ringvorlesung bef 2014
DESCRIPTION
Presentation given on the Ringvorlesung 2014TRANSCRIPT
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Biodiversity research in the framework of the JenaExperiment
Lionel [email protected]
Lehrstuhl fur Terrestrische OkologieTechnische Universitat Munchen
3rd, November 2014
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Outline
What is biodiversity?
Global biodiversity loss
Ecosystems and ecosystem function
Biodiversity and Ecosystem function research
The Jena experiment
Results from the Jena experiment
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Biodiversity
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Biodiversity
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Biodiversity
CBD definition (Art. 2): the variability among living organisms from allsources, including, ’inter alia’, terrestrial, marine, and other aquaticecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: thisincludes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
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Biodiversity
Most of the species out there are still undescribed
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Biodiversity loss
Biodiversity is declining
Butchard et al (2010) Science
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Biodiversity loss
Biodiversity decline is due to various factors
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Ecosystems
CBD definition (Art. 2): Ecosystem means a dynamic complex of plant,animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environmentinteracting as a functional unitLikens (1992): An ecosystem is defined as a spatially explicit unit of theEarth that includes all of the organisms, along with all components of theabiotic environment within its boundaries
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Ecosystem functions
Hooper (2005): Ecosystem function is a broad term that encompasses (...)ecosystem properties, ecosystem goods and ecosystem services.
Ecosystem properties include both size of compartments (eg pools ofmaterials like organic matter) and rates of process (eg fluxes ofmaterials among compartments).
Ecosystem goods are those ecosystem properties that have directmarket values (eg food, timber ...).
Ecosystem services are those properties of ecosystems that eitherdirectly or indirectly benefit human (eg clean air, pollination ...)
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Ecosystem functions
Hooper (2005): Ecosystem function is a broad term that encompasses (...)ecosystem properties, ecosystem goods and ecosystem services.
Ecosystem properties include both size of compartments (eg pools ofmaterials like organic matter) and rates of process (eg fluxes ofmaterials among compartments).
Ecosystem goods are those ecosystem properties that have directmarket values (eg food, timber ...).
Ecosystem services are those properties of ecosystems that eitherdirectly or indirectly benefit human (eg clean air, pollination ...)
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Ecosystem functions
Hooper (2005): Ecosystem function is a broad term that encompasses (...)ecosystem properties, ecosystem goods and ecosystem services.
Ecosystem properties include both size of compartments (eg pools ofmaterials like organic matter) and rates of process (eg fluxes ofmaterials among compartments).
Ecosystem goods are those ecosystem properties that have directmarket values (eg food, timber ...).
Ecosystem services are those properties of ecosystems that eitherdirectly or indirectly benefit human (eg clean air, pollination ...)
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Biodiversity Ecosystem function
Species are responsible for ecosystem functioning, if theirnumber/functional groups decline what will happen to the ecosystemfunctions?
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
1 No relation: Functioncontroled by abiotic factoror species dominance
2 Linear relation: Samplingeffect, positive interaction(complementarity orfacilitation)
3 Asymptotic relation:Diversity effect strongeronce communities aregreatly impoverished
4 Negative relation:Pathogens/ parasitisminfection rates increases withtheir diversity
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
1 No relation: Functioncontroled by abiotic factoror species dominance
2 Linear relation: Samplingeffect, positive interaction(complementarity orfacilitation)
3 Asymptotic relation:Diversity effect strongeronce communities aregreatly impoverished
4 Negative relation:Pathogens/ parasitisminfection rates increases withtheir diversity
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
1 No relation: Functioncontroled by abiotic factoror species dominance
2 Linear relation: Samplingeffect, positive interaction(complementarity orfacilitation)
3 Asymptotic relation:Diversity effect strongeronce communities aregreatly impoverished
4 Negative relation:Pathogens/ parasitisminfection rates increases withtheir diversity
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
1 No relation: Functioncontroled by abiotic factoror species dominance
2 Linear relation: Samplingeffect, positive interaction(complementarity orfacilitation)
3 Asymptotic relation:Diversity effect strongeronce communities aregreatly impoverished
4 Negative relation:Pathogens/ parasitisminfection rates increases withtheir diversity
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
How to explore these hypothesis:
Observational vs experimental approach
field vs laboratory experiment
which system: grassland, forest, marine ...
Random vs targeted species loss
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
Cedar Creek (MN, USA) biodiversity experiment from 1994
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
Jena experiment (TH, DE) from 2002
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
BEF China, tree diversity experiment from 2009
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
Marine mesocosm ie Emmerson et al (2001) Nature
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Biodiversity-ecosystem function
Climate chambers, microcosms ie Naeem and Li (1997) Nature
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The Jena experiment
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The Jena experiment
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The Jena experiment
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The Jena experiment
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The Jena experiment
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The Jena experiment
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The weeding
Three times per year, hand-weeding of the experimental plot to maintain targetspecies richness.
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The weeding
Before After
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The weeding
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Mowing
Mowing of the fieldsite twice per year inJune and September
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Aboveground plant biomass
Abovegroundproductivity
2 sampling peryear in May andAugust
2 samples perplot 20x50cm
Sorted by species
Dried and thenweighted
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Aboveground plant biomass
Plant productivityincreases withspecies richness
Plant productivityincreases withfunctional grouprichness
Slopes are varyingover time
Complementarityeffect becomestronger over time
Marcquard et al (2009) Ecology
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Aboveground plant biomass
Plant productivityincreases withspecies richness
Plant productivityincreases withfunctional grouprichness
Slopes are varyingover time
Complementarityeffect becomestronger over time
Marcquard et al (2009) Ecology
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Belowground plant biomass
Belowgroundproductivity
One sample per year
Soil core 0-50cm
Roots washed, dried for72h
Weighting of roots
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Belowground plant biomass
Belowgroundproductivity
One sample per year
Soil core 0-50cm
Roots washed, dried for72h
Weighting of roots
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Aboveground-Belowground biomass
Ravenek et al (2014) Oikos
Diversity effect only 4 years after experiment onset
No support for vertical root differentiation, negative plant-soilfeedbacks at low diversity
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Root/Shoot biomass
Bessler et al (2009) Ecology
Root/shoot biomasslower in mixture thanexpected frommonocultures
Overyielding ofaboveground biomass islinked to this deviationfrom expected R/S ratio
Species-rich communitiesinvest less inbelowground organs
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Pathogens resistance
Latz et al (2012) Journal of Ecology
Bacteria producinganti-fungal compoundsincrease in abundancewith plant speciesrichness
Positive indirectplant-soil feedback, maycontribute to explainsome other results
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Carbon storage
Measurement of soil carbon concentrationOne sample every two yearsDepth from 0 to 30 cm
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Carbon storage
Measurement of soil carbon concentrationOne sample every two yearsDepth from 0 to 30 cm
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Carbon storage
Carbon storage increaseswith plant diversity after4 years of the experiment
Higher plant diversitymitigate carbon loss indeep soil layers
System with high plantdiversity might act ascarbon sink and mitigatepart of human CO2
emission.Steinbeiss et al (2008) Global Change Biology
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N cycle
Increase in the positiveeffect of plant diversityon aboveground Nstorage
Diverse mixture reducenitrate in the soil in theearly years, in later yearsdiversity increaseammoniumconcentration
High diverse mixturereduce fertilization needand reduce N leaching togroundwater
Oelmann et al (2011) Global Biogeochemicalcycles
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What I do
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Potential project
http://www.ecology.uni-jena.de/praktika_bachelor_master_
themen_institut_oekologie.html
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Potential project
http://www.ecology.uni-jena.de/praktika_bachelor_master_
themen_institut_oekologie.html
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