rivers, whr (primitive color vision, 1901)

7/24/2019 Rivers, WHR (Primitive Color Vision, 1901)

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PRIMITIVE COLOR VISION

BY DR. W. H. R. RIVERS,

ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY.

Popular Science Monthly Volume 59 M! "9#" $"9#"%

THE &mo()*+e o l*-u-e * &*)(ume*) o *)/(oolo-&+l e*0u&(! / 1ee* )/eu12e+) o mu+/ 3&e(e*+e o o&*&o*. O* )/e o*e /*3, )/e(e (e )/oe 4/o 1el&ee)/) )/e (el)&o* 1e)4ee* l*-u-e *3 )/ou-/) & o +loe )/) )/e o(me( / l4!1ee* * lmo) e6+) m&((o( o )/e l))e(, *3 )/) ee(! &*+(ee &* &*)elle+)ul3eelome*) / 1ee* ++om*&e3 1!, & *o) +o*3&)&o*e3 1!, +o((eo*3&*-&*+(ee &* )/e 3eelome*) o l*-u-e. O* )/e o)/e( /*3, )/e )e*3e*+! 4/&+/

e(/ *o4 (e&l mo*- *)/(oolo-&) & )o ))+/ )oo l&))le &mo()*+e )ol*-u-e * &*3&+)&o* o )/e me*)l 3eelome*) o (+e. T/e u12e+) o )/e +olo(e*e o (&m&)&e (+e & o*e 4/&+/ & ee+&ll! ueul &* )u3!&*- /o4 ( )/e++&)! o( (e+&)&*- 3&e(e*+e -oe 4&)/ )/e o4e( o e6(e&*- )/oe3&e(e*+e &* l*-u-e. We (e 1le )o u) )o )/e )e) /o4 ( )/e &3e o eolem! 1e 3e3u+e3 (om )/e&( l*-u-e. We +* +olle+) )/e e&)/e) ue3 o( +olo( &*(&ou (+e, 1o)/ o )/e (ee*) *3 o )/e ), *3 (om )u3! o )/ee e&)/e)4e +* 3(4 +o*+lu&o* )o )/e *)u(e o )/e +olo( e*e &* )/ee (+e. I* )/e +eo )&ll e6&)&*- (+e, 4e +* )/e* e6m&*e )/e +olo( e*e o12e+)&el! *3 +e()&*/o4 ( )/e +o*+lu&o* 3e(&e3 (om )/e )u3! o l*-u-e (e e(&&e3 1! )/e (eul) o

)/e o12e+)&e e6m&*)&o*.H&)o(&+ll!, )/& & mo(e o( le 4/) / 1ee* 3o*e. I* "757, &* /& 'S)u3&e o* Home(*3 )/e Home(&+ A-e,' Gl3)o*e +lle3 ))e*)&o* )o )/e -(e) -ue*e o )/e +olo()e(m&*olo-! o Home(8 /e /o4e3 )/) Home( ue3 )e(m o( +olo( 4/&+/ &*3&+)e3)/) /& &3e o +olo( mu) /e 1ee* 3&e(e*) (om ou( o4*, *3 /e 4 &*+l&*e3 )o-o ( )o uoe )/) Home( /3 *o &3e o +olo( 4e u*3e()*3 &), 1u)3&)&*-u&/e3 l&))le 1e!o*3 3&e(e*+e o l&-/)*e *3 3(*e.

Te* !e( l)e(, Ge&-e(, (om mo(e e6)e*3e3 &*e)&-)&o* o *+&e*) 4(&)&*-, lo+me )o )/e +o*+lu&o* )/) )/e +olo( e*e o )/e *+&e*) mu) /e 1ee* e(!3ee+)&e. He ou*3, *o) o*l! &* G(ee l&)e()u(e, 1u) &* )/e Ve3&+ /!m* o I*3&, &* )/e

:e*3e), &* )/e No(e E33, *3 &* *+&e*) C/&*ee *3 Sem&)&+ 4(&)&*- )/) )/e(e4 e&3e*+e o -(e) &me(e+)&o*, ee+&ll! &* )/e *me o( -(ee* *3 1lue. I*/(3l! *! o )/ee *+&e*) 4(&)&*- & *! 4o(3 ue3 (om 4/&+/ 4e m! -)/e( )/))/e eole 4/o 4(o)e )/em /3 *! &3e o 1lue. Ge&-e( 3*+e3 )/e &e4 )/) )/e(e;/3 1ee* * eolu)&o* o )/e +olo( e*e &* /&)o(&+l )&me8 *3 /e uoe3 )/) )/&eolu)&o* /3 1ee* o u+/ &*3 )/) (e3 /3 1ee* 3&)&*-u&/e3 &(), ollo4e3 1!!ello4 *3 -(ee*, *3 )/) )/e e*e o( 1lue /3 3eeloe3 mu+/ l)e( )/* )/) o()/e o)/e( +olo(. M-*u< +me )o )/e me +o*; +lu&o* o* )/e 1& o )&ll mo(ee6)e*3e3 e6m&*)&o* o *+&e*) 4(&)&*-, *3 Gl3)o*e, &* "7==, -&* +lle3 )/e))e*)&o* o E*-l&/ +/ol( )o )/e u12e+) &* )/e -e o )/e 'N&*e)ee*)/ Ce*)u(!.'

1

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T/e u12e+) 4 )e* u 1o)/ (om )/e l&)e((! *3 +&e*)&&+ o&*) o &e4. O* )/el&)e((! &3e &) 4 o12e+)e3 )/) )/e e+&l e+ul&(&)&e o )/e +olo( )e(m&*olo-! oHome( 4e(e 3ue )o +/(; +)e(&)&+ o e&+ )!le, ++o(3&*- )o 4/&+/ ))e*)&o* & &3)o o(m ()/e( )/* )o +olo(. I) 4 lo o&*)e3 ou) )/) )/e l*-u-e o ome mo3e(*

oe) (ee*) )/e me e+ul&(&)&e )/oe o *+&e*) l&)e(; )u(e. G(*) Alle* )+ou*)e3 )/e +olo(;e&)/e) ue3 &* S4&*1u(*e' Toem *3 Bll3' *3 ou*3 )/) (e3o++u((e3 mu+/ mo(e (e0ue*)l! )/* 1lue, *3 &m&l( (eo*3e(*+e o (e3 4ou*3 )o 1e e)u(e o Te**!o*' '>(&*+e.' I*)*+e 4e(e lo -&e* o &*3&&3ule+ul; &(&)! &* )/e ue o +olo( 1! m*! mo3em oe), o*e &*)*+e 1e&*- L ?o*)&*e,4/o, ++o(3&*- )o Jl, @ o*l! ue3 * e&)/e) o( 1lue o*+e &* )/e 4/ole o /& oem.

O* )/e +&e*)&&+ &3e, lo, o12e+)&o* 4e(e (&e3. I) o /e*e3 )/) 1ou) "7==)/e(e 4e(e &* Ge(m*! )4o ()&e o Nu1&* -o&*- (om )o4* )o )o4* &* )(el&*-+(*. T/ee Nu1&* 4e(e e6m; &*e3 1! V&(+/o4 *3 o)/e(, *3 &) 4 ou*3)/) )/e! e6/&1&)e3 )/e me e+ul&(&)! o +olo( l*-u-e *+&e*) 4(&)e(8 )/e! /3

*o 4o(3 o( 1lue, o(, ()/e(, )/e! ue3 )/e me 4o(3 o( 1lue o( 1l+ o( o( 3(+olo( -e*e(ll!. O* e6m&*)&o*, &) 4 ou*3, /o4ee(, )/) )/e! 4e(e *o) +olo( 1l&*3,*3 )/) )/e! o()e3 +olo(e3 e( *3 4ool +o((e+)l!. I) 4, )/e(eo(e, +o*+lu3e3)/) )/e &3e o Gl3; )o*e *3 Ge&-e( 4e(e l)o-e)/e( e((o*eou, *3 )/) )/e(e 4*o *e+; e(! +o**e+)&o* 1e)4ee* +olo( e*e *3 +olo( l*-u-e.

I* )/& +ou*)(! )/e &e4 o Gl3)o*e *3 Ge&-e( 4e(e u1m&))e3 )o +om(e/e*&e+(&)&+&m 1! G(*) Alle* &* )/e 1oo, 'T/e Colo( Se*e,' l(e3! +&)e3. T/e )(o*-e)o12e+)&o* (&e3 1! )/& u)/o( 4 1e3 o* )/e e6&)e*+e o 4ell;3eeloe3 +olo(e*e &* m*! o )/e lo4e( *&ml, *3 &) 4 (-ue3 )/) )/& e*e +oul3 *o))/e(eo(e 1e 3ee+)&e &* (&m&)&e m*. He lo 1(ou-/) o(4(3 e&3e*+e )/) m*!

e6&)&*- (&m&)&e (+e m3e l(-e ue o +olo(, *3 +&)e3 )/e o&*&o* o )(ele( )/)-e 4e(e 1le )o 3&)&*-u&/ +olo( e(; e+)l!. He lo o&*)e3 ou) )/) )/e3e+o()&o* o )/e e(l! E-!)&* *3 o o)/e( *+&e*) (+e /o4e3 )/e e6&)e*+e o 4ell;3eeloe3 e*e lo*- 1eo(e )/e )&me o Home(.

T/e +o*)(oe(! 4 +((&e3 o* o( ome !e(, ee+&ll! &* Ge(m*!. M-*u</o4e3 )/) )/e me 3ee+) o )e(m&*olo-! o( -(ee* *3 1lue, 4/&+/ +/(+)e(&e*+&e*) 4(&)&*-, )&ll e6&) mo*- m*! (&m&)&e (+e ) )/e (ee*) 3!, *3(-ue3 )/) )/& 4&3e;(e3 e+ul&(&)! mu) /e /3 ome 3e&*&)e +ue, (o11l!o /!&o; lo-&+l *)u(e. Nee()/ele, )/e -e*e(l )(e*3 o o&*&o* 4 )(o*-l!-&*) )/e &e4 o Gl3)o*e *3 Ge&-e(, *3 )/e &3e o )/e eolu; )&o* o )/e +olo(

e*e &* m* / 1ee* lmo) u*&e(ll! (e2e+)e3.A mem1e( o )/e *)/(oolo-&+l e6e3&)&o* 4/&+/ 4e*) ou) (om Cm1(&3-e )oTo((e S)(&) *3 Ne4 Gu&*e &* "797, u*3e( )/e le3e(; /& o >(o. A. C. H33o*, I/3 * oo()u*&)! o (e;&*e)&-)&*- )/& 0ue)&o*. I* 33&)&o* )o ull e6m&*)&o*o )/e +olo( &&o* o )4o )(&1e o >u* &*/1&)&*- o*e )/e e)e(* *3 )/e o)/e()/e 4e)e(* &l*3 o To((e S)(&), I 4 1le )o me o1e()&o* o* *)&e o )/eIl*3 o &4&, ) )/e mou)/ o )/e ?l! R&e(, *3 o* mem1e( o ee(l Au)(l&*)(&1e. T/e l*-u-e o )/ee eole /o4e3 3&e(e*) )-e &* )/e eolu)&o* o +olo()e(m&*olo-!, 4/&+/ +o((eo*3 &* )(&&*- m**e( 4&)/ )/e +ou(e o eolu)&o*3e3u+e3 1! Ge&-e( (om *+&e*) 4(&)&*-. I* * Au)(l&* )(&1e, (om )/e 3&)(&+) oSee* R&e(, o* )/e e)e(* /o(e o )/e Gul o C(e*; )(&, ee(l *)&e o*l!

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ue3 )/(ee +olo( e&)/e)8 (e3, u(le *3 o(*-e 4e(e +lle3 1! )/e me *me, 'o)&'84/&)e, !ello4 *3 -(ee* 4e(e +lle3 '!o,' 4/&le 1l+, 1lue, &*3&-o *3 &ole) 4e(e ll+lle3 'm*(.' O)/e( *)&e (om * 32o&*&*- )(&1e ue3 )/e *me 'o4*-,' So'*3 'u*m' &* )/e me e*e8 ome *)&e l&e3 o)/e( *me )o -(ee* *3 !ello4,

1u) )/oe -&e* e(e3 )o 1e )/e o*l! )e(m 4/&+/ 4e(e ue3 4&)/ *! 3e&*&)e*e*3 +o*)*+!.

T/e *e6) )-e &* )/e eolu)&o* o +olo( o+1ul(! 4 ou*3 &* &4&. I* )/el*-u-e o )/& &l*3 )/e(e 4 e(! 3e&*&)e *me o( (e3, '3-;3-,' *3 le3e&*&)e *me o( !ello4, '-o;-o -o; -o.' G(ee* 4e(e +lle3 1! mo) &*3&&3ul,'emo(o' *3 ')&-&(o,' 4/&+/ 4e(e lo ue3 o( 4/&)e *3 1l+ (ee+)&el!, *3 m!(o1; 1l! 1e )(*l)e3 'l&-/)' *3 '3(.' A e4 ue3 e+&l 4o(3 o( -(ee*,'o(oo(o*.' Blue *3 &ole) 4e(e uull! +lle3 '4&1u;4&1u*,' )/e 4o(3 o( 1l+,o)/e( +ll&*- )/ee +olo( ')&-&(o' o( 'o(oo(o*.' T/e 1(&ll&*) 1lue o )/e !(e+e&e3 (om )/ee eole )/e me *me )/e 3eee) 1l+.

I* Mu((! Il*3, &* )/e e)e(* () o To((e S)(&), 4/e(e 4e )!e3 o( ou( mo*)/,I 4 1le )o &*e)&-)e )/e l*-u-e ue3 o( +olo( e(! +omle)el!. I* )/& &l*3)/e(e 4 e(! 3e&*&)e *me o( (e3, 'mmmmm,' 4/&le ee(l o)/e( *me,u+/ '&m&; &m,' 'e(oo, mmmmm' *3 <ome(;mmmmm,' 4e(e ue3 o(u(le *3 &*. T/e(e 4e(e )4o 3e&*&)e *me ue3 o( 1o)/ o(*-e *3 !ello4,'1m1m' *3 '&u&u,' *3 o*e 3e&*&)e 4o(3 o( -(ee*, 'oeuoe,' 4/&le ee(lo)/e( 4o(3 4e(e o++&o*ll! ue3. T/e(e 4, /o4ee(, *o *)&e *me o( 1lue,() (om )/) ue3 o( 1l+, '-ole-ole.' T/& 4o(3 4 ue3 1! m*! o )/e ol3e(me*, *3, &* &4&, )/e 1(&ll&*) 1lue o )/e ! *3 )/e 3ee 1lue o )/e e 4oul3o)e* 1e +lle3 1! )/e me *me )/e 3(e) 1l+. M*! o )/e *)&e /3,

/o4ee(, 3o)e3 )/e E*-l&/ 4o(3, 4/&+/, 1! (e;3ul&+)&o* *3 e()&o* o+o*)&-uou +o*o**), /3 1e+ome '1ulu;1&&lu,' *3 m*! o )/e !ou*-e( me*1el&ee3 )/) )/& 4o(3 1elo*-e3 )o )/e&( o4* l*-u-e.

T/e +olo( l*-u-e o )/e 4e)e(* )(&1e o >u* &* To((e S)(&) 4 ull!&*e)&-)e3 &* )/e Il*3 o M1u&-. He(e )/e o+1ul(! 4 mo(e 3e&*&)e. T/e(e4e(e l&m&)e3 *um1e( o )e(m 4/&+/ 4e(e ue3 1! *e(l! ll o( )/e +/&e +olo(. Re3*3 !ello4 4e(e +lle3 'ul3-mul*-' *3 'mu(3-mul*-' (ee+)&el!. T/e(e 4 &(l! 3e&*&)e )e(m o( -(ee*, '&l3-mul*-,' 4/&+/ 4, /o4; ee(, ome)&me ue3o( 1lue, *3 )/e(e 4 )e(m o( 1lue, 'mlu3; -mul*-,' 4/&+/ 4 lo ue3 *o)&*(e0ue*)l! o( -(ee*. I* 33&; )&o* )o )/ee ou( mo(e o( le 3e&*&)e +olo( *me,

o)/e( )e(m 4e(e ue3 o( 3&e(e*) /3e, *3 e4 *)&e /o4e3 e6)(o(3&*(!&*; -e*u&)! &* 3e&&*- e+&l *me, (e*)l! o* )/e u( o )/e mo; me*), o(3&e(e*) /3e o +olo(. I /e l&) o oe( )/&()! u+/ *me (om o*e &*3&&3ul, ll3e(&e3 (om +om(&o* 4&)/ *)u(l o12e+).

I* )/ee ou( l*-u-e o See* R&e(, &4&, Mu((! Il*3 *3 M1u&-, 4e /e(o-(e&e )-e &* )/e eolu)&o* o +olo( l*-u-e8 &* )/e lo4e) )/e(e e( o*l!)o 1e 3e&*&)e )e(m o( (e3 () (om 4/&)e *3 1l+8 &* )/e *e6) )-e )/e(e (e3e&*&)e )e(m o( (e3 *3 !ello4, *3 * &*3e&*&)e )e(m o( -(ee*8 &* )/e *e6) )-e)/e(e (e 3e&*&)e )e(( o( (e3, !ello4 *3 -(ee*, *3 )e(m o( 1lue / 1ee*1o((o4e3 (om *o)/e( l*-u-e8 4/&le &* )/e /&-/e) )-e )/e(e (e )e(m o( 1o)/-(ee* *3 1lue, 1u) )/ee )e*3 )o 1e +o*ue3 4&)/ o*e *o)/e(. I) & &*)e(e)&*- )o *o)e

3



)/) )/e o(3e( &* 4/&+/ )/ee ou( )(&1e (e )/u l+e3, o* )/e -(ou*3 o )/e3eelome*) o )/e&( +olo( l*-u-e, +o((eo*3 4&)/ )/e o(3e( &* 4/&+/ )/e! 4oul31e l+e3 o* )/e -(ou*3 o )/e&( -e*e(l &*)elle+)ul *3 +ul)u(l 3e; elome*).

I) & &3 )/) )/e(e (e o)/e( (+e, u+/ )/e To3 o Sou)/e(* I*3&, 4/o /e o*l!)/(ee 3e&*&)e )e(m &* )/e&( +olo( o+1ul(!, &., )/oe o( (e3, 4/&)e *3 1l+, 4/&leo)/e( /e lo )e(m o( !ello4. T/e 1e*+e o 3e&*&)e )e(m o( 1lue, o* )/e o)/e(/*3, & e(! +ommo*. T/e l*-u-e 4/&+/ /e )/& +/(+)e(&)&+ e( )o ll &*)o)4o m&* +le8 )/oe 4/&+/, &* &4&, /e )/e me 4o(3 o( 1lue *3 1l+, *3)/oe 4/&+/ /e )/e me 4o(3 o( 1lue *3 -(ee*. T/e o(me( +l &*+lu3e )/el*-u-e o Ho *3 Bu/me*, 4ell o m*! Au)(l&* *3 Mel*e&* )(&1e.T/e e+o*3 -(ou +om(&e e(! l(-e *um1e( o l*-u-e, &*+lu3&*- o*e o *e(/ome Wel/, &* 4/&+/ )/e(e & o*l! o*e 4o(3, '-l,' o( 1o)/ -(ee* *3 1lue.

B! m*! (+e 4o(3 o( 1lue / 1ee* 1o((o4e3 (om ome o)/e( l*-u-e, 4)/e +e &* Mu((! Il*38 )/u m*! A(&+* (+e (e &3 )o ue )/e )e(m D(u,'

o1&oul! +o((u)&o* o )/e E*-l&/ 4o(38 &* Sou)/ Ame(&+ )/e S*&/ 4o(3 'ul'/ 1ee* 1o((o4e3, *3 )/e B)) o Sum)( /e 1o((o4e3 4o(3 1o)/ (om Du)+/*3 Ml!. T/e 4o(3 ue3 1! )/e G eole o )/e Gol3 Co) o( 1lue *3 o( &*3&-o &&3 )o me* l&)e(ll! 'ome)/&*- )/) mu) 1e le(*),' )/ee eole /&*- 1ee*)u-/) )/e ue o &*3&-o e&)/e( 1! Eu(oe* o( 1! o)/e( A(&+*.<

W/e* &* Ce!lo* I o1)&*e3 +olo( o+1ul(&e (om *um1e( o S&*-/lee *3 Tm&l,*3, )/ou-/ )/e )4o l*-u-e 3&e(e3 &* o)/e( (ee+), 1o)/ S&*-/lee *3 Tm&lue3 )/e 4o(3 '*&l' o( *&lm' o( 1lue, *3 )/& 4o(3, 4/&+/ & &3 )o 1e )/e me )/e *me o )/e (&e( N&le, & ou*3 4&3el! 3&)(&1u)e3 mo*- A&)&+ l*-u-e. T/e(&e( N&le / *o)/e( &*)e(e) &* +o**e+)&o* 4&)/ )/& e+ul&(&)! o +olo( l*-u-e.

We (e &* )/e /1&) o e&*- o )/e W/&)e N&le *3 )/e Blue N&le. T/e A(1&+ *meo( 1lue & '(-,' 4o(3 ue3 1! )/e mo3e(* E-!)&* o( 1lue *3 o( 3( +olo(-e*e(ll!. 'El B/( (-' (o11l! o(&-&*ll! me*) )/e 3( N&le, *3, 4/e* 4e eo )/e Blue N&le, 4e (e u&*- * e6(e&o* 4/&+/ & 1e3 uo* )/e (&m&)&e+o*u&o* 1e)4ee* 1lue *3 1l+.

M-*u / /o4* )/) )/ee 3ee+) &* +olo( *ome*+l)u(e e**o) 1e (ee((e3 )o )/eoe()! o l*-u-e. Some (+e, u+/ )/e ; &( *3 Bu)o o Sou)/ A(&+, 4/o/e *o 4o(3 o( 1lue, /e, *ee()/ele, e(! lo*- o+1ul(! o( )/e (&ou+olo( o o6e*. S&m&l(l!, )/e &(-/&e,) o Ce*)(l A&, /e m*! 3&e(e*) *me o()/e +olo( o /o(e,< )/ou-/ )/e! )e*3 )o +o*ue )/e 3e&-*)&o* o( -(ee* *3 1lue.

I /e /3 * oo()u*&)! o e6m&*&*- )/e +olo( &&o* o )/e E&mo 4/o /e l)el!1ee* &* Lo*3o*, *3 /e ou*3 )/) )/e&( l*-u-e (ee*) e(! )(&&*- +o*)())o )/) o )/e )(o&+l eole, )o 4/om m! (e&ou 4o( /3 1ee* l&m&)e3. T/e)e(m&*olo-! o( +olo( e( )o 1e e6)(emel! 4ell 3eeloe38 )/e(e (e 3e&*&)e*me o( (e3, !ello4, -(ee* *3 1lue, *3 mo3&&+)&o* o )/ee +olo( (e e6(ee31! me* o u&F6e o( 1! +omou*3&*- )4o *me8 )/u, 1! mo(e )/* o*e&*3&&3ul u(le 4 +lle3 'ulu))u*-l*-&; 2u,' ) 4/&+/ me* 1lu&/;(e3,4/&le &ole) 4 +lle3 ')u*-2u); ul*-&2u,' 4/&+/ me* (e33&/;1lue. T/&(e+o-*&)&o* o )/e +) )/) &ole) *3 u(le (e m&6)u(e o (e3 *3 1lue /o4 /&-/3e-(ee o 3e&*&)e*e &* )/e *ome*+l)u(e o 1o)/ +olo(. I /e o*l! me) 4&)/ o*e

4



o)/e( &*3&&3ul 4/o 1e/e3 &* &m&l( 4!, &., Tm&l, 4/o +lle3 u(le '&u;*&lm,' (e3;1lue.

A*o)/e( e+ul&(&)! 4/&+/ e( )o +/(+)e(&e e(! l(-e *um; 1e( o l*-u-e& )/e 1e*+e o 4o(3 o( 1(o4*. I* To((e S)(&) *)&e 4oul3 +ll o*e 1(o4* 1! *me me*&*- '(e33&/'8 *o)/e( 1(o4* 1! )/e me *me !ello4, 4/&le o)/e(4oul3 1e +lle3 3( o( -(!. I) 4 0u&)e +le( )/) )/e! /3 *o -e*e(&+ *me o(1(o4*. I* )/e Au)(l&* *3 Mel*e&* l*-u-e, I /e /3 )/e oo()u*&)! o)u3!&*-, 4ell &* Tm&l, S&*-/lee *3 E&mo, I /e &le3 )o &*3 *! 3e&*&)e)e(m o( 1(o4*, *3 )/e me 3ee+) & ou*3 &* Wel/ *3 &* m*! o)/e( l*-u-e.T/e 4o(3 -&e* o( 1(o4* &* m*! o+1ul(&e & o1&oul! )/e me 4o(3 )/)ue3 o( (e3 o( 3( o( -(!. T/e(e & l4! 3*-e( )/) o*e m! ++e), -e*e(&+*me o( 1(o4*, 4o(3 4/&+/ & o*l! *me o( e+&l 1(o4*. T/& 4 e(! 4ell/o4* &* M1u&-, 4/e(e 1(o4* 4ool 4e(e 1! ome *)&e +lle3 1! u+/ *me '4mu4&13-mul*-' $/o*e!; +om1 +olo(e3%, o( V13-mul*- $D(+e*

+olo(e3%, 1u) &) 4 0u&)e +e()&* )/) )/ee 4e(e *me ue3 1! +e()&* &*3&&3ul o(e+&l 1(o4* *3 4e(e &* *o e*e *me o( 1(o4* &* -e*e(l. S&m&l(l!, &* o)/e(l*-u-e &* 4/&+/ )/e(e & *o 4o(3 o( 1(o4* )/e(e m! 1e *me o( e+&l1(o4*, u+/ *me o( )/e +olo( o /o(e o( +))le, 1u) u+/ )e(m (e l&m&)e3 )o)/oe o12e+). We /e &* ou( o4* l*-u-e &m&l( e6mle &* )/e 4o(3 '1!' *3'3u*.'

T/e &3e o 1(o4* & o 3e&*&)e 4&)/ u )/) &) & u((&&*- )/) 4o(3 o( 1(o4*, *3(e*)l! )/e -e*e(&+ &3e o 1(o4*, /oul3 1e 1e*) (om o m*! l*-u-e. T/e+) & e(/ )/e mo(e )(*-e &* )/) )/e 4o(3 '1(o4*' 1e( e&3e*+e o /&*-(&e* &* * e(l! )-e o ou( l*-u-e, *3 & *o), l&e &ole) o( o(*-e, o1&oul! o

(e+e*) o(&-&*.T/e e+&l +/(+)e(&)&+ o (&m&)&e +olo( l*-u-e e(, )/e*, )o 1e )/eollo4&*- T/e e6&)e*+e o 3e&*&)e *me o( (e3, ome; )&me 4&)/ u1&3&(! *meo( /3e o (e38 3e&*&)e *me o( o(*-e *3 !ello48 &*3e&*&)e *ome*+l)u(e o(-(ee*8 1e*+e o 4o(3 o( 1lue, o( +o*u&o* o )/e )e(m o( 1lue *3 -(ee*, *31e*+e o 4o(3 o( 1(o4*, 1(o4* o12e+) 1e&*- +lle3 (e3, !ello4 o( 3(,++o(3&*- )o &) (e&l&*- +/(+)e(.

T/ee e)u(e +loel! (eem1le )/oe o Home( +olo( )e(m&*olo-!, Home( ueee(l 4o(3 o( (e3, $o&&, $o&&o-, &)o, eS; o5 *3 T&o)eo8 /e / 3e&*&)e 4o(3 o( !ello4, 3o-, * &*; 3e&*&)e 4o(3 o( -(ee*, 2A;)!o-8 *3 *o 4o(3

o( 1lue. T4o 4o(3 4/&+/ l)e( +me )o me* 1lue, !o- *3 (eoK8 4e(e ue31! Home(, 1u) &) +* *o) 1e &3 )/) )/e )e(m me* mo(e )/* 'l&-/)' *3 '3('(ee+)&el!. T/e(e eem *o4 )o 1e l&))le 3ou1) )/& ; '!o, )/e u1)*+e, 4'l& lul& *3 lo * &m&))&o* o )/& u1)*+e m3e 1! +olo(&*- -l )e4&)/ l) o +oe(, 1u) eo & *o) ue3 1! Home( * e&)/e) o( *!3&)&*+)&el! 1lue o12e+) $e6+e) o%, 4/&le &) & ue3 o( e(e+)l! 1l+-(me*).< T/e u1)*+e, o & lo 0ul&&e3 &* o*e l+e, ) &e-.

T/e(e e(, lo, )o 1e *o 4o(3 o( 1(o4* &* Home(, 1u) 1(o4* o( 1(o4*&/ o12e+)(e 0ul&&e3 1! )/e me 32e+)&e 4/&+/ (e ue3 o( (e3, )/u $o&& & ue3 o()/e +olo( o /o(e, *3 02o&o- & l&e3 )o 2+l @ *3 )/e &* o l&o*. II

5



T/e (eem1l*+e & o )(&&*- )/) )/e +o*+lu&o* eem &((e&)&1le )/) 4e /e )o3o &* Home( 4&)/ +olo( o+1ul(! &* )/e me e(l! )-e o 3eelome*) 4/&+/ &ou*3 mo*- m*! (&m&)&e (+e ) )/e (ee*) 3!. I*3ee3, o*e m&-/) lmo) -o o( )o ! )/) Home&;' )e(m&*olo-! o( +olo( & &* )-e o 3eelome*) 4/&+/ &

o* mu+/ )/e me leel )/) o &4&, *3 3&)&*+)l! le 3eeloe3 )/* )/oe oMu((! Il*3 *3 M1u&-.

?(om )/e *)u(e o )/e 3ee+) o l*-u-e, &) / 1ee* +o*+lu3e3 )/) )/e +olo( e*eo 1o)/ *+&e*) *3 e6&)&*- (&m&)&e (+e & &* ome 4! 3ee+)&e. T/e *e6) )-e &*)/e &*0u&(! & )o &*e)&-)e )/e +olo( e*e o ome e6&)&*- eole, *3 )/& I /e1ee* 1le )o 3o mo) )&+)o(&l! &* Mu*;! Il*3. I )e)e3 1ou) "5# *)&e o )/&&l*3 4&)/ Holm-(e*' 4ool o( +olo(;1l&*3*e, *3 &le3 )o &*3 o*e +e &* 4/&+/)/e(e 4 *! +o*u&o* 1e)4ee* (e3 *3 -(ee*, )/e +ommo* o(m o )/e 3ee+) &*+&&l&e3 +ou*)(&e. S&*+e (e3;-(ee* 1l&*3*e e6&) &* 1ou) e( +e*), o )/e mleoul)&o* o Eu(oe, o*e m! +o*+lu3e )/) )/& o(m o 3ee+)&e +olo( e*e 4

e&)/e( 1e*) o( 4 mu+/ ((e( )/* 4&)/ u. I lo &le3 )o &*3 +e o +olo(;1l&*3*e &* &4& *3 M1u&- *3 mo*- )/e Au)(l&* 1o(&-&*e, l)/ou-/ I me)4&)/ )/(ee 4ell;m(e3 +e o (e3;-(ee* 1l&*3*e mo*- e&-/) *)&e o )/e Il*3o L&u, &* )/e Lo!l)! G(ou.

A (e-(3 o)/e( +olo(, l&o4ee(, )/e +e 4 3&e(e*)8 1lue *3 -(ee* 4e(e+o*)*)l! +o*ue3, *3 lo 1lue *3 &ole). E&)/e( o4&*- )o l+ o &*)e(e) o( )oome +)ul 3e&+&e*+! &* +olo( e*e, )/e(e 4 3&)&*+) )e*3e*+! )o +o*ue )/oe+olo( o( 4/&+/ )/e&( )e(m&*olo-! M' 3e&+&e*). I /e lo ou*3 )/& )e*3e*+! )o+o*ue -(ee* *3 1lue &* ee(l o)/e( (+e.

T/e 1e/&o( o )/e eole &* -&&*- *me )o +olo( lo o&*)e3 (e0ue*)l! &* )/e

me 3&(e+)&o*. I /e l(e3! me*)&o*e3 )/) &* M1u&- )/e(e 4 -(e) )e*3e*+!)o &*e*) *me o( e+&l +olo(8 o* o*e o++&o* m*, 4/o eeme3 )o /e e+&l +ul)! &* )/& 3&(e+)&o*,; -e me )/e *me o( 1(&-/) 1lue 4ool'&3&&(&3-mul*-,' 4/&+/ me*) )/e +olo( o )/e 4)e( &* 4/&+/ m*-(oe /oo) /31ee* 4/e3 )o me '1&&u,' * ()&+le o oo3. I* )/& +e )/e(e 4 3el&1e()e+om(&o* o 1(&-/) 1lue 4&)/ 3&()! 4)e(, *3 I (e; 0ue*)l! +me +(o o)/e(&*)*+e o )/e &*3, 4/&+/ eeme3 lmo) &*e6l&+1le, & 1lue 4e(e *o) )o )/ee*)&e 3ulle( *3 3(e( +olo( )/* &) & )o u.

T/& &e4 4 +o*&(me3 1! 0u*)&))&e o1e()&o*, m3e 4&)/ Lo&1o*3'T&*)ome)e(, 4/&+/ /3 1ee* &*3l! le*) )o )/e e6e3&)&o* 1! M(. Lo&1o*3. W/e* )/e

*)&e looe3 &*)o )/& ()u /e 4; )4o 0u(e )+/e o l&-/), e&)/e( o 4/&+/+oul3 1e +olo(e3 &* *! &*)e*&)! o (e3, !ello4 o( 1lue 1! me* o 3el&+)el!;-(3e3e(&e o -le o )/oe +olo(. T/e ')/(e/ol3' o( e+/ +olo( 4 )/e* 3e; )e(m&*e31! &*3&*- )/e mo) &*)l! +olo(e3 -l 4/&+/ )/e *)&e +oul3 (e+o-*&e *3 *me+o((e+)l!. T/e (eul) /o4e3 )/) )/e *; )&e (e+o-*&e3 e(! &*) (e3, mo(e(o*ou*+e3 !ello4, *3 o*l! (e+o-*&e3 1lue 4/e* o +o*&3e(1le &*)e*&)!. S&m&l(o1e()&o* m3e o* e(&e o E*-l&/me* /o4e3 -(e)e) e*&)&e*e )o !ello4*3 ome4/) le )o (e3 *3 1lue. T/e (eul) m! 1e -&e* mo(e 3e&*&)el! &* M(.Lo&1o*3' u*&) o +olo(8 &* Mu((! Il*3, (e3 4 e(+e&e3 o* )/e e(-e ) ."7u*&), !ello4 ) .= *3 1lue ) .# 4/&le )/e e(-e (eul) o( )/e E*-l&/ o1e(e(4e(e .", .# *3 . (ee+)&el!. T/ee &-u(e 3o *o) /o4 *!)/&*- (o+/&*-

6



1lue 1l&*3*e, 1u) )/e! 3o /o4 (el)&e &*e*&)&e*e )o 1lue &* )/e Mu((!Il*3e(, +om(e3 4&)/ )/e Eu(oe*. T/e o(me( e( *lo )o 1e (el)&el!mo(e e*&)&e )o (e3.

A*o)/e( me)/o3 o &*e)&-)&*- )/e u12e+) 0u*)&))&el! 4/&+/ I emlo!e3 4 )o3e)e(m&*e )/e 3&)*+e ) 4/&+/ mll o) o 3&; e(e*) +olo( +oul3 1e (e+o-*&e3. Iou*3 &* Mu((! Il*3 )/) *)&e +oul3 ee (e3 o) mm. 0u(e ) oe( #me)e(, 4/&le 1lue o) o )/e me &e 4 +o*ue3 4&)/ 1l+ ) ee* o( me)e(. Eu(oe*, /o4ee(, lo (e+o-*&e3 (e3 ) mu+/ -(e)e( 3&)*+e )/* 1lue,*3 I /e *o) ) (ee*) u&+&e*) +om()&e 3) )o e*1le me )o ! )/) )/e(e &*! m(e3 3&e(e*+e 1e)4ee* )/e Mu((! Il*3e( *3 )/e Eu(oe* &* )/& (ee+).

T/ee (eul) 3o *o) /o4 )/) )/ee &l*3e( (e 1lue 1l&*3, 1u) )/e! 3o /o4 &(l!+o*+lu&el! )/) )/e! /e +e()&* 3e-(ee o &*e*&)&e*e )o )/& +olo(, +om(e3 4&)/ Eu(oe*. We /e, &* +), +e &* 4/&+/ 3e&+&e*+! &* +olo(l*-u-e & o+&)e3 4&)/ +o((eo*3&*- 3ee+) &* +olo( e*e.

O* )/e 0ue)&o* o )/e +ue o )/& &*e*&)&e*e )/e(e & (oom o( 3&e(e*+e oo&*&o*. I) &, o +ou(e, o&1le )/) )/e &*e*&; )&e*e m! 1e (e*) o*l! *3m! 1e me(el! 3ue )o l+ o &*; )e(e), 1u) )/e(e &, I )/&*, l&))le 3ou1) )/) &) 3ee*3o* /!&olo-&+l +o*3&)&o* o ome &*3.

T/e Mu((! Il*3e( 3&e( (om )/e E*-l&/m* &* )4o &mo()*) (ee+)8 /e &mo(e (&m&)&e *3 /e & mo(e &-me*)e3, *3 /& &*e*; &)&e*e )o 1lue m! e&)/e(1e u*+)&o* o /& (&m&)&e*e o( o /& &-me*))&o*. I* o)/e( 4o(3, &) & o&1le)/) /& &*e*&)&e*e m! 3ee*3 o* )/e l+ o 3eelome*) o ome /!&olo-&+lu1)*+e o( me+/*&m, 4/&+/ +) )/e 1& o )/e e*)&o* 1lue &* ou(; ele,

o( &) m! o*l! 3ee*3 o* )/e +) )/) )/e (e)&* o )/e >u* & mo(e )(o*-l!&-me*)e3 )/* )/) o )/e Eu(oe*. T/e(e & ome (eo* )o )/&* )/) )/& l))e(+)o( & )/e mo(e &mo()*). We *o4 )/) )/e m+ul lu)e &* )/e (e)&*, 4/&+/+o*)&* )/e (e-&o* o mo) 3&)&*+) &&o*, & &-me*)e3, *3 )/) +o*e0ue*+e o)/e (e33&/; !ello4 +olo( o &) &-me*), 1lue *3 -(ee* (! (e mo(e )(o*-l! 1;o(1e3 )/* (e3 *3 !ello48 4e /e (eo* )o 1el&ee u()/e( )/) )/e m+ul o 3((+e & mo(e &-me*)e3 )/* )/) o ou(ele.

T/e +o*e0ue*+e 4oul3 1e )/), &* 3( (+e, 1lue *3 -(ee* 4oul3 1e mo(e )(o*-l!1o(1e3, *3 +o*e0ue*)l! )/e(e 4oul3 1e +e()&* 3e-(ee o &*e*&)&e*e )o)/ee +olo(, +om(e3 4&)/ (e3 *3 !ello4. I* )/e o1e()&o* m3e 4&)/ )/e)&*)ome)e(, )/e )+/e o +olo( 4e(e o mll )/) o*l! )/e m+ul 4oul3 /e 1ee*)&mul)e3. T/e (o11&l&)! )/) )/e &*e*&)&e*e )o 1lue 3ee*3e3, ) *! ()e()&ll!, o* )/e &-me*))&o* o )/e m+ul lu)e & &*+(ee3 1! )/e +) )/) )/e*)&e 4e(e 1le )o (e+o-*&e 1lue (e3&l! o* )/e e(&; /e(l (e)&*.

I) 4oul3, o +ou(e, 1e 4(o*- )o me *! 4&3e -e*e(l&)&o* o* )/e 1& o )/eeo1e()&o*. O*e 4oul3 *o) 1e 2u)&&e3 &* 3&(e+)l! l!&*- )/e +o*+lu&o* ((&e3 )&* )/e +e o Mu((! Il*3 )o ll e6&)&*- (+e 4/oe +olo( *ome*+l)u(e &3ee+)&e, *3 )&ll le o &* l!&*- )/em 3&(e+)l! )o )/e (+e o )/e ).ISTee()/eleS2 )/e +) (em&* )/), &* )/e o*l! (+e 4/&+/ / 1ee* &*e)&-)e34&)/ *! 3e-(ee o +omle)e*e,< )/e +/(+)e(&)&+ 3ee+) &* +olo( l*-u-e / 1ee*ou*3 )o 1e o+&)e3 4&)/ +o((eo*3&*- 3ee+) &* +olo( e*e.

7



T/e(e (e o)/e( ou(+e (om 4/&+/ e&3e*+e o* )/e eolu)&o* o )/e +olo( e*e &*m* m! 1e 3e(&e3. I) / l(e3! 1ee* me*)&o*e3 )/) ) * e(l! )-e &* )/e+o*)(oe(! )/e e&3e*+e o *+&e*) mo*u; me*) 4 1(ou-/) o(4(3 -&*) )/e&e4 o Gl3)o*e *3 Ge&-e(. I) 4 o&*)e3 ou) )/), lo*- 1eo(e )/e )&me o Home(,

-(ee* *3 1lue &-me*) 4e(e ue3 &* E-2()&* +ul)u(e *3 3e+o()&o*. I* )/eBe(l&* Mueum )/e(e & le))e 4&)/ ee* 3e(e&o*, 4/&+/ e( )o /e 1ee*ue3 o( ee* +olo(, 4/&)e, 1l+, (e3, !ello4, -(ee*, 1(&-/) 1lue *3 3( +olo(4/&+/ m! /e 1ee* e&)/e( 1lue o( 1(o4*. I*3ee3, 1lue e( )o /e 1ee* )/e(e3om&**) +olo( o E-!)&* o))e(!, *3 1lue *3 -(ee* 1e3 /e 1ee* ou*3 &*)/e -(e o )/e (e/&)o(&+ E-!)&* (+e. G(ee* *3 1lue e( lo )o /e 1ee*ue3 &* )/e 3e+o()&o* o )/e *+&e*) A!(&* *3 C/l3e*. G(ee (+/&)e+)u(e /lo 1ee* o&m3 &* T/e(, T&(!* *3 M!+e*e o 3)e e(l&e( )/* )/) o Home(, &*4/&+/ )/e +olo( ue3 &*+lu3e 1lue.

M(. Be*!, o Sm!(*, / (e+e*)l! +olle+)e3) )/e e&3e*+e 3e; (&e3 (om )/e

+olo()&o* o *+&e*) mo*ume*), *3 1el&ee )/) &) 3e+&&el! 3&(oe )/ee6&)e*+e o *! 3ee+) o +olo( &&o* o )/e *+&e*) E-!)&* *3 G(ee. T4o+o*&3e()&o* mu), /o4ee(, 1e 1o(*e &* m&*3 4/e* 3el&*- 4&)/ e&3e*+e o )/&&*3. I* )/e &() l+e, &) m! 1e +o*+e3e3 )/) )/e mo*ume*) o )/e E-!)&* /o4)/) )/ee eole /3 e(e+)l! 3eeloe3 +olo( e*e, *3 !e) )/e +olo( e*e o )/eG(ee o*e )/ou*3 !e( o( mo(e l)e( m! /e 1ee* 3ee+)&e. Ju) 4e &*33&e(e*) (+e ) )/e (ee*) 3! &* 3&e(e*) )-e o eolu)&o* (e-(3 +olo(, o &)m! /e 1ee* )/(ee o( ou( )/ou*3 !e( -o. T/e ))e o )/e +olo( e*e o )/eE-!)&* / *o 3&(e+) 1e(&*- o* )/) o )/e G(ee. I) & o&*) o &*)e(e) )/) )/e/&-/ 3eelome*) o )/e +olo( e*e &* )/e *+&e*) E-!)&*, /o4* 1! )/e&(3e+o()&o*, e( )o /e 1ee* ++om*&e3 1! +o((eo*3&*- 3eelome*) o

l*-u-e, o( &) & ))e3) )/) &* )/e *+&e*) E-!)&* l*-u-e )/e(e 4e(e )4o 4o(3o( -(ee* *3 o*e o( 1lue.

T/e o)/e( +o*&3e()&o*, )o 4/&+/, &* m! o&*&o*, u&+&e*) ))e*; )&o* / *o) 1ee*&3, & 4/e)/e( )/e (&ou +olo( (e ue3 (o; (&)el!. To (oe )/e e6&)e*+e o 4ell;3eeloe3 +olo( e*e (om mo*ume*), &) & *o) e*ou-/ )o /o4 )/) +e()&*+olo( 4e(e ue38 &) mu) 1e /o4* )/) )/e! 4e(e ue3 (o(&)el!. Ee* &* )/e +eo E-!)&* (), o*e (e3 o ))ue o /um* &-u(e 4&)/ 1lue /&(, *3 &* )/e +e oe(l! G(ee (), )/e &*(o(&)e ue o o*e +olo(, 1lue e( )o /e 1ee* e(!+ommo*.

I m &*o(me3 1! M(. E. E. S&e, )o 4/om I m -l3 o )/& oo()u*&)! o e6(e&*-m! )/* o( mu+/ &*3 3&+e, )/) &* )/e A+(ool& ) A)/e*, u+/ e6mle o+olo()&o* (e )o 1e ee* 1lue 1ull, 1lue /o(e, m* 4&)/ 1lue /&(, 1e(3 *3mu)+/e, )/ee (o11l! 3)&*- (om ## B. C, +e()&*l! l)e( )/* )/e )&me oHome(.< W/e* u+/ e6mle o e++e*)(&+ +olo()&o* &* 1lue (e ou*3 o+&)e3 4&)/)/e 3ee+) &* *ome*+l)u(e o( )/e me +olo(, &) & 3&&+ul) )o 1el&ee )/) )/e e*e o()/& +olo( +* /e 1ee* /&-/l! 3eeloe3 &* )/oe )&me &) & mo*- +&&l&e3(+e ) )/e (ee*) 3!. T/e 4/ole u12e+) o )/e ue o +olo( &* *+&e*) mo*ume*),&* &) 1e(&*- o* +olo( &&o*, (e0u&(e mo(e )/o(ou-/ &*e)&-)&o* )/* &) //&)/e()o (e+e&e3.

A*o)/e( l&*e o o12e+)&o* )o )/e &e4 o Gl3)o*e *3 Ge&-e(, 4/&+/ / l(e3! 1ee*

8



me*)&o*e3 /&*- 1ee* )e* u 1! G(*) Alle*, & 3e(&e3 (om )/e /&-/ 3e-(ee o3eelome*) o )/e +olo( e*e &* m*! o )/e lo4e( *&ml, *3 ee+&ll! &* &*e+)*3 1&(3. To m*! o )/oe 4/o /e )e* () &* )/e +o*)(oe(!, )/& o1; 2e+)&o*e( )o /e 1ee* (e-(3e3 +o*+lu&e. A 4ell;3eeloe3 +olo( e*e &* *! o*e

1(*+/ o )/e *&ml &*-3om 3oe *o), /o4; ee(, *e+e(&l! &ml! )/e e6&)e*+e o)/e me &* o)/e(, ee* & /&-/e(, o(m. We /e m*! &*)*+e o )/e &*3ee*3e*)3eelome*) o +loel! &m&l( me+/*&m &* e(! 4&3el! e()e3 1(*+/e o )/e*&ml &*-3om, *3 )/e(e & *o)/&*- &m(o11le &* )/e &e4 )/) )/& m! /e 1ee*o &* )/e +e o )/e +olo( e*e. I )/e +olo( e*e 4e(e ou*3 )o 1e /&-/l! 3eeloe3&* mmml, )/e +) 4oul3 *)u(ll! /e +loe( 1e(&*- o* )/e +olo( e*e o m*)/* / )/e (ee*+e o &m&l( 3eelome*) &* 1&(3. T/e e&3e*+e, /o4ee(, ou+/ 3eelo; me*) &* mmml & e(! 3ee+)&e. G(1e(,) 4/o / +((&e3 ou) )/emo) +om(e/e*&e &*e)&-)&o* o )/e +olo( e*e &* 3&e(e*) 1(*+/e o )/e*&ml &*-3om, o1)&*e3 mu+/ le 3e&*&)e e&3e*+e (om mmml )/* (om o)/e(*&ml, *3 l)o-e)/e( &le3 )o o1)&* e&3e*+e &* )/e +e o ome e+&e. A-&*, &)/e *)/(oo&3 e 4e(e ou*3 )o /e 4ell;3eeloe3 +olo( e*e, )/e +) 4oul3/e )&ll +loe( 1e(&*- o* )/e +o*3&)&o* o (&m&)&e m*, 1u) /e(e -&* )/e +*)!e&3e*+e & *e-)&e. T/e o*l! e6e(&me*)l &*e)&-)&o* 4&)/ 4/&+/ I m +0u&*)e3& )/) m3e 1! Rom*e< o* )/e +/&m; *ee 'Sl&! &* )/e :oolo-&+l G(3e*. A)e(/&*- u++eull! )u-/) )/& *&ml )o (e+o-*&e *um1e(, Rom*e (o+ee3e3 )ol! &m&l( me)/o3 )o )e+/ /e( +olo(, 1u) 4/oll! 4&)/ou) u++e, *3 /e 4o1l&-e3 )o +o*+lu3e )/) )/e *&ml 4 (o11l! +olo(;1l&*3. I) m! 1e o12e+)e3 )/))/e 1(&ll&*) +olo()&o* o )/e m*3(&ll *3 o)/e( e+&e o&*) )o )/e e6&)e*+e o +olo( e*e &* )/e (&m)e, 1u) l&))le 4e&-/) +* 1e ))+/e3 )o u+/ &*3&(e+) e&3e*+e&* )/e 1; e*+e o e6e(&me*)l &*e)&-)&o*.

A*o)/e( u12e+) 4/&+/ / ome 1e(&*- o* )/e 0ue)&o* & )/) o )/e +olo( e*e o)/e /um* +/&l3. I) & *o4 mo(e o( le +; +e)e3 (&*+&le &* 1&olo-! )/) )/e/&)o(! o )/e &*3&&3ul (ee*) )/e me )-e o 3eelome*) /e o++u((e3 &*)/e /&)o(! o )/e (+e. D(4&* ) 4 )/e &() )o o&*) ou) )/) )/e o4e( o 3&;)&*-u&/&*- +olo( & e(! l)e ++oml&/me*) &* +/&l3/oo38 /e ou*3 )/) /&+/&l3(e* 4e(e u*1le )o *me +olo( +o((e+)l! ) * -e &* 4/&+/ )/e! *e4 )/e *meo ll m&l&( o12e+). T/& u12e+) / &*+e 1ee* )/e u12e+) o mu+/ &*e)&-)&o*,)/e mo) &mo()*) 4o( /&*- 1ee* 3o*e 1! )/e l)e >(oeo( >(e!e( ) *3 1!G(Mu&. @ >(e!e( m3e e(! l(-e *um1e( o &*e)&-)&o* o* o*e +/&l3, 4/&leG(1&*& / 1e3 /& (eul) uo* )/e o1e()&o* o *o le )/* ## +/&l3(e*. Bo)/

-(ee &* )/e +o*+lu&o* )/) )/e +/&l3 & u*1le )o 3&)&*-u&/ +olo( ) ll )&ll )o4(3)/e e*3 o )/e e+o*3 !e(, *3 )/e! lo -(ee )/) (e3 & 3&)&*-u&/e3 *3 *me3+o((e+)l! ) * e(l&e( -e )/* 1lue, l)/ou-/ )/e(e & ome 3&e(e*+e o o&*&o* )o)/e e6+) o(3e( o 3eelome*) o o)/e( +olo(. G(1&*& o&*) ou) u()/e( )/) )/eo4e( o 3&)&*-u&/&*- +olo( 3eelo e(l&e( )/* )/e o4e( o *m&*- +olo(,l*-u-e e(&*- )o l- 1e/&*3 e*e. I *! &mo()*+e & )o 1e ))+/e3 )o )/e1e(&*- o )/e /&)o(! o )/e +/&l3 o* )/e /&)o(! o )/e (+e, )/e e&3e*+e (om+/&l3/oo3 & &* o( o )/e &e4 )/) )/e +olo( e*e o m* & +om()&el! (e+e*)+0u&(eme*).

W/)ee( (oom o( 3&e(e*+e o o&*&o* )/e(e m! 1e o* )/e 0ue; )&o* o )/e

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eolu)&o* o )/e +olo( e*e, )/e(e +* 1e *o 3ou1) )/) )/e(e / 1ee* * eolu)&o* o+olo( l*-u-e. T/e o&1&l&)! )/) )/e +ou(e o )/& eolu)&o* / 1ee* 3e)e(m&*e31! /!&olo-&+l +o*3&)&o* / 1ee* +o*&3e(e3, 1u) )/e(e +*, I )/&*, 1e l&))le 3ou1))/) )/ee /e *o) 1ee* )/e o*l! +)o( uo* 4/&+/ )/e +/(+)e(&)&+ 3ee+) o

l*-u-e /e 3ee*3e3. T/e 3e&+&e*+! &* )/e e*e o( 1lue, 4/&+/ I ou*3 &* To((eS)(&), & o*l! ()&l *3 +* *o) 4/oll! ++ou*) o( )/e 1e*+e o 4o(3 o( )/)+olo(. Ee* )o )/oe 4&)/ *o(ml e*&)&e*e )o 1lue, I )/&*, )/e(e & *o 3ou1) )/))/e(e & +loe( (eem1l*+e 1e)4ee* 1lue *3 1l+ *3 1e)4ee* -(ee* *3 1l+)/* 1e)4ee* (e3 *3 1l+, *3 )/& 3&e(e*+e &* )/e 3e-(ee o &m&l(&)! 1e)4ee* )/e3&e(e*) e*)&o* o +olo( *3 )/) o 1l+*e m! ++ou*) &* ome meu(e o()/e 3&e(e*+e &* )/e 3e&*&)e*e o *ome*; +l)u(e.

I) & +/(+)e(&)&+ o )/e l*-u-e o (&m&)&e (+e )o /e e+&l *me o( ee(!*)u(l o12e+), *3 o)e* o( e(! m*! &*3&; &3ul () o *)u(l o12e+). I )/e-e / o*e *me o( o*e 1lue lo4e( *3 *o)/e( *me o( *o)/e(, *3 o o*, /e

4&ll *o) (e0u&(e *me o( )/e 1)(+) 0ul&)! o 1lue*e. I) & o&1le )/) /e o*l!1e-&* )o (e0u&(e *me o( +olo( 4/e* /e 1e-&* )o ue &-; me*). I )/& 1e )/e+e, &) m! /el )o e6l&* )/e e(l&e( 3eelo; me*) o *me o( (e3 *3 !ello4, o(&* m*! () o )/e 4o(l3 &-; me*) o )/ee +olo( (e 1! ( )/e mo) +ommo*. I*To((e S)(&) )/e(e 4e(e 1o)/ (e3 *3 !ello4 &-me*), 1u) *o -(ee* &-me*), *3 )/e*e(e) (o+/ )o 1lue &-me*) 4 l)e;+olo(e3 /le, *3 )/e(e e( )o 1em*! () o )/e 4o(l3 4/e(e 1lue &-me*) & 4/oll! 1e*). >(o11l! )/e mo)4&3el! 3&)(&1u)e3 1lue &-me*) & &*3&-o, *3 I /e e*3eo(e3 )o +e()&* 4/e)/e()/oe (+e 4/&+/ (e m&l&( 4&)/ &*3&-o /e 4o(3 o( 1lue, 1u) )/e e&3e*+e I/e ) (ee*) & )oo +*)! )o llo4 me )o e6(e * o&*&o* o* )/& o&*). I) &(o11le, /o4ee(, )/) )/e 3&)(&1u)&o* o &-me*) / /ele3 )o 3e)e(m&*e )/e

+/(+)e(&)&+ e)u(e o (&m&)&e +olo( *ome*; +l)u(e, )/e -(e)e( (e0ue*+! o (e3*3 !ello4 &-me*) 1e&*- (o1; 1l! o*e o )/e +)o( 4/&+/ ++ou*) o( )/e mo(e3e&*&)e *ome*; +l)u(e o( )/oe +olo(.

A*o)/e( +)o(, 4/&+/ m! /e 1ee* o &mo()*+e, & )/e 1; e*+e &* )/e -e o* e)/e)&+ &*)e(e) &* *)u(e. T/e 1lue o )/e !, )/e -(ee* *3 1lue o )/e e *3)/e -e*e(l -(ee* +olo( o e-e))&o* 3o *o) e( )o &*)e(e) /&m. I) &, /o4ee(,o&1le )/) )/e ! *3 e 3o *o) &*)e(e) )/e -e, o( &*)e(e) /&m le )/* )/e+&&l&e3 m*, 1e+ue )/e&( +olo( (e le 1(&ll&*) )/* )/e! (e )o u, *3+o*e0ue*)l! )/& +)o( & *o) o*e o* 4/&+/ mu+/ )(e +* 1e l&3.

T/e 4&3e(e3 3ee+) &* )/e *ome*+l)u(e o( 1lue & (e*3e(e3 mo(e )(&&*- 1! )/e+) )/) *me o( (e3 & u*&e(ll! (ee*) &* (&m&)&e l*-u-e, 4/&le &* m*!l*-u-e, &* )/) o Mu((! Il*3, (&ou /3e o (e3 (e *o) o*l!3&+(&m&*)e3, 1u) lo (e; +e&e e+&l *me. I* )/e e6e(&me*) m3e &* To((eS)(&) &) eeme3 )o me ;)/) )/& 3e&*&)e*e &* )/e *ome*+l)u(e o( (e3 4o+&)e3 4&)/ /&-/ 3e-(ee o e*&)&e*e )o )/& +olo(, (e*)l! -(e)e( )/*)/) o )/e e(-e Eu(oe*. I lo ou*3, 1o)/ 1! o1e()&o* o )/e&( +lo)/&*- *3 1!3&(e+) 0ue)&o*&*-, )/) (e3 4 )/e o(&)e +olo( o )/ee eole. I* (e3&*- ++ou*)o (&m&)&e m*, o*e +* *o) /el 1e&*- )(u+ 1! )/e -(e) (e3om&**+e o (e3 &*)/e 3e+o()&o* o )/e&( /oue, 4eo* *3 &mleme*). T/& (e3om&**+e m!()l! 1e 3ue )o )/e )(&&*- *)u(e o )/e +olo( *3 lo )o )/e (ele*+e o (e3

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&-me*), 1u) &) eem o&1le )/) &) m! lo 1e +o**e+)e3 4&)/ )/e +) )/) (e3 &)/e +olo( o 1loo3. M*! -e (+e e( )o 1e &* ))e o +o*)*) 4((e, *3&* )/e (el&-&ou (&)e *3 +e(emo*&e o *e(l! ll (&m&)&e (+e 1loo3 ! -(e)().

T/e u--e)&o* m! ee* 1e /(3e3 )/) )/e e(l&e) ue )o 4/&+/ (e3 &-me*)4e(e u) 4 )o me( )/e 1o3! &* )/e 4(;3*+e, )o &m&))e )/e 1loo3;)&*e3 &+)o(,<o( )o (el+e 1loo3 &* )/e (&ou +e(emo*&e o 4/&+/ &) o o)e* o(m * ee*)&le)u(e. I* /& 'Le-e*3 o >e(eu " M(. H()l*3 / +olle+)e3 *um1e( o &*)*+e&* 4/&+/ &) & e(e+)l! o1&ou )/) e(m&l&o* o( o)/e( (e3 &-me*) / 1ee* ue3 &*)/e l+e o 1loo3. Bo)/ &* Mu((! Il*3 *3 M1u&- )/e +/&e 4o(3 o( (e3 4e(e3e(&e3 (om )/e *me o( 1loo3, *3 )/& 3e(&)&o* & ou*3 &* m*! l*-u-e,&*+lu3&*- ou( o4*. To 4/)ee( +ue &) m! 1e 3ue, )/e(e & *o 3ou1) )/) (e3 & )/emo) &mo()*) +olo( &* )/e l&e o )/e -e, *3 &) & *)u(l )/) )/e (e3om&**)+olo( /oul3 lo 1e )/) 4/&+/ / )/e mo) 3e&*&)e *me.

T/e m&* +o*+lu&o* m! 1e umme3 u ollo4 T/e l*-u-e ue3 o( +olo( &**+&e*) 4(&)&*- /o4 +/(+)e(&)&+ 3ee+), (om 4/&+/ &) / 1ee* +o*+lu3e3 )/))/e +olo( e*e o *+&e*) (+e 4 lo 3ee+)&e.

E6&)&*- (&m&)&e (+e -(ee &* /o4&*- )/e me 3ee+) o +olo( l*-u-e & ou*3&* *+&e*) 4(&)&*-, *3, &* ) le) o*e u+/ (+e, )/e(e / 1ee* ou*3 )o 1e +o((eo*3&*- 3ee+) &* +olo( e*e, +o*; &)&*- &* +e()&* 3e-(ee o &*e*&)&e*e)o )/oe +olo( o( 4/&+/ )/e *ome*+l)u(e & 3ee+)&e.

E&3e*+e, 3e(&e3 (om *+&e*) mo*ume*) *3 (om )/e +olo( &&o* o *&ml,4/&+/ / 1ee* /el3 )o 3&(oe )/e e6&)e*+e o *! 3ee+) &* )/e +olo( e*e o )/e

*+&e*), e( )o 1e &*+o*; +lu&e, *3 &&-/), &*3ee3, 1e /el3 )o uo() )/e &e44/&+/ /e 1ee* 3e(&e3 (om )/e )u3! o l*-u-e.

T/e o1e()&o* m3e o* )/e +olo( &&o* o +/&l3/oo3 m! 1e (e-(3e3 &*3&(e+)e&3e*+e )/) +olo( &&o* / 1ee* +om()&el! (e+e*) +0u&(eme*) o )/e /um*(+e.

I* 33&)&o* )o o&1le /!&olo-&+l +o*3&)&o* )/e(e (e +e()&* o)/e( +)o( 4/&+/m! /e )e* () &* )/e (o3u+)&o* o )/e +/(+)e(&)&+ e)u(e o (&m&)&e +olo(l*-u-e.

O* )/e mo(e e+&l 0ue)&o* o )/e +olo( e*e o Home(, I 1el&ee )/) Gl3)o*e *3Ge&-e( 4e*) )oo (. T/e e&3e*+e eem )o me )o u--e) o*e o )4o o&1&l&)&e. I) &

o&1le )/) )o )/e G(ee o )/e )&me o Home( -(ee* *3 1lue 4e(e le 3e&*&)e,o&1l! 3ulle( *3 3(e( +olo( )/* )/e! (e )o u. I) &, /o4ee(, o&1le )/) )/el*-u-e ue3 1! Home( 4 o*l! (el&+ o * e(l&e( 3ee+) o )/& &*3, )/e 3ee+) o*ome*+l)u(e e(&)&*- )e( )/e +olo( e*e /3 1e+ome +omle)el! 3eeloe3,l*-u-e l--&*- 1e/&*3 e*e &* )/e (+e, &) e( )o 3o &* )/e +/&l3. A++o(3&*- )o)/e l))e( &e4, )/e 3ee+)&e )e(m&*olo-! o Home( 4oul3 1e /e*ome*o* o )/eme o(3e( )/e 1e*+e o 4o(3 o( 1lue &* u+/ l*-u-e Wel/, C/&*ee *3He1(e4 ) )/e (ee*) 3!. I) 4oul3 *o) *e+; e(&l! /o4 )/e +)ul e6&)e*+e o 3ee+)&e +olo( e*e, 1u) 4oul3 u--e) )/) ) ome e(l&e( )-e o +ul)u(e )/e(e /31ee* 3ee+)&e e*&)&e*e o( +e()&* +olo(.

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T/e e&3e*+e 3e(&e3 (om oe)(! *3 () mu) l4! 1e &* ome 3e-(eeu*)&+)o(!, o4&*- )o )/e -(e) () 4/&+/ +o*e*)&o* l! &* )/ee (o3u+)&o* o)/e /um* m&*3. S)&ll, ee(! +o*e*)&o* mu) /e /3 )()&*- o&*), *3 )/ou-/, &*ome +e, &) & o&1le )/) +o*&3e()&o* o )e+/*&0ue< m! /e o(&-&*)e3 )/e

+o*e*)&o*l ue o +olo(, &) eem mo(e (o11le )/) )/e (e3om&**+e o (e3 *33e&+&e*+! o 1lue, 1o)/ &* )/e +olo( l*-u-e *3 &* )/e 3e+o()&o* o )/e *+&e*)G(ee, /o4ee( +o*e*)&o*l )/e! m! /e 1e+ome, *ee(; )/ele o4e )/e&( o(&-&*)o )/e e+&l *)u(e o )/e 3eelome*) o )/e +olo( e*e.

T/e u12e+) o )/e eolu)&o* o )/e +olo( e*e &* m* & o*e 4/&+/ +* o*l! 1e e))le31! )/e +o*e(-e*+e )o o*e o&*) o l&*e o &*e)&; -)&o* 4/&+/ (e uull! 4&3el!e()e3. T/e +&e*+e o (+/+eolo-!, /&lolo-!, !+/olo-! *3 /!&olo-! mu) ll1e +lle3 uo* )o +o*; )(&1u)e )o )/e elu+&3)&o* o )/& (o1lem. I 3o *o) 4&/ )o 3omo(e )/* (eoe* )/e u12e+), *3 /ll 1e +o*)e*)e3 & I /e /o4* )/) )/e &e4 oGl3)o*e *3 Ge&-e( +**o) 1e +o*)em)uoul! 3&m&e3 )/e! 4e(e )4e*)! !e(

-o.

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rivers, whr (primitive color vision, 1901)

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