rka iu mdvulaæ · 2012 ckjd˙ $fmnrjd˙ - igyk 3 rka" ß§" ma,eákï jeks jákd f,day...

2 2012 ckjd˙ $fmnrjd˙ - igyk

,sms fhduqj msgqjISSN 1391-3697

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2012 ckjd˙$ fmnrjd˙

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tlai;a ckmo fvd,rhl jákdlu rka .%Eï 0'888671 lg iu lrkq ,eî h' wfkla jHjydr uqo,a fvd,rh yd .eg .eis‚' fu f,iska we;s lr.;a fn%Ükajqâia tlÕ;dj /l.ekSu úisjk ishjfia fojk Nd.fhka wvla ;=< f,dal wd¾Ólh le<U jQ uyd igkla njg m;a úh' fu jr —igyk˜ ta igfka tla wÈhrla .ek úia;rd;aul j idlÉPd lrhs' wd¾Ól b;sydifha rka wl=ßka fkd ,shejqK o ta wd¾Ól úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u fï hehs uekeúka myod ÿka lÈu mdvula fjhs' t fyhska ta mdvu flfrys wfma mdGlhka f.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu w;sYhska jeo.;a nj wms úYajdi lruq'

fjf<|fmdf<a iEu NdKavhl u ñ, by< hk jd;djrKhla ;=< rka .%Eï 0'888671 l ñ, fvd,¾ tllg iSud l< yels o@ rka i|yd jk b,a¨u kS;sfhka je<elaúh yels o@ t fia je<elaúh yels kï tys w¾:h l=ula o@ wd¾Ól ch.%yKfha rka l=i,dkh ñksidg wysñ nj o@ ish¨ fmruqKqj, ch flfy<s kexjQ ñksidg rka mßfNdackhg whs;shla ke;s o@

fï wdldrfha oyila m%Yak Wmojk hq.hla miq lr hEug ñksidg isÿ úh' f,dalfha iEu wf;lska u by<g keÕ .;a wefußld tlai;a ckmoh rka <Õ ;nd.ekSu i|yd ;u mqrjeishkag ;snQ whs;sh Wÿrd .;af;a h' rka ñ, oukh lr ;eîu i|yd wkjr; jQ W;aidyhl fh§ isáfha h' tfy;a ta ksh; mrdchla oel oel l< igkla úh' th ye¢kaúh yelafla cd;Ska iuQyhla tla j Èh;a l< uyd hqoaOhla jYfhks'

th we;af;ka u f,dal hqoaOhls' cd;Ska tla j igka jeo isáfha rka ñ,g tfrys j h' ,kavka rka yjq, msysgqjd .ekSfuka f,dj Okj;a" n,j;a cd;Syq rka ñ,g tfrys j l|jqre ne|.;ay' rka iemhqfï wmßñ; nj ms<sn| udhdjlska ish¨ ckhd /jàug Tjqyq W;aidy l<y' rkaj, ksiÕ jákdlu .eí j we;af;a u tu f,dayfha ysÕlu ;=< h' uqo,a jYfhka rka Ndú;d lsÍu ñksid werUqfõ u ta fya;=fjks' ld,h;a iuÕ wd{dma;s uqo,a bÈßhg wd úg o thg msgqn,hla jYfhka rka iïu;hl msysg me;Sug ñksid fhduq jQfha o ta fya;=fjks' t neúka rka hkq ysÕ iïm;la nj wd¾Ól úoHdj ms<sn| u< fmdf;a wl=rla fyd fkd oek isá wh mjd oek isáhy' ila iqola fia meyeÈ<s ta we;a; lv;=rdjlska jid oeóu lsis f,ilska fyda l< fkd yelalla úh' rka yjq,g tfrys j rka fjf<|fmd< ke.S isáfha h' ish¨ n,mq¿jkaldrlï ;sìh § rka yjq, ì| jegqfKa h' fjf<|fmd< úiska wd¾Ól wd{dodhl;ajhla wjika lr oeñ‚' lsisod wu;l l< fkd yels mdvula ñksia b;sydih ;=<g tla flß‚'

wms b;sydifhka bf.k .ksuqæ

rka iu mdvulaærka iu mdvulaæ

2012 ckjd˙ $fmnrjd˙ - igyk 3

rka" ß§" ma,eákï jeks jákd f,day øjH uekSu i|yd iïu; ñkqu jYfhka fhdod.kq ,nkafka fg%dahs ^Troy& wjqkaih hs' j¾;udkfha ñkqï wkqj .;a l, fg%dahs wjqkaihla hkq .%Eï 31'1034768 ls' wefußld tlai;a ckmoh 1834 jif¾ § rka fg%dahs wjqkaihl ñ, fvd,¾ 20'67 la nj m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' t;eka isg 1934 jir olajd u r;arka fg%dahs wjqkaihl ñ, tu w.fhys isr fldg ;sì‚'

1933 wfma%,a 5 od" *%Ekala,ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,enQ wxl 6102 ork ckdêm;s úOdkh úiska tlai;a ckmo jeishka i;= j ;snQ rka <Õ ;nd.ekSfï whs;sh wysñ lrkq ,eîh' tu úOdkfhka wK fldg ;sn qfKa tlai;a ckmo mqrjeishka ika;l j ;snQ ish¨ rka ldis" >k rka iy rka iy;sl tu jif¾ uehs 1 od jk úg f*vr,a ixÑ;

nexl=jg ,ndÈh hq;= nj;a ta fjkqfjka fg%dahs wjqkaihlg fvd,¾ 20'67 moku hgf;a uqo,a ,nd.ekSug yels nj;a h' fï whqßka ck;dj i;= j ;snQ ish¨ rka rdcika;l l< tlai;a ckmo rch 1934 ckjdß udifha § mek jQ rka ixÑ; mk; ^Gold Reserve Act& uÕska .kqfokq i|yd rka fhdod.ekSfï bv uq¨ukska u wjqrd oeïfï h' thg wu;r j" rka fg%dahs wjqkaihl ñ, fvd,¾ 35 la olajd by< oeïfï h'

ta iuÕ u" rka fg%dahs wjqkaihl ñ, tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ 35 iSudfjys isr flß‚' 1944 cQ,s udifha § we;s lr.;a fn%Ükajqâia tlÕ;d w;rg tlai;a ckmo fvd,rhla rka .%Eï 0'888671 lg ^tkï" rka fg%dahs wjqkaihla fvd,¾

fkd flfrk fjolug tla l<

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35 lg& yqjudre lr.; yelsh hkak o tla flß‚' ta wkqj rka jákdlu iy fvd,rh w;r neïu cd;Hka;r jYfhka o ;yjqre úh' fï wdldrfhka fn%Ükajqâia tlÕ;dj hgf;a fvd,rfha jákdlu rka iuÕ .eg.eiqKq w;r wfkla jHjydr uqo,aj, jákdlu fvd,rh yd ne¢‚' ta wkqj" rka ,nd § ta fjkqfjka tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ,nd.ekSug;a thg m%;smlaI j tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ,nd § rka ,nd.ekSug;a wjia:djla Wodúh' fl fia jqj o" fuu mßj¾;k ld¾hh ;ks mqoa.,hka yg l< yels tlla fkd ù h' th l< yels jQfha wod< uy nexl=j,g muKls'

1834 isg 1971 olajd ld,h ;=< § tlai;a ckmo fvd,rhg idfmalaI j rka ñ, meje;s wdldrh m%ia:dr .; l< fyd;a o< jYfhka ,efnkq we;af;a 1 jk rEm igyfkys oelafjk wdldrfha ksrEms;hls' fl fia jqj o" rka ñ, iy tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh w;r §.fha wjidkh m%ia:drfha oelafjk wdldrhg iqug tlla fkd ù h' thg fya;=j jQfha rka i|yd fjf<|fmd<la o meje;Su h'

tlai;a ckmoh ;=< rka .kqfokq lsÍu kj;d oud ;snqK o f,dj fndfyda rgj, rka fjf<|du isÿ flß‚' rka i|yd b;sydifha uq¿,af,a u meje;sfha fkd isf|k b,a¨uls' ksêj,ska Wlyd f.k msßisÿ l< rka f;d. ksrka;rfhka fjf<|fmd<g .,d wd w;r rka ñ, § .ek Sfï n,dfmdfrd; a; =fjk a .k qfok qlrefjd a o fjf<|fmd<g we§ wdy' úisjk ishji Wodjk úg rka fjf<|fmd< o oejeka; tlla njg m;a j ;sì‚' ta iuÕ u rka ñ, kshu lsÍfï l%uhl Wodj o iksgqyka úh' ta" 1919 § ,kavka rka ñ, kshu lsÍfï lghq;a; ^London Gold Fix& weröu;a iuÕsks' ta fya;=fjka f,dalfha m%Odk;u rka fjf<|fmd< ,kavkfha ia:dms; úh' rka ksIamdolfhda iy fjf<kafoda ;u rka f;d. ,kavka rka fjf<|fmd<g fhduq l< w;r th lrd rka ñ, § .kafkda o we§ wdy' fl fia jqj o" fojk f,dal

jreK pkaølS¾;sikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j

*%Ekala,ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ


hqoaOh ksid 1939 § jid ouk ,o ,kavka rka fjf<|fmd< kej; újD; flrefKa 1954 jif¾ § h'

1 jk rEm igyk

ks, rka ñ,( 1834 isg 1971 olajd ^t' c' fvd,¾&

fu f,iska kej;;a lr<shg wd rka fjf<|fmd< úiska rka ñ, flfrys n,mEï t,a, lrkakg úh' rka fg%dahs wjqkaihla i|yd jk fjf<|fmd< ñ, hï iSudjla ;=< úp,kh úh' tu úp,kh fvd,¾ 34'83 iy 35'17 w;r isÿjk ;dla .eg¨jla u;= fkd ù h' fuu iSudj .Kka n,d ;snqfKa o idOl lsysmhla i<ld ne,Sfuks' ksõfhda¾la kqjr f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=fõ § rka iy fvd,¾ yqjudre flrefka i; 8'75 l fldñia uqo,lg hg;a j h' f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=j úiska rka fg%dahs wjqkaihla ñ, § .kq ,nkafka fvd,¾ 34'9125 lg h' úl=Kkq ,nkafka fvd,¾ 35'0875 lg h' ñ, iSudj y÷kd.ekSfï § ie<l+ wfkla idOlh jkafka w;a,ka;sla id.rh yryd rka m%jdyKh i|yd jk msßjeh hs' kdúl yd rlaIK .dia;= ie<l+ úg tu msßjeh fg%dahs wjqkaihlg i; 8 la i; 10 la muK úh' fuu msßjeh i; 8 la f,iska Wml,amkh l<fyd;a f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=fjka rka fg%dahs wjqkaihla ñ, § f.k ,kavkhg f.k taug fvd,¾ 35'1675 la jeh fjhs' újD; fjf<|fmdf<ys rka ñ, Wv;a iSudj fvd,¾ 35'17 lg wdikak j meje;sfha t neúks' hï whqrlska rka ñ, wvq jQ wjia:djl fvd,¾ 34'83 lg rka fg%dahs wjqkaihla ,kavka fjf<|fmd<ska ñ, § .kakd uy nexl=jlg th ;j;a i; 8 la jeh lr ksõfhda¾la kqjrg f.k hd yels h' túg tys uq¿ msßjeh jkqfha fvd,¾ 34'91 ls' rka ñf,ys hg;a iSudj 34'83 la wdikakfha ùu thska meyeÈ<s flfrhs'

hï fyhlska ,kavka fjf<|fmdf<ys rka ñ, fvd,¾ 35'18 blaujqjfyd;a f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=fjka rka ñ, § f.k tajd ,kavka fjf<|fmdf<ys úl=Kd ,dN bmehSfï yelshdj uy nexl=jlg ysñfjhs' t f,iska u" rka w.h fvd,¾ 34'82 g jvd wvqjqjfyd;a ,kavkfhka rka ñ, § f.k tajd f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=jg úl=Kd ,dN bmehSfï yelshdj uy nexl=jlg ,efnhs' fuu lghq;a;

je<elaùu i|yd újD; fjf<|fmdf<ys rka ñ, fvd,¾ 34'83 iy 35'17 w;r mj;sk fia md,kh lr.; hq;= úh' ta u; fvd,rfha rka jákdlu wdrlaId úh' fuu ,smsfhkaúia;r flfrkafka t f,iska fvd,rfha rka jákdlu /l.ekSug l< W;aidyhls'

1951 iy 1957 fojir ;=< § yefrkakg" 1950 ka werUqKq oYlh uq¿,af,a u wefußldkq tlai;a ckmofhka jd¾;d jQfha f.jqï fYaIfha ysÕhls' m<uq bkaÿ - Ök hqoaOhg yjq,aùu;a" fldßhdkq hqoaOhg iïnkaOùu;a ksid tlai;a ckmofha hqo úhoï jefvñka ;sì‚' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka úkdY jQ hqfrdamh kej; f.dvkexùug l< wdOdr ksid o úYd, iudh;k úiska úfoaYhkays l< wdfhdack ksid o tlai;a ckmofhka msg;g m%d.aOkh .,d hkakg úh' fï lreKq ksid tlai;a ckmo wd¾Ólfha Yla;sh msßfykakg úh'

fl fia jqj o" fn%Üka jqâia tlÕ;djg wkqj ;jÿrg;a f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=j lrd rka .,d wd w;r thg yqjudre jYfhka fvd,¾ ksl=;a flß‚' uy nexl= úiska uq,a jrg ;u mßj¾;H;d whs;sh l%shdjg kxjd fvd,¾ fjkqjg rka wdmiq ,nd.ekSug fhduq jQfha 1958 jif¾ § h' tu lghq;a; ksid fug%sla fgdka 20"312 la j ;snQ tlai;a ckmo rka ixÑ;h ishhg 10 lska ^t kï" fuá%%la fgdka 18"290 olajd& my; jeá‚' thska fkd kej;S 1959 § ;j;a ishhg 5 lska o 1960 § ishhg 9 lska o rka ixÑ; my; jeá‚' fl fia jqj o" thg m%;spdr jYfhka fvd,¾ ixirKfha wvqùula kï isÿ fkd ù h' f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=j úiska fkd lvjd u ixirKh i|yd fvd,¾ ksl=;a lrkakg úh' t f,iska ixirKhg tla jQ fvd,¾ i|yd msgqn,hla jYfhka meje;sfha wvq rka m%udKhls' ;jÿrg;a wd¾Ólh msßySug ,laùfuka j<lajd .ekSu Wfoid fvd,rh wjm%udKh lsÍug tlai;a ckmoh fm<fUkq we;s njg lg l:d me;sr hkakg úh'

rEm igyk 2

rka ñ, úp,kh( 1957 - 1958

uQ,dY%h( The Data Hub

0

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19341834 1971

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fvd,rh wjm%udKh fkd lr ;jÿrg;a wkq.ukh l< yels úl,am flfrys tlai;a ckmo rcfha wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sì‚' uqo,a mßj¾;H;d whs;sh l%shdjg kexùug úfoaYSh uy nexl= fhduqùu je<elaùfï úl,am l%shdud¾. o ta w;r úh' ta hgf;a mßj¾;H;d whs;sh l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH;djla ke;s nj o wkd.;h flfrys ìh úh hq;= ke;s nj o ta nexl=j,g ta;a;= .ekaú‚' thg wu;r j" tlai;a ckmo jeishkag ;j ;j;a iïndOl mekfjkakg úh' ta hgf;a uq,ska u wefußldkq ixpdrlhkag tf;r ixpdrj, fh§u iSud flß‚' thska fkd kej;S úfoaYj, flfrk wefußldkq mqoa.,sl wdfhd ack je<elaú‚' 1958 jk úg ,kavka rka fjf<|fmdf<ys rka úl=Kqfka fvd,¾ 35'18 Wv;a iSudj wdikakhg jkakg h' ^fmr jif¾ § - t kï" 1957 §" rka ñ, ksrka;rfhka u fvd,¾ 35 iSudjg my<ska úh' 2 jk rEm igyk n,kak&' wjqreoaola uq¿,af,a tl È.g u fvd,¾ 35 w.hg by<ska rka wf,ú ùu ksid tys wdmiq.ukla ms<sn| wfmalaIdjla lsisjl= ;=<;a fkd ù h' ieull= f.a u wfmalaIdj jQfha fvd,rh wjm%udKh lrdúh hkak h'

uy nexl= È.ska È.g u ;uka f.a mßj¾;H;d whs;sh l% shd;aul lrkakg úh' 1931 jirg miq tlai;a ckmofhka jd¾;d jQ úYd,;u ixÑ; Ldokh 1960 iema;eïn¾ udifha § jd¾;d jQfha o ta fya;=fjks' ta jkúg" tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;sjrKfhka fcdaka t*a' flkä ch.kakd nj o ;yjqre fjñka ;sì‚' flkä m%;s{d § ;snqfKa fmd,S wkqmd;sl ;jÿrg;a my; fy<Sug h' thg wu;r j" Tyq f.a jevms<sfj, wkqj rdcH úhoï by< hEu ms<sn| j ielhla o fkd ù h' t neúka ldf.a;a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j jQfha tlai;a ckmofhka msg;g rka .,d hEu ;jÿrg;a by< hEu h' võ fcdakaia ld¾ñl idudkH o¾Ylh 1960 wf.daia;= udifha isg Tlaf;dan¾ udih olajd jQ ld,h ;=< ishhg 12 lska my; jegqfKa h' ta" 1958 g miq jd¾;d jQ my< u w.h hs'

rEm igyk 3

rka ñ, úp,kh( 1959 - 1960


fuu wd¾Ól yd idudchSh jd;djrKh ;=< ,kavka rka fjf<|fmd< ;=< m<uq j;djg rka ñ, fvd,¾ 35'20 iSudj blaujd .sfha h' Tlaf;dan¾ 20 jk od jk úg th fvd,¾ 36 iSudjg o <Õd úh' ^3 jk rEm igyk n,kak& ta iuÕ u" fvd,¾ 35'17 g my<ska fjf<|fmd< rka ñ, /l .ekSug lrk W;aidyh b;du;a m%YakldÍ tlla njg m;aúh' ;j;a i;shla blau hEug;a fmr rka fmdrh;jÿrg;a W;aikak jQ w;r tla wjia:djl § fvd,¾ 41 olajd u ñ, by< .sfha h' wjidkfha § fvd,¾ 38 iSudfjys rka ñ, kshu jkakg úh' rka ñ, fvd,¾ 41 la ùfuka ^t kï" ks, jYfhka mkjd ;snQ ñ, ishhg 17 lska blaujd hEfuka& f.da,Sh uqo,a l%ufha úYajikSh;ajh b;d nrm;, wdldrfhka m%Yak flfrkakg úh'

fvd,¾ 35 la f.jd ñ, § .kakd rka wjqkaihla úYd, ,dNhla ;ndf.k fj<|fmdf<ys úls‚h yels kï rka iy fvd,¾ w;r jk iduHh ms<s.; fkd yels tlla njg m;afjhs' ;j o" fvd,¾ 35 lg ksõfhda¾la f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=fjka rka wjqkaihla ñ, § .ekSfï jrh úfoaY uy nexl=j,g ysñ j ;sìh § ta whs;sh l%shd;aul fldg ,nd.kakd rka ,kavka fjf<|fmdf<a fvd,¾ 36 lg" 38 lg úls‚h yels kï thska tlai;a ckmofha rka ixÑ; Ldokh ùu lsis f,ilska fyda je<elaúh yels fkd jkq we;' ;jÿrg;a l,a ueÍfï wjia:djla fkd ù h' t<U ;snqfKa jyd jyd l%shd;aul úh hq;= wjia:djls' ^4 jk rEmigyk n,kak&

rEm igyk 4

wefußld tlai;a ckmofha rka ixÑ;( 1950 - 1968

uQ,dY%h( World Gold Council

tx.,ka; nexl=j iuÕ ks, fkdjk tlÕ;djla we;s lr.ekSug f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=j fhduq jQfha we;s j ;snQ wk;=reodhl jd;djrKfhka w;añ§fï wáfhks' ta hgf;a tx.,ka; nexl=jg Wjukd rka ixÑ; wNsu; mßoafoka ,nd§ug f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=j tlÕúh' fu f,iska

34.9

34.9

35.035.1

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35.3

35.4

35.5

35.6

35.7

35.8

35.9

1959 1960

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21000

1950 1955 1960 1965


rka iemhqu ;r lsÍfï wruqK jQfha by< kef.ñka ;snQ ñ, uev meje;aùu h' tx.,ka; nexl=j rka úlsŒu werUqfõ h' thg wu;r j" wefußldkq rch o rka b,aü uev,Sfï l%shdud¾.j,g fhduq jkakg úh' âjhsÜ whsikayj¾ ckdêm;sjrhd ;uka f.a fojeks OQr ld,h o wjika lrñka isáfha h' rEiafj,aÜ úiska 1933 § foaYSh rka b,aü uevmj;ajd ;snqK o wefußldkqfjda úfoaYj, § rka ñ, § .ekSu fkd lvjd isÿ l<y' whsikayj¾ lf<a ta ld¾hh o ;ykï lsÍu hs' ta wkqj" wefußldkqjkag úfoaYhl § rka ñ, § .ekSug ;snQ bvlv o weysß‚' fï Wml%uj, M, l%u l%ufhka ,efnkakg úh' 1961 ud¾;= udih jk úg rka ñ, fvd,¾ 35'10 olajd wvq úh' ^5 jk rEmigyk n,kak&

rEm igyk 5

rka ñ, úp,kh( 1961 - 1962


rka ñ, md,kh lr.;a; o ta fjkqfjka iaÒridr ms<shula fh§fï wjYH;dj fkd wvq j biau;= j ;sìK' l< hq;= j ;snqfKa rka iemhqfuys ysÕhla ke;s njg úYajdihla fjf<|fmd< ;=< cks; lrùu hs' fuh wefußld tlai;a ckmohg ;ks j l< yels tlla fkd fõ' we;af;ka u we;s jQ wk;=frka .e,jqfka o ;ks j u fkd fõ' ta i|yd uyd ì%;dkHfha iydh o fkd wvq j u ysñ úh' tfyhskaúêu;a iduQysl m%h;akhl wjYH;dj ms<sn| j ielhlafkd ù h' ta fjkqfjka ngysr uy nexl= y;la yjq,a lr.ekSug wefußld tlai;a ckmoh iu;a úh' wfkl=;a uy nexl= úiska imhk rka m%udKh u ;ks j iemhSug f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=j tlÕ úh' ,kavka rka yjq, ìys úh'

1 jk ixLHd igykska olajd we;af;a wdrïNl wjia:dfõ § ta ta uy nexl= úiska rka yjq,g odhl jQ wdldrh hs' odhl m%;sY;h;a" odhl jQ rka m%udKh;a ^fgdkaj,ska&" tys jákdlu;a ^tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾j,ska& fuys olajd we;'

fï rka yjq, yqfola u ysÕlu jid olajk Wml%uhla muKla u fkd ù h' th b;d l% shdldÍ j rka fjf<|fmd<g iïnkaO j lghq;= lrkakg úh' fvd,¾ 35'08 g wvq ñ,lg wf,ú jk úg rka ñ, § .;a yjq, fjf<|fmd< ñ, fvd,¾ 35'20 wdikak jk úg rka úl=Kqfõ h' fï Wml%uh úiska ,kavka rka fjf<|fmdf<ys ñ, b;d fyd¢ka md,kh jkakg úh' 1962 Tlaf;dan¾ udifha § lshqndkq ñihs, w¾nqoh mj;sk úg o rka fjf<|fmd< WKqiqï jkakg úh' ta ld,h ;=< § rka i|yd úYd, b,aüla o we;s úh' we;af;ka u th 1960 j¾Ifha we;s jQ b,aüg b;d jeä tlls' tfy;a" fjf<|fmdf<a rka ñ, fvd,¾ 35'20 iSudj blaujd fkd .sfha h' rka ñ, oukh ù ;sì‚' tu jif¾ § muKla fkd j" 1965 fmnrjdß udih jk f;la u rka ñ, fvd,¾ 35'08 g wdikak iSudjl /£ meje;sks' thska miq j jqj o"

34.9

35.0

35.1

35.2

35.3

35.3

35.4

35.5

1961 1962

ixLHd igyk 1

,kavka rka yjq,g odhl jQ wdldrh

uQ,dY%h( Nolan Chart fjí wvúh

jákdlu ^fvd,¾ ñ,shk&rg m%;sY;h ^]& m%udKh ^fgdka&

tlai;a ckmoh

c¾uksh

tlai;a rdcOdksh

m%xYh

b;d,sh

fn,aðhu

fko¾,ka;h

iaúÜi¾,ka;h

50

11

9

9

9

4

4

4

120

27

22

22

22

9

9

9

135

30

25

25

25

10

10

10


1968 ud¾;= olajd u rka ñ, fvd,¾ 35'20 blaujd hd fkd § /l .ekSug ,kavka rka yjq, iu;a úh'

fl fia jqj o fï .uk b;d iqug j isÿ jQ tlla fkd fõ' 1963 iy 1964 jirj, § meje;sfha b;d iykodhs jd;djrKhls' wefußld tlai;a ckmofha rka ixÑ; fyd¢ka wdrlaId úh' thska úfoia uy nexl=j,g ,nd.; yels jQfha b;d iq¿ m%udKhls' ta ld,h ;=< § ,kavka rka yjq, úiska isÿ lrkq ,enqfõ fjf<|fmd<g rka iemhSu fkd j yels;dla rka ñ, § .ekSu h' t fyhska" tu ld,h ;=< § rka yjq, bgq lf<a ñ, uevmj;ajkakl= f.a ld¾hh fkd fõ' ñ, /l.kakl= f.a ld¾hhhs' fvd,rfha meje;au wka ljr odlg;a jvd ia:djr úh' ^6 jk rEmigyk n,kak& fn%Ükajqâia tlÕ;djka f.a uysuh ld yg;a fyd¢ka jegyS ;sì‚'

tfy;a 1964 wf.daia;= 2 jk od W;=re úhÜkduhg wdikak j fgdkalska ^Tonkin& fndlafla we;s jQ isÿùu;a wf.daia;= 4 jk od tys u we;s jQ njg jd¾;d jQ jHdc isÿùu;a ksid f,dalh kej;;a WKqiqï jkakg úh' ta iuÕ u" ckdêm;s ,skavka î fcdkaika úhÜkdï hqoaOhg uq, msÍ h' 1965 jif¾ § hqoaOh W;aikak ùu;a iuÕ u tlai;a ckmofha hqo úhoï by< kÕskakg úh' thg wu;r j" ckdêm;s fcdkaika úiska Èh;a l< —uyd iudch˜ jevms<sfj, ksid o rchg ;j;a jeh nrla tla úh' fï ish,a, i|yd uqo,a fidhd.kq ,enqfõ rcfha iq/l=ï f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=jg úlsŒfuks' m%;sM,h jQfha ;j ;j;a kj uqo,a ixirKhg tlaùu h'

rEm igyk 6

rka ñ, úp,kh( 1962 - 1965


tlai;a ckmofha f.jqï fYaI ysÕh È.ska È.g u j¾Okh úh' ^7 jk rEm igyk n,kak&' úfoaY uy

nexl= úiska mßj¾;H;d whs;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu ksid o ,kavka fjf<|fmd<g rka yjq, yryd È.ska È.g u rka ksl=;a lsÍu ksid o tlai;a ckmofha rka ixÑ; úYd, jYfhka ySk jkakg úh' 1965 jif¾ § muKla rka ixÑ;h ishhg 9 lska my; jegqfKa h' iufmalaIlfhda o È.ska È.g u rka ñ, § .kakg jQy' ta ish,af,ys m%;sM,h jQfha rka ñ, fvd,¾ 35'20 g wdikakhg ;,a¨ ù hEu hs'

fl fia jqj o 1961 fkdjeïn¾ udifha § ,kavka rka yjq, wdrïN lsÍfuka wk;=re j m<uq j;djg rka ñ, fvd,¾ 35'20 w.h .;af;a 1967 fkdjeïn¾ udifha § h' ^8 jk rEm igyk n,kak& ta i|yd n, mE lreKq .Kkdjla u úh' jir uq¿,af,a u tx.,ka; nexl=fõ rka f;d. msßfyñka ;sì‚' iag¾,sx mjqfuys ienE jákdlu .ek iel u;= j tkakg úh' 1967 cqks udifha §" ,kavka rka yjqf,ka bj;aùug m%xY ckdêm;s pd,aia ã f.da,a ;SrKh lf<a h' jif¾ fojk Nd.h jk úg uQ,H iufmalaIlfhdamjqï úlsŒug;a fvd,¾ iy fjk;a uqo,a ñ, § .ekSug;a mgka .;ay' thg wu;r j" iufmalaIfhda rka ñ, § .ekSu o fkd kj;d u lrf.k .shy' *%ekala*¾Ü isg m%sfgdaßhd olajd jQ iEu m%udKhl u k.rj, rka úlsfKkakg úh' jif¾ cqks isg Tlaf;dan¾ olajd u rka ñ, /÷fKa fvd,¾ 35'19 ys h' fkdjeïn¾ udifha § fvd,¾ 35'20 olajd u by< .sfha h' fï ;;a;ajh ;=< iag¾,sx mjqu /l.ekSu i|yd ì%;dkHfha yer,aâ ú,aika f.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;= lïlre rchg .; yels j ;snqfKa tl u tl ;SrKhls' fjdIskagkfhka t,a, jQ oeä mSvkh fkd ;el+ ì%;dkH rch iag¾,sx mjqfï w.h ishhg 14 lska ^tkï" fvd,¾ 2'80 isg 2'40g& wjm%udKh lsÍug ;SrKh lf<a h' fkdjeïn¾ 18 jk od .;a tu ;SrKfhka mjqu /l=K o fvd,rh flfrys mSvkh ;jÿrg;a t,a, jkakg úh'

rEm igyk 7

tlai;a ckmofha f.jqï fYaIh( 1946 - 1969

uQ,dY%h( tlai;a ckmo fjf<| fomd¾;fïka;=j

35.00

35.02

35.04

35.06

35.08

35.10

35.12

35.14

35.16

1963 1964 1965

-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

1946 1950 1955 1960 1965 1969


rEm igyk 8

rka ñ, úp,kh( 1961 fkdjeïn¾ - 1967 foieïn¾


1967 cqks udifha § Èh;a jQ yh Èk hqoaOh blaukska wjika jqj o ta ksid we;s fldg ;snQ foaYmd,ksl wia:djr;ajh iq¿mgq fkd fõ' úhÜkdï uyck yuqodj úiska 1968 ckjdß 30 od t,a, l< —kj wjqreÿ m%ydrh˜ ksid tlai;a ckmohg isÿjQfha ;u hqo úhoï úYd, jYfhka by< kexùug h' fuu jd;djrKh ;=< fvd,rfha ienE jákdlu ;jÿrg;a m%YakldÍ úh' ud¾;= 14 jk od jk úg fvd,¾ 35'20 iSudj /l.ekSu i|yd úlsŒug isÿ j ;snQ rka m%udKfha jákdlu fvd,¾ ì,shk 2'75 ls' th rka yjqf,a idudðlhka f.a iuia; ixÑ; ishhg 10 lska Ldokh ùug iudk úh' ;j;a l< hq;= fohla b;sß ù fkd ;sì‚' miq Èk ^t kï ud¾;= 15 isl=rdod Èk& ,kavka rka fjf<|fmd< jid ouk f,i ud¾;= 14 od iji tlai;a ckmo rch ì%;dkH rcfhka b,a,d isáfha h'

thg m%;spdr jYfhka mqj;am;a ksfõokhla ksl=;a flrefKa nlsxyeï ud<s.fhks' tu mqj;am;a ksfõokfhka okajd isáfha 1968 ud¾;= 15 jk isl=rdod Èk ,kavkfha rka fjf<|fmd< jid we;s nj;a t Èk tlai;a rdcOdksh i|yd nexl= ksjdvq Èkhla m%ldYhg m;a fldg we;s nj;a h' idudkH foaYSh wjYH;d i|yd muKla uqo,a .kqfokq lsÍfï wjirh nexl=j,g ysñ úh' jHdmdr jia;= fjf<|fmd< o jid oeñ‚' ud¾;= 17 jeks od bßod" ,kavka rka yjq, wjika flß‚' f.da,Sh rka fjf<|fmd< ;jÿrg;a jid oeóug ;SrKh flreKq w;r ud¾;= 18 jeks od /ia jQ tlai;a ckmo fldx.%ih uqo,a ksl=;a lsÍfï § f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=j úiska mj;ajd .; hq;= njg kshu fldg ;snQ ishhg 25 l rka iu wjYH;dj bj;alrkq ,eîh' thg wu;r j" —uqo,auh˜ ks, rka

jákdlula iy —uqo,auh fkdjk˜ fjf<|fmd< rka jákdlula i|yd wjldYhla Wodúh' uqo,auh rka yqjudrejg muKla f*vr,a ixÑ; nexl=j ;u j.lSu iSud lr.;af;a h' m%;sM,h jQfha b;sydifha uq,a jrg —rka ljq¿jla˜ újr ùu h'

rEm igyk 9

rka ñ, úp,kh( 1968 wfma%,a - 1969 Tlaf;dan¾


i;s follg miq fjf<|fmd< újD; l< úg rka ñ, fvd,¾ 38 olajd by< kexf.a h' thska miq È.ska È.g u" 1969 fkdjeïn¾ olajd rka ñ, /÷fKa fvd,¾ 38 iSudfjka by< h' ^9 jk rEm igyk n,kak& 1969 uehs udifha § wod< ld,hg ;=< jd¾;d jQ by< u ñ, ^t kï" fvd,¾ 43'46& jd¾;d úh' fu f,iska ,kavka rka yjq, ì| jeàfï isg 1971 wf.daia;= 15 olajd ld,h ;=< rka ñf,ys yeisÍu fjku ,smshlska idlÉPd l< hq;= isoaê oduhlska msrekls' tfyhska ta ms<sn| idlÉPdj bÈß l,dmhlska isÿ flfrkq we;'

fl fia jqj o" 1954 § kej; ,kavka rka fjf<|fmd< újD; l< Èkfha isg 1968 ud¾;= olajd uqof,a b;sydih fkd ueflk whqßka iksgqyka jQ tlla nj kï ksiel j u lsj yels h' tu ld,h ;=< rka ñ, yslauùu i|yd uQ,H wêldÍka úiska fkd .;a W;aidyhla ke;' fvd,¾ 35 l ;sria yeisÍula rka ñ, igyklska ÿgq mu‚ka fvd,rh hkq ia:djr f,iska jákdlï .nvd l< yels uqo,a tallhla h hk udhdj flkl= ;=< we;s úh yels h' tfy;a" l%h Yla;sh ySk fjñka ;sìh § fvd,rfhys w.h rka .%Eï 0'888671 lg ne| ;eîug l< W;aidyh mrdch oel oel l< igkla úh' wjidkfha ta igk úh hq;= mßoafoka u mrdcfhka wjika úh' tfy;a ta jk úg o f,dal uqo,a l%uh ;u .eg¨ wjidk jYfhka úi|df.k ;snqfKa ke;' ,kavka rka yjq, ì| jeàu ;j;a rka fmdrhlg wjia:djla Wod lf<a h' bÈß —igyk˜ l,dmhlska ta ms<sn| j idlÉPd flfrhs'b

34.95

35.00

35.05

35.10

35.15

35.20

35.25

1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

35

38

40

43

1969


úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slfha yeisÍu

ks¨ld mrK.u

iyldr wOHCIsld" m%%;sm;a;s iudf,dapk yd ksÍCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

hï rgl jHjydr uqof,ys ndysr w.h fjk;a rgl jHjydr uqo,la uÕska uek oelaúh yels h' fu f,i tla rgl jHjydr uqo,a tallhla ;j;a rgl jHjydr uqo,a tallhla iuÕ yqjudre l< yels jákdlu úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' ksoyia wd¾Ól l%uhla ;=< §" rgl jHjydr uqof,ys ndysr jákdlu úfoaY úksuh i|yd jk foaYSh fjf<|fmdf<ys b,a¨ï yd iemhqï idOl u; ;SrKh fjhs' fl fia fj;;a" md,s; wd¾Ól l%uhla l%shd;aul jk úg rfgys jHjydr uqof,ys ndysr jákdlu o md,kh flfrhs' ndysr jHjydr uqo,l jákdlu yd ne÷Kq wkqmd;slhla mj;ajd .ekSfuka fyda rcfha Rcq ueÈy;aùfuka uqof,ys ndysr w.h ;SrKh lsÍu uÕska fyda fuh isÿ flfrhs' jHjydr uqo,a meila yd ne÷Kq f,iska w.h mj;ajdf.k hEfuka o jHjydr uqo,l ndysr w.h md,kh lrkq ,efnhs' flfia fj;;a" j¾;udkfha § f,dalfha rdcHfhda nyq;rhla mdfjk fyda md,s; mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;sl l%u wkq.ukh lr;s'

jHjydr uqo,l ndysr w.h ;SrKh ùfï § fjf<|du" wdfhd ackh" ixpdrl lghq;= iy N+-foaYmd,ksl wjodku u; /÷Kq fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. úiska uQ,sl ld¾hhNdrhla bgqlrkq ,nhs' ksoiqkla jYfhka" hï rglg msúfik ixpdrlhl= f.a lghq;= weiqfrka fuh myod Èh yels h' fuu ixpdrlhd úiska ;uka f.a msßjeh oeßh hq;= jkafka Tyq ixpdrh lrkq ,nk rfgysjHjydr uqo,sks' tneúka" tu ixpdrlhdg ;uka i;= jHjydr uqo,a wod< rfgys ^t kï" Tyq ixpdrfhys fhfok rfgys& jHjydr uqo,aj,g yqjudre lr.; hq;= fjhs' fï wdldrfha yqjudrejla úiska wod< rfgys jHjydr uqo,a flfrys b,aüla we;sfjhs'

hï rglg wh;a fjf<| iud.ula fjk;a rgla iuÕ jHdmdßl lghq;a;lg fhduq jQ l,ays o tu úfoaY rfgysjHjydr uqo, flfrys b,aüla we;s fjhs' tys § fmr lS fjf<| iud.u úiska fojkqj lS rfgys jHjydr uqo,ska ;u jHdmdßl wjYH;dj Wfoid f.ùï l< hq;=

h' ;j o" hï wdfhdaclhl= úiska fjk;a rgl wdfhdack lghq;a;lg fhduqjk úg o t f,i wdfhdack ld¾hfhys ksr; jHjydr uqo,ska tu ld¾hh isÿ l< hq;= fjhs' th úiska o tu wdfhdackh ,nd.kakd rfgys jHjydr uqo,a flfrys b,aüla we;s lrhs'

fu lS ish¨ wjYH;dj, § úfoaYSh yd foaYSh jHjydr uqo,a w;r yqjudrejla isÿjk w;r ta i|yd myiqlï i<ikq ,nk fjf<|fmd<la o mj;ajd .; hq;= fjhs' t f,i úúO rgj, jHjydr uqo,a yqjudrej isÿjkafka úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< ;=< § h'

úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<

ta ta rgj,g wh;a jHjydr uqo,a yqjudrej i|yd f,dal jHdma; uÜgñka úuOH.; j úisr mj;akd wdh;ksl jHqyh úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< jYfhka ye¢kafjhs' úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g meñfKk jHjydr uqo,a úl=Kkafkda iy ñ, § .kafkda i;s wka;fha § yer wka iEu Èkhl u úis y;r meh uq¿,af,a u .kqfokqj, ksr;fj;s' wêldßhla fyda rchla fyda úiska md,kh fkd lrkq ,nk jHjydr uqo,aj, idfmalaI jákdlu úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a § ;SrKh fjhs'

uqo,a yqjudrej ;=<ska úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< cd;Hka;r fjf<|du;a wdfhdackh;a myiq lrjhs' remsh,aj,ska .kqfokq lrk Y%S ,xldfõ jHdmdrhlg iag¾,sx mjqïj,ska uqo,a f.jd ì%;dkHfhka NdKav wdkhkh l< yel s ùu fï i|yd k soi qkl a jYfhka oelaúh yels h' ;j o tys l%shdldÍ;ajh úiska iufmalaIK lghq;=j,g o ux ie<fihs'

úfoaY úksuh .kqfokqjl § flfrkafka tla j¾.hl jHjydr uqo,lska f.ùï fldg fjk;a j¾.hl jHjydr uqo,la ñ, § .ekSu h' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka wk;=re j fn%Ükajqâia l%uh úiska úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;sl ;SrKh

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh ye¢kaùu


lSÍu 1970 oYlh wdrïNfha § u w;ayer oeófuka wk;=re j úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< lghq;= wdrïN úh' fndfyda rdcHhka mdfjk úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uhg keUqreùu ksid fï i|yd wä;d,u iemhs‚'

lreKq .Kkdjla ksid úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< úfYaI;ajhla .kshs'

1. b;d by< øjYS,;djlska hq;= f,dj úYd,;u j;alï f;d.h fuu fjf<|fmd< yryd .kqfokq fjhs'

2. f,dal jHdma; j iEu rgl u l%shd;aul fjhs'3. i;s wka;fha yer Èkfha meh 24 uq¿,af,a u

l%shd;aul fjhs'4. úúO jQ idOl fya;= fldgf.k úfoaY úksuh

wkqmd;sl WÉpdjpkh fjhs'5. ia:djr wdodhula ,ndfok wfkl=;a fjf<|fmd< yd

ii|k l, b;d my< wdka;sl ,dNhla ,ndfokakls'6. fjf<| f;d.fha m%udKh wkqj wdka;sl ,dNfha fyda

mdvqfõ fyda ;ru ;SrKh fjhs'

uy nexl=j, ueÈy;aùu ;sìh § jqj o" úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< fj;ska mQ¾K ;rÕldÍ;ajhlg wdikak ;;a;ajhla fmkajhs'

úksuh wkqmd;sl rchkh

wfkl=;a jHjydr uqo,a iuÕ hï rgl jHjydr uqo,a

y qjudre lr.kakd l%ufõoh iy úfoaY úksuh

fjf<|fmd< l<ukdlrKh lrk wdldrh úksuh

wkqmd;sl rchkh uÕska úia;r flfrhs' fuh fndfyda

úg rfgys uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh iuÕ oeä f,iska ne£ we;s

w;r tajd fndfyda úg fmdÿ idOl iuQyhla u; r|d

mj;S'

úk suh wk qmd; sl rchkhkag k soi qk a jYfhka

fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. úiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk mdfjk

úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh" uQ,H wêldßfha l<ukdlrKhg

hg;a md,s; mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh" fjk;a rgl

jHjydr uqo,la yd Rcq j ne÷Kq úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh

oelaúh yels h'

úksuh wkqmd;slh ks¾Kh ùu

úksuh wkqmd;slh hkq tla uqo,a tallhl jákdlu

;j;a uqo,a tallhlska m%ldY lsÍuhs' idudkHfhka úfoaY

úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a § úksuh wkqmd;h olajkqfha úfoaY

uqo,a tallhlg foaYSh uqo,a tall fld muK fõ o hk

wdldrfhks'

Wod( fvd,¾ 1 remsh,a 118 cmka fhka 1 remsh,a 1'48 iag¾,ska mjqï 1 remsh,a 178

úksuh wkqmd;slh ksrka;rfhka fjkia jk w;r úúO uQ,H m%;sm;a;s hgf;a th úúOdldrfhka ks¾Kh fjhs' ta w;ßka j¾;udkfha ms<s.ekS we;s iïu;hkag wkqj jvd;a iqÿiq u l%uh jkafka úfoaY úksuh i|yd we;s b,aü iy iemhqu u; ksoyia úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh ùuhs' th ;SrKh jk wdldrh my; m%ia:drfhka meyeÈ<s lr we;' ^Y%S ,xld remsh, yd tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh w;r úksuh wkqmd;slh ks¾Kh jk wdldrh t uÕska meyeÈ<s lr we;&'

1 jk rEm igyk

b,aü yd iemhqu u; úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh

NdKavhlg we;s b,aÆï yd iemhqï ;;a;ajhka úiska tys ñ, ;SrKh jkakd yd fia u" úksuh wkqmd;h o ;SrKh fjhs' fvd,rhlg f.úh hq;= remsh,a m%udKh ^t kï" úksuh wkqmd;slh& iy ta i|yd jk b,aü w;r we;s m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ<s lrñka fvd,¾ b,aÆï jl%h my<g nEjqï j olajd we;' ;j o" úksuhwkqmd;slh iy fvd,¾ iemhqu w;r we;s wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djh meyeÈ<s lrñka fvd,¾ iemhqï jl%h by<g nEjqï j olajd we;' fuu b,aü yd iemhqu iu;=,s; wjia:dfõ § úksuh wkqmd;slh ê0& ;SrKh fjhs' tu wjia:dfõ § b,aü yd iemhqu rEm igyfka $0 u.ska fmkakqï lrhs'

úksuh wkqmd;h WÉpdjpkh

úúO idOlj, Y=oaO n,mEu ksid úfoaY úksuh i|yd we;s b,aü o tys iemhqu o fjkia fõ' t úg úksuh

úksuh wkqmd;h ê&

($ 1g re'&

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wkqmd;slh o b;d flá ld,hla ;=< fjkiaùïj,g Ndckh ù fmr mej;s iu;=,s;;djfhka ndysr jQ iu;=,s;hla lrd t<efò' úksuh wkqmd;sl WÉpdjpkh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhla my;ska olajd we;'

cd;Hka;r fjf<|du

úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a i|yd jk b,aü yd iemhqu flfrysn,mdkakd jQ m%Odk u idOlh jkafka rgj,a w;r mj;akd NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|du h' wfkl=;a rgj, jHjydr uqo,a iïnkaOfhka .;a l, rgl jHjydr uqof,ys w.h fyda Yla;sh fyda ÿn,lu fyda ;SrKh jkafka tu rg wfkl=;a rgj,a iuÕ lrk fjf<|du u; h' hï rgl wdkhk by< uÜgul mj;S kï tu rfgys úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a i|yd jk b,aü o by< h' úfoaY jHjydruqo,a i|yd by< b,aüla meje;Sfuka úfoaY jHjydr uqof,ys foaYSh w.h by< hk w;r foaYSh jHjydr uqof,ys w.h msßfyhs' ixj¾Ok Wjukdjka fjkqfjka wdkhk u; r|d mj;akd W!k ixj¾ê; rgj,a i|yd fuh wksjd¾hh ;;a;ajhls' rgl jHjydr uqof,ys Yla;su;a nj iy ÿn, nj tys cx.u .sKqfuys fYaIfhka ^t kï" w;sßla;fhka fyda ysÕfhka& ms<sìUq fjhs'

m%d.aOk ixp,k

j;auka f,dal wd¾Ólh ;=< úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk jvd jeo.;a idOlhla njg m;a j we;af;a Rcq úfoaY wdfhdackh ^FDI - Foreign direct investment& iy úfoaY wdh;ksl wdfhdackh ^FII - For-eign institutional investments& f,iska .,d tk cd;Hka;r wdfhdack h' úfoaY wdfhdack Tiafia úYd, jYfhka m%d.aOkh wdl¾IKh lr.kakd rgj, foaYSh jHjydr uqo,g we;s by< hEug wkqf,dau j tys w.h by< hEula o oel.; yels h' thg m%;smlaI j m%d.aOkh msg;g .,dhEï úiska foaYSh jHjydr uqof,ys w.h msßySug ,la fjhs'

ñ, úp,kh

úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<ys foaYSh jHjydr uqo, i|yd jk b,aü iy iemhqu flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk ksid WoaOukh fyd a wjOukh fyd a úiskaúksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh lrkq ,nhs' ksoiqklajYfhka Y % S ,xldfõ Wo aOukldÍ jd;djrKhla we;sùfuka úksuh wkqmd;slhg jk n,mEu i<ld ne,sh yels h' Y%S ,xldfõ ñ, .Kka by< hk úg ta fya;=fjka Y% S ,dxlsl ksIamdok ñ, wêl tajd njg m;afjhs' tu ksIamdokhka f.a ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj by< kï tajd i|yd jk b,aü my< nishs'

wmkhk my; jefgk úg úfoaY úksuh ,eîï my< f.dia remshf,ys yqjudre w.h msßySug ,lafjhs'

iufmalaIK

uQ,H fjf<|fmdf<ys iEu úfgl u wúksYaÑ;;dj rc lrhs' f,dalfha úúO rgj, yg.kakd jQ úúO isÿùï mokï lrf.k iufmalaIlfhda wkd.; úksuh wkqmd;sl .ek mqfrdal:kfha fhfo;s' rgl isÿjk úúOdldr úp,k iy cd;Hka;r úp,kj,g tu rg Tfrd;a;= fok wdldrhms<sn| j wOHhk lrk iufmalaIlfhda tu rgj, wd¾Ól Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,lï u; mokï ù wkd.; úksuh wkqmd;sl ms<sn| mqfrdal:khka lr;s' kqÿre wkd.;fha § hï jHjydr uqo,l w.h msßfyk njla Tjqka wfmalaId lrkafka kï tu jHjydr uqo,a úl=Kd w.h by< hk nj wfmalaId lrk jHjydr uqo,a ñ, § .ekSug Tjqyq fm<fU;s' t f,i iufmalaIlhka úiska úl=Kkq ,nk jHjydr uqo,a úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g tl;=jk ksid tajdfha iemhqu jeä ù tys ñ, ;jÿrg;a wjm%udKh fjhs' iufmalaIlhka úiska ñ, § .kakd jHjydr uqo,aj,g jk b,aü by< h;a u tajdfha w.h w;sm%udKh fjhs'

wd¾Ólfha Yla;sh

hï rgl uQ,sl wd¾Ól ks¾Kdhl Yla;su;a j mj;skafka kï tys foaYSh jHjydr uqo, ia:djr j yd Yla;su;a j mj;S' rdcH wh jeh fYaIh" cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh" cd;Hka;r j.lSï" úfoaY úksuh ixÑ;" cd;Hka;r fjf<| úp,k flfrys olajk m%;spdr" o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha j¾Okh" WoaOuk wkqmd;slh wdÈh úiska wd¾Ólhl Yla;sh f.kyer olajkq ,nhs'

rdcH m%;sm;a;s

ia:djr fyda md,s; mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;sl l%u Ndú;d flfrk rgj, úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<ys jeo.;a ;Srlhl= njg uy nexl=j m;afjhs' iq/l=ïm;a iy jHjydr uqo,a ñ, § .ekSu iy úlsŒu jeks ;u fjf<|fmd< lghq;= uÕska uy nexl=j jHjydr uqof,ys w.h flfrys n,mEï t,a, lrhs' wdfhdack flfrys n,mEï lsÍug o t uÕska foaYSh jHjydr uqof,ys b,aü yd iemhqu fjkia lsÍug o fhdod.; yels neúka nexl= wkqmd;slj,ska o úksuh wkqmd;slh yev .eiaúh yels h'

fldgia fjf<|fmd< lghq;=

úfoaY iq/l=ï" Khlr" jHdmdr jia;= iy fldgia yd iïnkaO fldgia fjf<|fmd< yqjudre lghq;= ksid o ta


yd ne÷Kq jHjydr uqo,aj, b,a¨u yd iemhqu flfrys n,mEï t,a, lrk w;r ta fya;=fjka tajdfha úksuh wkqmd;sl úp,kh lrjhs'

foaYmd,ksl lreKq

rgl Yla; sh yd i a:djr; ajh m s< sn| j mru ;Srlhd jkafka tys mj;akd foaYmd,ksl jd;djrKh h' ia:djr yd ld¾hlaIu rchl meje;au úiska rgl ixj¾Ok l%shdldrlï Èß.kajk w;r t uÕska wdfhdacl úYajdih ;yjqre lr rg ms<sn| ms<s.ekSula cd;Hka;r fjf<|fmd< ;=< we;s lrhs' Yla;su;a" Okd;aul m%;srEmhla ysñ wd¾Ólhla ksielfhka u Yla;su;a foaYSh jHjydr uqo,lg o ysñlï lshhs' wkd.; rch iy tu rcfha m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| j jk úúOdldr mqfrdal:khka iuÕska md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK iuhl § iufmalaIl l%shd by< hkafka o fuu fya;=j ksidfjks' kHIaál w;ayod ne,Sï uq,a lrf.k wefußld tlai;a ckmoh iy hqfrdamd ix.uh úiska brdkhg iïndOl mekùu ;=<ska úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g t,a, ù we;s n,mEu o fï i|yd WodyrKhla jYfhka oelaúh yels h'

úksuh wkqmd;h wjm%udKh ùu fyda wêm%udKh ùu

úfoaYSh uqo,a tallhla i|yd f.úh hq;= foaYSh uqo,a tall .Kk by<hdu úksuh wkqmd;h wjm%udKhùula f,i;a úfoaYSh uqo,a tallhla i|yd f.úh hq;= foaYSh uqo,a tall .Kk my< hdu úksuh wkqmd;h wêm%udKh ùula f,i;a ye¢kafõ'

WodyrKhla f,i fvd,¾ 1 la remsh,a 118 isg 120 olajd by< .shfyd;a remshf,a jákdlu wvq ù remsh, wjm%udKh jkq we;' wfkla w;g fvd,¾ 1 la remsh,a 118 isg 116 olajd wvqjqjfyd;a remshf,a jákdlu by<f.dia remsh, wêm%udKh jkq we;'

úp,H;dj wvqfldg wd¾Ólhg .e,fmk f,iska úksuhwkqmd; ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k hEu uy nexl=jl wNsm%dh fjhs' flfia fj;;a" wys;lr f.jqï fYaI ;;a;ajhka ksjerÈ lsÍu i|yd úksuh wkqmd;h wjm%udKh lsÍug fyda wêm%udKh lsÍug fyda uy nexl=jla fhduq úh yels h'

úksuh wkqmd;h wjm%udKhùu fyda wêm%udKhùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= lsysmhls'

idfmalaI ksIamdok ñ,

hï rgl ksIamdok idfmalaI jYfhka ,dNodhl kï

úfoaYslfhda tu ksIamdok ñ, § .ekSug fm<fU;s' tu NdKav ñ, § .ekSu i|yd tajd ksIamdokh lrk rfgys foaYSh jHjydr uqo,a wjYH fõ' tfyhska t lS jHjydr uqo, i|yd we;s b,a¨u by< hhs' m%;sM,h jkafka tu jHjydr uqof,ys w.h by< hEu h' wvq u ñ, uÜgï we;s rgj,a b;d Yla;su;a jHjydr uqo,aj,g ysñlï lshhs' tu jHjydr uqo,a ksrka;rfhka wêm%udKh fjhs'

uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh

m%idrKd;aul ^t kï" ,sys,a& uqo,a m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrk rgj, foaYSh uqo,a iemhqu by< hkafka h' tys m%;sM,h jkafka tu jHjydr uqo, wjm%udKh ùu h' thg m%;smlaI j ixfldapkd;aul ^t kï" oeä& uqo,a m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrk rgj, foaYSh uqo,a iemhqumy< hk neúka tu jHjydr uqo, wêm%udKh fjhs' fl fia fj;;a" úksuh wkqmd;h i|yd rgj,a foll jHjydr uqof,ys w.h n,mdk neúka ta fo rfgys u uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh .ek ie<ls,su;a ùu fuys § jeo.;a fjhs' hï rgla m%idrKd;aul uqo,a m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrñka isák úg tys fjf<| yjq,aldr rgla th blau jQ uÜgulg ;u uqo,a m%;sm;a;sh ,sys,a lrkafka kï m<uq lS rfgys jHjydr uqo,a fojkqjg lS fjf<| yjq,aldr rfgys jHjydr uqo,g idfmalaI j wêm%udKh úh hq;= h'

WoaOuk wkqmd;slfha fjkialï

jHjydr uqo,la wjm%udKh ^fyda wêm%udKh& ùu flfrys WoaOukh ^ke;skï wjOukh& o n,mdhs' fjf<| yjq,aldr rgl ñ, uÜgu idfmalaI j ia:djr j mj;sk úg hï rgl foaYSh ñ, uÜgu ishhg 40 lska muK by< .sfha hehs is;uq' t úg tu rfgys ksIamdok úfoaYslhka i|yd ñ, wêl jk w;r tys jeisfhda idfmalaI jYfhka,dNodhl úfoaYSh NdKav ñ, § .ekSug fm<fU;s' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka tu rfgys jHjydr uqo, wjm%udKh fjhs' tu rfgys WoaOuk wkqmd;slh tys fjf<| yjq,alrejka f.a WoaOuk wkqmd;slj,g jvd wvq kï" tys m%;sM,h jkafka tys jHjydr uqo, wêm%udKh ùu h' fu f,i úksuh wkqmd;sl .e,mSï ksid idfmalaI j by< WoaOukhla mj;sk rgj,a wvq WoaOuk wkqmd;sl we;s rgj,a iuÕ fjf<| in|;d mj;ajd f.k hEug fm<fU;s'

wdodhï uÜgfï fjkialï

hï rgl ^Wod( Y%S ,xldfõ& m%Odk fjf<| yjq,alrejl= f.a ^Wod( bkaÈhdfõ& wdodhu úYd, jYfhka by< .sfha hehs is;uq' t úg" tu fjf<| yjq,aldr rfgys ^t kï" bkaÈhdfõ& ckhd úYd, jYfhka ñ, wêl wdkhksl NdKav mdßfNdackhg fm<fU;s' ta fya;=fjka m<uq lS


rfgys ^t kï" Y%S ,xldfõ& NdKav ñ, by< uÜgul meje;sh o tajd flfrys b,aüla we;s fjhs' m%;sM,h jkafka Y%S ,xld remsh,g we;s b,aü by< f.dia tys w.h wêm%udKh fjhs'

úksuh wkqmd;h wjm%udKh ùfï fyda wêm%udKh ùfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

fjf<| fYaIh flfrys n,mEu

rgl jHjydr uqo, wjm%udKh jQ úg wdrïNfha § tys fjf<| fYaIh ;jÿrg;a whym;a úh yels h' ñ, wêl wdkhk yd wvq jákdlñka hq;= wmkhkj,g wkqrEmS j by< hk úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh úiska úYd, fjf<| ysÕhla fyda iq¿ fjf<| w;sßla;hla fyda fYaI lrkq we;' fl fia jqj o" ld,h;a iuÕ wvq ñ,e;s wmkhk ksid ;rÕldÍ;ajh jeä ù rfÜ wmkhk by< hEu werfUkafka h' wfkla w;g ñ, wêl úfoaYSh NdKav fjkqjg ,dNodhl foaYSh ksIamdok ñ, § .ekSug foaYSh mdßfNd.slfhda fm<fU;s' fï ish,af,ys m%;sM,hla jYfhka jHjydr uqo, wjm%udKh lsÍug fmr mej;=k ;;a;ajhg jvd hym;a uÜgulg rfgys fjf<| fYaIh by< hk w;r tu j¾Okh hï ld,hla olajd r|d mj;S' uQ,sl my; jeàu flá ld,Sk ksid o mYapd;a j¾Okh È.= ld,Sk ksid o tu úp,kh m%ia:dr .; l< fyd;a ,efnkq we;af;a bx.%Sis J wl=frys yevh we;s ksrEmKhls'tfyhska fujeks wjia:djla J - jl% wdprKhla ^J - Curve E�ect& f,iska ye¢kafõ' ^2 jk rEm igyk n,kak&

2 jk rEm igyk

J - jl% wdprKh

t fia jqj o uqo,a wjm%udKh lsÍfï id¾:l;ajh r|d mj;skafka uqo,a wjm%udKh lrk rfÜ wmkhk iy wdkhk ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj u; h' WodyrKhla f,i

wjm%udKh ksid foaYSh ksIamdok ñ, my< .sh;a wmkhk b,aü wkuH kï" wjm%udKfhka miqj jqj o úfoaYslfhdatajd jeäfhka ñ, § .ekSug fkd fm<fU;s' tfyhska wmkhk wdodhu wfmalaIs; whqßka by< hkafka ke;' wfkla w;g wjm%udKh ksid rfÜ wdkhk úhoï fmrg jvd by< .sh o wdkhk i|yd jk b,aü wkuH fõ kï" wdkhk úhoï ;jÿrg;a by< kexùug wjm%udKh ùu fya;=fjhs' fuu ;;a;ajh úiska rfgys fjf<| fYaIh ;j;a whym;a njg m;alrhs'

uqo,a wjm%udKh lr we;s wjia:djl § fjf<| yjq,alrejka thg m%;spdr jYfhka ;u jHjydr uqof,ys w.h o fjkia l<fyd;a" wdkhk yd wmkhk i|yd jk b,aü kuH jqj o th rfgys wdkhk iy wmkhkflfrys lsisÿ n,mEula fkdolajkq we;'

WoaOukh flfrys n,mEu

uqo,a wjm%udKh lsÍu ksid wmkhk b,aü by< f.dia wmkhk wdodhï jeäùu;a" wdkhk úhou foaYSh uqo,ska by<hdu ksid wdkhk b,aü my< f.dia wdkhk úhou my<hdu;a isÿúh yels h' kuq;a rgl wd¾Ólh wdkhk NdKav yd fiajd rdYshla u; mokï j l%shd;aul jk úg" t kï wdkhk i|yd b,aü wkuH jk úg úhou by< .sh o fmr wdkhk l< m%udKh u wdkhkh lsÍug t rgg isÿjkq we;' ta fya;=fjka wdkhk úhou by< f.dia foaYSh WoaOukh by< hdulg fya;= fjhs' wdkhksl wuqøjH yd wdfhdack NdKav u; mokï ù ksmojk foaYSh NdKav yd fiajd ñ, by< hdulg o fuh fya;= fõ' t neúka tu ;;a;ajh úiska foaYSh WoaOukh ;jÿrg;a by< kxjhs'

úfoaYSh Kh flfrys n,mEu

rgla ,ndf.k we;s úfoaYSh Kh iy fmd,sh wdmiq f.úh hq;af;a Kh ,ndÿka rfgys jHjydr uqo,sks' wjm%udKh lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i foaYSh uqof,a úfoaYSh w.h my< hk neúka jeä foaYSh uqo,a m%udKhla úfoaYSh Kh iy fmd,S f.ùu fjkqfjka fhoùug isÿ fõ' th rfgys Kh fiajdlrK msßjeh ;jÿrg;a jeäùug fya;= fõ'

whjeh flfrys n,mEu

uqof,a w.h wjm%udKh lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i rdcH Kh nr by< .sh úg rdcH úhoï by< hhs' ta fya;=fjka whjeh ysÕhla o cks; úh yels h' ke;fyd;a mj;akd whjeh ysÕ ;;a;ajhla ;jÿrg;a by< hd yels h' t f,i jeäjk jeh fyda whjeh ysÕh fyda mshùu i|yd nÿ by< kexùug rchg isÿ fõ' th ck;dj u; mSvkh jeälrkakls'

0

ysÛh

ld,h

cx.u .sKquw;s˙la;h


úfoaYSh fma%IK" ixpdrl wdodhï iy úfoaYSh iDcq wdfhdack flfrys n,mEu

uqof,a w.h wjm%udKhùu úfoaYSh fma%IK jeäùulg fya;= fõ' foaYSh uqof,a úfoaYSh w.h my< hk ksid ixpdrl meñŒï by< hdug; a " t a fy a; =fjk a ixpdrl wdodhu jeäùulg;a fya;=jk w;r úfoaYSh iDcq wdfhdack by< hdulg o fya;=fõ'

foaYSh uqof,a w.h m%;sm%udKh ùfï § óg m%;súreoaO ;;a;ajhla olakg ,efí'

t kï"

1. wmkhk i|yd jk b, a¨u my<hdu k sid wmkhk wdodhu my< hh s ' th wmkhk l¾udka; wffO¾hu;aùug fya;=fjhs' wfkla w;g wêm%udKfha n,mEfuka wdkhk úhou w v q j k n e ú k a w d k h k ; r Õ l d Í ; a j h jeä ù wdkhk b,a¨u by< hhs' th wdkhk wdfoaYk l¾udka; flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdhs'

2. uqof,a w.h wêm%udKh ùu ksid wdkhk úhou my< hk w;r rg ;=< foaYSh ñ, .Kka o my< hhs' th WoaOukh my< hdug o fya;= fõ' ta iuÕ wdkhksl wdfhdack NdKav iy wuqøjH ñ, o my< hk ksid

tajd fhdod ksmojk ksIamdokhkays ñ, o my< hhs' th foaYSh ksIamdolhka /l.ekaug fya;= fjhs'

3. úfoaYSh Kh nr foaYSh uqo,ska my< hdu ksid uqo,a wjm%udKh ùu whjeh u; we;slrk mSvkh o my< ouhs'

rgl uy nexl=j úiska wd¾Ólfha mj;sk wjYH;djkag iy m%uqL;djkag wkqj úksuh wkqmd;slfha yeisrùu isÿlrk w;r ta hgf;a úksuh wkqmd;h wjm%udKh lsÍu fyda wêm%udKh lsÍu lrkq ,efí'

ks.ukh

Wla; ldrKd ish,a, ie<l+ úg meyeÈ<s jkqfha j¾;udk f,dal wd¾Ól rgdj ;=< úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g ysñ j we;s jeo.;alu h' úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slfha yeisÍu úiska rgl wd¾Ól Yla;sfha iajNdjh fmkakqï flfrhs' úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh hkq yqfola wd¾Ól idOl u; muKla u ;SrKh jkakla o fkd fõ' rgl foaYmd,ksl ia:djr nj úiska o úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slfha Yla;sh ;SrKh lrkq ,nhs' fl fia jqj o" úfoaY wkqmd;slfha yeisÍu iïnkaOfhka oeä wjOdkhlska miqùu rgl wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh yd m%.;sh idlaId;a lr.ekSfuys ,d b;d jeo.;a fjhs'b


úksuh ì,amf;a Wm;

wE; w;S;fha mgka u Ök jeishka ;uka f.a l d , f h k a j e ä m q r fldgil a jeh lf< a f . d ú ; e k a l g h q ; = i|ydhs' Ökfha W;=re m % f o a Y fh a f. dúfh d a ;sßÕ= o ol=Kq m%foaYfha f.dúfhda ù o j.d l<y' thg wu;r j" Tjqy q fjf<| lghq;=j, o ksr; jQy' ta fjf<| lghq;=

rg ;=< fuka u wka rgj,g o me;sr ;sì‚' fiao udj; újD; ùu;a iuÕ Ökh;a hqfrdamh;a w;r fjf<|du ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg m;a úh' thg wu;r j" uqyqÿ fiao udj; Tiafia wdishdjg o thskq;a fkd kej;S wm%sldjg o tu fjf<| lghq;= jHdma; úh' fiao" fmdaisf,aka jeks ksIamdok úl=Kq Ök fjf<kafoda thg yqjudre jYfhka rka" ß§ we;=¿ foa ,nd.;ay'

wg jk ishji werfUk úg Ökfha fjf<| lghq;= b;d by< uÜgulg j¾Okh ù ;snQ w;r thg myiqlï iemhSfï uqo,a l%uhla o j¾Okh jkakg úh' w¨;ska fjf<|ie,a újD; jkakg úh' jD;a;Sh fjf<kafoda o ìys jQy' t f,i u Wlia .kakd uOHia:dk o we;s úh' tajd wh l< fmd,sh b;d wêl úh' fl fia jqj o" uqo,a Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka .eg¨ .Kkdjla u biau;= j ;sì‚' tla .eg¨jla jQfha t jeks wd¾Ól jd;djrKhlg m%udKj;a uqo,a m%udKhla ixirKfha mj;ajd .; hq;= ùu h' b;d úYd, uqo,a m%udKhla tyd fuyd f.k hEfï § we;s jQ wmyiq;dj ;j;a .eg¨jla úh' ta jkúg uqo,a jYfhka Ndú;d flrefKa ;U ldis h' Ökfha ldis ilid ;snqfKa ueÈka isÿrla ;sfnk wdldrfhks' ta isÿr ;=<ska hejQ yqhl weuqKQ ldis .kqfokq i|yd fhdod .kq ,eî h' úYd, m%udKfha .kqfokq i|yd tjeks ldis weñKqï

úYd, jYfhka fhdod .ekSug isÿ úh' rka fyda ß§ jeks jákdlñka jeä øjHhla fhdod.ekSfuka tu .eg¨jg hï wdldrhl úi÷ula fidhd.; yels h' tfy;a" Ökfha ;U ldis fjkqjg rka" ß§ ldis Ndú;hla fkd l< ksid fjk;a úl,amhla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= úh' ;U ldisj,g wdfoaYlhla jYfhka fkdaÜgq uqo,a y÷kajd §ug Ök cd;slhka fhduq jQfha tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks'

Ökfha f;a j.dfõ we;s jQ YS>% j¾Okh ksid o uqo,a tyd fuyd f.k hEfï wmyiq;dj jvd;a fyd¢ka oefkkakg úh' Ökfha W;=re m<d;ska f;a i|yd úYd, b,a¨ula we;s jQ ksid wfkla m%foaYj, isá f;a fjf<kafoda tu m<d;g f;a wf,ú lsÍug lghq;= l<y' thska ,enqKq ,dNh ;u .ïìïj,g heùfï § fjf<kaokag .eg¨ we;s úh' fuu jljdkqfõ § Ökfha .%dóh m%foaYj, isá mßmd,k ksfhdað;fhda ;uka tla /ia fldg .;a nÿ uqo,a w.kqjrg heùug ne£ isáhy' fï ld¾hh i|yd m<d;a mßmd,k wdh;k úiska tu nÿ uqo,a tla /ia fldg w.kqjr msysá uQ,H fomd¾;fïka;=jg heùu ms‚i ;ukaf.a ksfhdað; wdh;k msysgqjd ;sìK' 8 jk ishji w. Nd.h jk úg fuu ksfhdað; wdh;k ;uka f.a fiajh f;a fjf<kaoka fj;g o ,nd ÿkafka h' t ;eka mgka f;a wf,úfhka ,dN ,enQ fjf<kafoda ;ukaf.a uqo,a fuu wdh;kj,g ndr ÿkay' Tjqkag ta yd iudk uqo,la ;u m<df;a msysá mßmd,k ksfhdað;hskaf.ka ,nd .; yels úh' fjf<kaoka ;u uqo,a ksfhdað; wdh;kj,g ndr ÿka úg Tjqkg úfYaIs; f,aLkhla tu ksfhdað; wdh;kj,ska ,nd ÿ‚' tu f,aLkh f*hs-ýhdka ^Fei-Qian& kï úh' tys f;areu mshdUk uqo,a hkakhs' tu f,aLkh t fia ye¢kajQfha b;d úYd, uqo,la myiqfjka b;d ÿr fõ.j;a .ukl fhÿk neúks' fï ksid fjf<kaokag o myiqfjka wdrlaIs; j Ökh mqrd .uka l< yels úh' f*hs-ýhdka f,aLkh uqo,a l=ú;dkaishla f,i bÈßm;a l< yels úh' f,dalfha uq,a u .kqfokq l< yels ,shú,a, f,i ie,flkafka Ökfha meje;s fuu f*hs-ýhdka f,aLkhhs'

ud,úld wdßhr;ak

ikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j

l%sia;= j¾I 221 - 265 ld,fha § Ökfha Ndú;d jQ ldishla


.kqfokq l< yels ,shú,a,la hkq úfYaIfhka ioyka l< mqoa.,hl=g fyda n,h ,;a mqoa.,hl=g ksYaÑ; uqo,la f.ùug fmdfrdkaÿ jQ w;aika l< f,aLkhls' fuys Odrlhd t kï uqo, ,nd .kakd mqoa.,hd kï l< hq;= h' t fia ke;fyd;a ,shú,af,ys i|yka l< hq;= h' fu jeks ,shú,a,la wka wfhl=g mejßh yel' t fia u fuu f,aLkfhka Odrlhd b,aÆ úg § fyda kshñ; Èkhl § ksYaÑ; uqo,a m%udKhla f.ùug fmdfrdkaÿ fõ'

miq ld,hl § wrdì fjf<kafoda o f*hs-ýhdka yd iudk f,aLk uqo,a yqjudrej i|yd Ndú;d l< y' tajd iq*a;dcd ^Suftajah& iy yjd,d ^Hawala& kï úh' fïjd úksuhì,am;a ^Bill of Exchange& .Khg wh;a fõ' úksuhì,am;la hkq ksYaÑ; uqo,a m%udKhla b,aÆ úg fyda ksYaÑ; ld,hl § tla mqoa.,hl= Tyq úiska kï lrk ,o úfYaIs; mqoa.,hl=g fyda Odrlhdg f.jk f,i wK lrñka ;uka f.a w;aik o iys; j fokq ,nk fldkafoais rys; ,sÅ; ksfhda.hls'

wrdì rgj, o nexl= lghq;= Y S> % fhk a j¾Okh úh ' tla rgla fjk;a rglska ;uka ,nd .;a NdKav iy fiajd i|yd úYd, uqo,la f.úh hq;= úh' tu uqo,a wjodkulska f;dr j ÿre rgj,g f.k shk ,o afo a iq*a;dcdj,sks' wrdì rgj,a úúO uQ,H iy jd‚cuh lghq;=j, § iq*a;dcd mq¿,a j Ndú;d lf<a h' ta ksid úYd, uqo,la tyd fuyd f.k hEfï § we;s jk wjodku fuka u uqo,a wmkhkfha § iy wdkhkfha § f.úh hq;= ;Sre nÿ o u. yeßh yels úh' iq*a;dcd ksl=;a lsÍu i|yd fldñia uqo,la wh lr .kq

,eî h'

iq*a;dcd ixl,amfha W;am;a;sh i<ld ne,Sfï §" th m¾ishdkq jpk follska ì£ tkakla nj meyeÈ,s fõ'—Suftah˜ hkq fjk;a k.rhl fyda rgl isák mqoa.,hl= ;j;a mqoa.,hl= iu. yqjudre lr .kakd hï lsis NdKavhla fyda øjHhls' —Saftah˜ hkq fjk;a ia:dkhl § wdmiq f.ùfï fmdfrdkaÿj u; tla mqoa.,hl= ;j;a mqoa.,hl=f.ka Khg ,nd .kakd hï lsis NdKavhla fyda øjHhls' ta wkqj iq*a;dcd ixl,amh wrdì YíofldaIj,i|yka jkafka fjk;a ia:dkhl § wdmiq f.ùfï fldkafoaish u; ;j;a mqoa.,hl=g uqo,a fyda foam<

mjrd §u f,i h' wdrlaIs; f,i fuu uqo,a fyda foam< mjrd §u fuys úfYaI;ajhhs' uqo,a m%jdykfha § we;s jk wjodku u. yßkq ms‚i ;=kajk md¾Yajhlg uqo,a f.ùug lrkq ,nk ksfhda.hla iys; j fjk;a k.rhl isák ;uka f.a ksfhdað;hl=g uqo,a ysñlre úiska ,shk ,o ,smshla jYfhka o we;eï YíofldaIj, fuu jpkh w¾: oelafõ' miq lf,l § iq*a;dcd ixl,amh wrdì NdIdfjka l%u l%ufhka bj;a fldg ta fjkqjg yjd,d ixl,amh fndfyda úg Ndú;d lf<a h'

wrdì NdIdfõ yjd,d hkakg wre;a folla we;' úYajdihiy yqjudrej tu wre;a folhs' yjd,d cd,h wúêu;a uQ,H moaO;shls' tys yjq,alrejkag ,dNodhS iy ld¾hlaIu f,i fuka u foaYsh j iy úfoaYSh j o myiqfjka fuu moaO;sh yryd uqo,a yqjudre l< yel'

nexl= we;sùug;a fmr uqo,a yqjudre lsÍfï l%uhla f,i yjd,d moaO;sh ìys úh' fuu moaO;sfha W;am;a;sh ms<sn| j u; folla mj;S' uq,a u;h jkafka tlsfkld f.a .sKqï mshjd .ekSug w.aksÈ. wdishdkqjka iy wm%sldfõ isák ixl%u‚l w.aksÈ. wdishdkqjka i|yd Wml%uhla f,i yjd,d moaO;sh we;s jQ njhs' uy uÕ isÿ jk uxfld,a,lEïj,ska wdrlaIdùug wrdì fjf<kaokag we;s jQ wjYH;dj fuhg fya;= jQ nj fojk u;hhs'

yjd,d moaO;sfha uq,a u wruqK jQfha uqyqÿ .ukl § fyda Tgqjl= msg hk .ukl § jeks ÿria: j isÿ jk fjf<|dïj,g myiqlï ie,iSuhs' fuu fjf<|dïj, § uqyqK mE m%Odk u .eg¨j jQfha uQ,Huh iqrlaIs;Ndjhhs' fuys § uqyqÿ fld,a,lrejkaf.ka iy uxfld,a,lrejkaf.ka ;uka f.a NdKav wdrlaId lr .ekSu muKla fkd j wE; msysá fjf<|fmd<lska ;ukag jqjukd nvq ,nd .ekSug wjYH lrk rka yd ß§ wdrlaId lr .ekSu o .eg¨jla úh' fuu wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §ug we;s jqKq yjd,d moaO;sh úYajdijka; iy ld¾hlaIu úh hq;= úh' t muKla fkd j bia,dï kS;sfha uQ,O¾uj,g o wkql+, úh hq;= úh'

ÿrl:k fyda úÿ,s m‚úv fkdue;s jQ hq.fha § tlsfklgÿria fmfoia w;r isÿ jQ f;dr;=re yqjudrej o b;du;a ukao.dó úh' ÿria: fjf<|du ld¾hlaIu j iy wdrlaIs; j lrf.k hEug kï úYajdijka;Ndjh by<ska u ;sìh hq;= nj ms<s.eks‚' fï ksid yjd,d moaO;shg iïnkaO ish¿ u fokd tlsfkld flfrys b;d ;o úYajdihla f.dv k.d .; hq;= úh' fï fya;=fjka fndfyda úg fuu moaO;shg iïnkaO jQfha ióm; u in|;d we;s whhs'

fu jeks cd,hla ;=< msg;ska meñfKk fjf<kafol=g yjd,d moaO;shlg wh;a ´kE u uOHia:dkhl uqo,a

iqx rdc hq.fha § ^l%sia;= j¾I 960 - 1279& Ökfha

Ndú;d l< uqo,a fkdaÜgqjla


;ekam;a l< yel' tu ia:dkfha Ndrlre Kh ndr .;a njg ;ekam;alreg ì,am;la bÈßm;a lrhs' yjd,d moaO;shg iïnkaO fjk;a ÿria: j msysá fjf<| uOHia:dhlska tu ì,am; bÈßm;a lr b,aÆ úgl § fyda wkd.;fha kshu lr .;a Èkl § uqo,a njg yrjd .; yel'

w;S;fha § úksuh ì,am;a Ndú;d l< njg f;dr;=re m%xYfhka o jd¾;d fõ' m%xYfha fojk ms,sma rcq Tyq f.a rdcOdksfhka hqfoõjka msgqjy,a lsÍfï wd{djla l%sia;= j¾I 1181 § ksl=;a lf<a h' m%xYfha meje;s Tjqk f.a lghq;= tl,ila lr .ekSu i|yd udi ;=kl ld,hla Tjqkg ,nd ÿks' ksYap, foam, rdcika;l flreks' t fia jqj o Tjqk f.a uqo,a iy fjk;a fm!oa.,sl foam, <Õ ;nd .ekSug wjir ,enqks' hqfrdamfha fndfyda rgj, fuka ta ld,fha § m%xYfha o rdcOdksfhka msg;g uqo,a f.khEu fyda heùu kS;sfhka ;ykï úh' b;d,sfha f,dïndä ^Lombardy& m%foaYhg hqfoõfjda m,d .shy' m%xYfhka m,d hEug fmr Tjqyq foam, úl=KQy' ta i|yd o Tjqkg wjir ,enqks' úlsŒfuka ,;a uqo,ska Tjqk f.a .ukg wjYH uqo, ;uka <Õ ;nd .ksñka b;sß uqo,a ñ;=rka f.a Ndrfha ;nk ,§' ta i|yd hqfoõjkag ì,am;la ,enqks' Tjqka f,dïndä m%foaYfha k.rj, iaÓr f,i mÈxÑ jQjdg miq j m%xYfha .kqfokq lrkq ,nk f,dïndäjrekag ^t kï" f,dïndä m%foaYfha mdrïmßl j isá fjf<kaokag& fuu ì,am;a wf,ú lrk ,§' fïjd w;S;fha isg mej; wd úksuh ì,am;a j¾.hla f,i o ie<fla'

b;d,sfha ðfkdajd ^Genoa&" *af,drkaia ^Florence&" jekSish ^Venice& jeks k.rj, fjf<kafoda Tjqk f.a NdKav /.;a fk!ldj,ska kef.kysr n,d hd;%d l<y' ta NdKav i|yd Tjqkg rka yd ß§ ldis ,enqks' fjf<kafoda thska ,enqKq Tjqk f.a Okfhka w;sßla;h rcfha NdKavd.drj, ;ekam;a fldg ;ekam;a uqof,a jákdlu i|yka yqjudre ,sms ,nd .;ay' rfgys fjf<|du by< hk úg úúO k.r w;r wf,ú jqKq NdKav i|yd lrkq ,enQ f.ùïj,g myiqlï ie,iSug Khjr ,sms wjYH úh' tu ksid .kqfokq l< yels ,shú,s fï ld¾hh i|yd odhl úh' fuh nexl= l%shdldrlïj, m%.;shla f,i t l, ie<l=ks'

fuu b;d,s k.rj, nexl= u.ska ld¾hhka folla isÿ lrk ,§' tla ld¾hhla jQfha uqo,a udrelsÍu" ;ekam;= Ndr.ekSu iy .sKqï w;r uqo,a yqjudre lsÍuhs' Kh §u iy ì,am;a jÜgï lsÍu fojk ld¾hh úh' m<uq ld¾hfha § k.r iNd u.ska nexl= lghq;= isÿ l<y' hqfoõfjda fyda f,dïndäjre fojk ld¾hfha § Kh fokafkda njg m;a jQy' ì,am;a Ndú;h uQ,sl j u mej;sfha hqfoõjka f.a wf;ys h' Tjqka f.a Okh tla

ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg /f.k hEfï § fuu ,shú,s b;d jdisodhl úh' úúO rgj,ska hqfoõjka ksrka;rfhka msgqjy,a l< neúka fïjd ks;r wjYH úh' ;j;a wu;l fkd l< hq;= ldrKhla o úh' t kï frdaudkq m,a,shg ;snqKq uyd n,fha m%;sM,hla jYfhka fuu ì,am;a ñksiqka w;r ixirKh ùu by< hduhs' thg fya;=j jQfha iEu rgla u mdmajykafiag hï lsis uqo,a m%udKhlska wdOdr l< hq;= ùuhs' rka ldis fyda úksuh ì,am;a ud¾.fhka fuu fma%IK f.jkq ,eî h'

Khjr ,smsj, j¾Okh f,dïndäjre ksid isÿ úh' frdau wêrdcHfha jeàfuka miq fuu f,dïndäjre b;d,sfha mÈxÑ jQy' miq j fudjqyq ,kavka kqjr jdiia:dk we;s lr .;ay' t fia jqj o hqfoõjka Kh fokakka f,i ia:dms; ù isá ksid f,dïnd¾äjre tu ld¾hfhka wE;a ù isáhy' tfy;a ,kavka kqjßka hqfoõjka msgqjy,a lrkq ,enQ úg Kh fokafkda njg f,dïnd¾äjre m;a jQy' fï jk úg ,nd ÿka Kh i|yd fmd,shla wh lsÍu ms<sn| j o iudch w;r hym;a u;hla f.dv kef.ñka mej;sk'

1307 § tx.,ka;fha m<uq jrg ì,am;a Ndú;d jQ nj lshkq ,efí' t fia u th tx.,ka;fha isg fjk;a rgj,g uqo,a heùfï kS;suh ud¾.hla f,ig o ms<s.e‚ks'

tu ksid ì,am;a ms<sn| b;sydifhka fmfkkafka tajd uQ,sl j u fhdod .kq ,enQfha uqo,a tyd fuyd f.k hEu i|yd nj h' t fia jqj o jegqma f.ùu iy tla mqoa.,hl=f.ka;j;a mqoa.,hl=g Kh f.ùu i|yd o fïjd Ndú;d lr we;' 17 iy 18 jk Y; j¾I jk úg nexl= lsysmhla msysgqjd ;snqK o nexl= lghq;= ms<sn| oekSula ñksiqkaw;r fkd ù h' fuu fm!oa.,sl nexl=lrefjda fkdaÜgqksl=;a l<y' tfy;a ck.ykh;a iu. iei£fï § ixirKfha mej;sfha b;d iq¿ ì,am;a m%udKhls' fï ksid nexl= fkdaÜgq fjkqfjka iy jegqma f.ùu fjkqfjka fuu ì,am;a Ndú;h iSud úh'

ðfkdajd nexl=lrefjda


uOH;k hq.fha hqfrdamSh fjf<|dfï m%Odk N+ñldj rÕ olajk ,oafoa b;d,s fjf<ka|ka iy nexl=lrejka úisks' tfy;a hqfrdamfha m%Odk fjf<| ud¾. jeà ;snqfKa m%xYh Tiafia h' tu ksid b;d,shg wh;a úksuh ì,am;a fnodyeÍu m%xYfha Ieïfmaka ^Champagne& iy ,sfhdaka ^Lyon& fjf<|fmd< u.ska j¾Okh úh' fl fia fj;;a" fuu b;d,shg wh;a ì,am;a fjf<|fmdf<a § kj uqyqKqjrla .;af;a h' fjf<|fmdf<ys ì,am;a nyq, úh' nexl=lrejka yuqùug ñi fjf<|du i|yd fjf<|fmd< l%shd fkd lrkafka he hs fpdaokd o ,eî h'

m%;s.%yKh

úksuh ì,am;lg md¾Yaj lsysmhlf.a iyNd.s;ajh wjYH fõ' wKlre ^Drawer& tla md¾Yajhls' fjf<| .kqfokqjl § úksuh ì,am; ksl=;a lrkq ,nkafka wKlrehs' t fia u fjf<| .kqfokqjl § f.ùu fyda m%;s.%yKh lsÍu i|yd úksuh ì,am; ,nkakd wK,oaod ^Drawee& fõ' ì,am;la m%;s.%yKh lsÍu hkq ì,am;la Ndrf.k thg f.ùula isÿ lsÍug wK,oaod úiska ms<s.ekSuhs' ;=ka jk md¾Yajh jk wdodhl ^Payee& ì,am;g f.ùula ,nk ;eke;a;dhs'

uq,a ld,fha § fjf<|fmdf<a § ì,am; m%;s.%yKh lsÍu m%ldYhg m;a úh' t kï" f.ùu isÿ lsÍu i|yd ì,am; ms<s.ekSug f.jkakd ^Payer& ;=< we;s leue;a; fjf<kaoka iy nexl=lrejka iyNd.S jk /iaùul § f.jkakd úiska m%isoaêhg m;a lsÍfï pdß;%hla mej;sk' ì,am; orkakdg NdKav ñ, § .ekSu ms<sn| j ie,iqï l< yels jQfha bka miqjhs' fï ioyd úfYaI f,aLkhla ms<sfh< úh' miq j fuu l%shdj w;ayer oud f.ùug Tyq f.a leue;a; m%ldY lrñka ì,amf;a flá igykla ;eîu wdrïN úh' idlaIslrejka isák wjia:djl § m%;s.%yKh lsÍu jdÑl j l< yels úh' fuu l%shdj,sh myiq lr,Su i|yd úYd, fjf<|fmd<j, § hïlsis fjf<|fmd<l § m%;s.%yKh lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk ì,am;a ,ehsia;=.; flßk' fjf<|fmd< újD; l< ú.i u m%;s.%yKh l< ì,am;a i|yd ms<s.;a njg i|ykla lf<a h'

ì,am;a ,sÅ; j m%;s.%yKh lsÍfï l%uh wdrïN jQfha 1667 § h' ì,am;aj, l%shdldrlï igyka lr .ekSu i|yd fjf<kafoda iy nexl=lrefjda úfYaI fmd;a Ndú;d l<y' wKlrejka úiska Tjqka f.a kug ksl=;a lrk ,o iy Tjqkag bÈßm;a lrk ,o ish¿ u ì,am;a ms<sn| f;dr;=re tu fmd;aj, Tjqyq jd¾;d l<y' Tjqyq ì,am;la m%;s.%yKh l< fyd;a tu igyk bÈßfhka l;srhla i<l=Kq l<y' ì,am;la ms<sn| j ielhla u;= jqj fyd;a fyda m%;s.%yKh lsÍu ms<sn| j i<ld ne,Sug isÿ jqj fyd;a fmdf;ys wod< jd¾;dj bÈßfhka ‘V’ wlaIrh

igyka lf<a h' ì,am;la ms<s fkd .; fyd;a ta i|yd ‘SP’ wlaIr fhÿfõ h' orkafkl=g ì,am;la i|yd úfrdaOh mEug wjYH jQQfha kï fjf<|du wjika ù Èk ;=klg miq tA ì,am; ms<sn| j úfrdaOh mE hq;= úh'

ì,am;la m%;s.%yKh lsÍug wK,oafol= tlÕ fkd jQ wjia:djl § fyda ì,am;a fíreï lrk ia:dkfha wK,oaod fkd isàu jeks fjk;a fya;= ksid th ms<s fkd .; fyd;a ;=ka jk md¾Yajh f,i w;rueÈhl=g th ms<s.ekSug wjir ,enqks' ì,amf;ys i|yka lr fkd ue;s wjir fkd ,;a mqoa.,hl= f,i iy wK,oaod fyda ksfhdað;hl= f,i th isÿ l< yels úh'

ì,am;a fíreï lr .; yels ia:dk ìys ùu ish¿ u ì,am;a l%shdldrlï ksjerÈ j imqrd,Sug fjf<kaokag ;snQ leue;a; ksid wdrïN úh' ì,am;l Khla wdmiqwh lr .ekSu i|yd blauka iy oeä kS;sÍ;s ;SrKh lsÍug wjYH úh' ta i|yd úfYaI fjf<|fmd< wêlrK msysgqùh' f.ùï meyer yeß wjia:dj, § wêlrK ;SrKu; Khlrefjda r|jd ;nd .;ay' Kh ysñhkag f.ùu i|yd Tjqkaf.a foam< rdcika;l lf<a h' iuyr fjf<|fmd< fu jeks l%u wkq.ukh lrk ,oafoa Khlrejkag o~qjï lsÍu i|yd h' Tjqkg fjf<|fmd< l% shdldrlïj,g iyNd.S ùu ;ykï úh' ì,am;a ixirKh i|yd oeä kS;sÍ;s b;d,s rch úiska l%shdjg kxjk ,§'

msgik

uqo,a rys; f.ùfï udOHhla fuka u uqo,a heùfï wdrlaIs; ud¾.hla f,i úksuh ì,am;a j¾Okh jk úg iy Kh §fï uQ,dY% w¨;ska ìys jk úg .eg¨jla we;s úh' tu .egÆj jQQfha tla mqoa.,hl=f.ka ;j;a whl=g ldis fyda gxlkh fkd l< jákd f,day yqjudre l<

jekSisfha hqfoõfjda


yels jqj o úksuh ì,am;a fldhs f,ilgj;a yqjudre l< fkd yels ùuhs' uOHld,Sk hq.h wjidkfha § úksuh ì,am;a tys i|yka fldg we;s bÈßm;a lrkakdg muKla iSud jqks' Tyq muKla fuu ì,am;a uqo,a njg m;a lr .;af;ah' yqjudre moaO;shg iïnkaO ke;s lsis u whl=g ì,am;la mejßh fkd yels úh' lsis u j¾.hlg wh;a Kh WmlrKhla mjrd §ug frdaudkq" c¾udkq" bia,dóh kS;sj,ska wjir fkd ,eì‚' fuu m%Yakhg uq,ska u ms<s;=re ,nd .;af;a fjf<÷ka fyda Tjqkaf.a ksfhdað;hska .ejfik úYd, cd;Hka;r fjf<|fmd<j,sks' Tjqyq jif¾ tla ksYaÑ; ld,hl § tla ia:dkhlg frdla jQy' ta cd;Hka;r f.ùï mshùu i|yd h' m%xYfha Ieïfmaka iy ,sfhdaka fjf<|fmd<j, § o miq j iaúÜi¾,ka;fha ðkSjd fjf<|fmdf<a § o" wjidkfha § b;d,sfha ðfkdajd nexl=lrejka úiska m%xYfha nhsikafidaka ^Bisenzone& k.rh uq,a lrf.k meje;a jQ fjf<|fmdf<a § o cd;Hka;r f.ùï m%Odk jYfhka mshjk ,§' úksuh ì,am;l Khysñhd tu fudfydf;ys u ;j;a ì,am;l Kh .e;shd úh' iyNd.s jk fjf<kaoka f.a .sKqï fmd;aj,ska Khysñhd iy Kh.e;shd hk fofokd u ;uka f.a Kh lmd yeßh y' t kï ish¿ u ysñlï iy Kh mshjkq ,eî h' tu wjia:dfõ § mshúh fkd yels uqo,la jqj fyd;a B <Õ fjf<|fmdf<a § mshùu i|yd w¨;ska úksuh ì,am;la ksl=;a flßks' fjf<|fmd< wêlrKh u.ska ì,am;a f.ùu ms<sn| iqrlaIs;;dj ;yjqre lf<a h'

úksuh ì,am;a tlsfkld w;r yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd msgik Ndú;d lrhs' msgik hkq ì,am;l msgme;af;ys ,shk ,o igykls' th yqjudre l%shdj,shg iïnkaOhla fkd ue;s mqoa.,hl=g ì,am; bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd n,h mjrhs' msgifkys wdOdrfhka úksuh ì,amf;ys we;=<;a ysñlu ;j;a mqoa.,hl=g mjrkq ,nhs' th ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka ì,amf;ys msgme;af;a we;s w;aik u.sks' msgik ksid úksuh ì,am; fjf<kaoka w;r .kqfokq l< yels ,shú,a,la njg m;a úh'

msgifka wdrïNh o b;d,sh nj we;eful=f.a u;hhs' tfy;a th 1620 § muK m%xYfha § mgka .ekqKq njg ou;hla fjhs' t fia jqj o ì,am;a mejÍu iïnkaOfhka Bg;a me/‚ jd¾;d ms<sn| j o igyka oelsh yel' mqrdK m%xY ,shú,sj,g fndfyda l,lg fmr 1389 § tx.,ka;fha ;snQ ì,am;aj, msgme;af;ys mejÍfï igyka oelsh yels úh' msgika lsÍfï m%:u idlaIs f,i tajd o i<lkq ,nhs' fï ksid msgifka wdrïNh ms<sn| j u;fNao mj;S'

1654 § ksl=;a l< rdc ksfhda.hlska iy 1673 ksl=;a jQ wd{dmk;ska m%xYfha msgik kS;Hdkql+, j ms<s.kq ,eî h' 1673 §" th wdrlaIdj i|yd ì,am;%fhys msgme;af;ys

fh¥ w;aikla muKla úh' msgikalref.a w;aik iu. Èkh" mejreï,dNshd f.a ku iy f.jkq ,nk uqo,a m%udKh i|yka jQfha fkd ue;s kï msgik j,x.= fkd jk njg miq j kS;s iïmdokh lrk ,§' 17 jk Y; j¾Ih wdrïNfha § m%xYfha msgik fndfyda úg oelsh yels úh' m%xYfha msgik jHdma;sh flfrys m%xY kS;sfha we;s jQ fjkialï o bjy,a jqks'

uQ,H fjf<|fmd< yd iïnkaO ùfï § msgika lsÍug úYd, wd¾Ól jeo.;alula ysñ úh' úksuh ì,am;a jeks .súiqula hgf;a isÿ jk fjf<|dï b;d,sfha úYd, f,i jHdma; fkd jqks' tajd jhUÈ. hqfrdamfha m%Odk fjf<| uOHia:dkj, jHdma; úh' 16 jk Y; j¾Ifha w. Nd.fha § jd‚c nexl=lrejkag Tjqka f.a msgik iys; ì,am;a Ndú;h ;j ;j;a jHdma; lsÍug wjYH úh' ta 1531 § újD; lrk ,o fldgia fjf<|fmd<f<a § kej; wf,ú lsÍu ms‚i msgika l< úksuh ì,am;a ñ, § .ekSug wjldY ,nd .ekSug h'

b;d,sfha msgika lsÍu fndfyd a ÿrg iSud iys; f,i isÿ úh' thg fya;=j jQfha uqo,a rys; j f.ùï isÿ lsÍu i|yd wjYH lghq;= ms<sfh< lsÍfï j.lSfuka uqo,a udrelrkakka bj;a ùuhs' msgika lsÍu fya;=fjka w¨;ska ì,am;a ksl=;a lsÍu wvq jQ neúka cd;Hka;r fjf<|dï iy úksuh fjf<|fmd<j, § f.úh hq;= úksuh ì,am;a m%udKh my< hEu o fï k sid i sÿ úh' fï w;r fjf<|fmdf< a úksuh ì,am;a iu. lrkq ,nk fjf<| lghq;=j, § fjf<|fmd< nexl=lrejka f.a taldêldrh ì£ hEfï yel shdjla o m sgika l sÍu k sid we; s úh' t neúka" msgika lsÍu fyda kej; kej;;a msgika lsÍu úreoaO j Tjqyq ke.S isáhy' msgik y÷kajd §ug fmr Tjqkg ì,am;a bÈßm;a l< yels jQfha uqo,a ;ekam;=jla ms<s.ekqul § iy f.ùula mshùfï § mu‚'

Ieïfmaka fjf<|fmd<

20 2012 ckjd˙ $fmnrjd˙ - igykrdc.sßh" Y%S chj¾Okmqr udjf;a" wxl 58 ork ia:dkfha msysá Y%S ,xld uy nexl= uqøKd,fha uqøKh lrk ,ÿj"

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ksl=;a lrk ,§'

fuu ;;a;ajh ksid m%;sM, folla we;s úh' uq,a m%;sM,h j Qfh a fjf<|fmdf<ys jeo.;alu ie<lsh hq;= f,i my< jeàuhs' úksuh ì,am;a uqo,a njg yrjd .ekSug iy .sKqï mshùug fjf<|fmd< nexl =lrejk a fj; hEug fjf<k aok ag wjYH fkd ù h' úksuh fjf<|fmd< ì| jeàu fuka u tajdfha l%shdldß;ajhg iy fjf<|fmd< nexl=lrejkag isÿ jQ ydksh fjkia l< fkd yels úh' Tjqka f.a l%shdldrlï ish,a, u msgika lrkq ,nk fjf<kaoka w;g m;a jqks' ixirKh i|yd jeä bvlvla ì,am;ska ie,iqKq fyhska f.ùï ;=,kh lsÍu i|yd tu fjf<kaoka úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,enQ úksuh ì,am;a m%udKh by< .sfha h'

msgifka yqjudre igyka lsysmhla olakg ,eîu o tla úfYaI;ajhla úh' lsishï ì,am;lg w;aika ;enQ ish¿ fokdg u tu ì,am; i|yd we;s j.lSu tl yd iudk úh' tu ksid tu ì,amf;a úYajikSh;ajh ie<lsh hq;= f,i by< .sfha h'

w¾:oelaùu

fu f,iska b;sydih uq¿,af,a j¾Okh jQ —.kqfokq l< yels ,shú,s˜ Ndú;h l%ufhka wx.iïmQ¾K uQ,H WmlrKhla njg mßKduh úh' j¾;udkfha § fïjd fmdÿfõ úksuh ì,am;a f,iska ye¢ka fõ' fuu miqìu u; isg fu lS uQ,H WmlrKh ms<sn| meyeÈ<s w¾: oelaùula bÈßm;a l< yels h'

úksuh ì,am;la hkq fmd,S f.ùula isÿ fkd jk tla;rd j¾.hl fplam;ls' t fia fkd fõ kï fmdfrdkaÿ fkdaÜgqjls' wkd.;fha ksYaÑ; Èkhl § ksYaÑ; uqo,a m%udKhla tla mqoa.,hl= úiska ;j;a mqoa.,hl=g f.ùu ioyd ,sÅ; j lrkq ,nk ksfhda.hls' th fndfyda úg Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § h' nexl=jlska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk úksuh ì,am;la nexl= wKlrhla f,iska ye¢kafõ' fjk;a md¾Yajhla u.ska ksl=;a lrhs kï th fjf<| wKlrhla fõ' we;eï úfgl fïjd yqfola u wKlr f,iska muKla u ye¢ka fõ' wKlrhla f,i ye¢kajQj o msgika lsÍfuka wka whl=g mejßh yel'

uqo,a ms<sn| jQ iEu ,shú,a,la fuka u úksuh ì,am;la o m%;s.%yKhg fmr tys i;H;dj ;yjqre lr .; hq;= h' ta i|yd wKlre fyda th ksl=;a l< ;eke;a;d fyda ms<sn| j fidhd ne,sh hq;= h' wKlre nexl=jla kï nexl=j wu;d ì,amf;a ksrjoH;dj iy nexl=fõ Kh fhda.H;dj ms<sn| j úuish yel' mqoa.,sl j ksl=;a l< ì,am;la kï th ksl=;a l< mqoa.,hd f.a Kh fhda.H;dj u; ì,amf;a wjodku r|d mj;S'b

uOH;k hq.fha fjf<| udr®.

fiao

udj;

„fkdajd

me˙iafldf,daka

ñ,dka

frdauh

ne.avE.a

ouialia

lhsfrda

fldkaia;ka;sfkdm,h

jekSish

rka iu mdvulaæ · 2012 ckjd˙ $fmnrjd˙ - igyk 3 rka" ß§" ma,eákï jeks jákd f,day...

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