c×wZ m¤ú‡K© mKj RxeweÁvbxI GKgZ bb|

cwi‡k‡l GK_v ejv hvq †h, cÖvYev‡ì c‡ÿ h‡_ó †Rviv‡jv hyw³ _vK‡jI Zv G‡Kev‡i

ÎæwUgy³ bq| cÖvYev`x‡ì †MvUv gZev`wU Ômvab-MÖnY †`vl' (Fallacy of Petitio Principii) G `yó| A_©vr cÖvYev`xiv hv cÖgvY ev mvab Ki‡Z Pvb Zv Zuviv Av‡MB a‡i ev

MÖnY K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| Zuviv cÖgvY Ki‡Z Pvb †h, cÖvY Ro †_‡K Avjv`v| wKšÍz GK_v a‡i

wb‡qB Zuviv Zv cÖgv‡Y AMÖmi n‡q‡Qb| Z`ycwi, Rxe‡`n I h‡š¿i g‡a¨ hw` †gŠwjK

cv_©K¨ †_‡K _v‡K Z‡e Ro‡`‡n cÖvY kw³i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wKfv‡e wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cÖvYev` Zvi †Kvbiƒc e¨vL¨v †`qwb| cÖvYkw³ I hš¿kw³ wfbœ n‡j Avgv‡`i Ro‡`‡n

cÖvY kw³i Avmb wK K‡i wVK Kiv hvq Zv ejv Am¤¢eB g‡b nq|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cÖv‡Yi mgb¦qKvix gZev` : D‡b¥lev`

The Synthetic View of Life: Emergence Theory

D‡Ïk¨


weMZ cv‡Vi ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev‡ì g‡a¨ mgb¦qKvix gZev` wn‡m‡e

D‡b¥lev` m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Ki‡eb|

G gZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖv‡Yi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Avcwb GKwU bZyb aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|

f‚wgKv

Roev`, mPj Roev` I cÖvYev` m¤ú‡K© Avgiv weMZ cvVmg~‡n Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Gme

ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev` cÖv‡Yi DrcwË I êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© †hme gZev` ‡ck K‡i Zv †h

ÎæwUgy³ bq ZvI Avgiv †R‡bwQ| Gme †`‡LB wKQy `vk©wbK G `y' gZev‡ì g‡a¨ mgb¦q

K‡i †h gZev` w`‡q‡Qb Zvi bvg D‡b¥lev` ev ¯Íiev`|

D‡b¥lev` (Emergence Theory)

cÖvY Rokw³ †_‡K D‡b¥wlZ GKwU ¸Y

D‡b¥lev` Abymv‡i, Ro n‡jv Avw`g Dcv`vb| cÖvY GB Rokw³ †_‡KB GKwU D‡b¥wlZ

¸Y| wKšÍz cÖvYkw³ Rokw³ †_‡K D‡b¥wlZ n‡jI cÖvY Ro bq| GwU GKwU mËvwe‡kl|

D‡b¥wlZ ¸Y¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖvY GKwU DbœZZi ¸Y| D‡b¥lev`x `vk©wbK‡ì g‡Z, Ro

†_‡K cÖv‡Yi DrcwË NU‡jI cÖvY R‡oi RwUj iƒcgvÎ bq| cÖvY n‡jv bZzb ¸Y

kw³m¤úbœ Ggb GK mËv hv Gi DrcwËi Av‡M R‡oi g‡a¨ wbwnZ wQj bv| D‡b¥wlZ ¸Y

wn‡m‡e cÖv‡Yi êwkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Rb nm&cvm© Zuvi 'Introduction of Philosophical Analysis' MÖ‡š’ GKwU ev¯Íe D`vni‡Yi AeZviYv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb,

nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi wgkª‡Yi d‡j cvwb cvIqv hvq| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvaviY gvÎvq

GKwU evóªxq c`v_© hv LyeB `nb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi Aw·‡Rb evóªxq n‡qI `nb K‡i bv|

G `ywU M¨vm †_‡K cÖvß cvwb mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq ev®úvKvi bv n‡q nq Zij Ges GB cvwb

`vn K‡i bv Ges `n‡bi kZ© wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i bv eis D‡ëv cvwb `nb eÜ K‡i| Gi

†_‡K nm&cvm© e‡jb, wgkªdj, cvwbi Dcv`vb `ywU †_‡K m¤ú~Y© bZzb ¸Ywewkó|

cvV 7



GKBfv‡e Ro †_‡K DrcwË n‡jI cÖvY GKwU bZzb ¸Y hv Ro †_‡K ¯fveMZfv‡e

wfbœ|

D‡b¥lev` : †mjvm©, gM©vb, Av‡jKRvÛvi I c¨vwUªK

cÖvY m¤ú‡K© D‡b¥lev`x e¨vL¨v cvIqv hvq †mjv‡m©i 'Evolutionary Naturalism' Ges

Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii 'Emergence Evolution' MÖš’mg~‡n| gM©vb GKwU wcivwg‡Wi mvnv‡h¨

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cigvYy hv ¯’vb-KvwjKfv‡e mshy³| Gi cieZ©x ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q Ro c`v_© (Matter), Gi

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n‡Z RwUjZi I mgwb¦ZÓ ("That in the evolutionary process new qualities, new modes of action, and qyakutatively new entities arise when physical structures become more complex and integrated.")|

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Aa¨vcK †nvqvBU‡nW Zuvi 'Science and the Modern World' MÖ‡š’ c`v_©we`¨v I

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[weÁvb] µgk ˆRweK Av‡jvPbvq cwiYZ n‡”Q| Rxewe`¨v n‡jv e„nËi Aeq‡ei

Av‡jvPbv, Avi c`v_©we`¨v n‡jv †QvU Aeq‡ei Av‡jvPbvÓ (Science is taking on a new aspect which is neither purely physical nor purely biological. It is becoming the study of organism. Biology is the study of the larger organism, wherease physics is the stuey of smaller organism.)|

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Acic‡ÿ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g‡Z, †`k-Kvj n‡jv g~jmËv| Gi †_‡KB cÖv‡Yi DrcwË

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D‡b¥vwPZ mËv wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡ib| ZvQvov cÖvY †h R‡oi Zzjbvq GKwU DbœZZi mËv Zv

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Roev‡ì GK bZzb ms¯‹iY wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡Kb|

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