rise of big business
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start of industrialization in americaTRANSCRIPT
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U. S. Patents GrantedU. S. Patents Granted
1790s 276 patents issued. 1790s 276 patents issued.
1990s 1,119,220 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.
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The Light BulbThe Light Bulb
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Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison
“Wizard of Menlo Park” “Wizard of Menlo Park”
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The Phonograph (1877)The Phonograph (1877)
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The Ediphone or Dictaphone
The Ediphone or Dictaphone
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The Motion Picture CameraThe Motion Picture Camera
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Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell
Telephone (1876)Telephone (1876)
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Model T AutomobileModel T Automobile
Henry FordI want to pay my workers so that they
can afford my product!
Henry FordI want to pay my workers so that they
can afford my product!
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“Model T” Prices & Sales
“Model T” Prices & Sales
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Essential QuestionEssential Question
Industrialization increased the standard
of living and the opportunities of most
Americans, but at what cost?
Industrialization increased the standard
of living and the opportunities of most
Americans, but at what cost?
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Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.
2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:
First big business in the US. A magnet for financial investment. The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other
industries.
1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.
2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:
First big business in the US. A magnet for financial investment. The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other
industries.
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Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization
3. Technological innovations. Bessemer and open hearth
process Refrigerated cars
3. Technological innovations. Bessemer and open hearth
process Refrigerated cars
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4. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.
5. Abundant capital.6. New, talented group of businessmen
[entrepreneurs] and advisors.7. Market growing as US population
increased.8. Government willing to help at all levels to
stimulate economic growth.9. Abundant natural resources.
4. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.
5. Abundant capital.6. New, talented group of businessmen
[entrepreneurs] and advisors.7. Market growing as US population
increased.8. Government willing to help at all levels to
stimulate economic growth.9. Abundant natural resources.
Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization
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Growth of Railroads• Government justified giving Railroads land
grants and loans for military and postal service purposes.
• Union Pacific Railroad extended railroad west from Omaha, NE.
• Central Pacific Railroad completed the transcontinental rail line from Sacramento, CA to Sierra, NV
• The two lines met near Ogden, UT
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Revolution by Railways• Transcontinental RR created domestic market
for raw materials and manufactured goods.• Stimulated mining and agriculture by making
the movement of goods to market faster and farther.
• Creation of cities around RR • Advertising increased immigration from
Europe to farm the west.• Introduction of time zones• Created new society of millionaires.
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New Business CultureNew Business Culture1. Laissez Faire the ideology of the
Industrial Age.1. Laissez Faire the ideology of the
Industrial Age.
Individual as a moral and economic ideal.
Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.
The market was not man-made or invented.
No room for government in the market!
Individual as a moral and economic ideal.
Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.
The market was not man-made or invented.
No room for government in the market!
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New Type of Business Entities
New Type of Business Entities1. Pool
1887 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created.
2. Trust John D. Rockefeller
1. Pool 1887 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created.
2. Trust John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil Co. Standard Oil Co.
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New Type of Business Entities
New Type of Business Entities
2. Trust: Horizontal Integration John D.
Rockefeller
2. Trust: Horizontal Integration John D.
Rockefeller Vertical Integration:
o Gustavus Swift Meat-packingo Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel
Vertical Integration:o Gustavus Swift Meat-packingo Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel
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Standard Oil Co.Standard Oil Co.
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Iron & Steel ProductionIron & Steel Production
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New Type of Business Entities
New Type of Business Entities
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U. S. Corporate Mergers
U. S. Corporate Mergers
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New Financial BusinessmanNew Financial Businessman
The Broker: J. Pierpont Morgan – “Stock Watering” - “Interlocking Directorate”
The Broker: J. Pierpont Morgan – “Stock Watering” - “Interlocking Directorate”
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Wall Street – 1867 & 1900
Wall Street – 1867 & 1900
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The Reorganization of Work
The Reorganization of Work
The Assembly LineThe Assembly Line
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% of Billionaires in 1900
% of Billionaires in 1900
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% of Billionaires in 1918
% of Billionaires in 1918
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The Protectors of Our Industries
The Protectors of Our Industries
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The ‘Bosses’ of the Senate
The ‘Bosses’ of the Senate
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The Gospel of Wealth:Religion in the Era of
Industrialization
The Gospel of Wealth:Religion in the Era of
Industrialization
Russell H. ConwellRussell H. Conwell
$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
$ Should not help the poor.
$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
$ Should not help the poor.
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“On Wealth”“On Wealth”
Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie
$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.
$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).
$ Inequality is inevitable and good.
$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.
$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).
$ Inequality is inevitable and good.
$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
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Impact of Industrial Revolution
• Public no longer lived by the clock of nature.
• Women entered the work force with invention of typewriter and telephone.
• 1/10 of American people owned 90% of the nation’s wealth.
• Hundreds of thousands immigrants entered the US created a large, cheap labor market
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Actions Against Labor Unions• Injunctions – court order ordering strikers to
return to work.• Lockouts – employers would lock the doors to
the factories and “starve them into submission”
• Yellow-Dog Contracts – employees were forced to sign an agreement not to join a labor union.
• Black List – Employers would put trouble makers on a list and circulate the list to other employers making it difficult to find work.
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Regulating the TrustsRegulating the Trusts1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific
Railroad Company v. ILThe court declared invalid an Illinois law
prohibiting long- and short-haul clauses in transportation contracts.
Interstate Commerce Act 1887Prohibited rebates and pools and
required RR to openly publish their ratesand charging more for short hauls than for long ones on the same line.
1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. IL
The court declared invalid an Illinois law prohibiting long- and short-haul clauses in transportation contracts.
Interstate Commerce Act 1887Prohibited rebates and pools and
required RR to openly publish their ratesand charging more for short hauls than for long ones on the same line.
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Interstate Commerce Commission
• Provided a forum where competing businesses could resolve conflicts.
• It prevented “rate wars” among RR lines.
• Stabilized the existing business system.
• 1st attempt by the Federal Government to regulate business in the best interest of society.
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Sherman Antitrust ActDeclared illegal every contract,
combination (in the form of trust or otherwise), or conspiracy in restraint of interstate and foreign trade.
• It did not distinguish between “good” trusts and “bad” trusts limiting actions of labor unions who were restraining trade.
• The law proved ineffective because of the loop holes corporate lawyers found.