rivelatori a pixelsirad.pd.infn.it/scuola_legnaro_2007/presentazioni_pdf/04_bolla.pdf · 525...
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Sep. 25th 2006 G. Bolla Purdue U. Vertex2006 1
Rivelatori a pixelIl rivelatore a pixel di CMS come un “case study”
Purdue University Department of Physics
525 Northwestern AvenueWest Lafayette, IN U.SA 47907-2036
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26 marzo 2007 Legnaro, It 2
Outline
Motivazioni per rivelatori a pixel in esperimenti di fisica delle alte energieDescrizione dei rivelatori a pixel
SensoriElettronica di front-end
InterconnessioniDesscrizione dei moduliPerformance
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Risultati ottenuti con rivelatori divertice a microstrisce al Tevatron
b-quarks decay with long lifetimeEssential to distinguish secondary vertexes from the primary beam-beam interaction to tag bs.High resolution position detector as close as possible to the interaction regionMicrostrip did (and are still doing) the job at the Tevatron
Top quark discovery in the 90s at Fermilab
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The requirements for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN
At LHC the physics motivations are similar but:
The track density is so high that is mandatory to reduce the cell size to unambiguously associate hits to traks. Single cell reduced in size by 2-3 orders of magnitude.from 10 cm x 50 μm strip to 150 μm x 100 μm pixels
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26 marzo 2007 Legnaro, It 5
Dalle microstrisce ai pixels
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Cos’e un rivelatore a pixel?
Reverse biased Diode array (sensor) interconnected to the FE electronics (Read-Out-Chip) by flip chip technology (bumps) and controlled/read-out through I/O pads connected via wirebonds
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Challenges a LHC/CMS
SpeedBeam-beam interaction every 25nsParticle rate as high as 20 MHz/cm2
Trigger latency 3.2 μsRadiation hardness
6E14 1MeV n equivalent in the first 4-6 years of operationsLimited maintenance4T magnetic field Precision
20-30 μm single hit resolution on both Φ and ZLow power consumptionLow cost
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L’implementazione a CMS
~1 m0.3 m
man
The core of the CMS tracking system is a (hybrid) Pixel detector
100 × 150 µm2 pixel size ⇒ excellent spatial resolution ≈10-20 µm
Charge sharing promoted by 4T B field and 200 tilt in FPiX
3 barrel layers (BPix)r=4.3, 7.2 and 11 cm672 full modules and 96 half modules11528 ROCS, 48 MpixelsTotal area 0.78 m2
4 disks (FPix)Z=±34.5 and ±46.5 cm (∼ 6 cm above beam line)96 blades with 672 modules4320 ROCS, 18 MpixelsTotal area 0.28 m2
Operation at∼ -10 0C in 4 T B field3 space points up to |η| < 2.25
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I sensori
Challlenges and solutionsHigh voltage operation: Multi-Guard-Ring structures at the sensor peripheryHomogeneous charge collection efficiency (CCE) on the whole pixel area: minimization of the interpixel isolation structures
n-on-n for partial depletion operation post bulk inversionP-stop interpixel isolationMultiguard peripheryDouble sided process (5+5 masks)Single wafer design
Activearea
Scribeline
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I sensori
Barrel (p-spray) Disk (p-stops)
Within the CMS experiment two different choices have been made:Moderated p-spray for the barrel sensorsP-stop open rings for the disks sensors
NIM A 501 (2003) 160–163NIM A 511 (2003) 106–111NIM A 485 (2002) 89–99
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Angolo di Lorentz
Signal charge is deflected by the magnetic field.The resolution is improved by the enhanced charge sharingNeed for sophisticated simulations and clustering algorithms
The effect is reduced by radiation damaged
• Lower charge collection depth• Drift velocity saturation due to the
large electric field applied
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Disegno a turbina (dischi)
To optimize the advantages from the Lorentz angle the disks are configured with a turbine line geometry.20 deg rotation of the modules w.r.t. the plane of the diskAnt-symmetric disks w.r.t. the interaction point
+
-
B
B-plus-sidebps
B-minus-sidebms
+Z
+Y
+X+
-
B
B-plus-sidebps
B-minus-sidebms
+Z
+Y
+X
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FE Read-Out-Chip (ROC)
0.25 μm IBM.Mixed Analog/Digital35 I/O padsLVDS signalsI2C controlOverall a little less than a square cm8+ years of development
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Schematica del singolo pixel
Single pixel cell with:•Preamplifier•Shaper•Comparator•Discriminator•Pixel addresses (ROW)
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Performance
Pulse heightLinear up to 2 m.i.p.s
Time walkLess than 20ns from 2000 to 20000 e-
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Performance
Threshold
Before trimming σ ≈ 293 e- After trimming σ ≈ 80 e-
Threshold tunable to ~2000 e- with small dispersion
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READOUTA pixel detects a hit and sends down to the column periphery the fast=OR
Latches the time stampInitiate the scan of the double column by the token
The token drains the data from the hit pixels in the double column into the buffers at the periphery.
All 26 double columns act independently and asynchronously from each other
No clocks in the active areaData in the buffers are discarded after the trigger latency unless a trigger is presentData from all double columns are serialized and sent out on a serial analog output with the decoded pixels addresses and the integrated charge
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L’output analogico
Two bits for the column address and three for the row.Last piece of information is the PH (Pulse Height or integrated charge) Addresses are on a base 5 code
Minimize the readout-time
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Data Losses
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Data losses
High rate test of PSI 46 chip at PSI where a small sample was bombarded with pionsInefficiency = fraction of empty readouts < 3% at 80MHz/cm2Not easy to compare with the CMS environment
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Le interconnessioni: bumpbonding
Indium or PbSn technologies
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Pros and cons
IndiumNo need for high temperature processingPossible to do it in house (PSI and UCDavis)Low mechanical strength of the bondNot many vendors
PbSnMore of an “standard” technology (IZM, RTI)Expensive (at least at this point in time)
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Metallurgia
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Processo fotolitografico
Multiple steps photolithographic process.4” sensor wafers8” ROC wafersLimited number of vendors available
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Flip chip
Components are heated to melting pointAligned and joined to each other
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YieldDisconnected channels usually in the 10-4.Number of components damaged during the process in the few %.Still dedicated (and small) production lines.Normal pull strength: 1g/bond
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The modules
Barrel module with 2x8 ROCs
Different geometries for the disks (plaquettes)
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Modulo in sezione (disk)
Adhesive between the silicon substrate and the flex circuit.•Thermal contact for cooling
•Radiation damageCho-term 186 3M 9882
VHDI details
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Mechanical support and cooling
•Here engineers really get creative
•Al Brazed cooling•Berilium panels
•LOW MASS
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Disco
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Componenti meccaniche per ilraffreddamento
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Overview of the CMS Pixel Disks system
Detector will be installed with four ½ cylinders
½-Disks:12 Blades
Blade:2 Panels
TBM HDI,Plaquettes
Plaquette:Sensors,
ROC, VHDI
Pigtail:Panels to
Adapter BoardFan-in/Fan-out
Extension Cable
Port Card: AOH (2),DOH, ALT, Gate Keeper,
TPLL, DCU
FEC
FED
CMS DAQ
½-ServiceCylinder
O-fibers
Power,Cooling
Model
Note that the model on the left still has 3 disks while we are building only 2 on each side of the IP.
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Performance: test beam
XY120 GeV π
O • •• • •••Y(3) Y(11)X(4) X(5) X(9) X(10)CMS Z
•Fermilab Test beam 120 GeV p•BTeV pixels telescope
•FPiX Reconstruction efficiency •(98.8 ± 0.1)% for plaquette irradiated up to φ =8× 1014Neq/cm2
ε=1
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Performance: risoluzione
2 columns - 1 row events:Charge sharing in x direction
σx=10.2 μmσx=10.2 μm res(x)=9.0 μmres(x)=9.0 μm
1 column - 2 row events:Charge sharing in y direction
σy=9.0 μmσy=9.0 μm res(y)=6.7 μmres(y)=6.7 μm
Pitch / For single pixel hits greatly improves on 2 pixel hits12
Results are for normal incidence without any magnetic field
No data available with 20 deg tilt angle and/or B field
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Performance: test beam
All triggers from scintillator
Overlap with telescope
Plaquette irradiated to 8E14Potential for microdischarges (pop-corn noise) at the pstop edges
No evidences of any appreciable noise occupancy.
Operations up to 700 V without any sign of breakdownParticle detection efficiency comparable with the pre-irradiation values (>99%)
LaserQ vs V
100V 400V 700V
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Conclusions
I rivelatori a pixels erano l’unica possibilesoluzione per I rivelatori di vertice degliesperimenti a LHC durante la fase di sisegnoLa technologia sviluppata e’ affidabile e I rivelatori per ATLAS, CMS e Alice sono in avanzata fase di costruzione e presto verranno installati nei rispettivi experimentiLe prestazioni dei dispositivi sviluppatieccedono le domande di disegno.La stabilita’ delle prestazioni e’ stata misuratafino a fluenze integrate dell’ordine di 1E15.