riparian planting zones in the intermountain west · riparian planting zones in the intermountain...

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Riparian/Wetland Project Information Series No. 16March, 2001 (Revised)

Riparian Planting Zones in the Intermountain WestJ. Chris Hoag, Wetland Plant Ecologist, Interagency Riparian/Wetland Plant DevelopmentProject, USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID;Forrest E. Berg, Stream Mechanics Engineer, and Sandra K. Wyman, Rangeland ManagementSpecialist, USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service, Bozeman, MT; Robert W.Sampson, Design Engineer, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Boise, ID.

INTRODUCTION

Establishment of riparian plant speciesdepends on proper selection of species, plantmaterial procurement and handling, plantinglocation, and establishment techniques(Hoag 1993). The success of a project isdependent on the complete integration ofthese steps. When planning a project, it isimportant to observe the existing vegetationand their respective locations in relationship

to the stream and watertable. Theseelevational and lateral relationships aredescribed as Riparian Planting Zones. Inaddition to matching the spatial RiparianPlanting Zone relationships, an effort shouldbe made to match the potential native woodyspecies at the project site. Note that not allriparian sites will have woody species (i.e.low gradient, meadow streams with finetextured soils). If the project area does not

Figure1: Riparian Planting Zones can be used to determine where riparian species should be planted in relationto the waterline. This is a general depiction of a riparian zone. Not all streams look like this one. In the realworld, some of these zones may be absent. (From Hoag 1999, Hoag and Landis 1999)

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have woody plant species and it should, avegetation reference site similar to theproject site should be located.

Plants with flexible stems and rhizomatousroot systems are usually located from thewater line to the top of the bank zone.Larger shrubs are found from the bank zoneto the overbank zone and beyond. Treespecies are usually found above theoverbank zone in the transitional zone andthe upland zone. Wetland herbaceousspecies can be found throughout thestreambank cross section up to the uplandzone, although most emergent aquatics willbe found in the toe zone (Bentrup and Hoag,1998).

Figure 1 is a general depiction of a stream.Not all streams will have all the zonesshown in Figure 1. Many streams will havemuch narrower zones that in some cases willbe difficult to identify. The descriptions ofthe zones will apply, but the limits will needto be established in the field.

RIPARIAN PLANTING ZONEDESCRIPTIONS

Toe Zone

The toe zone is the zone that is locatedbelow the average water elevation or thebaseflow. The baseflow is that level wherethere is flow all summer long. Generally,this is the zone of highest stresses and themost erosion. It is also described as thescour zone because streamflow velocitiesare constantly scouring the banks and bedmovement is at its highest. This zone iscritical to successful treatment ofstreambank erosion. Many failures occurwhen the banks are undercut and the uppersection falls into the water. This zone canalso be one of the hardest to stabilize (Allenand Leech 1997).

The toe zone will rarely have muchvegetation in it. It is inundated for most ofthe year. Woody species are very difficultto establish here because of this inundation.Basically, it is too wet for them. In somecases, wetland plants like cattails (Typha)and bulrush (Scirpus) can be established inthe toe zone. These species can survive inthis zone because of aerenchymous cells ortissue. Aerenchyma are specialized materialwithin the stem that allows oxygen to movefrom the atmosphere down to the rootsystem and create an aerobic layer aroundthe roots called the Rhizosphere. However,wetland plants do not establish or survivewell in areas where velocities are high.They are generally found in low energystreams or areas such as backwaters andprotected corners.

Bank Zone

The bank zone is the area between theaverage water elevation and the bankfulldischarge elevation. It is less erosive thanthe toe zone. It will be exposed to erosiveriver currents, wind generated waves, wetand dry cycles, and freezing or thawingcycles. This zone is also exposed to icescour and debris deposition during the cold

Hardstem Bulrushin the Toe Zone

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Willow Brush Box inOverbank Zone, Long

Tom Creek, ID

Willow Brush Box inOverbank Zone, Long

Tom Creek, ID

weather and/or high flows (Allen and Leech1997).

The bank zone will generally be vegetatedwith early seral or colonizing herbaceousspecies, flexible stemmed willows, and lowshrub species. This zone will be inundatedfar less frequently than the toe zone. Soilmoisture levels in this zone will be muchlower after spring runoff and fall rains.

Overbank Zone

The overbank zone is located between thebankfull discharge elevation and theoverbank elevation. This zone is usuallyformed from water transported deposits. Itis generally flat and often has layered soils.It is sporadically flooded, usually aboutevery 2-5 years. This zone is occasionallyexposed to erosive water currents, ice anddebris deposition and damage, freeze – thawcycles and some wind generated waveerosion.

Vegetation in the overbank zone should beflood tolerant. Normally, the vegetativecomposition is about 50% hydrophyticplants. Shrubby willows with flexiblestems, dogwoods, alder, birch, and otherswill predominate here. Larger shrub type

willows will generally occur on the higherend of the zone. Cottonwoods and tree typewillows may survive well at the higher endof this zone. Species that have largeinflexible stems should not be part of theplanting plan in this zone. They can causesignificant disruption to the streamdynamics.

Transitional Zone

The transitional zone is located between theoverbank elevation and the flood proneelevation. The floodplain elevation isflooded about every 50 years. This zone isusually not subjected to erosive watercurrents except during high water events.

The transitional zone will be wherehydrophytic species will transition to uplandspecies. For the most part, species in thiszone are not extremely flood or inundationtolerant. This is the zone where the largertree species are typically found.

When a stream is actively downcutting, thewatertable in this zone will start movingdown in elevation and upland plants, likesagebrush or rabbitbrush, will make up ahigher percentage of the composition. When

Hardstem Bulrushin the Toe Zone

Coyote Willow inBank Zone

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Transitional Zone withSpruce and Fir

Transitional Zone withSpruce and Fir

the stream system is depositional and thewatertable is coming up, hydrophytic plantsand young willows will increase in the plantcommunity. Often the older establishedupland shrubs will still be seen, but they willstart to stress, become decadent, and die outover time as the water table drops out of theroot zone.

Upland Zone

The upland zone is found above the floodprone elevation. Erosion in this zone is dueto overland water flow, wind erosion, andelimination of vegetative buffers fromimproper farming practices, over grazing,logging, and development.

Vegetation in this zone is predominantlyupland species. Drought tolerance is one ofthe most important factors whendetermining what species to plant here. Inlow precipitation areas, supplementalirrigation may be necessary for plantestablishment.

HYDROLOGIC ZONES WITHIN THETOE AND BANK ZONE

Plant establishment in the toe zone is verydifficult. Success can be increased bybreaking the toe zone into hydrologic zonesbased on the depth of the water. Figure 2displays the hydrologic zones found in thetoe zone. It specifically identifies plantingzones for herbaceous species. Bankfulldischarge elevation is at the top ofhydrologic zone 3 (zones 1,2, and 3 are partof the toe and bank zone). Zone 4 is foundin the overbank zone. Wetland plants thatare found in these zones are usuallyassociated with a certain water depth.Appendix A lists a number of the morecommon species found in the IntermountainWest and the hydrologic zones theynormally occupy.

Zone 1: Deep Water Pool (3 – 6+ feetwater depth)

Emergent vegetation generally will not growin permanent water depths over 3 feet.Many species can withstand these waterdepths for short periods of time. Mostplants that are found in deeper water arecalled submergent plants. They root in thestream bottom and extend their stemsupward to the water surface. Rarely willthey emerge out of the water. These plantspecies provide excellent fish and aquaticinvertebrate habitat. They also providewater cleaning functions for deeper water,such as reduction of nitrates andphosphorous.

UplandZone

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Figure 2: Hydrologic zones for planting herbaceous species in the Intermountain West. Thisis a general depiction of a riparian zone. Not all streams look like this one. In the real world,some of these zones may be absent).

Zone 2: Shallow Water Bench (2 - 18inches water depth), fluctuating water

Emergent wetland plants grow in this zoneand are generally limited to long-termpermanent water depths of less than 3 feetand more often less than 18 inches. Speciessuch as Hardstem bulrush can withstand

water depths of 8 feet for short periods oftime. However, they typically prefer waterdepths of 10 – 18 inches.

There are additional benefits that can berealized from establishing wetland plants inthis zone. The plants enhance wildlife andfish habitat to the wetland areas. The plants

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provide resident sites for phytoplankton,which provide nutrient reduction to waterthat surrounds the plant stems. The plantsalso provide bank protection by dissipatingthe wave energy before it hits the bank. Byreducing the wave energy, the plants willcause the water to deposit suspendedsediment thereby cleaning the water andsupplying bank building material.

Zone 3: Shallow Water Fringe (0 - 2inches water depth), fluctuating water,regularly inundated

Zone 3 is the fringe at the edge of the wateralong the streambank. This area is regularlyinundated, but drys out on a frequent basisas the water level fluctuates. It is importantthat good plant cover be established in thisarea to reduce erosion and to assist withwave attenuation.

Establishment of plants in this zone isdifficult because of the fluctuating water.This area is not accessible for maintenancewhen water levels are high. Plants should beestablished in this zone to reduce publicaccess.

This zone will support wetland plants suchas common threesquare, beaked sedge, etc.and water tolerant shrubs such as willows,birch, dogwood, and other shrubs. Theshrubs provide wildlife habitat and water

quality improvement through shade, nutrientuptake and breakdown, and sedimentdeposition.

Zone 4: Shoreline Fringe, permanentmoisture zone, periodically inundated

This zone extends about 1 –2 feet above thenormal water level. It is subject to periodicinundation after storms or high water events.Water will typically move off of this zonefairly rapidly. Plants in this zone typicallylike saturated soil conditions and do wellunder fluctuating water levels. This zone issaturated for a majority of the growingseason except when droughty conditionscause the water level in the wetland or pondto drop below normal levels for an extendedperiod of time.

SUMMARY

Establishment of riparian plant species canbe complicated. There may be a high risk offailure without the proper selection ofspecies, planting location, plantingelevation, plant material procurement, planthandling, and establishment techniques.Post installation monitoring andmanagement will help improve thelikelihood of success for the current projectand future projects.

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REFERENCE LITERATURE

Allen, HH and JR Leech 1997. Bioengineering guidelines for streambank erosion control.Environmental Impact Research Program Technical Report. U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers Waterways Experiment Station. Vicksburg, MS.

Bentrup, G and JC Hoag. 1998. The Practical Streambank Bioengineering Guide: a user’sguide for natural streambank stabilization techniques in the arid and semi-arid GreatBasin and Intermountain West. Interagency Riparian/Wetland Project, Plant MaterialsCenter, USDA-NRCS, Aberdeen, ID.

Hoag, JC 1993. Selection and acquisition of woody plant species and materials for ripariancorridors and shorelines. USDA – NRCS Riparian/Wetland Project Information Series#2, Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID.

Hoag, JC 1999. Riparian planting zones. View from a wetland, No. 5 (1998-1999). InteragencyRiparian/Wetland Project, Plant Materials Center, USDA-NRCS, Aberdeen, ID.

Hoag JC and TD Landis 1999. Plant Materials for Riparian Revegetation. Western Forest andConservation Nursery Association annual meeting, Ames IA, June, 1999.

Hoag JC and TD Landis 2001. Riparian zone restoration: Field requirements and nurseryopportunities. Native Plant Journal, Spring 2001, Forest Research Nursery, Departmentof Forest Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.

Hoag, JC, SK Wyman, G Bentrup, and others. 2001. User’s guide to description, propagationand establishment of wetland plant species and grasses for Riparian Areas in theIntermountain West. ID Technical Note 38. USDA-NRCS, Boise, ID. Feb. 2001.

Ogle, DG and JC Hoag. 2000. Stormwater Plant Materials: A Resource Guide. City of Boise,Public Works Department, Boise, ID.

Ogle, D, JC Hoag, and J Scianna. 2000. User’s guide to description, propagation andestablishment of native shrubs and trees for Riparian Areas in the Intermountain West.ID Technical Note 32. USDA-NRCS, Boise, ID. Feb. 2000.

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Appendix A

Characteristics ofRiparian Plant Species

(Hoag et al 2001)(Ogle and Hoag 2000)

(Ogle, Hoag, and Scianna 2000)

Description of Herbaceous Grass and Grass-Like PlantsSpecies Elevation Root Type Hydrologic Availability Commerical

Range1 Regime2 In Field3 Availability4

Herbaceous Grasses and Grass-Like SpeciesAgropyron cristatum Low-Med. Bunch Well Drained Introduced Yes-SeedCrested wheatgrass PerennialAgropyron desertorum Low-Med. Bunch Well Drained Introduced Yes-SeedCrested wheatgrass PerennialAgropyron sibericum Low- Med. Bunch Well Drained Introduced Yes-SeedSiberian wheatgrass PerennialAgrostis species Low-Med. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Flooded Introduced Yes-SeedRedtop bentgrass Perennial CommonAlopecurus arundinacea Low-Med. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Flooded Introduced Yes-SeedCreeping foxtail PerennialBeckmannia syzigachne Low-Mid. Stoloniferous Seasonally-Flooded Fairly Common Yes-Seed &Sloughgrass Annual PlugsBromus erectus Low-High Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Introduced Yes-Seed Meadow brome Perennial Well DrainedBromus inermis Low-High Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Introduced Yes-SeedSmooth brome Perennial Well DrainedCalamagrostis canadensis Mid.-High Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Common Yes-Seed &Blue-joint reed grass Perennial PlugsCarex aquatilis Mid.-High Rhizomatous Up to 3" Water Depth Fairly Common Yes-Seed &Water sedge Perennial PlugsCarex nebrascensis Low-High Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Common Yes-Seed &Nebraska sedge Perennial PlugsCarex utriculata Low-High Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Common Yes-PlugsBeaked sedge PerennialDactylis glomerata Low-Med. Bunch Well Drained Introduced Yes-SeedOrchardgrass PerennialDeschampsia cespitosa Mid.-High Fibrous Seasonally-Saturated Common Yes-SeedTufted hairgrass PerennialDistichlis stricta Low-Mid. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Very Common Yes-Seed &Inland Saltgrass Perennial PlugsEleocharis palustris Low-High Rhizomatous Seasonally-Flooded Very Common Yes-Seed &Spikerush Perennial Up to 6" Water Depth PlugsElymus lanceolatus Low-Med. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Common Yes-Seed Streambank wheatgrass PerennialElymus lanceolatus Low-Med. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Common Yes-SeedThickspike wheatgrass PerennialElytrigia elongata Low-Med. Bunch Seasonally-Flooded Introduced Yes-SeedTall Wheatgrass PerennialElytrigia intermedia Low-Med Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Introduced Yes-Seed Intermediate wheatgrass Perennial Well DrainedElytrigia intermedia Low-Med. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Introduced Yes-SeedPubescent wheatgrass Perennial Well DrainedFestuca arundinacea Low-Med. Bunch Seasonally-Flooded Introduced Yes-Seed Tall fescue Festuca ovina Low-Med. Bunch Seasonally-Saturated Introduced Yes-Seed Sheep fescue Perennial Well Drained

Description of Herbaceous Grass and Grass-Like PlantsSpecies Height Rate of Acidity Salinity

Spread5 Tolerance6 Tolerance7

Herbaceous Grasses and Grass-Like SpeciesAgropyron cristatum 12-24" V. Slow Low MediumCrested wheatgrassAgropyron desertorum 12-24" V. Slow Low MediumCrested wheatgrassAgropyron sibericum 12-24" V. Slow Low MediumSiberian wheatgrassAgrostis species 18-36" Rapid High LowRedtop bentgrassAlopecurus arundinacea 24-48" Rapid Med. Med.Creeping foxtailBeckmannia syzigachne 36" Rapid U USloughgrassBromus erectus 24-48" Medium Low LowMeadow bromeBromus inermis 18-36" Rapid Low LowSmooth bromeCalamagrostis canadensis 24-36" Medium Med. LowBlue-joint reed grassCarex aquatilis 10-24" Medium Med. LowWater sedgeCarex nebrascensis 10-24" Medium Low MediumNebraska sedgeCarex utriculata 10-40" Rapid Med. LowBeaked sedgeDactylis glomerata 24-48" Slow Low LowOrchardgrassDeschampsia cespitosa 18-30" Medium Med. Med.Tufted hairgrassDistichlis stricta 12-18" Medium Low HighInland SaltgrassEleocharis palustris 6-30" Rapid Low Med.SpikerushElymus lanceolatus 6-12" Medium Low Med.Streambank wheatgrassElymus lanceolatus 8-24" Medium Low Med.Thickspike wheatgrassElytrigia elongata 30-60" Rapid Low HighTall WheatgrassElytrigia intermedia 24-48" Rapid Med. Med.Intermediate wheatgrassElytrigia intermedia 24-48" Rapid Med. Med.Pubescent wheatgrassFestuca arundinacea 24-48" Rapid High HighTall fescueFestuca ovina 6-18" Slow Med. LowSheep fescue

Description of Herbaceous Grass and Grass-Like PlantsSpecies Wildlife Value Notes Use in Flood Plant Ind.

Hydrologic Zone8

Tolerance9 Status10

Herbaceous Grasses and Grass-Like SpeciesAgropyron cristatum Drought tolerant 6 L UplandCrested wheatgrassAgropyron desertorum Drought tolerant 6 L UplandCrested wheatgrassAgropyron sibericum Very drought tolerant 6 L UplandSiberian wheatgrassAgrostis species Waterfowl food Good soil stabilizer 3,4,5 H FACWRedtop bentgrassAlopecurus arundinacea Waterfowl, small mammal, Excellent soil stabilizer 3,4,5,6 H FACWCreeping foxtail and big game food Slow initial establishmentBeckmannia syzigachne Waterfowl and small Palatable forage grass 3,4,5 H OBLSloughgrass mammal foodBromus erectus Waterfowl, small mammal, Excellent soil stabilizer 4,5,6 H FACUMeadow brome and big game foodBromus inermis Waterfowl, small mammal, Excellent soil stabilizer 4,5,6 H FACUSmooth brome and big game foodCalamagrostis canadensis Small mammal food and Excellent soil stabilizer 3,4,5 H FACW+Blue-joint reed grass upland bird coverCarex aquatilis Waterfowl food and cover 2,3,4 H OBLWater sedgeCarex nebrascensis Waterfowl food and cover, Tolerates heat if provided 2,3,4 H OBLNebraska sedge small mammal cover with adequate moistureCarex utriculata Waterfowl and small Also known as 2,3,4 H OBLBeaked sedge mammal food C. rostrataDactylis glomerata Waterfowl, small mammal, 5,6 L FACUOrchardgrass and big game foodDeschampsia cespitosa Small mammal cover 3,4 H FACWTufted hairgrassDistichlis stricta Waterfowl food 3,4,5 H FACWInland SaltgrassEleocharis palustris Waterfowl food Excellent soil stabilizer 2,3,4,5 H OBLSpikerushElymus lanceolatus Good soil stabilizer, low 5,6 M FACUStreambank wheatgrass growth form, drought tol.Elymus lanceolatus Good soil stabilizer and 5,6 M FACUThickspike wheatgrass very drought tolerantElytrigia elongata Good soil stabilizer and 3,4,5,6 H FACTall Wheatgrass very saline tolerantElytrigia intermedia Small mammal and Excellent soil stabilizer 5,6 M FACUIntermediate wheatgrass big game foodElytrigia intermedia Small mammal and Excellent soil stabilizer 5,6 M FACUPubescent wheatgrass big game foodFestuca arundinacea Excellent soil stabilizer 2,3,4,5,6 H FACTall fescueFestuca ovina Excellent soil stabilizer 5,6 M FACUSheep fescue

Description of Herbaceous Grass and Grass-Like PlantsSpecies Elevation Root Type Hydrologic Availability Commerical

Range1 Regime2 In Field3 Availability4

Festuca ovina duriuscula Low-Med. Bunch Seasonally-Saturated Introduced Yes-Seed Hard fescue Perennial Well DrainedFestuca rubra Low-Med. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Introduced Yes-SeedRed fescue Perennial Well DrainedGlyceria striata Mid.-High Rhizomatous Seasonally-Flooded Fairly Common Yes-Seed &Mannagrass Perennial PlugsJuncus balticus Low-High Rhizomatous Seasonally-Saturated Very Common Yes-Seed &Baltic rush Perennial PottedJuncus mertensianus Mid.-High Rhizomatous Saturated Fairly Common Yes-Seed &Merten's rush Perennial Seasonally-Saturated PlugsJuncus tenuis Mid.-High Rhizomatous Saturated Fairly Common Yes-PlugsPoverty rush Perennial Seasonally-SaturatedPascopyrum smithii Low- Med. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Flooded Common Yes-SeedWestern wheatgrass PerennialPoa pratensis Low-High Rhizomatous Seasonnaly-Flooded Introduced Yes-SeedKentucky bluegrass Perennial Well DrainedPhalaris arundinacea Low-Mid. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Flooded Common Yes-Seed &Reed canarygrass Perennial PlugsPhleum pratensis Low-High Rhizomatous Seasonally-Flooded Introduced Yes-Seed Timothy PerennialP. spicata X E. repens Low-Med. Weak Rhiz. Seasonally-Saturated Introduced Yes-SeedNewhy hybid wheatgrass PerennialPuccinellia nuttalliana Low-Mid. Fibrous Seasonally-Saturated Common Yes-Seed &Alkali grass Perennial PlugsScirpus acutus Low-High Rhizomatous Up to 36" Water Depth Very Common Yes-Seed &Hard-stem bulrush Perennial PlugsScirpus maritimus Low-Mid. Rhizomatous Up to 6" Water Depth Common Yes-Seed &Alkali bulrush Perennial PlugsScirpus pungens Low-Mid. Rhizomatous Up to 6" Water Depth Very Common Yes-Seed &Three-square bulrush Perennial PlugsSpartina pectinata Low-Mid. Rhizomatous Seasonally-Flooded Fairly Common Yes-Seed &Prairie cordgrass Perennial PlugsTypha latifolia Low-Mid. Rhizomatous Up to 12" Water Depth Very Common Yes-Seed &Cattail Perennial PlugsVerbena hastata Low-Mid. Fibrous Seasonally-Saturated Common Yes-Seed &Blue vervain Perennial PlugsFootnotes: 3. Availability in the Field: This refers to natural occurrences 1. Elevation Range: for this region. in the region. Introduced are not native species and are Low 2000-4500 feet probably not available in field. The order of the ranking is Middle 4500-7000 feet from least to greatest: High 7000-10000 feet Fairly Common Common Very Common2. Hydrologic Regime: This indicates optimal moisture 4. Commercial Availability: This refers to whether the species conditions, although local conditions are the best is available in the seed or nursery trade. benchmarks for design. Well-drained species may 5. Rate of Spread: Refers to the horizontal rate of growth. tolerate short periods of saturation. Seasonally saturated These rates are only guidelines since rates will vary species prefer soil that is saturated early in the season but with growing season, elevation, soil, soil limitations, etc.

later dry out. Seasonally flooded species prefer flooding in Rapid More than 1.0 feet per year

the early portion of the season. Saturated indicates Medium About 0.5 feet per year

species that prefer very wet conditions all season. Slow About 0.2 feet per year

Others prefer standing water to the depths described. V. Slow Less than 0.2 feet per year

Description of Herbaceous Grass and Grass-Like PlantsSpecies Height Rate of Acidity Salinity

Spread5 Tolerance6 Tolerance7

Festuca ovina duriuscula 6-18" Slow Med. LowHard fescueFestuca rubra 6-12" Medium Med. LowRed fescueGlyceria striata 24-36" Rapid U LowMannagrassJuncus balticus 18-24" Medium Med. Med.Baltic rushJuncus mertensianus 4-16" Medium U UMerten's rushJuncus tenuis 6-12" Medium U UPoverty rushPascopyrum smithii 6-12" Rapid Med. Med.Western wheatgrassPoa pratensis 6-18" Rapid Low LowKentucky bluegrassPhalaris arundinacea 24-48" Rapid Low LowReed canarygrassPhleum pratensis 24-48" Medium Med. LowTimothyP. spicata X E. repens 8-18" Slow Low V. HighNewhy hybid wheatgrassPuccinellia nuttalliana 6-12" Medium Low HighAlkali grassScirpus acutus Up to 6' Rapid Low Med.Hard-stem bulrushScirpus maritimus 24-36" Medium Low HighAlkali bulrushScirpus pungens 24-48" Rapid Low Med.Three-square bulrushSpartina pectinata 24-48" Rapid Low Med.Prairie cordgrassTypha latifolia Up to 6' Rapid Med. HighCattailVerbena hastata 18-30" Slow U LowBlue vervain6. Tolerance to Acidity: Resistance to acidity relative to native vegetation on similar sites.7. Tolerance to Salinity: Resistance to salinity relative to native vegetation on similar sites.8. Hyrologic Zone: 1-Deep Water; 2-Shallow Bench; 3-Shallow Fringe; 4-Shoreline Fringe; 5-Terrace; 6-upland9. Flooding Tolerance: (H)igh; (M)edium; (L)ow10. Plant Indicator Status for Occurrence in Wetlands: OBL = Obligate FACW = Facultative Wet FAC = Facultative FACU = Facultative Upland Upland = UplandU Unknown

Description of Herbaceous Grass and Grass-Like PlantsSpecies Wildlife Value Notes Use in Flood Plant Ind.

Hydrologic Zone8

Tolerance9 Status10

Festuca ovina duriuscula Excellent soil stabilizer 5,6 M FACUHard fescueFestuca rubra Excellent soil stabilizer 4,5,6 M FACRed fescueGlyceria striata Waterfowl and Excellent soil stabilizer 3,4,5 H OBLMannagrass big game foodJuncus balticus Waterfowl food Tolerates wide range of 2,3,4,5,6 H OBLBaltic rush hydrologic conditionsJuncus mertensianus U 3,4,5 H OBLMerten's rushJuncus tenuis U 3,4,5 M FACPoverty rushPascopyrum smithii Excellent soil stabilzer 4,5,6 H FACUWestern wheatgrassPoa pratensis Waterfowl, small mammal, Excellent soil stabilizer 3,4,5,6 H FACUKentucky bluegrass and big game foodPhalaris arundinacea Waterfowl food Excellent soil stabilizer 2,3,4,5,6 H FACWReed canarygrassPhleum pratensis Waterfowl, small mammal, Excellent soil stabilizer 3,4,5,6 H FACUTimothy and big game food Slow establishmentP. spicata X E. repens Tolerates high salinity 3,4,5,6 H FACNewhy hybid wheatgrassPuccinellia nuttalliana Small mammal cover Tolerates high salinity 3,4,5,6 H OBLAlkali grassScirpus acutus Waterfowl food and cover, Excellent soil stabilizer 2,3,4 H OBLHard-stem bulrush small mammal coverScirpus maritimus Waterfowl cover and food Tolerates high salinity 2,3,4,5 H OBLAlkali bulrushScirpus pungens Waterfowl food and cover, Tolerates some hydrologic 2,3,4 H OBLThree-square bulrush small mammal cover drawdownSpartina pectinata Small game cover Not palatable for livestock 2,3,4,5 H FACWPrairie cordgrassTypha latifolia Waterfowl food and cover, Can be invasive 2,3,4 H OBLCattail small mammal cover and foodVerbena hastata Upland bird food Very fibrous root system 2,3,4 M FACWBlue vervain

Descriptions of Native Willows

Species Size/Form Elevation Root Type Rooting Ability Riparian AvailabilityRange1 From Cuttings Zone2 In Field3

Riparian WillowsSalix alba Med. - Lg. Low - Mid. Shallow to Deep Good 4 CommonWhite/Golden willow TreeSalix amygdaloides Sm. Tree Low Fibrous Very Good 4 CommonPeachleaf willowSalix bebbiana Lg. Shrub Low to Mid. Shallow to Deep Good 4 CommonBebb's willowSalix boothii Med. Shrub Mid. Shallow to Deep Moderate 2,3 Very CommonBooth willowSalix drummondiana Sm. - Med. Mid. - High Shallow to Deep Good 2,3 CommonDrummond willow ShrubSalix exigua Med. Shrub Low - Mid. Rhizomatous Very Good 2,3,4 Very CommonCoyote willowSalix geyeriana Med.. Shrub Mid. Shallow to Deep Good 2,3 Very CommonGeyer willowSalix lasiandra Sm. Tree Low - Mid. Shallow to Deep Good 4 CommonPacific willowSalix lemmonii Sm. - Med. Mid. - High Shallow to Deep Good 2,3 FairlyLemmon willow Shrub CommonSalix lutea Med. - Lg. Low Shallow to Deep Good 2,3 Very CommonYellow willow ShrubSalix nigra Lg. Tree Low - Med. Shallow to Deep Good 4 Fairly Black willow CommonSalix planifolia Sm. Shrub Mid. - High Shallow to Deep Moderate 2,3 Fairly Planeleaf willow CommonSalix prolixa Sm. Tree Low - Med. Shallow to Deep Good 3 Fairly Mackenzie willow CommonSalix scouleriana Lg. Shrub Low - Mid. Shallow to Deep Need to treat with 5 (upland FairlyScouler willow hormone willow) CommonSalix sitchensis Sm. - Med. Low - Med. Shallow to Deep Moderate 3 CommonSitka willow TreeFootnotes: U Unknown1. Elevation Range: for this region. Low 2000-4500 feet Middle 4500-7000 feet High 7000-10000 feet2. Riparian Zone: 1-Toe Zone; 2-Bank Zone; 3-Overbank Zone; 4-Transitional Zone; 5-Upland Zone; 6-Unknown 3. Availability in the Field: This refers to natural occurrences in the region. The order of the ranking is from least to greatest: Fairly Common-Common-Very Common4. Commercial Availability: This refers to whether the species is currently available in the nursery trade.

Descriptions of Native Willows

Species Commerical Deposition Flooding Drought Salinity Wildlife Plant Ind.Availability4 Tolerance5 Tolerance6 Tolerance7 Tolerance8 Value Status9

Riparian WillowsSalix alba Yes High High Med. Low Good FACWWhite/Golden willowSalix amygdaloides Yes-limited High High Low Med. Good FACWPeachleaf willowSalix bebbiana Yes-limited High High Low - Med. Low Good FACWBebb's willowSalix boothii Yes-limited High Med. - High Low - Med Low Good FACWBooth willowSalix drummondiana Yes-limited High Med. - High Low - Med Low Good FACWDrummond willowSalix exigua Yes High Med. - High Low - Med. Low Good OBLCoyote willowSalix geyeriana Yes-limited High Med. - High Low - Med Low Good OBLGeyer willowSalix lasiandra Yes High Med. - High Low - Med Low Good FACWPacific willowSalix lemmonii No High Med. - High Low - Med Low Good FACWLemmon willowSalix lutea Yes-limited Med. Med. - High Low - Med. Med. Good FACWYellow willow OBLSalix nigra Yes Med. Med. - High Low - Med. Low Good FACWBlack willow OBLSalix planifolia No High Med. - High Low - Med. Low Good OBLPlaneleaf willowSalix prolixa Yes-Limited High Med. - High Low - Med. Low Good OBLMackenzie willowSalix scouleriana Yes High Med. - High Low - Med. High Good FACUScouler willow FACSalix sitchensis Yes-Limited High Med. - High Low - Med. Low Good FACWSitka willow5. Deposition Tolerance: Regrowth following shallow coverage by soil.6. Tolerance to Flooding: High – tolerates 10-30+ days of flooding Medium – tolerates 6-10 days of flooding Low – tolerates 1-5 days or less of flooding7. Tolerance to Drought: Resistance to drought relative to native vegetation on similar sites.8. Tolerance to Salinity: Resistance to salinity relative to native vegetation on similar sites.9. Plant Ind. Status-Occurrence in Wetlands: OBL = Obligate FACW = Facultative Wet FAC = Facultative FACU/Upland = Facultative Upland/Upland

Description of Native Riparian Trees and Shrubs

Species Size/Form Elev. Root Type Rooting Riparian Availability CommericalRange1 From Cuttings Zone2 In Field3 Availability4

Riparian Shrubs and Trees

Acer negundo Med.-Lg. Low - Moderately Poor 4 Common YesBoxelder Tree Mid. SpreadingAlnus rubra Med. Tree Mid. - Shallow Poor 3,4 Fairly YesRed alder High Spreading CommonAlnus sinuata Sm.- Mid. - Shallow Poor 2,3 Fairly YesSitka alder Med. Tree High Spreading CommonAlnus incana spp. tenuifolia Sm.- Mid. - Shallow Poor 2,3 Common YesThinleaf alder Med. Tree High SpreadingBetula occidentalis Lg. Shrub to Mid. - Shallow to Deep Poor 2,3 Fairly YesWater birch Sm. Tree High Spreading CommonCornus sericea Med. Shrub Mid. Shallow *Moderate 2,3,4 Fairly YesRedosier dogwood CommonCrataegus douglasii Sm. Tree Low - Shallow to Deep Poor 3,4 Fairly YesBlack/Douglas hawthorn Mid. Spreading CommonPentaphylloides floribunda Sm. Shrub Low - Shallow to Deep Poor 3,4 Very YesShrubby cinquefoil Mid. Spreading CommonPhiladelphus lewisii Sm. - Low - Spreading Good 3,4 Common YesMockorange Med. Shrub Mid. FibrousPopulus angustifolia Lg. Tree Mid. Shallow Very Good 4 Very YesNarrowleaf cottonwood CommonPopulus fremontii Lg. Tree Low - Shallow Fibrous Very Good 4 Fairly YesFremont cottonwood Mid. CommonPopulus tremuloides Med. Tree Mid. - Shallow Poor 4 Very YesQuaking aspen High CommonPopulus trichocarpa Lg. Tree Low - Shallow Fibrous Very Good 4 Very YesBlack cottonwood Mid. CommonPrunus virginiana Med. - Low - Rhizomatous Good from root 4,5 Common YesChokecherry Lg. Shrub Mid. cuttingsRhus trilobata Med. - Low - Deep Spreading Poor 4,5 Fairly YesSkunkbush sumac Lg. Shrub Mid. Rhizomatous CommonRibes aureum Sm. - Low - Spreading Good 3,4,5 Common YesGolden current Med. Shrub Mid. (in greenhouse)Ribes cereum Sm. - Mid. - Spreading Fair 3,4,5 Common YesWax/Squaw current Med. Shrub HighRosa woodsii Sm. - Low - Shallow to Deep Good 2,3,4,5 Very YesWood's rose Med. Shrub Mid. (in greenhouse) CommonSambucus coerulea Sm. Tree Mid. Rhizomatous Poor 4,5 Fairly YesBlue elderberry CommonSambucus racemosa Med. Shrub Mid. - Spreading Poor 4,5 Fairly YesRed elderberry High CommonShepherdia argentea Lg. Shrub Low - Rhizomatous Poor 3,4,5 Fairly YesSilver buffaloberry Mid. Common

Footnotes: 3. Availability in the Field: This refers to natural

U Unknown occurrences in the region. The order of the ranking 1. Elevation Range: for this region. is from least to greatest: Low 2000-4500 feet Fairly Common-Common-Very Common

Middle 4500-7000 feet 4. Commercial Availability: This refers to whether High 7000-10000 feet the species is currently available in the nursery trade.

2. Riparian Zone: 1-Toe Zone; 2-Bank Zone;

3-Overbank Zone; 4-Transitional Zone; 5-Upland Zone; 6-Unknown

Description of Native Riparian Trees and Shrubs

Species Deposition Flooding Drought Salinity Wildlife Value/Misc. Notes Plant Ind. Tolerance5 Tolerance6 Tolerance7 Tolerance8 Status9

Riparian Shrubs and Trees

Acer negundo High High High Med. Birds and small mammals FACBoxelder eat fruitsAlnus rubra Med. Med. Low Low Big game browse FACRed alder upland bird foodAlnus sinuata Med. Med. Low Low Big game browse FACWSitka alder upland bird foodAlnus incana spp. tenuifolia Med. Med. Low Low Big game browse FACWThinleaf alder upland bird foodBetula occidentalis Med. Med Low Low Big game browse FACWWater birchCornus sericea Low High Med. Low Big game browse, sm. mammal FACWRedosier dogwood food, upland bird food.Crataegus douglasii Med. Low High Low Browse for many species FAC,UBlack/Douglas hawthorn and coverPentaphylloides floribunda U U High U Big game browse FACWShrubby cinquefoil FACPhiladelphus lewisii U High U U Big game browse FACU,UMockorangePopulus angustifolia Med. Med. High Med. Big game browse FACWNarrowleaf cottonwoodPopulus fremontii Med. Med. Med. Med. Big game browse FACWFremont cottonwoodPopulus tremuloides Low Low Med. Med. Big game browse FACQuaking aspen FACUPopulus trichocarpa Med. Med. Med. U Big game browse FACWBlack cottonwoodPrunus virginiana Low Low Low-Med. Low-Med Birds and small mammals FACUChokecherry eat fruitsRhus trilobata High Med.-High Med.-High Med. Birds and sm. mammals eat fruits FACU,USkunkbush sumac Doesn't tolerate long-term floodRibes aureum U U U High Birds and small mammals FACGolden current eat fruits FACWRibes cereum U U U U Birds and small mammals FACU,UWax/Squaw current eat fruitsRosa woodsii U Low Low-High Low Rosehips eaten FACUWood's rose by many speciesSambucus coerulea Med. Med. Med. Low Fruits are important for birds FACBlue elderberrySambucus racemosa Med. Med. Med. Low Big game browse, Fruits eaten FACURed elderberry by birds and small mammalsShepherdia argentea U U U Low Fruits eaten by FACUSilver buffaloberry birds and small mammals5. Deposition Tolerance: Regrowth following 8. Tolerance to Salinity: Resistance to salinity

shallow coverage by soil. relative to native vegetation on similar sites.6. Tolerance to Flooding: 9. Plant Ind. Status-Occurrence in Wetlands: High – tolerates 10-30+ days of flooding OBL = Obligate

Medium – tolerates 6-10 days of flooding FACW = Facultative Wet Low – tolerates 1-5 days or less of flooding FAC = Facultative

7. Tolerance to Drought: Resistance to drought FACU/Upland = Facultative Upland/Upland

relative to native vegetation on similar sites.

Descriptions of Upland Trees and Shrubs

Species Mature Size Crown Growth Flower2 Fruit Fall Leaf Suckers4 Plant Ind. 20 Yr. Height Spread Rate1 Usable3 Color Status5

Upland ShrubsShepherdia argenta 6-14' 8-14' Medium Yes Yes None Yes FACUBuffaloberry, silverCaragana arborescens 10-25' 10-20' Medium Yes No Yellow No UplandCaragana-Siberian peashrubPrunus fruticosa 3-6' 3-6' Slow Yes No Yellow Yes UplandCherry, MongolianPrunus virginiana 10-25' 10-25' Medium Yes Yes Yellow to Yes FACUChokecherry PurpleCotoneaster integerrimus 8-12' 8-12' Medium No No Yellow to No UplandCotoneaster, European BrownRibes aureum 5-10' 5-10' Medium Yes Yes Yellow Moderate FAC +Golden CurrentCornus sericea 5-10' 10-15' Fast Yes No Purple Moderate FACWDogwood, redosierForsythia X 'Meadowlark' 6-11' 6-11' Medium Yes No Purple to No UplandForsythia, Meadowlark YellowLonicera maackii 10-14' 10-14' Medium Yes No Brown to No FACHoneysuckle, Amur Purple Lonicera korolkowi 10-14' 10-14' Medium Yes No Brown to No FACHoneysuckle, Blueleaf PurpleAmelanchier alnifolia 6-15' 6-15' Slow Yes Yes Yellow Yes FACUServiceberrySyringa vulgaris 8-12' 8-12' Slow Yes No Brown Yes UplandLilac, CommonPrunus americana 8-10' 8-10' Medium Yes Yes Yellow to Yes UplandPlum, American OrangePotentilla fruticosa 3-4' 3-4' Slow Yes No Brown No FACShrubby CinquefoilSpiraea X vanhouttei 4-8' 4-8' Medium Yes No Purple No FACSpiraea, VanhoutteRhus aromatica 3-9' 6-10' Slow Yes No Red to Rarely UplandSumac, Fragrant YellowRhus trilobata 3-9' 5-12' Medium Yes No Red to No FACSumac, Skunkbush YellowRhus glabra 5-15' 7-17' Slow Yes No Red Yes UplandSumac, SmoothRhus typhina 10-15' 12-20' Medium Yes No Red to Yes UplandSumac, Staghorn Orange


Species Commer. Cold/Wind Drought Salinity Wildlife Value/Misc. NotesAvailable Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance

Upland ShrubsShepherdia argenta Yes Yes Yes Yes Good nesting cover and foodBuffaloberry, silver ThornsCaragana arborescens Yes Yes Yes Yes Good nesting cover and foodCaragana-Siberian peashrub Seed PodsPrunus fruticosa Yes Yes Moderate No Good nesting cover and foodCherry, Mongolian Fruit ColorPrunus virginiana Yes Yes Moderate No Excellent nesting cover and foodChokecherry Fruit Cotoneaster integerrimus Yes Yes Moderate No Fair - coverCotoneaster, European Fruit ColorRibes aureum Yes Yes Moderate Yes Excellent nesting cover and foodGolden Current Bright Golden FlowerCornus sericea Yes Yes No No Excellent nesting cover and foodDogwood, redosier Red Stems - Winter ColorForsythia X 'Meadowlark' Yes Yes Moderate No Bright Yellow Spring FlowersForsythia, MeadowlarkLonicera maackii Yes Yes Moderate No Good nesting cover and foodHoneysuckle, Amur Aphid ResistantLonicera korolkowi Yes Yes Moderate No Good nesting cover and foodHoneysuckle, Blueleaf Aphid ResistantAmelanchier alnifolia Yes Yes Moderate No Good nesting cover and foodServiceberry FruitSyringa vulgaris Yes Yes Moderate Yes Fair nesting coverLilac, CommonPrunus americana Yes Yes Moderate No Good nesting coverPlum, American FruitPotentilla fruticosa Yes Yes Yes Moderate Fair nesting coverShrubby CinquefoilSpiraea X vanhouttei Yes Moderate Moderate No Good nesting cover and foodSpiraea, Vanhoutte FlowerRhus aromatica Yes Moderate Yes No Poor wildlife cover and foodSumac, Fragrant Fall ColorRhus trilobata Yes Yes Yes Yes Excellent nesting cover and foodSumac, Skunkbush Fall ColorRhus glabra Yes Yes Moderate No Poor wildlife cover and foodSumac, Smooth Fall ColorRhus typhina Yes Moderate Moderate No Fair nesting cover and foodSumac, Staghorn Seedheads and Fall Color



Upland Small TreesPrunus maackii 15-25' 15-25' Medium Yes No Yellow No UplandChockcherry, AmurMalus hybrids 10-15' 15-25' Medium Yes Yes Yellow to No UplandCrabapple, flowering RedCrataegus arnoldiana 15-30' 15-25' Slow Yes No Yellow No UplandHawthorn, ArnoldAcer ginnala 15-20' 15-20' Medium No No Yellow to No UplandMaple, Amur RedAcer tataricum 18-30' 15-25' Medium No No Yellow No UplandMaple, TatarianSorbus aucuparia 20-30' 15-25' Medium Yes Yes Red to No UplandMountain Ash YellowCercis canadensis 20-30' 20-25' Medium Yes No Yellow to No UplandRedbud, Eastern Green Upland Medium and Tall TreesFraxinus pennsylvannica 35-65' 30-40' Medium No No Yellow No UplandAsh, GreenPopulus tremuloides 25-60' 30-30' Fast No No Yellow Yes FACAspen, QuakingBetula papyifera 30-55' 20-40' Medium No No Yellow No UplandBirch, PaperCatalpa speciosa 50-70' 30-50' Fast Yes No Yellow to No UplandCatalpa, Northern BrownUlmus pumila 25-50' 20-40' Medium No No Brown Moderate UplandElm, SiberianCorylus colura 40-50' 20-30' Medium No No Yellow to No UplandFilbert PurpleKoelreuteria paniculata 30-40' 30-40' Fast Yellow No Yellow No UplandGolden Raintree JulyCeltis occidentalis 40-60' 25-45' Medium No No Yellow No FACHackberryGleditisia triacanthos 30-50' 30-40' Fast No No Yellow No UplandHoneylocustTilia americana 50-70' 30-50' Medium Yes No Brown to Moderate UplandLinden, American YellowTilia cordata 30-45' 20-30' Medium Yes No Brown to Moderate UplandLinden, Littleleaf YellowAcer species 40-65' 30-50' Fast No No Yellow to Moderate UplandMaple, Norway/Silver/Sugar OrangeQuercus macrocarpa 40-70' 35-60' Slow No No Yellow to No UplandOak, Bur BrownQuercus species 50-70' 50-70' Slow to No No Brown to No UplandOak, Mongolian/Red/White Medium Yellow to RedPopulus species 40-60' 20-35' Fast No No Brown to Moderate FACPoplar, Hybrids Yellow Juglans nigra 35-60' 30-50' Medium No Yes Brown to No UplandWalnut, Black YellowSalix alba 40-55' 40-55' Fast No No None to No FACGolden Willow YellowSalix pentandra 25-40' 20-35' Fast No No Brown to No FACLaurel Willow Yellow



Upland Small TreesPrunus maackii Yes Yes Moderate No Fair wildlife food valueChockcherry, Amur Orange BarkMalus hybrids Yes Moderate Moderate No Good wildlife food valueCrabapple, flowering Varied shape fruit, flowersCrataegus arnoldiana Yes Yes Yes Moderate Good nesting cover and food valueHawthorn, Arnold Thorns, FruitAcer ginnala Yes Yes Moderate No Fair wildlife nesting valueMaple, Amur Fall ColorAcer tataricum Yes Yes Moderate No Fair wildlife nesting valueMaple, Tatarian Fall ColorSorbus aucuparia Yes Moderate No No Good wildlife food valueMountain Ash Fruit, FlowerCercis canadensis Yes Moderate Moderate No Short-lived to 50 yearsRedbud, Eastern Upland Medium and Tall TreesFraxinus pennsylvannica Yes Yes Yes Yes Fair wildlife food and coverAsh, Green Hardy TreePopulus tremuloides Yes Yes No No Good wildlife food and coverAspen, Quaking Quaking LeafBetula papyifera Yes Yes No No Fair wildlife foodBirch, Paper White BarkCatalpa speciosa Yes Moderate Moderate Yes Good wildlife food and coverCatalpa, Northern Hugh leaf and showy flowersUlmus pumila Yes Yes Yes Yes Fair wildlife food and coverElm, SiberianCorylus colura Yes Moderate Moderate No Good wildlife nesting coverFilbertKoelreuteria paniculata Yes Moderate No No Late summer yellow flowersGolden Raintree Seed capsules persist over winterCeltis occidentalis Yes Yes Moderate No Good wildlife food and coverHackberry Ridged BarkGleditisia triacanthos Yes No No No Fair wildlife food valueHoneylocust Seeds and thornsTilia americana Yes No No No Fair wildlife food and coverLinden, American Flowers, SeedsTilia cordata Yes Yes No No Fair wildlife food and coverLinden, Littleleaf Flowers, SeedsAcer species Yes Moderate No No Fair wildlife food and coverMaple, Norway/Silver/Sugar Soft WoodQuercus macrocarpa Yes Yes Yes No Fair wildlife food and coverOak, Bur AcornQuercus species Yes Yes Moderate No Fair wildlife food and coverOak, Mongolian/Red/White Partial Leaf RetensionPopulus species Yes Moderate No No Fair wildlife food and coverPoplar, Hybrids Fast growthJuglans nigra Yes No No No Good wildlife food and coverWalnut, Black Wood, NutsSalix alba Yes Yes No No Fair wildlife food and coverGolden Willow Yellow StemsSalix pentandra Yes Moderate No No Fair wildlife food and coverLaurel Willow Limited Shiny Green Leaf



Upland ConifersThuja occidentalis 15-40' 10-20' Very Slow No No Green No UplandArborvitae, AmericanPseudotsuga menziesii 40-70' 20-30' Slow No No Green No UplandDouglas FirJuniperus virginiana 30-45' 15-30' Medium No No Green No UplandEastern Red-CedarJuniperus scopulorum 20-40' 12-20' Medium No No Green No UplandRocky Mountain JuniperPinus mugo 3-20' 5-30' Slow No No Green No UplandMugo PinePinus ponderosa 50-70' 25-30' Medium No No Green No UplandPonderosa PinePinus nigra 25-50' 20-35' Medium No No Green No UplandAustrian PinePicea pungens 30-65' 15-25' Slow No No Green to No UplandColorado Spruce Blue

Footnotes: This table does not include all possible selections available. Refer to "North Dakota Tree Handbook (with Idaho suppliment)" for additional species.

1. Growth Rate: 4. Suckers: Slow = less than 1 foot per year Yes = commonly develop Medium = 1-2 feet per year Moderate = rarely develop Fast = greater than 2 feet per year No = none2. Flowers: 5. Plant Indicator Status(Occurrence in Wetlands): Yes = showy/obvious FACW = facultative wet No = unique/inconspicuous FAC = facultative3. Fruit: FACU = facultative upland Yes = usable Upland = upland No = rarely or not used



Upland ConifersThuja occidentalis Yes Moderate No No Good wildlife food and coverArborvitae, American Winter BurnPseudotsuga menziesii Yes Yes No No Fair wildlife food and coverDouglas Fir Winter HardyJuniperus virginiana Yes Moderate Yes Yes Excellent wildlife food and coverEastern Red-Cedar Wildlife ValueJuniperus scopulorum Yes Yes Yes Yes Excellent wildlife food and coverRocky Mountain Juniper Wildlife ValuePinus mugo Yes Moderate Moderate Moderate Fair wildlife valuesMugo Pine ShapePinus ponderosa Yes Yes Yes Moderate Excellent wildlife food and coverPonderosa Pine Long LifePinus nigra Yes Yes Yes Moderate Good wildlife food and coverAustrian Pine Calcium Soil TolerantPicea pungens Yes Yes Moderate Moderate Good wildlife cover valueColorado Spruce Needle Color

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