rio de janeiro urban development
TRANSCRIPT
Rio de JaneiroUrban Development
Investigation
Brazil
Where the world’s largest rainforest is locatedWhere one of the best soccer team was from
2016 Olympics host
Brazil
2014 World Cup host
2016 Olympics host2014 World Cup host
Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro Demographics
84% people living in cities (in Brazil)6 million population in municipality (2010)
2nd populous Brazilian City (behind Sao Paulo)
High urban population density of 4781 ppl/ km2
About 200 billion USD GDP
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro
Hong Kong had an urban population density of 6480 ppl/ km2
Rio de Janeiro Panorama
Copacabana Beach, Rio
Rio de Janeiro Carnival 2011
Rio de Janeiro Carnival 2011Centro, Rio de Janeiro (CBD)
What Rio is now.What is Rio doing?
What should Rio do?
(for simplicity, Rio de Janeiro will be called Rio from now on)
What Rio is now.What is Rio doing?
What should Rio do?Is Rio ready for the two
world-class events ahead?
What Rio is now.
Current urban land use planningHousing the poorer people
Social DeprivationPollution and waste
Transport & infrastructureWater, food and power systems
What is Rio doing?Is Rio ready for two world-class events?
Slum
Poor
High High
CBD
✈
✈
Middle
Poor
Slum
Poor
High High
CBD
✈
✈
Middle
Poor3
12
4
1
CBD
Airport
Airport leads to increased accessibility, and therefore the CBD is located near the airport
Mid-high class residential area
2
High class residential area
Hotel+ resorts
to CBD
Beach scenery + short distance to CBD leads to rapid development of structured tourist facilities and
high-class residential areas
3Airport
Many middle income people live here, favoring
the nearby airport
Poorer people live inland and far from the main highways.
Mid-level residential area
Slum
Slum
4
Largest slum in Brazil: Rocinha Favela
Located in a steep hillside
Slum
Kinds of slums in Rio
Favela Illegal Subdivisions
A highly consolidated invasion of public or private
environmentally safe land by very poor people.
Favela Illegal Subdivisions Cortiços
Landowners illegally distribute land to very poor people for housing.
They lack infrastructure and are illegal.
Kinds of slums in Rio
Illegal Subdivisions InvasionsCortiços
Housing or flats divided and sub-leased to many
poor people/ families. They often share the same bathroom, electrical
appliances etc. and were often overcrowded.
Kinds of slums in Rio
InvasionsCortiços
Using of very dangerous lands for building houses
for very poor people. These lands are often
environmentally fragile and lack infrastructure.
Kinds of slums in Rio
Basically, a slum used land illegally (or are abandoned).
Favelas and illegal settlements in Rio
Inland poor agricultural land is often illegally
subdivided for the landowner to make profits.
Many favelas are located in the middle of the mid-class
residential areas, and are denser than illegal subdivisions
Lack of infrastructure
Income inequality
Corrupting Authorities
Poor water &
electricity distribution
Drugs
Crime
Poverty
Slums
Lack of green space
Social Deprivation in Rio de Janeiro
Unemployment
Unemployment rate in Rio5.1%Brazil Average
6.7%
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
United States
8.3%
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
139mg/m3Particulates in air
Air pollution index in Rio (from World Bank)
São Paūlo
86Shanghai
246Mumbai
240
Mexico City
279Beijing
377
139mg/m3Particulates in air
Air pollution index in Rio (from World Bank)
Mass popularization of ethanol as car fuels in Brazil (ethanol
burns cleaner) leads to a lower air pollution index.
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Percentage of waste water that are treated in Brazil
35%Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
65% of wastewater are directly added to the water system
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Unplanned development, which makes waste collection difficult
Waste management is very difficult in favelas.
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Rio elected landfills instead of incineration to deal with trash.
Lower processing costs
Waste management is very difficult in favelas.
Metrô Rio- Founded in 1979- Runs in 41 km- State owned, corporate ran- Significantly reduced road traffic and increased accessibility- Serves working-class neighborhoods
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Bus lines in Rio de Janeiro but traffic problems still persist in Rio
440
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Bus lines in Rio de Janeiro
440Metrô Rio
Length of bicycle paths
160kmAirports (1 international)
2but traffic problems
still persist in Rio
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Serious traffic congestion in/ near the CBD during rush hours
Less Congested
More Congested
*abstract representation
Less Congested
Poor road
system planning
High car ownership rate
(people prefers driving
over public transport)
More Congested
Low-capacity public transport systems
Brazil’s Power GridAging Unreliable
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Power Source
Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo Brasilia
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
(Itaipu Dam)
Power Source
Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo Brasilia
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
(Itaipu Dam)
77% of people in Brazil had access to piped water
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Brazil is a large global food exporting country
People have access to agricultural products in Brazil
No problems in food supply
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Traffic congestion
Government prioritize road construction
Less streets and public space
Difficulty walking on streets
People choose driving
(in the past)
Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green
Rio de Janeiro had a lot of green spaces.
- Predominantly a rainforest- Many steep terrain, which leads to difficulty in development, which preserves rainforest- Presence of golf courses
Problems in Rio
Electricity Shortages
Flooding
Income Inequality
Waste Management
Poor Public
Transport
Poor Infrastructure
Poor Public Transport
Bus lines in Rio de Janeiro
440Metrô Rio
Length of bicycle paths
160kmAirports (1 international)
2
Sao Paulo
73km
Poor Public Transport
Metrô Rio
Hong Kong
211km
Mexico City
451km
Only 41 km
Poor Public Transport
Metrô Rio
Only 41 kmSmall Coverage
People in rural areas buy cars to work in the CBD
Bus lines in Rio de Janeiro440
Hong Kong
700+
Length of bicycle paths
160km
New York City
675km
Bogota
300km
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
↓global image↓productivity↓time↓money
$$$
↑GHG Emissions↑Air Pollution↑Noise Pollution
Disturbance to residents↓Accessibility
Major power blackout in 2009
Major power blackout in 2009
Caused by Brazil’s aging power systems
Millions of dollars lost
POWER FAILURE
↓lose money - Manufacturing sector fail - People spend additional money purchasing backup electricity supplies- Maintenance and repairing
↓global image
$$$
InconvenienceSocial OutrageSkeptical on public power systems
GINI Coefficient for Rio de Janeiro
0.518very high
Hong Kong
0.533
Homicide rate: 20 per 100,000
inhabitants
Top 20
What Rio is now.
Current urban land use planningHousing the poorer people
Social DeprivationPollution and waste
Transport & infrastructureWater, food and power systems
What is Rio doing? What should Rio do?
Power Island Program
Slum Upgrades
Public Transport UpgradeSlum Demolishment
Recreation Upgrades
Street Pedestrianization
Rocinha Favela
Rocinha Favela Self-help
UPGRADED
The authorities supplied materials to residents to build their own permanent accommodation in Rocinha (such as cement, breeze blocks).
- Now an urbanized neighbourhood
- Almost all houses are built with brick and concrete today
- Supplied with electricity and basic sanitation facilities.
UPGRADED
Rocinha Favela Self-help
But not all of them are this lucky...
With Maracana Stadium nearby(Will be hosting the finals of World Cup 2014 and main athletics events in Olympics 2016)
Favela do Metrô
To “revitalize” area nearby the stadium and to make
way for constructionDEMOLISHED
Favela do Metrô
New Homes
People are relocated in apartments or are homeless
(unable to sustain informal economy in buildings)
Favela do Metrô
New Homes
People are relocated in apartments or are homeless
(unable to sustain informal economy in buildings)
People have homes bulldozed with a short time
of notice/ without notice
Favela do Metrô
New Homes
Favela do Metrô
unemployment and loss of jobs for poor people
MetrôRocinha✔ Informal economy
sustainedPeople :)Increased quality of livingSaved costs
Much quicker effect(prevents damage on Rio's image)Spare landPeople get conpensated
✘ Slower effectStill looks like a slumStill an unplanned neighborhoodNo spare landSanitation problems not
Informal economy disruptedPeople :(More costlyUnemployment
SUSTAINABLE
UNSUSTAINABLE
Construction of new stations/ expansion of road network
-Above the slums-Offers great panoramic view of Rio favelas
-Cost-effective way to travel uphill
-Major tourist attraction
Rio de Janeiro Gondola
-Less time spent on traveling over hills
-Tourist spending
$$$
- Lower emissions compared to cars as a transport method
- More quiet
Rio de Janeiro GondolaSUSTAINABLE
- Panoramic View to favelas- Establishing transport links- No need to demolish slums
Length of bicycle paths
160km
Length of bicycle paths
320km
Rio bicycle path expansions
Near famous beaches
SUSTAINABLE
Built to accommodate the Olympics
Rio de Janeiro Power Island
Power Source
Sao Paulo BrasiliaRio de Janeiro
(Itaipu Dam)
Rio de Janeiro Power Island
Power Source
Sao Paulo Brasilia
Rio de Janeiro
HEP
(Itaipu Dam)
Rio de Janeiro Power Island
Power Source
Sao Paulo Brasilia
Rio de Janeiro
HEP
(Itaipu Dam)
Hydroelectric power plant construction
Rio de Janeiro Power Island
Lowers the chance of blackout
Car-less!
Rio street pedestrianization
- Roads along beaches in Rio are car-free on Sundays
- Paquetá Island is also car-free permanently
Less cars
Government prioritize pedestrians/ cyclists
More streets and public space
Ease walking on streets
People choose walking/ cycling
(now)
Too much serious urban problems still remained unsolved. Crime, urban housing...
What should Rio do?Is Rio ready for the two
world-class events ahead?NO
What should Rio do?Is Rio ready for the two world-class events ahead?
How can Rio be competent for the two games ahead?
Beijing
1. Rapid expansion of railroad
1. Rapid expansion of railroad
Cleaner
Increased accessibility for poor people
Wealthy people takes airplanes or cars
A Shipyard in Rio, showing water pollutants
2. Subsidies for polluting industries (for purchasing eco-
friendly equipments and better filtering systems)
Creates incentives to cut water pollution
Improves global image of Brazil
Expand public transport systems, with renewable/ eco-friendly sources
Roads
BusRailway
Airports
Develop rural areas/ commuter
zones
Despite Rio de Janeiro had a low city air pollution, Brazil contributed to 1.3% of global emissions. Therefore, Brazil should also help tackle global warming, and Rio is the perfect place to start with this.
“
Why Rio is a good place to develop renewable power sources:
-Abundant rivers and rainfall (for HEP)
-Coastal Area (for wind power and tide power)
-Good accessibility
Tourist hub: Better global image
But...
Money can never solve all of the problems.
Besides infrastructures, what can we do?
Or problems will never have existed.
2.Constitutional Reforms
Regulated Urban Land
-Urban land use zoning-Better regulations and restrictions to development
-Halt illegal settlement development
-Inspections to ensure infrastructure safety
Land Tenure Redistribution
1% PEOPLE
OWNS 47% LAND
Creates incentives for poor peasants to shift out of cities
Battles inequality
in Brazil
RICH
POOR
Rainforest(now)
RICH
POOR
Rainforest(future) UNSUSTAINABLE
RICH
POOR
Rainforest(now)
RICH
POOR
Rainforest(now) SUSTAINABLE
Purchase farmland from the richForced removal
Slum/ irregular developmentsUrban development disparities
Agricultural production
✔
✔
✔
PROBLEM SOLVED
(but policy is hard to reinforce)
Anti-corruptionMoney lost from officials
Money+ welfare
back to people
Arrest corruptive officials+Increase salary from officials in Brazil
(reduce incentives to corrupt)
Rio de Janeiro
“The Marvelous City”
Brazil had a chance for shining it’s soft power to the globe through Rio, but certainly it requires a good planning... and money.
“
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References