riverine cultures & civilization, 3500 - 2000bce
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Riverine Cultures & Civilization, 3500 - 2000BCE . Emergence of Civilization Control of Civilizations IDs: Gilgamesh, Standard of Ur, Horus. Argument. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Riverine Cultures & Civilization, 3500 - 2000BCE
I. Emergence of CivilizationII. Control of Civilizations
IDs: Gilgamesh, Standard of Ur, Horus
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ArgumentIn the riverine cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the
Indus River and China, civilization was based upon unions of kingship and religion and social hierarchies, in which elite groups controlled surplus production, building programs & writing.
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I. Emergence of Civilization
A. 7000-3500 BCE: Village agriculture & pastoral nomadism
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B. Six “First” Civilizations, 3500-1400 BCE
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C. Riverine Cultures (River Valley Civilizations)
• Mesopotamia: 3500 BCE (Tigris & Euphrates)
• Egypt: 3000 BCE (Nile)• Indus Valley: 3000 BCE
(Indus)• China: 2200 BCE (Yellow
& Yangzi)
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Why there?
Old argument – rivers
New argument – dense population
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D. Characteristics of Civilization1. Cities
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City walls & gates
BabylonIshtar Gate
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2. Occupational Specialization
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Highly productive agriculture
ArtMonumental Buildings
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3. Complex Religious & Political Structures
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a. Temples and palaces
Mesopotamian ziggurat
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b. Bureaucracies of Priests & Specialized Officials
Writing
Mesopotamia: Cuneiform
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Egypt: Hieroglyphics & Demotic Script
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China: Oracle Bones
Divination
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4. Distinct Social Classes & Social Hierarchy
ElitesReligion (priests)Kingship(kings, nobles)
Elites
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Mesopotamian Social Hierarchy
Priests
Kings
Officers, Bureaucrats & Specialized Craftsmen (Patricians)
Dependent Workers (Plebeians)
Slaves
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Standard of Ur (2600-2400 BCE)
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Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Elites: High Priests & Nobles
Pharaoh
Local Officials, Lesser Priests & Nobles
Peasants
Slaves
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II. Control of Civilizations
A. Mesopotamia
1. City-states (political organization)
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2. Union of Religion & KingshipMesopotamian city gods
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3. Divine legitimacy for king’s rule
GilgameshEnkiduEnlil
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4. Building Programs
BabylonIshtar Gate
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5. Writing
Cuneiform
Epic of Gilgamesh
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Later: States
Sargon the Great of Akkad
(reigned 2334-2279 BCE)
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B. Egypt
1. Union of Kingship & Religion
OsirisIsisHorusdead pharaoh =
Osirislive pharaoh =
Horus
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2. Divine legitimacy
HorusKing as shepherd
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3. Building Programs
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4. WritingHieroglyphics & Demotic Script
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Argument• In the riverine cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the
Indus River and China, civilization was based upon unions of kingship and religion and social hierarchies, in which elite groups controlled surplus production, building programs & writing.