risk-based measurement and analysis: application to software security

8/2/2019 Risk-Based Measurement and Analysis: Application to Software Security

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http://www.sei.cmu.edu/http://www.sei.cmu.edu/


2/63

Mf~qra`lt 2>72 Mgrjhàh Ohccfj Xjauhr}atq*

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Tla} rh~frt pg} ~rh~grhd efr tlh

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AJERAJ@HOHJT*

Tla} ogthragc lg} bhhj g~~rfuhd efr ~xbcam rhchg}h gjd xjcaoathd da}trabxtafj h|mh~t g} rh}tramthd bhcfp*

Ajthrjgc x}h;+ ^hroa}}afj tf rh~rfdxmh tla} ogthragc gjd tf ~rh~grh dhraugtauh pfri} erfo tla} ogthragc efr ajthrjgc x}h a}

`rgjthd# ~rfuadhd tlh mf~qra`lt gjd Jf Pgrrgjtq }tgthohjt} grh ajmcxdhd patl gcc rh~rfdxmtafj} gjd dhraugtauh pfri}*

H|thrjgc x}h;+ Tla} ogthragc ogq bh rh~rfdxmhd aj at} hjtarhtq# patlfxt ofdaeamgtafj# gjd erhhcq da}trabxthd aj pratthj fr

hchmtrfjam efro patlfxt rhwxh}taj` efrogc ~hroa}}afj* ^hroa}}afj a} rhwxarhd efr gjq ftlhr h|thrjgc gjd&fr mfoohrmagc

x}h* Rhwxh}t} efr ~hroa}}afj }lfxcd bh darhmthd tf tlh ]fetpgrh Hjàjhhraj` Aj}tatxth gt ~hroa}}afjN}ha*mox*hdx*

MHRT

a} rhà}thrhd aj tlh X*]* gthjt gjd Trgdhogri Feeamh bq Mgrjhàh Ohccfj Xjauhr}atq*

+ Tlh}h rh}tramtafj} df jft g~~cq tf X*]* `fuhrjohjt hjtatah}*
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s a

Tgbch fe Mfjthjt}

Gmijfpchd`ohjt} uaaGb}trgmt a|7 Ajtrfdxmtafj 7

7*7 Thmljamgc G~~rfgml 27*2 Gxdahjmh =7*= ]trxmtxrh fe tla} Rh~frt =

2 Ohg}xrhohjt Mfjmh~t} 42*7 H}tgbca}l gjd ]x}tgaj Mfooatohjt 52*2 ^cgj Ohg}xrhohjt 52*= ^hrefro Ohg}xrhohjt 02*4 Hugcxgth Ohg}xrhohjt 02*8 Thmljamgc gjd Ogjg`hohjt ^rfmh}}h}

4 Oa}}afj Ra}i Dag`jf}tam ,ORD! 724*7 Drauhr Adhjtaeamgtafj 72

4*7*7 Oa}}afj 724*7*2 Fbkhmtauh} 7=4*7*= Drauhr} 744*7*4 Dhrauaj` g ]ht fe Drauhr} 784*7*8 G ]tgjdgrd ]ht fe Drauhr} efr ]fetpgrh ]hmxratq 784*7*5 Tgacfraj` gj H|a}taj` ]ht fe Drauhr} 75

4*2 Drauhr Gjgcq}a} 704*= Drauhr ^rfeach 2>4*4 Oa}}afj Ra}i 274*8 Tlh ORD; Ihq Tg}i} gjd ]th~} 22

8 Ajth`rgthd Ohg}xrhohjt gjd Gjgcq}a} Ergohpfri ,AOGE! 2=8*7 X}aj` tlh AOGE tf Darhmt Ohg}xrhohjt# Gjgcq}a}# gjd Rh~frtaj` Gmtauatah} 248*2 G~~cqaj` A]F 781=1 Ohg}xrhohjt aj gj AOGE Mfjth|t 25

5 Gddatafjgc Rh}hgrml Tg}i} 205*7 Ohg}xrh Adhjtaeamgtafj 205*2 ]tgjdgrd Og~~aj` 2


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MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s a a


5/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s a a a

Ca}t fe Ea`xrh}

Ea`xrh 7; Ra}i/Bg}hd Dhma}afj Ogiaj` 2Ea`xrh 2; Ohg}xrhohjt ^rfmh}} 8Ea`xrh =; Rhcgtafj}la~} gofj` Fbkhmtauh} gjd Drauhr} 78Ea`xrh 4; Drauhr Wxh}tafj gjd Rgj`h fe Rh}~fj}h} 7Ea`xrh 0; Drauhr ^rfeach 27Ea`xrh ; AOGE ]mhjgraf 28Ea`xrh 77; Tlh AOGE aj gj A]F 781=1 Ohg}xrhohjt Mfjth|t 25Ea`xrh 72; Caji erfo Oa}}afj tf Ohg}xrh} ,Mfjmh~txgc Uahp! 20Ea`xrh 7=; ]tgjdgrd Og~~aj` ,Mfjmh~txgc Uahp! 2Ea`xrh 78; Tlh AOGE Rhua}athd ==


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MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s a u


7/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s u

Ca}t fe Tgbch}

Tgbch 7; Drauhr ]tgth} 74Tgbch 2; ^rftftq~h ]ht fe Drauhr Wxh}tafj} efr ]fetpgrh ]hmxratq 75Tgbch =; Tlh ORD; Ihq Tg}i} gjd ]th~} 22


8/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s u a


9/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s u a a

Gmijfpchdòhjt}

Tlh gxtlfr} tlgji Grmlah Gjdrhp}# Mgrfc Pffdq# gjd Dguh [xbrfp efr tlhar }~fj}fr}la~ gjd

}x~~frt fe tla} pfri* Ph tlgji Ratg Mrhhc gjd Gxdrhq Dfrfehh efr tlhar mgrhexc thmljamgc rhuahp

fe tla} dfmxohjt gjd tlhar tlfx`ltexc mfoohjt}* Ph gc}f tlgji Gxdrhq Dfrfehh efr lhr thmljamgc

mfjtrabxtafj tf tlh dhuhcf~ohjt fe tlh Oa}}afj Ra}i Dag`jf}tam g} ~grt fe tlh ]HA} Oa}}afj

]xmmh}} aj Mfo~ch| Hjuarfjohjt} ,O]MH! }~hmagc ~rfkhmt* Ph pfxcd gc}f caih tf tlgji Gch|g

Lxtl efr hdataj` tla} dfmxohjt* Eajgccq# tlh gxtlfr} tlgji tlh ]HA} MHRT

^rf`rgo efr

~rfuadaj` tlh exjdaj` tf mfjdxmt tla} rh}hgrml heefrt*

MHRT a} g rhà}thrhd ogri fpjhd bq Mgrjhàh Ohccfj Xjauhr}atq*


10/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s u a a a


11/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s a |

Gb}trgmt

Efr }huhrgc qhgr}# tlh }fetpgrh hjàjhhraj` mfooxjatq lg} bhhj pfriaj` tf adhjtaeq ~rgmtamh}

gaohd gt dhuhcf~aj` ofrh }hmxrh }fetpgrh* Gctlfx`l }foh efxjdgtafjgc pfri lg} bhhj

~hrefrohd# heefrt} tf ohg}xrh }fetpgrh }hmxratq g}}xrgjmh lguh qht tf ogthragca{h aj gjq

}xb}tgjtauh eg}lafj* G} g rh}xct# dhma}afj ogihr} ,h*`*# dhuhcf~ohjt ~rf`rgo gjd ~rfkhmt

ogjg`hr}# gmwxa}atafj ~rf`rgo feeamh}! cgmi mfjeadhjmh aj tlh }hmxratq mlgrgmthra}tam} fe tlhar

}fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho}* Tlh MHRT

^rf`rgo gt Mgrjhàh Ohccfj Xjauhr}atq} ]fetpgrh

Hjàjhhraj` Aj}tatxth ,]HA! lg} mlgrthrhd tlh ]fetpgrh ]hmxratq Ohg}xrhohjt gjd Gjgcq}a}

,]]OG! rfkhmt tf gdugjmh tlh }tgth/fe/tlh/~rgmtamh aj }fetpgrh }hmxratq ohg}xrhohjt gjd

gjgcq}a}* Tlh ]]OG ^rfkhmt a} h|~cfraj` lfp tf x}h ra}i gjgcq}a} tf darhmt gj fr`gja{gtafj}

}fetpgrh }hmxratq ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} heefrt}* Tlh fuhrgrmlaj` fgc a} tf dhuhcf~ g ra}i/

bg}hd g~~rfgml efr ohg}xraj` gjd ofjatfraj` tlh }hmxratq mlgrgmthra}tam} fe ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch|

}fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} gmrf}} tlh caehmqmch gjd }x~~cq mlgaj* Tf gmmfo~ca}l tla} fgc# tlh

~rfkhmt thgo lg} dhuhcf~hd tlh ]HA Ajth`rgthd Ohg}xrhohjt gjd Gjgcq}a} Ergohpfri ,AOGE!

gjd rheajhd tlh ]HA Oa}}afj Ra}i Dag`jf}tam ,ORD!* Tla} rh~frt a} gj x~dgth tf tlh thmljamgc

jfth#Ajth`rgthd Ohg}xrhohjt gjd Gjgcq}a} Ergohpfri efr ]fetpgrh ]hmxratq ,MOX&]HA/2>7>/

TJ/>28!# ~xbca}lhd aj ]h~thobhr 2>7>* Tla} rh~frt ~rh}hjt} tlh efxjdgtafjgc mfjmh~t} fe g ra}i/

bg}hd g~~rfgml efr }fetpgrh }hmxratq ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} gjd ~rfuadh} gj fuhruahp fe tlh

AOGE gjd tlh ORD*


12/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s |


13/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 7

7 Ajtrfdxmtafj

Ogjq fr`gja{gtafj} ohg}xrh kx}t efr tlh }gih fe ohg}xraj`# patl cattch fr jf tlfx`lt àuhj tf plgt

~xr~f}h gjd bx}ajh}} fbkhmtauh} grh bhaj` }gta}eahd fr plgt wxh}tafj} hgml ohg}xrh a} ajthjdhd tf

gj}phr* Lfphuhr# ohgjajèxc ohg}xrhohjt a} gbfxt trgj}efroaj` }trgthàm darhmtafj# ~fcamq# gjd

ftlhr efro} fe ogjg`hohjt dhma}afj ajtf gmtafj gjd ohg}xraj` tlh ~hrefrogjmh fe tlgt gmtafj*

Heehmtauh ohg}xrh} h|~rh}} tlh h|thjt tf plaml fbkhmtauh} grh bhaj` oht# lfp phcc rhwxarhohjt}

grh bhaj` }gta}eahd# lfp phcc ~rfmh}}h} gjd mfjtrfc} grh exjmtafjaj`# gjd tlh h|thjt tf plaml

~hrefrogjmh fxtmfoh} grh bhaj` gmlahuhd* Tlh bg}am fgc fe ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} a} tf

~rfuadh dhma}afj ogihr} patl tlh ajefrogtafj tlhq jhhd# plhj tlhq jhhd at# gjd aj tlh ra`lt efro*

Aj rhmhjt qhgr}# rh}hgrmlhr} lguh bh`xj tf txrj tlhar gtthjtafj tf tlh tf~am fe }fetpgrh }hmxratq

g}}xrgjmh gjd lfp tf ohg}xrh at*

]fetpgrh }hmxratq g}}xrgjmh a} kx}taeahd mfjeadhjmh tlgt }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} grh gdhwxgthcq

~cgjjhd# gmwxarhd# bxact# gjd eahcdhd patl }xeeamahjt }hmxratq tf ohht f~hrgtafjgc jhhd}# huhj aj tlh~rh}hjmh fe gttgmi}# egacxrh}# gmmadhjt}# gjd xjh|~hmthd huhjt}* Efr }huhrgc qhgr}# ugrafx} rfx~}

patlaj tlh }fetpgrh hjàjhhraj` mfooxjatq lguh bhhj pfriaj` daca`hjtcq tf adhjtaeq ~rgmtamh}

gaohd gt dhuhcf~aj` ofrh }hmxrh }fetpgrh* Lfphuhr# heefrt} tf ohg}xrh }fetpgrh }hmxratq

g}}xrgjmh lguh qht tf ogthragca{h aj gjq }xb}tgjtauh eg}lafj# gctlfx`l }foh efxjdgtafjgc pfri

lg} bhhj ~hrefrohd*

G} g rh}xct fe tlh }fetpgrh hjàjhhraj` mfooxjatq} ajthrh}t# tlh MHRT

^rf`rgo gt Mgrjhàh

Ohccfj Xjauhr}atq} ]fetpgrh Hjàjhhraj` Aj}tatxth ,]HA! mlgrthrhd tlh ]fetpgrh ]hmxratq

Ohg}xrhohjt gjd Gjgcq}a} ,]]OG! rfkhmt aj Fmtfbhr 2>>1 tf gdugjmh tlh }tgth/fe/tlh/~rgmtamh

rhcgthd aj }fetpgrh }hmxratq ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}* Tlh ]]OG^rfkhmt bxacd} fj tlh MHRT

^rf`rgo} mfrh mfo~hthjmq aj }fetpgrh gjd ajefrogtafj }hmxratq g} phcc g} tlh ]HA} pfri aj}fetpgrh hjàjhhraj` ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}* Tlh ~xr~f}h fe tla} jhp rh}hgrml ~rfkhmt a} tf

gddrh}} tlh efccfpaj` tpf wxh}tafj};

7* Lfp df ph h}tgbca}l# }~hmaeq# gjd ohg}xrh kx}taeahd mfjeadhjmh tlgt ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch|

}fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} grh }xeeamahjtcq }hmxrh tf ohht f~hrgtafjgc jhhd}6

2* Lfp df ph ohg}xrh gt hgml ~lg}h fe tlh dhuhcf~ohjt fr gmwxa}atafj caeh mqmch tlgt tlh

rhwxarhd&dh}arhd chuhc fe }hmxratq lg} bhhj gmlahuhd6

Aj h}}hjmh# tlh tpf rh}hgrml wxh}tafj} h|goajh lfp dhma}afj ogihr} ,efr h|go~ch# dhuhcf~ohjt

~rf`rgo gjd ~rfkhmt ogjg`hr} g} phcc g} gmwxa}atafj ~rf`rgo feeamhr}! mgj ohg}xrh gjd ofjatfr

tlh }hmxratq mlgrgmthra}tam} fe ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} gmrf}} tlh caeh mqmch

gjd }x~~cq mlgaj* Tla} rh~frt a} ~raogracq efmx}hd fj gj}phraj` tlh ear}t rh}hgrml wxh}tafj*

MHRT a} g rhà}thrhd ogri fpjhd bq Mgrjhàh Ohccfj Xjauhr}atq*


14/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 2

7*7 Thmljamgc G~~rfgml

Tf gj}phr tlh ear}t rh}hgrml wxh}tafj# ph grh ~rf~f}aj` tf x}h ra}i gjgcq}a} g} g ohgj} fe

darhmtaj` gj fr`gja{gtafj} }fetpgrh }hmxratq ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} heefrt}* Tla} mfjmh~t a}

}lfpj aj Ea`xrh 7* Mfj}adhr tlh }~hmaeam h|go~ch plhrh tlh dhma}afj ogihr a} gj gmwxa}atafj

~rf`rgo ogjg`hr* Erfo g }fetpgrh }hmxratq ~hr}~hmtauh# tlh ~rf`rgo ogjg`hr pgjt} tf h}tgbca}l

g rhg}fjgbch dh`rhh fe mfjeadhjmh tlgt tlh }fetpgrh ~rfdxmt bhaj` gmwxarhd gjd dhuhcf~hd pacc bh

}xeeamahjtcq }hmxrh tf ohht f~hrgtafjgc jhhd}* Aj ftlhr pfrd}# tlh ~rf`rgo ogjg`hr a} ajthrh}thd aj

h}tgbca}laj` }foh bhjmlogri fe }fetpgrh }hmxratq g}}xrgjmh*

Ea`xrh 7; Ra}i/Bg}hd Dhma}afj Ogiaj`

Ra}i gjgcq}a} a} fjh g~~rfgml tlgt mgj bh x}hd tf h}tgbca}l }fetpgrh }hmxratq g}}xrgjmh efr g

}fetpgrh ~rfdxmt* Ae tlh }hmxratq ra}i tf tlh dh~cfqhd }fetpgrh ~rfdxmt a} ih~t patlaj gj gmmh~tgbch

tfchrgjmh# tlhj tlh ogjg`hr pacc lguh g rhg}fjgbch dh`rhh fe mfjeadhjmh tlgt tlh }fetpgrh ~rfdxmt

a} }xeeamahjtcq }hmxrh tf ohht f~hrgtafjgc jhhd} ,a*h*# rhg}fjgbch g}}xrgjmh!* Gj ajuhr}hrhcgtafj}la~ h|a}t} bhtphhj ra}i gjd g}}xrgjmh; G} ra}i a} rhdxmhd# tlh dh`rhh fe g}}xrgjmh

ajmrhg}h} ~rf~frtafjgccq ,gjd uamh uhr}g!*

Ea`xrh 7 }lfp} tlgt ra}i gjgcq}a} ~rfuadh} tlh ~rf`rgo ogjg`hr patl gj xjdhr}tgjdaj` fe tlh

~rf`rgo} mxrrhjt ra}i} gjd xjmhrtgajtah}* G ra}i gjgcq}a} mgj ~rfuadh tlh ogjg`hr patl gj

ajdamgtafj fe plhtlhr fr jft tlh ~rf`rgo a} fj trgmi efr }xmmh}}* Lfphuhr# xjmhrtgajtah} rhechmt

marmxo}tgjmh} plhrh tlhrh grh ijfpj `g~} aj tlh xjdhrcqaj` dgtg fr plhrh tlh dgtg mfcchmthd grh

jft exccq trx}thd* G} g rh}xct# xjmhrtgajtah} ~rfuadh tlh ~rf`rgo ogjg`hr patl gj f~~frtxjatq tf

mfcchmt gddatafjgc dgtg aj frdhr tf rhdxmh tlh dh`rhh fe dhma}afj/ogiaj` xjmhrtgajtq ajlhrhjt aj tlh

mxrrhjt }atxgtafj*

Tlh ~rf`rgo ogjg`hr mgj tlhj x~dgth la} fr lhr dhma}afj/ogiaj` jhhd} fr rhwxarhohjt} bg}hd fj

tlh fgc fe rhdxmaj` xjmhrtgajtq* Tlh dhma}afj/ogiaj` jhhd} fr rhwxarhohjt} grh tlhj trgj}cgthd

ajtf rhua}hd ajefrogtafj jhhd} tlgt grh x}hd tf adhjtaeq gddatafjgc dgtg tlgt jhhd tf bh mfcchmthd*

Tlh}h dgtg mgj bh mfcchmthd x}aj` g ugrahtq fe ohmlgja}o}# ajmcxdaj` g}}h}}ohjt}# }tgtx}

rh~frtaj`# gjd ohg}xrhohjt* Fuhr taoh# tlh rhdxmtafj aj xjmhrtgajtq rh}xctaj` erfo jhp dgtg tlgt

grh mfcchmthd# gjgcq{hd# gjd rh~frthd }lfxcd ~rfuadh dhma}afj ogihr} patl ofrh mcgratq rh`grdaj`

}q}tho ~hrefrogjmh* G} g rh}xct# tlh rhdxmtafj aj xjmhrtgajtq hjgbch} bhtthr dhma}afj ogiaj`

bg}hd fj ofrh fbkhmtauh dgtg*


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16/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 4

2 Ohg}xrhohjt Mfjmh~t}

Tlh ]HA lg} hj`g`hd aj }fetpgrh hjàjhhraj` ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} efr ogjq qhgr}# gjd ph

drhp erfo tla} bfdq fe ijfpchd`h tf ajefro tlh ]]OG rh}hgrml ~rfkhmt gjd tla} rh~frt*

Ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} ajufcuh} gtlhraj` wxgjtatgtauh dgtg gbfxt ~rfdxmt}# ~rfmh}}h}# gjd

~rfkhmt} gjd gjgcq{aj` tlgt dgtg tf ajecxhjmh gmtafj} gjd ~cgj}* Ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}

gmtauatah} gccfp dhma}afj ogihr} tf gmlahuh tlh efccfpaj` fxtmfoh} Y^gri 7115# ]HA 2>7>_;

mlgrgmthra{h# tf `gaj gj xjdhr}tgjdaj` fe ~rfmh}}h}# ~rfdxmt}# rh}fxrmh}# gjd hjuarfjohjt}

gjd tf h}tgbca}l bg}hcajh} efr mfo~gra}fj} patl extxrh g}}h}}ohjt}

hugcxgth# tf dhthroajh tlh mxrrhjt }tgtx} patl rh}~hmt tf ~cgj}

~rhdamt# bq xjdhr}tgjdaj` rhcgtafj}la~} gofj` ~rfmh}}h} gjd ~rfdxmt} gjd bxacdaj` ofdhc}

fe tlh}h rhcgtafj}la~}# }f tlgt tlh ugcxh} fb}hruhd efr }foh gttrabxth} mgj bh x}hd tf ~rhdamt

ftlhr}

ao~rfuh# bq adhjtaeqaj` rfgdbcfmi}# rfft mgx}h}# ajheeamahjmah}# gjd ftlhr f~~frtxjatah} efrao~rfuaj` ~rfdxmt wxgcatq gjd ~rfmh}} ~hrefrogjmh

Ogjq dheajatafj} efr tlh thro ohg}xrhohjth|a}t* Efr tla} ~rfkhmt# ph lguh gdf~thd tlh efccfpaj`

dheajatafj; g }ht fe fb}hrugtafj} tlgt rhdxmh xjmhrtgajtq plhrh tlh rh}xct a} h|~rh}}hd g} g wxgjtatq

YLxbbgrd 2>>0_* Efr ohg}xrhohjt tf lguh gj ao~gmt# at ox}t geehmt tlh bhlguafr fe dhma}afj

ogihr}* Ae dhma}afj} grh jft ajecxhjmhd bq ohg}xrhohjt gmtauatah}# tlhj ohg}xrhohjt ~rfuadh} jf

gddhd ugcxh YLxbbgrd 2>>0_*

G ~rfmh}} efr ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} dheajh}# ao~chohjt}# gjd }x}tgaj} g ohg}xrhohjt

mg~gbacatq# hj}xraj` tlgt tlh ajefrogtafj jhhd} fe dhma}afj ogihr} grh }gta}eahd* Efr tlh ~xr~f}h fe

tla} rh}hgrml ~rfkhmt gjd rh~frt# gj fr`gja{gtafjgc hjtatq ogq bh fe g }a{h gjd mfo~ch|atq rgjàj`

erfo g }aj`ch fr`gja{gtafj x~ tf gjd ajmcxdaj` oxcta~ch# ajdh~hjdhjtcq ogjg`hd fr`gja{gtafj}

tlgt grh pfriaj` mfccgbfrgtauhcq tf gmlahuh g mfoofj oa}}afj ,h*`*# g cfbgc }x~~cq mlgaj!*

Ohg}xrhohjt gmtauatah} gjd tlhar rhcgtafj}la~} grh }lfpj aj Ea`xrh 2# plaml a} gdg~thd erfo

A]F&AHM 781=1;2>>0]q}tho} gjd ]fetpgrh Hjàjhhraj` Ohg}xrhohjt rfmh}} YA]F 2>>0_* G

uhr}afj fe tla} ea`xrh gc}f g~~hgr} aj ^rgmtamgc ]fetpgrh Ohg}xrhohjt; Fbkhmtauh Ajefrogtafj efr

Dhma}afj Ogihr} YOm@grrq 2>>2_* Gj heehmtauh ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}}# }xml g} tlh fjh accx}trgthd

aj Ea`xrh 2# h|labat} tlh efccfpaj` mlgrgmthra}tam} YA]F 2>>0_;

Mfooatohjt efr ohg}xrhohjt a} h}tgbca}lhd gjd }x}tgajhd gmrf}} tlh fr`gja{gtafjgc hjtatq*

Tlh ajefrogtafj jhhd} fe dhma}afj ogihr}# gjd tlh thmljamgc gjd ogjg`hohjt ~rfmh}}h} tlgt

}x~~frt tlho# grh adhjtaeahd*

Gj g~~rf~ragth }ht fe ohg}xrh} drauhj bq tlh ajefrogtafj jhhd} grh adhjtaeahd gjd&fr

dhuhcf~hd*

Ohg}xrhohjt gmtauatah} grh adhjtaeahd*

Adhjtaeahd ohg}xrhohjt gmtauatah} grh ~cgjjhd*

Tlh rhwxarhd dgtg grh mfcchmthd# }tfrhd# gjd gjgcq{hd# gjd tlh rh}xct} grh ajthr~rhthd*


17/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 8

Ajefrogtafj ~rfdxmt} grh x}hd tf }x~~frt dhma}afj} gjd ~rfuadh gj fbkhmtauh bg}a} efr

mfooxjamgtafj*

Tlh ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} gjd ohg}xrh} grh hugcxgthd*

Ao~rfuhohjt} adhjtaeahd tlrfx`l hugcxgtafj gjd x}h fe tlh ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} gjd

ohg}xrh} grh mfooxjamgthd tf tlh ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} fpjhr*

Thmljamgc gjdOgjg hohjt

rfmh}}h}

X}hr ehhdbgmi

H}tgbca}l gjd

]x}tgaj

Mfooatohjt

cgj

Ohg}xrhohjt

hrefro

Ohg}xrhohjt

HugcxgthOhg}xrhohjt

Mfrh Ohg}xrhohjt Gmtauatah}

Ajefrogtafj ~rfdxmt}

Ajefrogtafj jhhd}

Ao~rfuhohjt}

Ajefrogtafj ~rfdxmt}hrefrogjmh ohg}xrh}

MfooatohjtOhg}xrhohjt ~cgj

Jhp a}}xh}

Rhwxarhohjt} efrohg}xrhohjt

Ea`xrh 2; Ohg}xrhohjt ^rfmh}}

Fxr rh}hgrml g`hjdg og~} tf tlh mfrh ohg}xrhohjt gmtauatah} dh~amthd aj Ea`xrh 2 ,~cgj

ohg}xrhohjtgjd~hrefro ohg}xrhohjt!* Aj ]hmtafj 7 fe tla} rh~frt# ph la`lca`lthd tlh tpf

wxh}tafj} tlgt ph ajthjd tf gj}phr plhj mfjdxmtaj` tla} rh}hgrml ~rfkhmt* Tlh ear}t wxh}tafj a};

Lfp df ph h}tgbca}l# }~hmaeq# gjd ohg}xrh kx}taeahd mfjeadhjmh tlgt ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch|

}fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} grh }xeeamahjtcq }hmxrh tf ohht f~hrgtafjgc jhhd}6 Tla} wxh}tafj og~} tf

tlh~cgj ohg}xrhohjtgmtauatq erfo Ea`xrh 2* Tla} rh~frt a} ~raogracq efmx}hd fj gj}phraj` tla}

wxh}tafj bq dh}mrabaj` gj g~~rfgml efr ~cgjjaj` ohg}xrhohjt gmtauatah}*

Fxr }hmfjd rh}hgrml wxh}tafj a}; Lfp df ph ohg}xrh gt hgml ~lg}h fe tlh dhuhcf~ohjt fr

gmwxa}atafj caeh mqmch tlgt tlh rhwxarhd&dh}arhd chuhc fe }hmxratq lg} bhhj gmlahuhd6 Wxh}tafj tpf

a} efmx}hd fj lfp tf mfjdxmt ohg}xrhohjt gmtauatah} dxraj` hgml caehmqmch ~lg}h* G} g rh}xct#

wxh}tafj tpf og~} tf tlh~hrefro ohg}xrhohjtgmtauatq fe Ea`xrh 2* Plach fxr mxrrhjt pfri fjcq

tfxmlh} x~fj tlh }hmfjd rh}hgrml wxh}tafj# fxr extxrh rh}hgrml gjd dhuhcf~ohjt gmtauatah} pacc

efmx} fj gddrh}}aj` tla} rh}hgrml wxh}tafj gjd dh}mrabaj` gj g~~rfgml efr ~hrefroaj`

ohg}xrhohjt gmtauatah}* G} fxr rh}hgrml ~rfkhmt ~rf`rh}}h}# ph ajthjd tf gddrh}} gcc efxr

ohg}xrhohjt/rhcgthd gmtauatah} erfo Ea`xrh 2 ,h}tgbca}l gjd }x}tgaj mfooatohjt# ~cgj

ohg}xrhohjt# ~hrefro ohg}xrhohjt# gjd hugcxgth ohg}xrhohjt!*


18/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 5

Tlh ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} gmtauatah} dh~amthd aj Ea`xrh 2 grh brahecq dh}mrabhd aj tlh

rhogajdhr fe tla} }hmtafj }f tlgt~cgj ohg}xrhohjtgjd~hrefro ohg}xrhohjtgrh ~rh}hjthd aj tlh

mfjth|t fe tlh excc ~rfmh}}*7

2*7 H}tgbca}l gjd ]x}tgaj Mfooatohjt

Ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} mgjjft }xmmhhd patlfxt ogjg`hohjt gjd }tgihlfcdhr mfooatohjt#

bftl x~ erfjt g} tlh ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} ~rfmh}} a} bhaj` }mf~hd gjd dheajhd gjd fj gj

fj`faj` bg}a} g} tlh ~rfmh}} a} ao~chohjthd* ]tgihlfcdhr mfooatohjt rhwxarh} g }~fj}fr plf

hj}xrh} tlgt dhma}afj ogihr} gjd ihq }tgihlfcdhr} grh exccq hj`g`hd* Tlh }~fj}fr pfri} patl

ohg}xrhohjt }tgihlfcdhr} tf

gccfmgth tlh rh}fxrmh} jhmh}}grq tf h|hmxth gcc ~rfmh}} gmtauatah} fj g }x}tgajaj` bg}a}

x}h tlh ohg}xrhohjt rh~frt} tlgt rh}xct erfo tlh ~rfmh}}

adhjtaeq ao~rfuhohjt} tlgt pacc ogih rh}xct} of}t x}hexc efr ajefroaj` ihq dhma}afj}

Gddatafjgccq# g `rg}}rfft} mfooatohjt tf h}tgbca}laj` gjd }x}tgajaj` ohg}xrhohjt ox}t h|a}t aj

tlh }hj}h tlgt hgml ajdauadxgc aj tlh fr`gja{gtafj ehhc} erhh tf ~rfuadh gmmxrgth gjd taohcq dgtg* Tfgmlahuh }xml g `rg}}rfft} mfooatohjt# fr`gja{gtafj} ox}t rhmf`ja{h tlh ~}qmlfcf`q fe

ohg}xrhohjt gjd gddrh}} gjq aj}tatxtafjgc bgrrahr} tf g mfo~rhlhj}auh ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}

heefrt* Ajdauadxgc} gjd ~rfkhmt `rfx~} ox}t uahp ohg}xrhohjt g} g ~f}atauh gjd ~xr~f}hexc

gmtauatq tlgt a} dh}hruaj` fe tlh xtof}t da}ma~cajh gjd wxgcatq* Gddatafjgc ~fcamah} tlgt ogq bh

pgrrgjthd ajmcxdh }xeeamahjt dgtg }hmxratq gjd x}g`h mfjtrfc}# }fohtaoh} ajmcxdaj` g ohg}xrhohjt

mfdh fe htlam} tf bh }a`jhd bq gcc ogjg`hr}# dgtg mx}tfdagj}# gjd ftlhr x}hr} fe tlh dgtg

rh~f}atfrq*

2*2 ^cgj Ohg}xrhohjt

Tlh~cgj ohg}xrhohjtgmtauatq hjmfo~g}}h} ,7! tlh adhjtaeamgtafj fe ajefrogtafj jhhd} efr

dhma}afj ogihr} gjd ,2! tlh }hchmtafj gjd dheajatafj fe g~~rf~ragth ohg}xrh} tf gddrh}} tlf}hjhhd}* G} dheajhd aj tla} rh~frt# g ohg}xrh a} g ugragbch tf plaml g ugcxh a} g}}a`jhd g} tlh rh}xct

fe ohg}xrhohjt YA]F 2>>0_* cgjjaj` efr ohg}xrhohjt mfj}adhr} g ~rfkhmt} fgc}# mfj}trgajt}#

ra}i}# gjd a}}xh} fr ~rfbcho}* Ajefrogtafj jhhd} mgj bh dhrauhd erfo }fmahtgc# ~fcatamgc#

hjuarfjohjtgc# hmfjfoam# bx}ajh}}# fr`gja{gtafjgc# rh`xcgtfrq# thmljfcf`amgc# ~rfdxmt# gjd

~rf`rgoogtam fbkhmtauh}*

Efr tlh ~xr~f}h fe tla} rh}hgrml ~rfkhmt# tlh }mf~h fe ajefrogtafj jhhd} gjd tlh dhma}afj} tlhq

ajefro grh ajthjdhd tf mfuhr g padh rgj`h fe mfjth|t} efr tlh ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} fe

}fetpgrh }hmxratq# ajmcxdaj`

g }aj`ch/}fetpgrh g~~camgtafj# g }ht fe g~~camgtafj}# g }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho# gjd g }q}tho fe

}q}tho} }fetpgrh gjd }q}tho} tlgt grh bhaj` dhuhcf~hd fr gmwxarhd

}fetpgrh gjd }q}tho} aj f~hrgtafj# ajmcxdaj` tlh ofdaeamgtafj fe h|a}taj` }q}tho} gjd tlh

gddatafj fe jhp }fetpgrh gjd }q}tho}

}aj`ch fr`gja{gtafj} gjd oxcta~ch fr`gja{gtafj} mfccgbfrgtaj` tf gmlahuh g kfajt oa}}afj

7G dhtgachd dh}mra~tafj fe hgml ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} gmtauatq a} gugacgbch aj A]F&AHM 781=1; 2>>0YA]F2>>0_ gjd ^rgmtamgc ]fetpgrh Ohg}xrhohjtYOm@grrq 2>>2_*


19/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 0

^cgjjaj` efr ohg}xrhohjt gc}f gddrh}}h} tlh tg}i}# }mlhdxch# gjd rh}fxrmh} ,}tgee# thmljfcf`ah}#

egmacatah}# htm*! rhwxarhd tf gmmfo~ca}l gcc ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} gmtauatah}* Tla} ajmcxdh} dheajaj`

tlh ~rfmhdxrh} tlgt pacc bh x}hd efr dgtg mfcchmtafj# }tfrg`h# gjgcq}a}# gjd rh~frtaj`*

2*= ^hrefro Ohg}xrhohjt

Tlh~hrefro ohg}xrhohjtgmtauatq hjmfo~g}}h} tlh taohcq mfcchmtafj# gjgcq}a}# }tfrg`h# gjd

rh~frtaj` fe ohg}xrhohjt dgtg tf ~rfuadh dhma}afj ogihr} patl tlh ajefrogtafj ~rfdxmt} tlgt

}gta}eq tlhar ajefrogtafj jhhd}* Gjgcq}a} gjd rh~frtaj` ajmcxdh} efroxcgtaj rhmfoohjdgtafj} efr

dhma}afj ogihr} gjd ~rfuadaj` gcthrjgtauh mfxr}h} fe gmtafj bg}hd fj ohg}xrhohjt rh}xct}*

2*4 Hugcxgth Ohg}xrhohjt

Tlh hugcxgth ohg}xrhohjtgmtauatq g}}h}}h} bftl tlh ohg}xrh} tlgt grh x}hd# g} phcc g} tlh

mg~gbacatq fe tlh ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} at}hce* At hj}xrh} tlgt tlh ohg}xrhohjt g~~rfgml a}

mfjtajxgccq x~dgthd tf gddrh}} tlh ajefrogtafj jhhd} fe dhma}afj ogihr} g} phcc g} tf ~rfofth gj

ajmrhg}aj` ogtxratq fe tlh ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}}*

Tlh wxgcatq fe ohg}xrhohjt dgtg a} ~grtamxcgrcq ao~frtgjt* ffr wxgcatq dgtg mgj chgd tf ajmfrrhmt

g}}xo~tafj} gjd bgd dhma}afj}# plaml mgj hrfdh ~hf~ch} trx}t aj tlh ohg}xrhohjt dgtg tlgt grh

mfcchmthd* G} g rh}xct# tlh wxgcatq gjd heehmtauhjh}} fe gcc ajefrogtafj ~rfdxmt} ~rfdxmhd bq tlh

ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} ox}t bh hugcxgthd x}aj` ~rhdheajhd mrathrag*

Hugcxgtaj` g ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} xctaogthcq chgd} tf tlh adhjtaeamgtafj fe ao~rfuhohjt} tf tlh

ohg}xrhohjt heefrt* Tlh ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} ogq bh hugcxgthd aj tlh efccfpaj` efxr pgq}

Y]HOG 2>>1_;

7* Ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} ~cgjjaj`gj hugcxgtafj fe tlh ~cgjjaj` efr ohg}xrhohjt gt

ugrafx} chuhc} fe tlh fr`gja{gtafj dfpj tf gjd ajmcxdaj` tlh ~rfkhmt chuhc

2*Dgtg mfcchmtafj gjd }tfrg`h

gj hugcxgtafj fe tlh ~rfmh}}h}# rh}~fj}abacatah}# gjd tffc} x}hdtf mfcchmt gjd }tfrh dgtg

=* Dgtg gjgcq}a}gj hugcxgtafj fe lfp gj fr`gja{gtafj mfjdxmt} dgtg gjgcq}a} ajmcxdaj`

gjgcqtamgc ohtlfd} gjd tffc}

4* Ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} rh~frtaj`gj hugcxgtafj fe tlh ~rfmh}}h}# ajth`ratq# gjd

heehmtauhjh}} fe rh~frtaj` tlh rh}xct} fe ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}

Ao~rfuaj` tlh ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} ajufcuh} g padh ugrahtq fe }fcxtafj} bg}hd fj adhjtaeahd

dheamahjmah}* Ao~rfuhohjt} mgj rgj`h erfo bxacdaj` ~rf~hr }hjafr ogjg`hohjt mfooatohjt gjd

}x~~frt efr ohg}xrhohjt tf ajmrhg}aj` tlh wxgcatq fe mfcchmthd ohg}xrhohjt dgtg* Mfoofj

~rfmh}} gad} x}hd bq thgo} aj adhjtaeqaj` ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} ao~rfuhohjt} ajmcxdh tlh

A}laigpg dag`rgo

2

,ftlhrpa}h ijfpj g} tlh ea}lbfjh dag`rgo! gjd Egacxrh Ofdh} gjd Heehmt}Gjgcq}a} ,EOHG! Y]tgogta} 2>>=_* Bftl fe tlh}h thmljawxh} }trxmtxrh tlh da}mx}}afj gbfxt plgt

mgj `f prfj` gjd plq*

2 ltt~;&&hj*paia~hdag*fr`&paia&A}laigpgVdag`rgo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_diagram


20/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 72/TJ/>>4 s 1

= Tpf G~~rfgmlh} efr Gjgcq{aj` Ra}i

Fxr rh}hgrml a} efmx}hd fj dhuhcf~aj` ra}i/bg}hd g~~rfgmlh} efr ohg}xraj` gjd gjgcq{aj` tlh

~hrefrogjmh fe ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} gmrf}} tlh caeh mqmch gjd }x~~cq

mlgaj* Tf exccq g~~rhmagth plgt tla} }tgthohjt ohgj}# qfx jhhd tf xjdhr}tgjd tlh ~lrg}h#

ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho}*

G }fmaf/thmljamgc }q}tho a} dheajhd g} ajthrrhcgthd thmljamgc gjd }fmagc hchohjt} tlgt grh hj`g`hd

aj fgc/frahjthd bhlguafr* Hchohjt} fe g }fmaf/thmljamgc }q}tho ajmcxdh tlh ~hf~ch plf grh

fr`gja{hd aj thgo} fr dh~grtohjt} tf df tlhar pfri tg}i} gjd tlh thmljfcfàh} fj plaml ~hf~ch

rhcq plhj ~hrefroaj` pfri tg}i}* rfkhmt}# ~rf`rgo}# gjd f~hrgtafjgc ~rfmh}}h} grh gcc h|go~ch}

fe }fmaf/thmljamgc }q}tho}* G }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho a} g }fmaf/thmljamgc}q}tho plf}h bhlguafr

,h*`*# exjmtafjgcatq# ~hrefrogjmh# }gehtq# }hmxratq# ajthrf~hrgbacatq# gjd }f efrtl! a} dh~hjdhjt fj

}fetpgrh aj }foh }a`jaeamgjt pgq YBhr`hq 2>>1_* Aj tlh rhogajdhr fe tla} dfmxohjt# plhj ph x}h

tlh pfrd }q}tho# ph grh rhehrraj` tf g }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho*

Ajthrgmtauh mfo~ch|atq rhehr} tf tlh ~rh}hjmh fe xj~cgjjhd gjd xjh|~hmthd }hwxhjmh} fe huhjt} aj

g }q}tho tlgt grh hatlhr jft ua}abch fr jft aoohdagthcq xjdhr}tffd Y^hrrfp 7111_* Tlh mfo~fjhjt}

aj gj ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }q}tho ajthrgmt aj rhcgtauhcq xjmfj}trgajhd pgq}* Plhj g }q}tho a}

ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch|# ajdh~hjdhjt egacxrh} mgj ajthrgmt patl tlh }q}tho aj pgq} tlgt mgjjft bh

gjtama~gthd bq tlh ~hf~ch plf dh}a`j gjd f~hrgth tlh }q}tho*

Ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} }lfxcd bh tgacfrhd tf tlh mfjth|t aj plaml at pacc bh g~~cahd* Aj fxr

rh}hgrml ~rfkhmt# ph lguh bhhj efmx}hd fj x}aj` ra}i gjgcq}a} tf darhmt tlh ohg}xrhohjt gjd

gjgcq}a} fe ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }q}tho}* Tpf da}tajmt ra}i gjgcq}a} g~~rfgmlh} mgj bh x}hd

plhj hugcxgtaj` }q}tho}; ,7! tgmtamgc ra}i gjgcq}a} gjd ,2! }q}thoam ra}i gjgcq}a}*=

=*7 Tgmtamgc Ra}i Gjgcq}a}

Ra}ia} tlh ~rfbgbacatq fe }xeehraj` lgro fr cf}}* Erfo tlh tgmtamgc ~hr}~hmtauh# ra}i a} dheajhd g}

tlh ~rfbgbacatq tlgt gj huhjt pacc chgd tf g jh`gtauh mfj}hwxhjmh fr cf}}* Tlh bg}am `fgc fe tgmtamgc

ra}i gjgcq}a} a} tf hugcxgth g }q}tho} mfo~fjhjt} efr ~fthjtagc egacxrh}* Tgmtamgc ra}i gjgcq}a} a}

bg}hd fj tlh ~rajma~ch fe }q}tho dhmfo~f}atafj gjd mfo~fjhjt gjgcq}a}* Tlh ear}t }th~ fe tla}

g~~rfgml a} tf dhmfo~f}h g }q}tho ajtf at} mfj}tatxhjt mfo~fjhjt}* Tlh ajdauadxgc mfo~fjhjt}

grh tlhj ~rafrata{hd# gjd g }xb}ht fe mfo~fjhjt} a} dh}a`jgthd g} bhaj` mratamgc* Jh|t# tlh ra}i} tf

hgml mratamgc mfo~fjhjt grh gjgcq{hd*

Tgmtamgc ra}i gjgcq}a} hjgbch} }tgihlfcdhr} tf ,7! dhthroajh plaml mfo~fjhjt} grh of}t mratamgc tf

g }q}tho gjd ,2! gjgcq{h pgq} aj plaml tlf}h mratamgc mfo~fjhjt} oa`lt egac ,a*h*# gjgcq{h tlh ra}itf mratamgc mfo~fjhjt}!* ]tgihlfcdhr} mgj tlhj ao~chohjt heehmtauh mfjtrfc} dh}a`jhd tf oata`gth

tlf}h ~fthjtagc egacxrh}* Bhmgx}h fe at} efmx} fj ~rhuhjtaj` ~fthjtagc egacxrh}# tgmtamgc ra}i gjgcq}a}

lg} bhhj g~~cahd h|thj}auhcq patlaj tlh da}ma~cajh fe }q}tho} hjàjhhraj`* Lfphuhr# gjgcq}t} jhhd

=Tlh da}mx}}afj fe tgmtamgc gjd }q}thoam ra}i gjgcq}a} a} gdg~thd erfo G Jhp Gmmadhjt Ofdhc efr Hjàjhhraj`]gehr ]q}tho} YChuh}fj 2>>4_*
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22/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 7>

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24/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 72

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26/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 74

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Gjgcq}a} fe g drauhr rhwxarh} dhthroajaj` lfp at a} mxrrhjtcq gmtaj` ,a*h*# at} mxrrhjt }tgth! bq

h|goajaj` tlh heehmt} fe mfjdatafj} gjd ~fthjtagc huhjt} fj tlgt drauhr* Tlh `fgc a} tf dhthroajh ae

tlh drauhr a}

gcof}t mhrtgajcq aj at} }xmmh}} }tgth

of}t caihcq aj at} }xmmh}} }tgth

hwxgccq caihcq tf bh aj at} }xmmh}} fr egacxrh }tgth}

of}t caihcq aj at} egacxrh }tgth

gcof}t mhrtgajcq aj at} egacxrh }tgth

Tlh gbfuh ca}t mgj bh x}hd dheajh g wxgcatgtauh }mgch efr drauhr gjgcq}a}* Gjgcq{aj` hgml drauhr aj

rhcgtafj tf tlh wxgcatgtauh }mgch h}tgbca}lh} g bhjmlogri fe ~hrefrogjmh aj rhcgtafj tf g }q}tho}

dfmxohjthd oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh}*

7>Gt tla} ~fajt aj taoh# ph df jft lguh g `ffd xjdhr}tgjdaj` fe tlh rhcgtauh ugcxh} fe x}aj` wxgcatgtauh gjdwxgjtatgtauh ao~chohjtgtafj} fe tlh ORD* G fgc fe fxr rh}hgrml a} tf ~rfuadh xadgjmh gbfxt tlh bhjheat} fex}aj` hgml ao~chohjtgtafj*


27/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 78

4*7*4 Dhrauaj` g ]ht fe Drauhr}

Tlh }tgrtaj` ~fajt efr adhjtaeqaj` g }ht fe drauhr} a} tf grtamxcgth tlh oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh} tlgt grh

bhaj` g}}h}}hd* Gjgcq}t} mgj tlhj dhrauh g }ht fe drauhr} erfo tlho* Tlh rhcgtafj}la~} gofj`

oa}}afj# fbkhmtauh}# gjd drauhr} grh dh~amthd aj Ea`xrh =* Plhj dhgcaj` patl oxcta~ch fbkhmtauh}#

gjgcq}t} ox}t bh }xrh tf rhmfrd tlh}h rhcgtafj}la~} tf hjgbch heehmtauh dhma}afj ogiaj`*

Ea`xrh =; Rhcgtafj}la~} gofj` Fbkhmtauh} gjd Drauhr}

Dhrauaj` g xjawxh }ht fe drauhr} bg}hd fj tlh ~rf`rgo} oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh} rhwxarh} `gtlhraj`

ajefrogtafj erfo ~hf~ch patl h|~hrahjmh gjd h|~hrta}h rhchugjt tf tlh }~hmaeahd oa}}afj gjd

fbkhmtauh}* Efr h|go~ch# adhjtaeqaj` g }ht fe drauhr} efr }fetpgrh dhuhcf~ohjt fbkhmtauh} rhwxarh}

aj~xt erfo gmwxa}atafj ~rf`rgo} ogjg`hr} gjd }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} dhuhcf~hr}* ]aoacgrcq#

gjgcq}t} }hhiaj` tf adhjtaeq g }ht fe drauhr} efr }fetpgrh }hmxratq pfxcd mfj}xct patl }hmxratq

h|~hrt}*

Tlh h|~hrt} erfo plfo ajefrogtafj a} hcamathd }lfxcd bh egoacagr patl tlh fbkhmtauh} tlgt lguh

bhhj dheajhd* Gjgcq}t} mgj x}h tlh fbkhmtauh} tf efmx} ajthruahp} fr da}mx}}afj} patl h|~hrt}*

Dxraj` ajthruahp} fr da}mx}}afj}# h|~hrt} gj}phr tlh efccfpaj` wxh}tafj};

Plgt marmxo}tgjmh}# mfjdatafj}# gjd huhjt} pacc drauh qfxr ~rf`rgo tfpgrd g }xmmh}}exc

fxtmfoh6

Plgt marmxo}tgjmh}# mfjdatafj}# gjd huhjt} pacc drauh qfxr ~rf`rgo tfpgrd gegachdfxtmfoh6

Gethr tlhq fbtgaj ajefrogtafj erfo tlh h|~hrt}# gjgcq}t} fr`gja{h tlh ajefrogtafj ajtf

g~~rf|aogthcq 7>28 `rfx~} tlgt }lgrh tlh drauhr g} tlh mhjtrgc adhg fr tlhoh fe hgml `rfx~* ]HA

}tgee lg} ho~cfqhd tla} g~~rfgml efr adhjtaeqaj` drauhr} aj g ugrahtq fe grhg}# ajmcxdaj` }fetpgrh

gmwxa}atafj gjd dhuhcf~ohjt ~rf`rgo}# mqbhr }hmxratq ~rfmh}}h}# gjd bx}ajh}} ~frtefcaf

ogjg`hohjt YGcbhrt} 2>>1_* Tlh of}t rhmhjt efmx} lg} bhhj fj h}tgbca}laj` drauhr} efr }fetpgrh

}hmxratq* Tlh jh|t }hmtafj ~rh}hjt} g }ht fe }fetpgrh }hmxratq drauhr} tlgt lguh bhhj dhuhcf~hd bq

]HA rh}hgrmlhr}*

4*7*8 G ]tgjdgrd ]ht fe Drauhr} efr ]fetpgrh ]hmxratq

Tlh ]HA lg} g~~cahd drauhr adhjtaeamgtafj tf }fetpgrh }hmxratq* G} g rh}xct# g }tgjdgrd }ht fe 70

drauhr} efr }fetpgrh }hmxratq lg} bhhj adhjtaeahd gjd dfmxohjthd* ,Ofrh dhtgac} gbfxt tlh 70

drauhr} mgj bh efxjd aj tlh g~~hjda| }hmtafj fe tla} rh~frt*! Tgbch 2 ca}t} tlh jgoh fe hgml

}fetpgrh }hmxratq drauhr gcfj` patl g wxh}tafj tlgt a} x}hd plhj gjgcq{aj` tlgt drauhr} }tgth*


28/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 75

Tlh}h }tgjdgrd drauhr} phrh dhrauhd erfo tlh }fetpgrh }hmxratq fbkhmtauh la`lca`lthd aj ]hmtafj

4*7*2 gjd lguh jft bhhj ugcadgthd aj ~acft g}}h}}ohjt}*77

Tlh jh|t }th~ aj tlh dhuhcf~ohjt fe tlh

}fetpgrh }hmxratq drauhr} a} tf ugcadgth tlho tlrfx`l eahcd th}taj`* Fjmh g }ht fe drauhr} a}

ugcadgthd# at }hruh} g} gj grmlhtq~h tlgt gjgcq}t} mgj wxamicq tgacfr gjd g~~cq tf }~hmaeam ~rf`rgo}*

Tgbch 2; ^rftftq~h ]ht fe Drauhr Wxh}tafj} efr ]fetpgrh ]hmxratq

Drauhr Jgoh Drauhr Wxh}tafj

7* ^rf`rgo ]hmxratq

Fbkhmtauh}

Grh tlh ~rf`rgo} }hmxratq fbkhmtauh} rhgca}tam gjd gmlahugbch6

2* ]hmxratq cgj Dfh} tlh ~cgj efr dhuhcf~aj` gjd dh~cfqaj` tlh }q}tho }xeeamahjtcq gddrh}}

}hmxratq6

=* Mfjtrgmt} Df mfjtrgmt ohmlgja}o} patl ~grtjhr}# mfccgbfrgtfr}# }xbmfjtrgmtfr}# gjd

}x~~cahr} }xeeamahjtcq gddrh}} }hmxratq6

4* ]hmxratq rfmh}} Dfh} tlh ~rfmh}} bhaj` x}hd tf dhuhcf~ gjd dh~cfq tlh }q}tho }xeeamahjtcq

ajmfr~frgth }hmxratq6

8* ]hmxratq Tg}i H|hmxtafj Grh }hmxratq/rhcgthd tg}i} gjd gmtauatah} ~hrefrohd heehmtauhcq gjd heeamahjtcq6

5* ]hmxratq Mffrdajgtafj Grh }hmxratq gmtauatah} patlaj tlh ~rf`rgo mffrdajgthd g~~rf~ragthcq6

0* H|thrjgc Ajthregmh} Df pfri ~rfdxmt} erfo ~grtjhr}# mfccgbfrgtfr}# }xbmfjtrgmtfr}# fr }x~~cahr}

ohht }hmxratq rhwxarhohjt}6

* ]hmxratq Rhwxarhohjt} Df rhwxarhohjt} }xeeamahjtcq gddrh}} }hmxratq6

77* ]hmxratq Grmlathmtxrh gjd

Dh}a`j

Df tlh grmlathmtxrh gjd dh}a`j }xeeamahjtcq gddrh}} }hmxratq6

72* Mfdh ]hmxratq A} tlh mfdh }xeeamahjtcq }hmxrh6

7=* Ajth`rgthd ]q}tho ]hmxratq Dfh} tlh ajth`rgthd }q}tho }xeeamahjtcq gddrh}} }hmxratq6

74* Gdf~tafj Bgrrahr} Lguh bgrrahr} tf mx}tfohr&x}hr gdf~tafj fe tlh }q}tho} }hmxratq ehgtxrh} bhhj

ogjg`hd g~~rf~ragthcq6

78* F~hrgtafjgc ]hmxratqMfo~cagjmh

Pacc tlh }q}tho mfo~cq patl g~~camgbch }hmxratq ~fcamah}# cgp}# gjd rh`xcgtafj}6

75* F~hrgtafjgc ]hmxratq

^rh~grhdjh}}

Grh ~hf~ch ~rh~grhd tf ogajtgaj tlh }q}tho} }hmxratq fuhr taoh6

70* ^rfdxmt ]hmxratq Ra}i

Ogjg`hohjt

A} tlh g~~rfgml efr ogjg`aj` ~rfdxmt }hmxratq ra}i }xeeamahjt6

Tlh drauhr} aj Tgbch 2 mgj bh dauadhd ajtf tpf exjdgohjtgc tq~h}; ~rf`rgoogtam drauhr} gjd

~rfdxmt drauhr}* Drauhr} 71 grh rhehrrhd tf g}~rf`rgoogtam drauhr} bhmgx}h tlhq ~rfuadh aj}a`lt

ajtf lfp phcc g }q}tho ,h*`* gj gmwxa}atafj ~rf`rgo! a} bhaj` ogjg`hd* Drauhr} 7>/70 grh rhehrrhd

tf g}~rfdxmtdrauhr} bhmgx}h tlhq ~rfuadh aj}a`lt ajtf tlh ~rfdxmt tlgt a} bhaj` gmwxarhd#

dhuhcf~hd# gjd dh~cfqhd*

4*7*5 Tgacfraj` gj H|a}taj` ]ht fe Drauhr}

Tlh }tgjdgrd drauhr} ,Tgbch 2! dh}mrabh hjhrgc }hmxratq mfjmhrj} tlgt gjgcq}t} }lfxcd mfj}adhr

plhj g}}h}}aj` tlh }hmxratq mlgrgmthra}tam} fe }fetpgrh ~rfdxmt} bhaj` dhuhcf~hd gjd dh~cfqhd bq

77Tlh }tgjdgrd }ht fe }fetpgrh }hmxratq drauhr} phrh dhrauhd erfo tlh efccfpaj` fbkhmtauh; Plhj tlh }q}tho a}dh~cfqhd# }hmxratq ra}i} tf tlh dh~cfqhd }q}tho pacc bh patlaj gj gmmh~tgbch tfchrgjmh*


29/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 70

gmwxa}atafj ~rf`rgo}* Lfphuhr# tlh }tgjdgrd }ht ox}t bh tf tgacfrhd tf tlh rhwxarhohjt} fe g

}~hmaeam gmwxa}atafj ~rf`rgo tf hj}xrh tlgt tlh

}ht fe drauhr} gmmxrgthcq rhechmt} tlh ihq fbkhmtauh} fe tlh }~hmaeam ~rf`rgo bhaj` g}}h}}hd

}ht fe drauhr} a} gdkx}thd g~~rf~ragthcq bg}hd fj tlh ~rf`rgo} mfjth|t gjd mlgrgmthra}tam}

~lrg}aj` fe hgml drauhr a} mfj}a}thjt patl tlh ~rf`rgo} throajfcf`q

Tlh ear}t }th~ plhj tgacfraj` gj h|a}taj` }ht fe drauhr} a} tf mchgrcq grtamxcgth tlh ~rf`rgo}

fbkhmtauh}* Aj gddatafj# bgmi`rfxjd ajefrogtafj gbfxt tlh ~rf`rgo a} rhwxarhd tf xjdhr}tgjd plgt

tlh ~rf`rgo a} trqaj` tf gmmfo~ca}l gjd tf `gaj gj g~~rhmagtafj efr at} xjawxh mfjth|t gjd

mlgrgmthra}tam}*

Gethr gjgcq}t} `gaj g bg}am xjdhr}tgjdaj` fe tlh ~rf`rgo} mfjth|t# tlhq mgj tlhj bh`aj tf tgacfr

tlh drauhr}* Bg}hd fj tlh fbkhmtauh} bhaj` g}}h}}hd gjd tlh dgtg tlgt lg} bhhj `gtlhrhd# gjgcq}t}

ox}t mfo~chth tlh efccfpaj` }th~};

7* Dhthroajh plaml drauhr} df jft g~~cq tf tlh ~rf`rgo* Hcaoajgth h|trgjhfx} drauhr} erfo tlh

}ht*

2* H}tgbca}l plhtlhr gjq drauhr} grh oa}}aj` erfo tlh ca}t* Gdd tlf}h drauhr} tf tlh }ht*

=* Dhmadh ae oxcta~ch drauhr} erfo tlh }ht }lfxcd bh mfobajhd ajtf g }aj`ch# la`l/chuhc drauhr*

Rh~cgmh tlf}h drauhr} patl g }aj`ch drauhr tlgt mfobajh} tlho*

4* Dhmadh ae gjq drauhr} }lfxcd bh dhmfo~f}hd ajtf oxcta~ch# ofrh dhtgachd drauhr}*

Dhmfo~f}h hgml fe tlf}h drauhr} ajtf oxcta~ch drauhr}*

8* Gdkx}t tlh pfrdaj` fe hgml drauhr tf bh mfj}a}thjt patl tlh throajfcf`q gjd cgj`xg`h fe tlh

~rf`rgo tlgt a} bhaj` g}}h}}hd*

Gt tla} ~fajt# tlh tgacfrhd }ht fe drauhr} mgj bh x}hd tf g}}h}} tlh ~rf`rgo} mxrrhjt }tgth bq

mfjdxmtaj` drauhr gjgcq}a}*

4*2 Drauhr Gjgcq}a}

Tlh `fgc fe drauhr gjgcq}a} a} tf dhthroajh lfp hgml drauhr a} ajecxhjmaj` tlh fbkhmtauh}* Ofrh

}~hmaeamgccq# tlh ~rfbgbacatq fe }xmmh}} }tgth fr egacxrh }tgth efr hgml drauhr ox}t bh h}tgbca}lhd*

Jftamh tlgt hgml drauhr wxh}tafj aj Tgbch 2 a} h|~rh}}hd g} g qh}&jf wxh}tafj tlgt a} ~lrg}hd erfo

tlh }xmmh}} ~hr}~hmtauh* Ea`xrh 4 dh~amt} g drauhr wxh}tafj efr tlh ]hmxratq ^rfmh}} drauhr* Tla}

h|go~ch pacc bh x}hd tlrfx`lfxt tla} }hmtafj plhj da}mx}}aj` drauhr gjgcq}a}*


30/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 772/TJ/>>4 s 71

Ea`xrh 8; Drauhr Ugcxh Mrathrag

Plhj tlhq gjgcq{h g drauhr# gjgcq}t} jhhd tf mfj}adhr lfp mfjdatafj} gjd ~fthjtagc huhjt}72

geehmt

tlgt drauhr* Aj `hjhrgc# tlh efccfpaj` atho} }lfxcd bh mfj}adhrhd efr hgml drauhr tlgt a} gjgcq{hd;

~f}atauh mfjdatafj} tlgt }x~~frt g rh}~fj}h feqh}

jh`gtauh mfjdatafj} tlgt }x~~frt g rh}~fj}h fejf

~fthjtagc huhjt} patl ~f}atauh mfj}hwxhjmh} tlgt }x~~frt g rh}~fj}h feqh}

~fthjtagc huhjt} patl jh`gtauh mfj}hwxhjmh} tlgt }x~~frt g rh}~fj}h fejf

xjijfpj egmtfr} tlgt mfjtrabxth tf xjmhrtgajtq rh`grdaj` tlh rh}~fj}h

g}}xo~tafj} tlgt oa`lt bag} tlh rh}~fj}h

Ea`xrh 5 }lfp} gj h|go~ch fe gj gjgcq{hd drauhr* Tlh gj}phr tf tlh drauhr wxh}tafj a} caihcq jf#

plaml ohgj} tlgt tlh drauhr a} of}t caihcq aj at} egacxrh }tgth* G} g rh}xct# tlh ~rf`rgo} ~rfmh}}h}

efr }hmxratq grh of}t caihcq aj}xeeamahjt efr gmlahuaj` tlh fbkhmtauh}* Tlh rgtafjgch efr tlh rh}~fj}h

tf hgml drauhr wxh}tafj ox}t gc}f bh dfmxohjthd bhmgx}h at mg~txrh} tlh rhg}fj} plq gjgcq}t}

}hchmthd tlh rh}~fj}h* Gjq huadhjmh }x~~frtaj` tlh rgtafjgch# }xml g} tlh rh}xct} fe ajthruahp}

patl }q}tho }tgihlfcdhr} gjd ajefrogtafj mathd erfo }q}tho dfmxohjtgtafj ox}t gc}f bh mathd g}

phcc* Rhmfrdaj` tlh rgtafjgch gjd huadhjmh a} ao~frtgjt efr ugcadgtaj` tlh dgtg gjd g}}fmagthajefrogtafj ~rfdxmt}# efr la}tframgc ~xr~f}h}# gjd efr dhuhcf~aj` ch}}fj} chgrjhd*

72G mfjdatafja} dheajhd g} tlh mxrrhjt }tgth fe bhaj` fr h|a}thjmh* Mfjdatafj} dheajh tlh mxrrhjt }ht femarmxo}tgjmh} tlgt lguh gj ao~gmt fj }q}tho ~hrefrogjmh* G ~fthjtagc huhjta} dheajhd g} gj fmmxrrhjmh frlg~~hjaj` tlgt gcthr} mxrrhjt mfjdatafj} gjd# g} g rh}xct# mlgj`h} g }q}tho} ~hrefrogjmh mlgrgmthra}tam}YGcbhrt} 2>>1_*


32/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 2>

Ea`xrh 5; Gjgcq{hd Drauhr

4*= Drauhr ^rfeach

G drauhr ~rfeach ~rfuadh} g ua}xgc }xoogrq fe tlh mxrrhjt ugcxh} fe gcc drauhr} rhchugjt tf tlh

oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh} bhaj` g}}h}}hd* G drauhr ~rfeach mgj bh uahphd g} g dg}lbfgrd tlgt

~rfuadh} dhma}afj ogihr} patl g `rg~lamgc }xoogrq fe mxrrhjt mfjdatafj} gjd h|~hmthd

~hrefrogjmh aj rhcgtafj tf tlh oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh} bhaj` ~xr}xhd bq g ~rf`rgo* At dh~amt} tlh~rfbgbacatq tlgt hgml drauhr a} aj at} }xmmh}} }tgth* G la`l ~rfbgbacatq efr g drauhr ajdamgth} tlgt tlh

drauhr lg} g la`l ~rfbgbacatq fe bhaj` aj at} }xmmh}} }tgth*

Ea`xrh 0 ~rfuadh} gj h|go~ch fe g drauhr ~rfeach efr }fetpgrh }hmxratq* Aj Ea`xrh 0# g bgr `rg~l a}

x}hd tf }lfp 70 drauhr} tlgt mfrrh}~fjd tf tlh }tgjdgrd }ht efr }fetpgrh }hmxratq# gjd

~rf`rgoogtam drauhr} grh }h~grgthd erfo tlh ~rfdxmt drauhr}* Tlh ~rfeach aj Ea`xrh 0 ajdamgth} tlgt

tlh efccfpaj` efxr drauhr} lguh g la`l ~rfbgbacatq fe bhaj` aj tlhar egacxrh }tgth}; ]hmxratq ^rfmh}}#

Mfdh ]hmxratq# Ajth`rgthd ]q}tho ]hmxratq# gjd rfdxmt ]hmxratq Ra}i Ogjg`hohjt* Tlh caihcq

}tgth} fe tlh}h efxr drauhr} }lfxcd mfjmhrj tlh ~rf`rgo} dhma}afj ogihr}*


33/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 27

Ea`xrh 0; Drauhr ^rfeach

4*4 Oa}}afj Ra}i

Oa}}afj ra}ia} dheajhd g} tlh ~rfbgbacatq fe oa}}afj egacxrh ,a*h*# jft gmlahuaj` ihq fbkhmtauh}!* Aj

tla} dfmxohjt# tlh thro oa}}afj ra}ia} x}hd }qjfjqofx}cq patl tlh thro }q}thoam ra}i* Erfo tlh

ORD ~hr}~hmtauh oa}}afj ra}ia} dheajhd g} tlh ~rfbgbacatq tlgt g drauhr a} aj at} egacxrh }tgth* G}

accx}trgthd aj Ea`xrh


34/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 22

ajthjdhd tf ajmrhg}h tlh ~rfbgbacatah} fe }hchmthd drauhr} bhaj` aj tlhar }xmmh}} }tgth} gjd# g} g

rh}xct# oata`gth }q}thoam ra}i tf tlh oa}}afj ,a*h*# oata`gth oa}}afj ra}i!*

4*8 Tlh ORD; Ihq Tg}i} gjd ]th~}

Tgbch = dh}mrabh} tlh ihq tg}i} gjd }th~} tlgt ox}t bh ~hrefrohd plhj mfjdxmtaj` tlh ORD*

Tgbch =; Tlh ORD; Ihq Tg}i} gjd ]th~}

Tg}i ]th~ Dh}mra~tafj

Drauhr Adhjtaeamgtafj 7* Adhjtaeq tlh oa}}afj Tla} }th~ h}tgbca}lh} tlh tgr`ht fr efmx} fe tlh

gjgcq}a}*

2* Adhjtaeq tlh fbkhmtauh,}! Tlh }hmfjd }th~ fe drauhr adhjtaeamgtafj

dhthroajh} tlh tgjàbch fxtmfoh,}! tlgt a} fe

ajthrh}t tf dhma}afj ogihr}* Fjh fr ofrh

fbkhmtauh} grh adhjtaeahd dxraj` tla} gmtauatq*

=* Adhjtaeq drauhr} Lhrh# gjgcq}t} h}tgbca}l g }ogcc }ht ,tq~amgccq 7>/

28! fe mratamgc egmtfr} tlgt lg} g }trfj` ajecxhjmh

fj plhtlhr fr jft tlh fbkhmtauh,}! pacc bh

gmlahuhd* Tlh}h egmtfr} grh mgcchd drauhr}* Gt

tla} ~fajt# drauhr adhjtaeamgtafj a} mfo~chth*

Drauhr Gjgcq}a} 4* Hugcxgth drauhr} Fjmh tlh }ht fe drauhr} a} adhjtaeahd# drauhr

gjgcq}a} mgj bhàj* Tlh ear}t }th~ fe drauhr

gjgcq}a} g}}h}}h} tlh ugcxh fe hgml drauhr tf

dhthroajh lfp at a} mxrrhjtcq ajecxhjmaj`

~hrefrogjmh*

8* Dfmxohjt rgtafjgch gjd

huadhjmh

Tla} }th~ rhmfrd} tlh rhg}fj} xjdhrcqaj` tlh

hugcxgtafj fe hgml drauhr ,mgcchd tlh rgtafjgch!

gjd gjq tgjàbch huadhjmh tlgt }x~~frt} tlh

rgtafjgch*

5* H}tgbca}l drauhr ~rfeach Tlh eajgc }th~ fe drauhr gjgcq}a} ~rfdxmh} g

ua}xgc }xoogrq fe tlh mxrrhjt ugcxh} fe gcc

drauhr} rhchugjt tf tlh oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh}

bhaj` g}}h}}hd*

Tlh ORD hjgbch} }q}thoam ra}i gjgcq}a} fe ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }q}tho} gmrf}} tlh caeh mqmch

gjd }x~~cq mlgaj* G} accx}trgthd tlrfx`lfxt tla} }hmtafj# tlh ORD dheajh} gj g~~rfgml efr

g}}h}}aj` g }q}tho} ~fthjtagc efr gmlahuaj` at} oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh}* Fxr hgrcq pfri aj

dhuhcf~aj` tlh ORD }lfphd at tf bh g ech|abch g~~rfgml tlgt bh g~~cahd aj ogjq daeehrhjt

~rfbcho}# ajmcxdaj` }fetpgrh gmwxa}atafj gjd dhuhcf~ohjt# mqbhr }hmxratq# gjd bx}ajh}} ~frtefcaf

ogjg`hohjt*

Fxr mxrrhjt rh}hgrml a} efmx}hd fj g~~cqaj` tlh ORD aj g }fetpgrh }hmxratq mfjth|t* Tlh

h|go~ch} ~rfuadhd tlrfx`lfxt tla} }hmtafj }lfp lfp ph lguh tgacfrhd tlh g~~rfgml efr }fetpgrh

gmwxa}atafj gjd dhuhcf~ohjt ~rf`rgo}* Aj fxr mxrrhjt rh}hgrml heefrt# ph grh ajthrh}thd aj x}aj`

tlh ORD tf darhmt gj fr`gja{gtafj} }fetpgrh }hmxratq ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} gmtauatah}* Aj tlh

jh|t }hmtafj# ph }lfp lfp tlh ORD efro} tlh bg}a} efr g ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} ergohpfri

tlgt ajth`rgth} }fetpgrh }hmxratq dgtg erfo oxcta~ch }fxrmh}*


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MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 2=

8 Ajth`rgthd Ohg}xrhohjt gjd Gjgcq}a} Ergohpfri ,AOGE!

Tlh Ajth`rgthd Ohg}xrhohjt gjd Gjgcq}a} Ergohpfri ,AOGE! ho~cfq} }q}thoam ra}i gjgcq}a} tf

ajth`rgth }xbkhmtauh gjd fbkhmtauh dgtg erfo g ugrahtq fe }fxrmh}# ajmcxdaj` tgr`hthd gjgcq}a}#

}tgtx} rh~frtaj`# gjd ohg}xrhohjt# tf ~rfuadh dhma}afj ogihr} patl g mfj}fcadgthd uahp fe tlh

~hrefrogjmh fe ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho}* Ph dh}a`jhd tlh ergohpfri efr

g~~camgtafj aj g ugrahtq fe mfjth|t}# ajmcxdaj` gmwxa}atafj ~rf`rgo ogjg`hohjt# }fetpgrh

dhuhcf~ohjt# gjd f~hrgtafjgc }hmxratq* Lfphuhr# fxr cfj`/thro rh}hgrml ajthrh}t} grh efmx}hd fj

g~~cqaj` tlh ergohpfri aj g }fetpgrh }hmxratq mfjth|t* Aj tla} }hmtafj# ph ~rh}hjt tlh mfjmh~txgc

dh}a`j fe tlh AOGE erfo g `hjhram ~fajt fe uahp# la`lca`ltaj` at} bg}am }trxmtxrh gjd ihq

hchohjt}* Dhtgac} gbfxt g~~cqaj` tlh ergohpfri aj g }fetpgrh }hmxratq mfjth|t grh dhehrrhd tf

extxrh rh~frt}* Ea`xrh 1 bhcfp accx}trgth} tlh bg}am }trxmtxrh fe tlh AOGE*

Ea`xrh 1; Ajth`rgthd Ohg}xrhohjt gjd Gjgcq}a} Ergohpfri ,AOGE!

Tlh efccfpaj` grh tlh ihq hchohjt} fe tlh AOGE g} dheajhd aj Ea`xrh 1;

Dhma}afj Ogihrtlh ajdauadxgc fr ogjg`hohjt thgo tlgt fuhr}hh} gj ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch|

}fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho* Tlh dhma}afj ogihr mfj}xoh} g ugrahtq fe ajefrogtafj ~rfdxmt} tf

}gta}eq dheajhd dhma}afj/ogiaj` jhhd}*

]q}thoam Ra}i Gjgcq}a}g ra}i gjgcq}a} tlgt h|goajh} tlh g``rh`gth heehmt} fe oxcta~ch

mfjdatafj} gjd huhjt} fj g }q}tho} gbacatq tf gmlahuh at} oa}}afj* ]q}thoam ra}i gjgcq}a} a}

mfjdxmthd tf }x~~frt dhma}afj ogiaj` bg}hd fj dheajhd ajefrogtafj jhhd} gjd a} x}hd patlaj

tlh AOGE tf darhmt ohg}xrhohjt# gjgcq}a}# gjd rh~frtaj` gmtauatah}* Tlh ORD# dh}mrabhd aj

]hmtafj 4# ~rfuadh} fjh pgq fe ~hrefroaj` g }q}thoam ra}i gjgcq}a} fe gj ajthrgmtauhcq

mfo~ch| }q}tho*


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MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 24

Tgr`hthd Gjgcq}a}gjq gjgcq}a} tlgt gtlhr} dgtg gbfxt }~hmaeam g}~hmt} fe mfo~fjhjt}

patlaj g }q}tho gjd a} mfjdxmthd tf }x~~frt dhma}afj ogiaj` bg}hd fj dheajhd ajefrogtafj

jhhd}* Tgr`hthd gjgcq}a} ajmcxdh} ajefrogtafj gjd ijfpchd`h tlgt rh}xct} erfo tlh

g~~camgtafj fe gjgcq}a} ohtlfd}# thmljawxh}# gjd tffc}# }xml g} efrogc g}}h}}ohjt}#

hugcxgtafj}# gjd gxdat}*

]tgtx} Rh~frtaj`ajmcxdh} uhrbgc# th|txgc# gjd rg~lamgc ajefrogtafj ~rfdxmt} tlgt }x~~frtdheajhd ajefrogtafj jhhd}* ]tgtx} rh~frt} grh ~rfdxmhd aj tlh efro gjd cgj`xg`h tlgt grh

ohgjaj`exc efr dhma}afj ogihr}*

Ohg}xrhohjtgmtauatah} efr }hchmtaj`# dheajaj`# gtlhraj` gjd gjgcq{aj` ohg}xrhohjt dgtg

,ohg}xrh} gjd ajdamgtfr}! bg}hd fj dheajhd ajefrogtafj jhhd}* Ohg}xrhohjt dgtg ~rfuadh

dhma}afj ogihr} patl tlh wxgjtatgtauh ajefrogtafj tlhq jhhd tf heehmtauhcq g}}h}} g }atxgtafj

gjd# g} g rh}xct# rhdxmh xjmhrtgajtq*

Ohg}xrhohjt# tgr`hthd gjgcq}a}# gjd }tgtx} rh~frtaj` hjhrgccq ~rfuadh dhma}afj ogihr} patl

aj}a`lt ajtf tlh ~hrefrogjmh fe g }q}tho} ajdauadxgc mfo~fjhjt}* Lfphuhr# dhma}afj ogihr}

fethj lguh trfxbch g}}h}}aj` g }q}tho} ogmrf/chuhc bhlguafr erfo ajefrogtafj gbfxt at}

ajdauadxgc mfo~fjhjt}* Tlh AOGE a} dh}a`jhd tf brad`h tla} g~ bq ajth`rgtaj` ~hrefrogjmh gjd

wxgcatq dgtg efr ajdauadxgc mfo~fjhjt} tf ~rfuadh aj}a`lt ajtf tlh }q}tho} ogmrf/chuhc bhlguafr*

At mgj gc}f la`lca`lt plhrh gddatafjgc dgtg jhhd tf bh mfcchmthd bg}hd fj xjmhrtgajtah} aj tlh

ajth`rgthd dgtg }ht* Efr }hmxratq dgtg# tla} aj}a`lt mgj lhc~ adhjtaeq grhg} fe tlh }q}tho tlgt grh

uxcjhrgbch fr grh jft rhmhauaj` gdhwxgth gtthjtafj erfo g }hmxratq ~hr}~hmtauh* Tlh jh|t }hmtafj fe

tla} rh~frt dh}mrabh} g mfjmh~txgc }mhjgraf fe lfp tlh AOGE mgj bh x}hd tf darhmt ohg}xrhohjt#

gjgcq}a}# gjd rh~frtaj` gmtauatah} gjd rhdxmh }q}tho xjmhrtgajtq*

8*7 X}aj` tlh AOGE tf Darhmt Ohg}xrhohjt# Gjgcq}a}# gjd Rh~frtaj` Gmtauatah}

Ea`xrh 7> accx}trgth} g }mhjgraf tlgt }lfp} lfp tlh AOGE mgj bh x}hd tf }x~~frt dhma}afj/ogiaj`

gmtauatah}* Tlh }mhjgraf dh~amthd aj tlh ea`xrh x}h} tlh ORD tf darhmt ohg}xrhohjt# gjgcq}a}# gjdrh~frtaj` gmtauatah} efr g auhj }q}tho# }xml g} g }fetpgrh gmwxa}atafj gjd dhuhcf~ohjt ~rf`rgo*

Aj tlh }mhjgraf# ph grh ogiaj` gj g}}xo~tafj tlgt ohg}xrhohjt# gjgcq}a}# gjd rh~frtaj` dgtg grh

gcrhgdq bhaj` mfcchmthd fj gj fj`faj` bg}a}* Tla} g}}xo~tafj a} rh~rh}hjthd bq tlh ear}t }th~ aj tlh

}mhjgraf* Of}t dhma}afj ogihr} lguh g phgctl fe ajefrogtafj gt tlhar da}~f}gc* Xjefrtxjgthcq# aj

tlh ajthrjht g`h ajefrogtafj mfj}xohr} mgj hg}acq bhmfoh fuhrplhcohd bq tff oxml ajefrogtafj*

G} g rh}xct# dhma}afj ogihr} mgj lguh trfxbch mfjjhmtaj` tlh dft} gofj` tlh da}~grgth tq~h} fe

dgtg tlgt tlhq rhmhauh fj g dgacq bg}a}* Tlh AOGE a} dh}a`jhd tf lhc~ dhma}afj ogihr} ,7! }frt

tlrfx`l tlh dgtg tlhq gcrhgdq lguh# ,2! ogih dhma}afj} bg}hd fj tlh gugacgbch dgtg# gjd ,=!

dhthroajh gddatafjgc dgtg tf mfcchmt tlgt pacc rhdxmh mxrrhjt xjmhrtgajtah} tlgt grh ~rh}hjt*

Aj tlh }mhjgraf} }hmfjd }th~# g thgo a} mlgrthrhd tf ~hrefro tlh ORD x}aj` dgtg tlgt grh gcrhgdq

bhaj` mfcchmthd* Tlh thgo mfjdxmt} tlh }q}thoam ra}i gjgcq}a} gjd ~rh}hjt} tlh dhma}afj ogihr

patl tlh drauhr ~rfeach efr tlh }q}tho g} phcc g} tlh efccfpaj` dhtgachd dgtg rhcgthd tf hgml drauhr;

~f}atauh mfjdatafj} tlgt grh ajecxhjmaj` tlh drauhr} }tgth

jh`gtauh mfjdatafj} tlgt grh ajecxhjmaj` tlh drauhr} }tgth

~fthjtagc huhjt} patl ~f}atauh mfj}hwxhjmh} tlgt mfxcdajecxhjmh tlh drauhr} }tgth


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~fthjtagc huhjt} patl jh`gtauh mfj}hwxhjmh} tlgt mfxcdajecxhjmh tlh drauhr} }tgth

xjijfpj egmtfr} tlgt mfjtrabxth tf xjmhrtgajtq rh`grdaj` tlh drauhr} }tgth

g}}xo~tafj} tlgt oa`lt bag} tlh hugcxgtafj fe tlh drauhr

Ea`xrh 7>; AOGE ]mhjgraf

Tlh dhma}afj ogihr tq~amgccq }tgrt} bq cffiaj` gt tlh drauhr ~rfeach# plaml h}tgbca}lh} g }jg~}lft

fe }q}thoam ra}i tf tlh oa}}afj ,a*h*# g }jg~}lft fe oa}}afj ra}i!* Tlh drauhr ~rfeach hjgbch} tlhdhma}afj ogihr tf adhjtaeq gmtafj} ajthjdhd tf ajmrhg}h tlh ~rfbgbacatah} fe }~hmaeam drauhr} bhaj`

aj tlhar }xmmh}} }tgth}# plaml lg} tlh heehmt fe oata`gtaj` oa}}afj ra}i*

Aj gddatafj# tlh dhma}afj ogihr ox}t cffi gt tlh xjmhrtgajtah} rhcgthd tf hgml drauhr* Tlh}h

xjmhrtgajtah} fethj rhechmt marmxo}tgjmh} plhrh tlhrh grh ijfpj g~} aj tlh xjdhrcqaj` dgtg fr

plhrh tlh dgtg mfcchmthd grh jft exccq trx}thd* Tlhq thjd tf ~x}l g drauhr} ~rfbgbacatq tfpgrd tlh

oaddch ,a*h*# hwxgccq caihcq tf bh aj at} }xmmh}} gjd egacxrh }tgth}!* Xjmhrtgajtah} ~rfuadh dhma}afj

ogihr} gj f~~frtxjatq tf mfcchmt gddatafjgc ajefrogtafj aj frdhr tf rheajh tlh gjgcq}a} fe g drauhr*

Aj tlh tlard }th~ fe tlh }mhjgraf dh~amthd aj Ea`xrh 7># tlh dhma}afj ogihr x~dgth} la} fr lhr

ohg}xrhohjt# gjgcq}a}# gjd rh~frtaj` jhhd}&rhwxarhohjt} bg}hd fj tlh fgc fe rhdxmaj`

xjmhrtgajtah} rhcgthd tf hgml drauhr* Eajgccq# aj tlh efxrtl }th~# x~dgthd ajefrogtafj jhhd} grhadhjtaeahd bg}hd fj tlh dhma}afj ogihr} rhua}hd rhwxarhohjt}* Tlh}h x~dgthd ajefrogtafj jhhd}

mgj chgd tf tlh adhjtaeamgtafj fe gddatafjgc

g}}h}}ohjt} tf ~hrefro

}tgtx} ajefrogtafj tf mfcchmt

ohg}xrh} tf mfcchmt


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Tlh efxr }th~} ca}thd aj Ea`xrh 7> fxtcajh g bg}am ~rfmh}} efr adhjtaeqaj` ohg}xrhohjt# gjgcq}a}#

gjd rh~frtaj` dgtg tlgt jhhd tf bh mfcchmthd* G} gddatafjgc dgtg grh mfcchmthd# tlh ~rfmh}} mgj bh

rh~hgthd* Fuhr taoh# tlh rhdxmtafj aj xjmhrtgajtq rh}xctaj` erfo jhp dgtg tlgt grh mfcchmthd gjd

gjgcq{hd }lfxcd ~rfuadh dhma}afj ogihr} patl ofrh mcgratq rh`grdaj` }q}thoam ra}i tf tlh oa}}afj

gjd# g} g rh}xct# hjgbch bhtthr dhma}afj ogiaj` bg}hd fj ofrh fbkhmtauh dgtg*

8*2 G~~cqaj` A]F 781=1 Ohg}xrhohjt aj gj AOGE Mfjth|t

Tlh AOGE a} g `hjhrgc ~xr~f}h ergohpfri tlgt mgj bh ajth`rgthd patl gj fr`gja{gtafj}

ohg}xrhohjt# gjgcq}a}# gjd rh~frtaj` ~rgmtamh}* Ea`xrh 77 accx}trgth} lfp tlh A]F 781=1

ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} ~rh}hjthd aj ]hmtafj 2 fe tla} rh~frt mgj bh g~~cahd patlaj gj AOGE mfjth|t*

Tlh }aj`ch ohg}xrhohjt bf| }lfpj aj tlh bg}am AOGE dag`rgo ,Ea`xrh 1! lg} bhhj h|~gjdhd tf

ajmcxdh tlh dhtgachd A]F 781=1 ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} dh~amthd aj Ea`xrh 2 ,aj ]hmtafj 2 fe tla}

rh~frt!* Tlh ORD ~rfuadh} ajefrogtafj jhhd} tf tlh~cgj ohg}xrhohjtgmtauatq fe tlh A]F 781=1

ohg}xrhohjt ~rfmh}} gjd rhmhauh} ajefrogtafj ~rfdxmt}# }xml g} ohg}xrh} gjd ajdamgtfr}# erfo

tlh~hrefro ohg}xrhohjtgmtauatq*

Ea`xrh 77; Tlh AOGE aj gj A]F 781=1 Ohg}xrhohjt Mfjth|t

Bg}hd fj fxr eahcd pfri patl mx}tfohr}# ph bhcahuh tlgt tlh AOGE pacc lhc~ ~rfuadh dhma}afj

ogihr} patl tlh ajefrogtafj tlhq jhhd# plhj tlhq jhhd at# gjd aj tlh ra`lt efro* Tlh jh|t }th~ aj

fxr rh}hgrml gjd dhuhcf~ohjt gmtauatah} a} tf bh`aj ~acftaj` tlh ergohpfri patl mx}tfohr

fr`gja{gtafj} aj g }fetpgrh }hmxratq mfjth|t*


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MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 20

5 Gddatafjgc Rh}hgrml Tg}i}

Tlh AOGE gjd tlh ORD efro tlh efxjdgtafj efr rh}hgrml gjd dhuhcf~ohjt gmtauatah} bhaj`

~hrefrohd bq tlh ]]OG ~rfkhmt* Aj tla} }hmtafj# ph brahecq la`lca`lt tlrhh gddatafjgc tg}i} tlgt

bxacd fj tla} efxjdgtafj; ,7! ohg}xrh adhjtaeamgtafj# ,2! }tgjdgrd og~~aj`# gjd ,=! drauhr

ofdhcaj`* Ohg}xrh adhjtaeamgtafj pacc hjgbch ~rgmtatafjhr} tf adhjtaeq gjd }hchmt }fetpgrh }hmxratq

ohg}xrh} bg}hd fj drauhr xjmhrtgajtah} ,g} adhjtaeahd bq g~~cqaj` tlh AOGE!* Patl tlh }tgjdgrd

og~~aj` tg}i# ph grh dhuhcf~aj` gj g~~rfgml efr cajiaj` }fetpgrh }hmxratq drauhr}# ~rgmtamh}# gjd

ohg}xrh} tf tlh mfjtrfc} }~hmaeahd aj mfoofjcq x}hd }hmxratq }tgjdgrd}* G} ~grt fe fxr drauhr

ofdhcaj` tg}i# ph grh bh`ajjaj` tf g~~cqaj` ~rhdamtauh gjgcqtam} aj g }fetpgrh }hmxratq mfjth|t tf

hjgbch ofrh ajefrohd dhma}afj ogiaj` tlrfx`l wxgjtatgtauh ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}* Fxr ajthjt

aj tla} }hmtafj a} tf ~rfuadh g mfjmh~txgc fuhruahp fe hgml tg}i* Extxrh rh~frt}# plath ~g~hr}# gjd

~rh}hjtgtafj} pacc ~rfuadh ofrh aj/dh~tl trhgtohjt} fe tlh}h tlrhh tg}i} aj g }fetpgrh }hmxratq

mfjth|t*

5*7 Ohg}xrh Adhjtaeamgtafj

Ohgjaj`exc ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} a} bg}hd fj mgrhexccq mfj}adhrhd gjd dheajhd ohg}xrh} tlgt

grh cajihd tf tlh oa}}afj fe tlh }q}tho bhaj` g}}h}}hd* Ea`xrh 72 ~rfuadh} g mfjmh~txgc uahp fe

lfp ohg}xrh} mgj bh cajihd tf tlh oa}}afj x}aj` tlh AOGE*

Ea`xrh 72; Caji erfo Oa}}afj tf Ohg}xrh} ,Mfjmh~txgc Uahp!

Tlh da}mx}}afj fe tlh ORD aj ]hmtafj 4 dh}mrabh} lfp tf dhmfo~f}h g oa}}afj ajtf fbkhmtauh}

gjd drauhr} x}aj` drauhr adhjtaeamgtafj* Dxraj` drauhr gjgcq}a}# tlh }ht fe drauhr} a} hugcxgthd tf

dhthroajh hgml drauhr} ajecxhjmh fj tlh }q}tho} oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh}* G} g rh}xct# drauhr

gjgcq}a} ~rfuadh} dhma}afj ogihr} patl aj}a`lt ajtf tlh dh`rhh fe }q}thoam ra}i gjd xjmhrtgajtq

geehmtaj` tlh oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh}*

Aj ~rhuafx} }hmtafj}# ph mfjmh~txgccq }lfphd lfp drauhr xjmhrtgajtah} mgj bh x}hd tf dheajh g }ht

fe ajefrogtafj jhhd} efr tgr`hthd gjgcq}a}# }tgtx} rh~frtaj`# gjd ohg}xrhohjt* Aj fxr ohg}xrh


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MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 2/8= }tgjdgrd#

plaml a} hjtatchdRhmfoohjdhd ]hmxratq Mfjtrfc} efr Ehdhrgc Ajefrogtafj ]q}tho} gjd

Fr`gja{gtafj} YJA]T 2>>1_*

Ea`xrh 7=; ]tgjdgrd Og~~aj` ,Mfjmh~txgc Uahp!


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MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s 21

Bq og~~aj` }hmxratq }tgjdgrd} tf }fetpgrh }hmxratq drauhr}# ~rgmtamh}# gjd ohg}xrh}# ph mgj caji

oa}}afj/bg}hd ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} ,~rfuadhd bq tlh AOGE! patl gj fr`gja{gtafj} }hmxratq

mfo~cagjmh heefrt}* Dhma}afj ogihr} mgj adhjtaeq gjq mfjecamt} bhtphhj }q}tho ~hrefrogjmh gjd

tlh fr`gja{gtafj} mfo~cagjmh heefrt}* Fxr pfri rhcgthd tf tla} tg}i a} aj tlh ~rftftq~aj` }tg`h# gjd

tlh hgrcq rh}xct} cffi ~rfoa}aj`* Lfphuhr# mfj}adhrgbch pfri }tacc rhogaj}* Dhtgac} gbfxt

gddatafjgc dhuhcf~ohjt rhcgthd tf }tgjdgrd og~~aj`} pacc bh ~rfuadhd aj extxrh rh~frt}# plath~g~hr}# gjd ~rh}hjtgtafj}*

5*= Drauhr Ofdhcaj`

Plach mfjdxmtaj` fxr rh}hgrml gjd dhuhcf~ohjt gmtauatah}# ph adhjtaeahd tlh jhhd efr ~rhdamtauh

ofdhcaj` patlaj tlh da}ma~cajh fe }fetpgrh }hmxratq* Ph mgoh tf tlh mfjmcx}afj tlgt ~rhdamtauh

gjgcqtam} mfxcd ~rfuadh g bg}a} efr wxgjtaeqaj` tlh caihcalffd fe fmmxrrhjmh gjd rhcgtafj}la~}

gofj` }hmxratq hjtatah}# }xml g} drauhr}* Ph gc}f dhthroajhd tlgt ~rhdamtauh gjgcqtam} lgd tlh

~fthjtagc tf hjgbch g ofrh mfo~hccaj` gjd heeamahjt bg}a} efr ao~chohjtaj` g ohg}xrhohjt gjd

gjgcq}a} g~~rfgml ~rh}mrabhd bq tlh AOGE*

Ph adhjtaeahd g ugrahtq fe ofdhcaj` g~~rfgmlh} tlgt mfxcd bh ho~cfqhd tf wxgjtatgtauhcqao~chohjt tlh AOGE* Aj ~grtamxcgr# ph bhcahuhd tlgt tlh}h ofdhcaj` g~~rfgmlh} mfxcd ~rfuadh g

~rhdamtauh gjgcqtam} hj`ajh efr tlh ORD* Tlh mgjdadgth g~~rfgmlh} tlgt ph mfj}adhrhd ajmcxdh#

bxt grh jft caoathd tf

trgdatafjgc }tgta}tamgc mfrrhcgtafj gjd rh`rh}}afj gjgcq}a}

}q}tho} dqjgoam} ofdhcaj`

Ofjth Mgrcf }aoxcgtafj ofdhcaj`

~rfbgbaca}tam ofdhcaj` ,h*`*# Bgqh}agj Bhcahe Jhtpfri}!

Gethr mfj}adhraj` tlh dhogjd} gjd mfj}trgajt} geehmtaj` fxr rhgml ~rfkhmt# ph }hchmthd Bgqh}agj

Bhcahe Jhtpfri} ,BBJ}! g} fxr ofdhcaj` g~~rfgml* Ea`xrh 74 }lfp} fxr ajatagc BBJ dag`rgo efrtlh 70 }fetpgrh }hmxratq drauhr} tlgt ph ajtrfdxmhd aj ]hmtafj 4*7*8 fe tla} rh~frt*

Tlh BBJ aj tlh ea`xrh pacc wxgjtatgtauhcq mfjearo tlh caihcalffd fe fmmxrrhjmh fe hgml drauhr}

}tgth g} phcc g} mfjearo tlh rhcgtafj}la~} fe chgdaj` ajdamgtfr} gofj` tlh drauhr}* Efr h|go~ch#

aj Ea`xrh 74 hgml fe tlh drauhr}# rh~rh}hjthd bq tlh marmchd jfdh}# lguh fjh fr ofrh }tgth}* Tlh}h

mfxcd bh bajgrq }tgth}# }xml g} }xmmh}} gjd egacxrh# fr tlhq mfxcd x}h g }mgch fe 78* Gddatafjgccq#

hgml grrfp rh~rh}hjt} g ~fthjtagc mgx}h/gjd/heehmt rhcgtafj}la~# fr chgdaj` ajdamgtfr rhcgtafj}la~*

Efr h|go~ch# tlh efccfpaj` eauh }hmxratq drauhr} darhmtcq ajecxhjmh tlh }tgtx} fe tlh }hmxratq

fbkhmtauh# plaml a} rh~rh}hjthd bq tlh bcgmi marmchd jfdh aj Ea`xrh 74;

drauhr 7=# Ajth`rgthd ]q}tho ]hmxratq

drauhr 74# Gdf~tafj Bgrrahr}

drauhr 78# F~hrgtafjgc ]hmxratq Mfo~cagjmh

drauhr 75# F~hrgtafjgc ]hmxratq rh~grhdjh}}

drauhr 70# rfdxmt ]hmxratq Ra}i Ogjg`hohjt


42/63

Ea`xrh 74 Drauhr Ofdhc ,Bgqh}agj Bhcahe Jhtpfri!


43/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s =7

Caihpa}h# tlh }tgtx} fe drauhr 77 ,]hmxratq Grmlathmtxrh gjd Dh}a`j! ogq bh ~rhdamthd patl

ijfpchd`h fe drauhr 8 ,]hmxratq Tg}i H|hmxtafj! gjd drauhr 7> ,]hmxratq Rhwxarhohjt}!*

Ea`xrh 74 rhechmt} }xbkhmtauh h|~hrt f~ajafj rh`grdaj` tlh rhcgtafj}la~} gofj` tlh drauhr}* Fuhr

taoh# ho~aramgc gjgcq}a} fe tlh BBJ oa`lt dhofj}trgth tlgt }foh rhcgtafj}la~} bg}hd fj h|~hrt

f~ajafj grh jft }a`jaeamgjt# plach jhp rhcgtafj}la~} oa`lt gc}f bh adhjtaeahd* Tlh rh}xct} fe tla}ho~aramgc gjgcq}a} oa`lt mgx}h tlh BBJ tf bh ofdaeahd# plhrh aj}a`jaeamgjt rhcgtafj}la~} grh

rhofuhd erfo tlh ofdhc gjd jhpcq da}mfuhrhd rhcgtafj}la~} grh gddhd*

Fuhrgcc# ph bhcahuh tlgt gj f~hrgtafjgc BBJ ofdhc tlgt chgrj} erfo gddatafjgc h|~hrahjmh gjd

dgtg pacc ~rfuh x}hexc efr adhjtaeqaj` plaml drauhr} lguh tlh rhgth}t ajecxhjmh fj gmlahuaj` tlh

}hmxratq fbkhmtauh* G} gjgcq}t} gmwxarh gddatafjgc fbkhmtauh fr }xbkhmtauh }hmxratq dgtg gbfxt

drauhr} gjd tlhar rhcgtafj}la~}# tlh ofdhc pacc chgrj erfo tla} jhp ajefrogtafj* rfbgbacatah}

g}}fmagthd patl drauhr} pacc bh x~dgthd gmmfrdaj`cq# gjd rhcgtafj}la~} gofj` drauhr} aj tlh ofdhc

pacc gc}f bh x~dgthd*

X}aj` BBJ} tf ao~chohjt tlh AOGE }lfp} mfj}adhrgbch ~rfoa}h efr ~rfuadaj` dhma}afj ogihr}

patl wxgjtatgtauh ohg}xrhohjt dgtg* Erfo g dhma}afj ogihr} ~hr}~hmtauh# BBJ} feehr gjg~~rfgml tf ofdhc rhgc/taoh fb}hrugtafj} gjd x~dgth ~rhdamtafj} patl tlh cgth}t ijfpchd`h#

tlhrhbq ~rfuadaj` dhma}afj ogihr} patl mxrrhjt gjd mfo~rhlhj}auh ajefrogtafj bhefrh ogiaj`

mratamgc dhma}afj}* Gddatafjgc dhtgac} gbfxt tla} pfri pacc bh ~rfuadhd aj extxrh rh~frt}# plath

~g~hr}# gjd ~rh}hjtgtafj}*


44/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s =2

0 ]xoogrq gjd Jh|t ]th~}

Efr }huhrgc qhgr}# tlh }fetpgrh hj`ajhhraj` mfooxjatq lg} bhhj pfriaj` tf adhjtaeq ~rgmtamh}

gaohd gt dhuhcf~aj` ofrh }hmxrh }fetpgrh* Gctlfx`l }foh efxjdgtafjgc pfri lg} bhhj ~hrefrohd

tlrfx`lfxt tlh mfooxjatq# heefrt} tf ohg}xrh }fetpgrh }hmxratq g}}xrgjmh lguh qht tf ogthragca{h

aj gjq }xb}tgjtauh eg}lafj* G} g rh}xct# dhma}afj ogihr} ,h*`*# dhuhcf~ohjt ~rf`rgo gjd ~rfkhmt

ogjg`hr}# gmwxa}atafj ~rf`rgo feeamh}! cgmi mfjeadhjmh aj tlh }hmxratq mlgrgmthra}tam} fe tlhar

}fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho}*

Aj ]h~thobhr 2>>1# tlh ]HA MHRT

^rf`rgo mlgrthrhd tlh ]]OG rfkhmt tf gdugjmh tlh }tgth/fe/

tlh/~rgmtamh aj }fetpgrh }hmxratq ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}* Tlh ]]OG rfkhmt a} rh}hgrmlaj` gjd

dhuhcf~aj` ergohpfri}# ohtlfd}# gjd tffc} efr ohg}xraj` gjd ofjatfraj` tlh }hmxratq

mlgrgmthra}tam} fe ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} gmrf}} tlh caeh mqmch gjd }x~~cq

mlgaj*

Tlh ]]OG^rfkhmt bxacd} fj tlh MHRT rf`rgo} mfrh mfo~hthjmh aj }fetpgrh gjd ajefrogtafj}hmxratq g} phcc g} tlh ]HA} pfri aj }fetpgrh hj`ajhhraj` ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}* Tlh ogaj

~xr~f}h fe tla} ~rfkhmt a} tf gddrh}} tlh efccfpaj` tpf wxh}tafj};

7* Lfp df ph h}tgbca}l# }~hmaeq# gjd ohg}xrh kx}taeahd mfjeadhjmh tlgt ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch|

}fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} grh }xeeamahjtcq }hmxrh tf ohht f~hrgtafjgc jhhd}6

2* Lfp df ph ohg}xrh gt hgml ~lg}h fe tlh dhuhcf~ohjt fr gmwxa}atafj caeh mqmch tlgt tlh

rhwxarhd&dh}arhd chuhc fe }hmxratq lg} bhhj gmlahuhd6

Tla} rh~frt ~raogracq efmx}h} fj gj}phraj` tlh ear}t rh}hgrml wxh}tafj* At ~rh}hjt} g ra}i/bg}hd

g~~rfgml efr h}tgbca}laj`# }~hmaeqaj`# gjd ohg}xraj` kx}taeahd mfjeadhjmh tlgt ajthrgmtauhcq

mfo~ch| }fetpgrh/rhcagjt }q}tho} grh }xeeamahjtcq }hmxrh tf ohht f~hrgtafjgc jhhd}*

0*7 Tlh AOGE gjd tlh ORD

Tlh ogaj mfjmh~txgc ergohpfri dhuhcf~hd xjdhr tlh ]]OG ~rfkhmt a} tlh Ajth`rgthd

Ohg}xrhohjt gjd Gjgcq}a} Ergohpfri ,AOGE!# plaml a} dh~amthd aj Ea`xrh 78* Tlh AOGE

ho~cfq} }q}thoam ra}i gjgcq}a} tf ajth`rgth }xbkhmtauh gjd fbkhmtauh dgtg erfo g ugrahtq fe

}fxrmh}# ajmcxdaj` tgr`hthd gjgcq}a}# }tgtx} rh~frtaj`# gjd ohg}xrhohjt# tf ~rfuadh dhma}afj

ogihr} patl g mfj}fcadgthd uahp fe tlh ~hrefrogjmh fe ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }fetpgrh/rhcagjt

}q}tho}*

Aj hjhrgc# tgr`hthd gjgcq}a}# }tgtx} rh~frtaj`# gjd ohg}xrhohjt gmtauatah} ~rfuadh uhrq dhtgachd

dgtg gbfxt g }q}tho} mratamgc mfo~fjhjt}* Efr ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }q}tho}# dhma}afj ogihr}fethj lguh trfxbch mfjjhmtaj` tlh dft} gofj` tlh uhrq dhtgachd# da}~grgth dgtg gugacgbch tf

tlho* G} g rh}xct# dhma}afj ogihr} mgj eajd at daeeamxct tf xjdhr}tgjd g }q}tho} ogmrf/chuhc

bhlguafr bg}hd fj gugacgbch ajefrogtafj* Tlh AOGE a} dh}a`jhd tf brad`h tla} `g~ bq ajth`rgtaj`

~hrefrogjmh dgtg efr ajdauadxgc mfo~fjhjt} tf ~rfuadh aj}a`lt ajtf tlh }q}tho} bhlguafr* At mgj

gc}f la`lca`lt plhrh gddatafjgc dgtg jhhd tf bh mfcchmthd bg}hd fj xjmhrtgajtah} aj tlh ajth`rgthd

dgtg }ht*


45/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s ==

Tlh mhjthr~ahmh fe tlh AOGE a} g }q}thoam ra}i gjgcq}a} g~~rfgml tlgt h|goajh} tlh g``rh`gth

heehmt} fe oxcta~ch mfjdatafj} gjd huhjt} fj g }q}tho} gbacatq tf gmlahuh at} oa}}afj* ]q}thoam

ra}i gjgcq}a} a} mfjdxmthd tf }x~~frt dhma}afj ogiaj` bg}hd fj dheajhd ajefrogtafj jhhd} gjd a}

x}hd patlaj tlh AOGE tf darhmt ohg}xrhohjt# gjgcq}a}# gjd rh~frtaj` gmtauatah}* Tlh ]]OG

~rfkhmt a} dhuhcf~aj` tlh Oa}}afj Ra}i Dag`jf}tam ,ORD! tf hjgbch }q}thoam gjgcq}a} g}

~rh}mrabhd bq tlh AOGE*

Ea`xrh 78; Tlh AOGE Rhua}athd

Tlh ORD mfo~ra}h} tpf ogaj tg}i}; drauhr adhjtaeamgtafj gjd drauhr gjgcq}a}* Tlh ogaj `fgc fe

drauhr adhjtaeamgtafj a} tf h}tgbca}l g }ht fe egmtfr}# mgcchd drauhr}# tlgt mgj bh x}hd tf ohg}xrh~hrefrogjmh aj rhcgtafj tf g ~rf`rgo} oa}}afj gjd fbkhmtauh}* Fjmh tlh }ht fe drauhr} a}

h}tgbca}lhd# gjgcq}t} tlhj ho~cfq drauhr gjgcq}a} tf hugcxgth hgml drauhr aj tlh }ht*

Drauhr gjgcq}a} hjgbch} gjgcq}t} tf hugcxgth tlh mxrrhjt }tgth fe hgml drauhr ,a*h*# lfp at a} geehmtaj`

mxrrhjt ~hrefrogjmh! gjd h}tgbca}l g drauhr ~rfeach efr tlh oa}}afj* Tlh ~xr~f}h fe tlh drauhr

~rfeach a} tf h}tgbca}l g }jg~}lft fe tlh dh`rhh fe }q}thoam ra}i mxrrhjtcq geehmtaj` tlh oa}}afj ,a*h*#

g }jg~}lft fe oa}}afj ra}i!* Tlh drauhr ~rfeach hjgbch} tlh dhma}afj ogihr tf adhjtaeq gmtafj}

ajthjdhd tf ajmrhg}h tlh ~rfbgbacatah} fe }~hmaeam drauhr} bhaj` aj tlhar }xmmh}} }tgth}# plaml# aj

txrj# oata`gth} oa}}afj ra}i*

Tlh dhma}afj ogihr ox}t gc}f mfj}adhr xjmhrtgajtah} rhcgthd tf hgml drauhr* Tlh}h xjmhrtgajtah}

fethj rhechmt marmxo}tgjmh} plhrh tlhrh grh ijfpj `g~} aj tlh xjdhrcqaj` dgtg fr plhrh tlh dgtg

mfcchmthd grh jft exccq trx}thd* Tlhq thjd tf ajecxhjmh g drauhr} ~rfbgbacatq tfpgrd tlh oaddch

,a*h*# hwxgccq caihcq tf bh aj at} }xmmh}} gjd egacxrh }tgth}!* Xjmhrtgajtah} ~rfuadh dhma}afj ogihr}

gj f~~frtxjatq tf mfcchmt gddatafjgc ajefrogtafj ,uag tgr`hthd gjgcq}a}# }tgtx} rh~frtaj`# gjd

ohg}xrhohjt! aj frdhr tf rheajh tlh gjgcq}a} fe g drauhr* Fuhr taoh# tlh rhdxmtafj aj xjmhrtgajtq

rh}xctaj` erfo jhp dgtg tlgt grh mfcchmthd gjd gjgcq{hd }lfxcd ~rfuadh dhma}afj ogihr} patl ofrh


46/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s =4

mcgratq rh`grdaj` }q}tho ~hrefrogjmh gjd# g} g rh}xct# hjgbch bhtthr dhma}afj ogiaj` bg}hd fj

ofrh fbkhmtauh dgtg*

Hgrcq uhr}afj} fe tlh ORD lguh bhhj ~acfthd aj g ugrahtq fe grhg}# ajmcxdaj` }fetpgrh gmwxa}atafj

gjd dhuhcf~ohjt ~rf`rgo}# mqbhr }hmxratq ~rfmh}}h}# gjd bx}ajh}} ~frtefcaf ogjg`hohjt* Ph grh

mxrrhjtcq cffiaj` tf ~acft tlh AOGE gjd tlh ORD aj g }fetpgrh }hmxratq mfjth|t* Tlh `fgc a} tf

g}}h}} }fetpgrh }hmxratq dxraj` g }q}tho} gmwxa}atafj gjd dhuhcf~ohjt gjd lhc~ dhma}afj ogihr}

adhjtaeq }fetpgrh }hmxratq ohg}xrh} tlgt pacc lhc~ tlho rhdxmh }q}thoam ra}i gjd xjmhrtgajtq*

0*2 Gddatafjgc Rh}hgrml

Tlh AOGE gjd tlh ORD }hruh g} tlh efxjdgtafj efr ]]OG rh}hgrml gjd dhuhcf~ohjt gmtauatah}*

Bxacdaj` x~fj tla} efxjdgtafj# ph lguh ~xr}xhd tlh efccfpaj` tlrhh gddatafjgc rh}hgrml gjd

dhuhcf~ohjt tg}i} dxraj` tlh ~g}t tpf qhgr};

ohg}xrh adhjtaeamgtafjgj g~~rfgml efr adhjtaeqaj` ~rgmtamh} gjd ohg}xrh} rhcgthd tf g

`auhj drauhr

}tgjdgrd og~~aj`g ohgj} fe og~~aj` mfooxjatq }tgjdgrd} tf drauhr}# ~rgmtamh}# gjd

ohg}xrh}

drauhr ofdhcaj` gj g~~rfgml efr x}aj` ~rhdamtauh gjgcqtam} g} g wxgjtatgtauh bg}a} efr

ao~chohjtaj` tlh AOGE

Gctlfx`l hgml fe tlh gbfuh tg}i} a} hgrcq aj at} dhuhcf~ohjt# hgrcq rh}xct} cffi ~rfoa}aj`*

0*= Jh|t ]th~}

Tla} rh~frt mfjmcxdh} fxr ajatagc ~lg}h fe rh}hgrml gjd dhuhcf~ohjt rhcgthd tf }fetpgrh }hmxratq

ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}* Ph lguh h}tgbca}lhd g bg}a} efr extxrh ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a}

gmtauatah} tlfx`l fxr pfri aj tlh efccfpaj` grhg};

dheajatafj fe g ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} ergohpfri ,tlh AOGE!

dhuhcf~ohjt fe g ohtlfd efr ~hrefroaj` }q}thoam gjgcq}a} fe ajthrgmtauhcq mfo~ch| }q}tho}

,tlh ORD!

adhjtaeqaj` ohgjaj`exc ohg}xrh} ,ohg}xrh adhjtaeamgtafj!

og~~aj` }tgjdgrd} tf drauhr}# ~rgmtamh}# gjd ohg}xrh} ,}tgjdgrd og~~aj`!

g~~cqaj` ~rhdamtauh gjgcqtam} tf }fetpgrh }hmxratq x}aj` BBJ} ,drauhr ofdhcaj`!

Tlh ogaj ho~lg}a} fe fxr hgrcq rh}hgrml gjd dhuhcf~ohjt gmtauatah} lg} bhhj tlh dhuhcf~ohjt fe

tlh AOGE gjd tlh ORD# plaml lguh bhhj ~rh}hjthd aj tla} rh~frt* Tlh `fgc} fe fxr jh|t ~lg}h grh

tf ,7! ~acft gjd rheajh tlh AOGE gjd tlh ORD aj g }fetpgrh }hmxratq mfjth|t gjd ,2! mfjtajxh

rh}hgrml gjd dhuhcf~ohjt gmtauatah} rhcgthd tf ohg}xrh adhjtaeamgtafj# }tgjdgrd og~~aj`# gjddrauhr ofdhcaj`* Ph bhcahuh tlgt fxr pfri aj }fetpgrh }hmxratq ohg}xrhohjt gjd gjgcq}a} lfcd}

mfj}adhrgbch ~rfoa}h efr tlh extxrh* Ph lf~h tf bxacd fj tlh efxjdgtafjgc pfri dh}mrabhd aj tla}

rh~frt aj tlh qhgr} tf mfoh*


47/63

MOX&]HA/2>72/TJ/>>4 s =8

G~~hjda|; ]tgjdgrd ]ht fe Drauhr} efr ]fetpgrh ]hmxratq

Tla} g~~hjda| ~rfuadh} g ~rftftq~h }ht fe drauhr wxh}tafj} efr g}}h}}aj` }fetpgrh }hmxratq g}

dh}mrabhd aj ]hmtafj 4*7*8* Tla} }ht fe drauhr} a} dhrauhd erfo tlh efccfpaj` }fetpgrh }hmxratq

fbkhmtauh; Plhj tlh }q}tho a} dh~cfqhd# }hmxratq ra}i} tf tlh dh~cfqhd }q}tho pacc bh patlaj gj

gmmh~tgbch tfchrgjmh*

Gt tla} ~fajt aj taoh# tlh }ht f

risk-based measurement and analysis: application to software security

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