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RIWHS202D – Enter and Work in Confined Spaces Learner Guide

2 StaySafe Training – RTO 45400

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RIIWHS202D Enter and Work in Confined Spaces

Learner Name:

Learner Email Address:

Date Training Commenced:

This Book Contains:

Course Information.

Table of Contents

1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.2 What is a Confined Space? .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 Confined Space Hazards ........................................................................................................................ 7

1.1.3.1 Unsafe Oxygen Levels ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.3.2 Fires and Explosions ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.1.3.3 Atmospheric Hazards ....................................................................................................................... 9

Types of Contaminants and Toxic Substances ...................................................................................... 10 1.1.3.4 The Effect of Irrespirable Atmospheres on the Respiratory System .............................................. 11

1.1.3.6 Other Hazards 12

1.2 Work Safely ............................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2.1 Health and Safety Rules ....................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Technical and Safety Information ......................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Get Your Work Details ............................................................................................................................. 14 1.3.1 Work Method Statements ..................................................................................................................... 14

1.3.1.1 How to Fill Out a Work Method Statement ..................................................................................... 18 1.3.2 Keeping Everyone Safe ........................................................................................................................ 18

1.3.2.1 Safety Data Sheets ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.4 Work Permits ........................................................................................................................................... 19 1.4.1 Work Permit Details .............................................................................................................................. 20

1.5 Confirm the Emergency Response Plan ............................................................................................. 21 1.5.1 Stand-By Person ................................................................................................................................... 21

1.6 Isolate the Confined Space ................................................................................................................... 21

2.1 Select and Inspect Equipment .............................................................................................................. 22 2.1.1Communication Equipment .................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.2 Lifting and Lowering Devices ................................................................................................................ 23 2.1.3 Fire Fighting Equipment ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.1.4 Personal Protective Equipment ............................................................................................................ 23 2.1.5 Respiratory Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 24

2.1.5.1 Limitations of Breathing Apparatus ................................................................................................ 24 2.1.6 Atmospheric Testing and Monitoring Equipment .................................................................................. 25 2.1.7 Rescue Equipment ................................................................................................................................ 25 2.2 Report Faulty Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 25

2.3 Environmental Protection Requirements ............................................................................................ 26

2.4 Gain Access to the Confined Space .................................................................................................... 26

2.5 Atmospheric Testing ............................................................................................................................. 27 2.5.1 Dealing with Unsafe Atmospheres ........................................................................................................ 27



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2.6 Fit Personal Protective Equipment ...................................................................................................... 28 2.6.1 Check Atmospheric Test Results before Entering the Space ............................................................... 28

2.7.1 Hazard Controls .................................................................................................................................... 29 2.7.2 Confirming the Confined Space is ready for Entry ............................................................................... 31 2.7.3 Role of the Entry Control Officer ........................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Enter the Confined Space ........................................................................................................................ 32 3.2 Maintain Communication with Stand-By Person ..................................................................................... 33

3.3 Work in the Confined Space ................................................................................................................. 33 3.3.1 Dealing with New Hazards .................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Emergency Response ........................................................................................................................... 34

3.3.2.1 Entrapment Procedures ................................................................................................................. 35 3.4 Exit the Confined Space .......................................................................................................................... 35

3.5 Return the Confined Space to Service ................................................................................................ 35 3.5.1 Inspecting and Cleaning Up .................................................................................................................. 36 3.5.2 Maintain Tools and Equipment ............................................................................................................. 36 3.5.3 Removing Hazard Controls and Securing Access ................................................................................ 36 3.5.4 Complete Documentation ..................................................................................................................... 37

3.5.4.1 Report Any Issues .......................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix A – Confined Space Entry Permit .................................................................................................. 38 Appendix B - Terms used in Confined Space 45 Appendix C - Example of Site Site Assessment Template 51

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1.1 Introduction These training materials are based on the National Unit of Competency RIIWHS202D Enter and Work in Confined Spaces.

What is Confined Space Work

Confined spaces pose dangers because they are usually not designed to be areas where people work. Confined spaces often have poor ventilation which allows hazardous atmospheres to quickly develop, especially if the space is small. The hazards are not always obvious and may change from one entry into the confined space to the next.

The risks of working in confined spaces include loss of consciousness, impairment, injury or death from:

the immediate effects of airborne contaminants

fire or explosion from the ignition of flammable contaminants

difficulty rescuing and treating an injured or unconscious person

oxygen deficiency or immersion in a free-flowing material, such as grain, sand, fertiliser, water or other liquids

falls from a height

environmental factors, for example extremes in temperature

poor lighting, and

manual handling.

1.1.1 Overview You will learn about:

Planning out confined spaces work.

Confined spaces entry permits.

Choosing and checking safety equipment.

Preparing and working safely in a confined space.

Exiting the confined space and finishing the work.

1.1.2 What is a Confined Space?

The Code of Practice defines a confined space as an enclosed or partially enclosed space that:

Is not designed or intended primarily to be occupied or entered by a person.

Has a restricted means of entry and exit?

Is, or is designed or intended to be, at normal atmospheric pressure while any person is in the space.

Presents a risk to health and safety from: An atmosphere that does not have a safe oxygen level, or Contaminants, including airborne gases, vapours and dusts, that may cause

injury from fire or explosion, or Harmful concentrations of any airborne contaminants, or Engulfment.

A confined space is determined by the hazards associated with a set of specific

circumstances and not just because work is performed in a small space.

Entry into a confined space means a person’s head or upper body is in the confined space or within the boundary of the confined space.

Confined spaces are commonly found in vats, tanks, pits, pipes, ducts, flues, chimneys, silos, containers, pressure vessels, underground sewers, wet or dry wells, shafts, trenches, d or partially enclosed structures, when these examples meet the definition of a confined space in the WHS Regulations.



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Confined spaces may include:

Culverts and storm water systems. Pipes and live or inactive sewer mains. Shafts, ducts and access chambers. Pits, trenches and gullies. Environmental traps and tanks. Box girders and bridge voids. Storage tanks, process vessels, boilers, pressure vessels, silos and other tank-like compartments. Tank cars. Shipboard spaces entered through a small hatchway or access point such as:

Cargo tanks. Cellular double bottom tank. Duct keels. Ballast. Oil tanks. Void spaces (not including dry cargo holds).



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How to determine whether a space is a confined space

A confined space is determined by the structure and a specific set of circumstances. The same structure may or may not be a confined space depending on the circumstances when the space is entered. Entry to a confined space is considered to have occurred when a person’s head or upper body enters the space.

A space may become a confined space if work that is to be carried out in the space would generate harmful concentrations of airborne contaminants.

Temporary control measures such as providing temporary ventilation or achieving a satisfactory pre-entry gas test will not cause a confined space to be declassified. For a confined space to be declassified as a non-confined space, it needs to have undergone sufficient changes in structure and use to eliminate all inherent hazards that define a confined space.

You can use a chart like the one shown below to work out if the work area is a confined space.



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NOTE: This chart reflects the definition of a confined space as it appears in the Work Health & Safety (WHS) regulations.



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What is not a confined space for the purposes of the WHS Regulations?

A confined space does not include a mine shaft or the workings of a mine.

The following kinds of workplaces are also generally not confined spaces for the purposes of the WHS Regulations:

places that are intended for human occupancy and have adequate ventilation, lighting and safe means of entry and exit, such as offices and workshops

some enclosed or partially enclosed spaces that at particular times have harmful airborne contaminants but are designed for a person to occupy, for example abrasive blasting or spray painting booths, and

enclosed or partially enclosed spaces that are designed to be occasionally occupied by a person if the space has a readily and conveniently accessible means of entry and exit via a doorway at ground level, for example:

a cool store accessed by a LPG powered forklift to move stock—although the use of a LPG powered forklift in a cool store can be hazardous, the door at ground level means that once the alarm is raised, escape and rescue can happen quickly, or

a fumigated shipping container with a large ground level opening that will facilitate escape and rescue.

Trenches are not considered confined spaces based on the risk of structural collapse alone, cconcentrations of airborne

ccause impairment, loss of consciousness or asphyxiation.

1.1.3 Confined Space Hazards

There are a range of hazards that may exist in confined spaces:

Unsafe oxygen levels. Fires and explosions. Atmospheric hazards. The effect of irrespirable atmospheres on the respiratory system. Other hazards.

You need to be aware of the different hazards that can exists in a confined space and the effect they can have.

1.1.3.1 Unsafe Oxygen Levels

Air normally contains 21 per cent oxygen by volume, a ls of 19.5 per cent to 23.5 per cent by volume are considered to be

safe.

Some situations can cause the level of oxygen to dramatically decrease, leading to an oxygen-deficient

atmosphere and possible asphyxiation. This may occur if oxygen in the atmosphere is:

displaced by gases produced during biological processes, for example methane in a sewer

displaced during purging of a confined space with an inert gas to remove flammable or toxic vapours or gases

depleted inside metal tanks and vessels through surface oxidation (for example when rust forms)

consumed during combustion of flammable substances, or

Absorbed or reacts with grains, wood chips, soil or chemicals in sealed silos.

The combustion of flammable materials (for example welding or cutting).

Slow bacterial reactions of organic substances (for example sewerage).

Reaction of inorganic substances (for example rust).

Oxygen absorbed by materials (for example grain in silos).

Oxygen displaced by another gas (for example nitrogen used to remove toxic fumes).

High oxygen consumption rate (for example many people working in a small confined space).

Too much oxygen can increase the risk of fire or explosion. Oxygen-enriched atmospheres may occur if:

chemical reactions cause the production of oxygen, for example certain reactions with hydrogen peroxide, or

there is a leak of oxygen from an oxygen tank or fitting while using oxy-acetylene

equipment.

Levels of oxygen within a confined space that are too low (below 19.5%) or too high (above 23.5%) are a major hazard.



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1.1.3.2 Fires and Explosions

‘Hot work’ like welding and thermal or oxygen cutting can create excessive heat, sparks and increase the risk of fires or explosions. Fires and explosions can be caused by:

Combustible or flammable dusts can also be found in confined spaces like storage bins or grain silos.

1.1.3.3 Atmospheric Hazards

Dusts, gases, fumes, mists and vapours are common hazards in workplace air. These can seriously affect the health of workers. Hazardous dusts, gases, fumes, mists and vapours can occur in a confined space because of:

The work processes being done (for example spray painting). Spills or leaks from pipes or machinery. Disturbance of materials (for example walking through a shallow liquid

substance). The storage or transfer of materials (for example grain). Gasses in stormwater drains and sewers. Chemical reactions between substances. Exhaust gases from pumps or other machinery being drawn into the confined

space by ventilation fans.

Residue left in confined spaces such as empty tanks and containers can cause a build-up of toxic or explosive gasses. Toxic gasses can quickly overcome and kill an unprotected worker. Inhaling some chemicals, such as solvents, can damage many parts of the body including the brain. Welding fumes, smoke and mists from spray painting are also serious respiratory hazards and workers should be adequately protected from exposure to any of them. Confined spaces must be monitored for dangerous gases or unsafe oxygen levels, which cause irrespirable atmospheres.



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Irrespirable atmospheres are atmospheres that are unfit for breathing, or are incapable of supporting life.

Types of Irrespirable Atmospheres

Description:\

Asphyxiating Atmospheres

Asphyxiating atmospheres have low levels of oxygen. You will not be able to breath properly in any atmosphere that has less than 19.5% oxygen.

Hypoxia is the result of inadequate oxygen. Signs of hypoxia include rapid breathing, gasping for air, blueness of skin, confusion, irritability, unconsciousness and death.

Toxic Atmospheres Toxic atmospheres can occur due to the release of toxins and poisons in materials that have been burnt in a fire.

Air Contaminated with Smoke or Suspended Particles

Air that is contaminated with smoke or particles is unbreathable. Particles can settle in the lungs and will restrict the amount of oxygen that can be taken into the body. These particles within the lungs may then develop into other respiratory problems.

Types of Contaminants and Toxic Substances Many toxic substances are commonly encountered in industry. The presence of toxic substances may be due to materials being stored or used, the work being performed, or may be generated by natural processes. Exposure to toxic substances can produce disease, bodily injury, or death in unprotected workers. Common gases or substances you will be monitoring for will include:

It is important to determine the amounts of any toxic materials and substances potentially present in the workplace. Unprotected workers must not be exposed to levels of toxic contaminants that exceed Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) concentrations. Ongoing monitoring is necessary to ensure that exposure levels have not changed in a way that requires the use of different or more rigorous procedures or equipment.



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Harmful airborne contaminants

The following table illustrates the kinds of harmful atmospheres that may be present in a confined space, and how they may be created.

Table 1 Sources of contaminants

Source of contaminant Examples

Substance stored in the confined space or its by- product(s)

− release of toxic substances e.g. hydrogen sulphide in tanks

of decomposing organic material, especially when the material is disturbed

− build-up of hydrogen sulphide in sewers and pits

Work performed in the confined space

− use of paints, adhesives, solvents or cleaning solutions

− welding or brazing with metals capable of producing toxic vapours or gases

− exhaust vapours or gases from engines used in the confined space

− painting or moulding glass-reinforced plastics

Entry of natural contaminants, e.g. groundwater and gases, into the confined space from the surrounding land, soil or strata

− acid groundwater acting on limestone with the potential to produce dangerous accumulations of carbon dioxide

− methane released from groundwater and from decay of organic matter

Release of airborne contaminants

− when sludge, slurry or other deposits are disturbed or when scale is removed

Manufacturing process − residues left in tanks, vessels etc or remaining on internal surfaces can evaporate into a vapour or gas

Entry and accumulation of gases and liquids from adjacent plant, installations, services or processes

− the contamination of underground confined spaces by substances from plant in the vicinity of the confined space

− carbon monoxide from the exhaust of LPG-powered forklifts operating in, or in the vicinity of, the confined space

1.1.3.4 The Effect of Irrespirable Atmospheres on the Respiratory System

The respiratory system is made up of the mouth, nose, windpipe, lungs and pulmonary blood vessels that surround the lungs. In this body system, oxygen is put into the blood while carbon dioxide is breathed out. Without the respiratory system working properly you will die. Respiration in healthy adults is normally approximately 16-20 breaths per minute. However, breathing rates can increase significantly when the body is exercising, stressed, or in poor atmospheres. The lungs cannot keep breathing in irrespirable atmospheres for long periods (depending upon the type of atmosphere). Some atmospheres can burn the lungs, while others can cause problems such as hypoxia (a lack of oxygen), which can be deadly. It is for these reasons that a breathing apparatus is used when you need to work in an irrespirable atmosphere.



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1.1.3.5 Other Hazards

Some materials stored in or around a confined space like grains, sawdust, or soil can completely surround and trap (engulf) a person in seconds. If they are not rescued immediately they will die within a few minutes.

It is important not to forget about psychological hazards such as stress and claustrophobia (fear of confined spaces). It can cause a person to panic, make poor decisions and use up oxygen quicker than somebody who is calm.

Other common hazards that you may find while working in or around confined spaces include:

Underground services, such as water and waste pipes, electrical cables and gas pipelines.

Excavations.

Traffic.

Entrapment/ Engulfment

Engulfment means to be swallowed up in or immersed by material, which may result

in asphyxiation. Examples of materials that may pose a risk of engulfment include

plastics, sand, liquids, fertiliser, grain, coal, coal products, fly ash, animal feed and

sewage. Stored materials such as sand and grain can form a crust or bridge when a

container is emptied from below, leaving the top layer in place. Workers walking on the

crust or bridge or on the floor of the container may be engulfed if the crust cracks or

dislodges and a bridge collapses (see Figure below).

Uncontrolled introduction of substances. The uncontrolled introduction of substances such as steam, water or other liquids, gases or solids may result in

drowning, immersion, being overcome by fumes (for example vision and odour impairment from hydrogen sulphide

(H2S), inability to breathe due to fine grain or ceramic dust), or other harm depending on the nature of the substance. Combustible engines, vehicles and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) forklifts operating close to the e confined space can cause a build-up of exhaust gases, including carbon monoxide, in the space.

Environmental hazards such as poor lighting or heat and cold temperatures.

Biological hazards such as viruses, bacteria or fungi. Contact with micro-organisms, such as viruses, bacteria or fungi, may result in infectious diseases, dermatitis or lung conditions such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Sewers, grain silos and manures where biological hazards may be present.

Limited head space or overhangs.

Noise, rotational equipment or vibration.

Sharp edges, protrusions or obstructions.

Equipment or product mass.

Mechanical hazards (for example injury from moving mechanical parts).

Exposure to mechanical hazards associated with plant may result in entanglement, crushing, of a person’s body.

Sources of mechanical hazards include plant such as augers, agitators, blenders, mixers and stirrers.

Electrical hazards.

Slippery surfaces, spills or leaks.

Manual handling hazards.

Restricted access and egress (entry and exit)

Small entrances and exits make it difficult to rescue injured workers or to get equipment in or out of the confined space. In some cases, entrances and exits may be very large but their location can make them difficult to access. For example, accessing pits or openings high up in silos may require the use of ladders, hoists or other and rescue from such spaces may be difficult in emergency situations.

Once a hazard has been identified look for any workplace instructions that describe how to eliminate or control it.

Talk to other workers, your manager, supervisor, team leader or health & safety representative to find out if the hazard has already been addressed, or what methods are available for you to deal with it.



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1.2 Work Safely

You must follow all safety rules and instructions when working in a confined space. If you are not sure about what you should do, ask your boss or supervisor. They will tell you where you can find the information you need.

1.2.1 Health and Safety Rules Every workplace has to follow laws and rules to keep everyone safe. There are 4 main types:

Acts and Legislation These are laws that you have to follow.

Regulations These explain what the law means.

Codes of Practice These are instructions on how to follow the law, based on industry standards. There is a Code of Practice written for working safely in confined spaces that includes information about atmospheric testing and working with confined space permits.

Australian Standards These tell you what the minimum requirement is for a job, product or hazard. AS2865 is the Australian Standard for working in confined spaces.

Code of Practice - www.safeworksa.com.au Work health and Safety Acts - https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au Regulations www.safeworksa.com.au Australian Standards - https://www.standards.org.au/ These requirements are the basis of all policies, procedures and safe work practices within a company and/or workplace.

1.2.2 Technical and Safety Information Like laws and rules, technical and safety information is an important part of all procedures and practices for working safely. Before starting any work in a confined space, you need to make sure you have all technical and safety information for the job. This will help you to do your work in the safest way.

Technical and Safety Information

Description

Site Details The information and safety requirements of the workplace environment (where you will be working) including isolation of services.

Hazard Details Any hazards in the work area or related to the confined space. This could also include instructions on how to handle dangerous or hazardous materials.

Task Details Instructions of what the work is or what you will be doing (this includes confined space work permits).

Manufacturers’ Guidelines and Specifications

How to use and maintain tools, equipment and safety devices and systems.

Faulty Equipment Procedures Isolation procedures to follow or forms to fill out.

Signage Requirements Site signage used to warn others that some areas are not safe to be in, or that work is being completed.

Emergency Procedures Instructions on what to do in emergency situations, for example if there is fire, or if first aid is needed.

Communication Procedures Technical and safety information could also include workplace procedures for communication.

http://www.safeworksa.com.au/

https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/

http://www.safeworksa.com.au/

https://www.standards.org.au/



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1.3 Get Your Work Details

You need to be clear about what work you will be doing. Make sure you have everything about the job to apply for confined spaces permit before you start. This includes what you will be doing, how you will be doing it and what equipment you will be using. You need to know why you are entering the confined space to identify any dangers and work out the details for a work permit. There are many reasons why you would need to enter a confined space:

Cleaning and removing waste.

Repair work, for example welding or cutting.

Installing pumps and motors.

Painting, sand blasting or applying surface coatings.

Reading meters, gauges and dials.

Installing, repairing or inspecting telephone, electrical or fibre optic cables.

Tapping, coating or testing steam, water or sewage systems.

Inspecting plant or equipment.

Constructing a confined space, for example an industrial boiler.

Rescuing people from a confined space.

1.3.1 Risk Assessment A risk assessment is mandatory for confined spaces under the WHS Regulations. As a

person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU), you must ensure that a risk assessment is conducted by a competent person and recorded in writing.

A risk assessment will determine the measures that should be implemented to control risks. It will help to:

identify which workers are at risk of exposure

determine what sources and processes are causing that risk

identify if and what kind of control measures should be implemented, and

check the effectiveness of existing control measures.

Risk management is a systematic process is eliminate or minimise the potential for

harm to people.

In managing the risks associated with a confined space the duty holder must identify

reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to health and safety risks.

The types of substances previously stored in a confined space (however briefly) will indicate the sorts of hazards that may be present. Substances stored in a confined space may result in a lack of oxygen, airborne contaminants or a flammable atmosphere within the confined space. Other hazards may arise from work activities, products or by-products in or around the confined space. Many confined spaces’ hazards are invisible to the naked eye or not visible from outside the example toxic gases, smaller spaces within a space and concealed electrical or mechanical parts.

risk assessment involves considering what could happen if someone is exposed to a hazard and the likelihood of it

happening.

A risk assessment can help you determine:

how severe a risk is

whether any existing control measures are effective

what action you should take to control the risk, and

how urgently the action needs to be taken.

Hazards have the potential to cause different types and severities of harm, ranging from minor discomfort to a serious injury or death.

Many hazards and their associated risks are well known and have well established and accepted control measures. In these situations, it is possible that it is not required. If after identifying a hazard you already know the risk and how to control it effectively, you may simply implement the controls.



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In some circumstances, a risk assessment will assist to:

identify which workers are at risk of exposure

determine what sources and processes are causing the risk

Identify if and what kind of control measures should be implemented, and control measures.

The risk assessment for a confined space must be undertaken by a competent person and be recorded in writing. The risk assessment must be reviewed and revised by a competent person whenever any risks change.

A copy must be kept until at least 28 days after the work to which it relates is completed, or if a notifiable incident occurs in connection with the work to which the assessment relates, for at least two years after the incident occurs. A copy of the risk assessment must be available to any relevant worker on request.

To manage risk and ensure a risk assessment is carried out by a competent person, you must take into account all relevant matters, including:

whether the work can be carried out without the need to enter the confined space

the nature of the confined space

if the hazard is associated with the concentration of oxygen or the concentration of airborne contaminants in the confined space—any change that may occur in that concentration

the work required to be carried out in the confined space, the range of methods by which the work can be carried out and the proposed method of working, and

the type of emergency procedures, including rescue procedures, required.

When undertaking a risk assessment to determine the risks requiring control, the following factors should be considered:

the risk of engulfment of a person

the number of persons occupying the space

the soundness and security of the overall structure and the need for lighting and visibility

the identity and nature of the substances last contained in the confined space

any risk control measures needed to bring the confined space to atmospheric pressure

the number of persons required outside the space:

to maintain equipment essential for the task being undertaken within the confined space

to provide continuous communication with the persons within the confined space, and

to properly initiate emergency response procedures.

risks associated with other hazards, such as noise or electricity

arrangements for emergency response, for example first aid and resuscitation

the adequate instruction of persons in any required procedure, particularly those that are unusual or non-typical, including the use and limitations of any PPE and other equipment to be used

the availability and adequacy of appropriate PPE and emergency equipment for all persons likely to enter the confined space

the need for additional risk control measures, including:

prohibiting hot work in adjacent areas

prohibiting smoking and naked flames within the confined space and adjacent areas

avoiding contamination of breathing air from operations or sources outside the confined space, for example from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine

prohibiting movement of equipment in adjacent areas, for example forklifts

prohibiting spark-generating equipment, clothing and footwear.

whether purging or cleaning in the confined space is necessary



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Generic risk assessment

A single (or generic) risk assessment may be carried out for a class of confined spaces in a number of different work areas or workplaces where the confined spaces are the same. This will only be appropriate if all of the hazards, tasks and circumstances covered by the risk assessment are the same. A risk assessment must be carried out on individual confined spaces if the hazards, tasks or circumstances are different and a worker may be exposed to greater, additional or different risks.

A confined space entry permit may be used as a record of the risk assessment.

The Hierarchy of Control The WHS Regulations require duty holders to work through the hierarchy of control measures when managing certain risks; however, it can be applied to any risk. The hierarchy ranks control measures from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest. Further guidance on the risk management process and the hierarchy of control measures is

Eliminating the risk

You must always aim to eliminate the risk, for example by eliminating the need to enter a confined space. If eliminating the hazards and associated risks is not reasonably practicable, you must minimise the risk by one or more of the following:

Substitution—minimise the risk by substituting or replacing a hazard or hazardous work practice with something that gives rise to a lesser risk. For example, changing work methods to minimise time inside the confined space, therefore reducing likelihood of heat stress.

Isolation—minimise the risk by isolating or separating the hazard or hazardous work practice from any person exposed to it, for example by isolating moving or electric parts.

Engineering controls—engineering controls are physical control measures to minimise risk, for example forced extraction ventilation for large spaces, tanks, vessels.

If risk remains, it must be minimised by implementing administrative controls, so far as is reasonably practicable. For example, providing training relevant to working in confined spaces.

Any remaining risk must be minimised with suitable personal protective equipment (PPE). For example, respiratory protective equipment when oxygen levels are outside the safe range.

Administrative control measures and PPE do not control the hazard at the source. They rely on human behaviour and supervision and used on their own tend to be the least effective in minimising risks.

The WHS Regulations require a PCBU to consider certain relevant matters when managing risks, which will help to inform decisions about the most effective and appropriate risk control measures in the circumstances. In managing risks associated with a confined space, such risks associated with working in, or in the vicinity of the confined space, all relevant matters must be considered, including:


fined space

if the hazard is associated with any airborne contaminant or unsafe level of oxygen

the work to be carried out in the confined space, the range of methods by which the work can be carried out, and the proposed method of working, and the type of emergency procedures, including rescue procedures, required.



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Eliminate the need to enter a confined space

Risks associated with work in a confined space must be eliminated so far as is reasonably practicable, and therefore the first question is: can the work be carried out without entering the confined space?

Work could be carried out from outside the confined space, for example by:

installing fixed or temporary cleaning devices, for example spray balls using high- pressure hoses inserted through an access hatch to clean the inside of a tank

using remote cameras or a mirror attached to a probe for internal inspection of vessels

using remotely operated rotating flail devices, vibrators or air purgers to clear blockages in silos,

using a hook, long-handled clasp or magnet on a string to retrieve an object dropped into a confined space.

Entry and exit

If it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the need to enter the confined space or the risk of inadvertent entry, then any risk associated with entry to and exit from the space must be minimised. Entry to and exit from a confined space are safer when openings (access points) are large and located in a position that persons and equipment can pass through easily.

Where relevant, the following features should be incorporated at the design, manufacture and installation stages:

Access points (including those within the confined space, through divisions, partitions or obstructions) should be large enough to allow people wearing the necessary protective

Clothing and equipment to pass through, and to permit the rescue of all people who may enter the confined space.

A safe means of access to and within the confined space, such as fixed ladders, platforms and walkways, should be provided..

Access points should be unobstructed by fittings or equipment that could impede rescue and should also be kept free of any obstructions during work in the confined space. If there is a requirement to pass equipment such as electrical cables, leads, hoses and ventilation ducts through an access hole, a second access point may be needed.

There should be enough access points to provide safe entry to and exit from the confined space. For example, the spacing of access holes on sewers (or in the case of large gas mains, the absence of such access holes over considerable lengths) may affect both the degree of natural ventilation and the ease with which persons can be

rescued.



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1.3.2 Work Method Statements Many worksites require a Work Method Statement (WMS) before any high-risk work can start. A Work Method Statement is a list of steps that outlines how a job will be done. It also includes any hazards that occur at each step, and what you need to do about them.

These statements can also be known as a Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS), Job Safety Analysis (JSA) or Safe Operating Procedure (SOP).

1.3.1.1 How to Fill Out a Work Method Statement

1.3.2 Keeping Everyone Safe

Work health and safety (WHS) laws say that all companies and workers need to keep themselves and other people safe while they work. This is called a duty of care.

To keep yourself and another workers safe you need to:

Follow your instructions.

Follow all workplace rules.

Make sure all equipment is safe to use.

Carry out your work safely.

Report any problems.

You can get this information from:

Worksite policies, procedures, bulletins and memos

Federal, state and local regulatory authorities.

Australian Standards and legislative requirements relating to work in confined spaces.

Instructions, plans, charts, diagrams, maps and engineer’s drawings.

Signage and labels.

Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and manufacturers’ instructions.

Safe Operating Procedures (SOP)/Job Safety Analysis (JSA)/ Work Method Statements (WMS).

If you think something is dangerous, tell your boss or supervisor as soon as possible.

1.3.2.1 Safety Data Sheets

A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) has important information about a hazardous chemical (which may be hazardous substance and/or dangerous goods) and must include details about:

The hazardous substance's product name.

The chemical and generic name of certain ingredients.

The chemical and physical properties of the hazardous substance.

Health hazard information.

Precautions for safe use and handling.

The manufacturer's or importer's name, Australian address and telephone number.

The SDS gives you information on what to do if there is exposure to the hazardous material, for example if there is a spill, or if you are working with the substance.



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1.4 Work Permits

There are a number of jobs that can require a work permit including:

Working in a confined space.

Working at heights.

Cold work/general permit to work – work that WILL NOT generate any source of ignition such as a flame, spark or temperature high enough to ignite flammable material.

Hot work – work that WILL generate a source of ignition such as a flame, spark or temperature high enough to ignite flammable material.

Excavation – issued for the penetration of any ground surface with mechanical excavating equipment.

Operation of plant.

Minor repairs.

Isolation Permit

Other special permits such as plumbing/gas/electrical work. All confined spaces work must be done in line with a confined space work permit. This permit will outline every part of the job (who, what, where, when, why and how the job will be done) and all of the safety measures that must be taken. The permit must be kept until the work has been completed or for at least 2 years if a serious (notifiable) incident occurs.

Entry permits

A confined space entry permit provides a formal check to ensure all elements of a safe system of work are in place before people are allowed to enter the confined space. It also provides a means of communication between site management, supervisors and those carrying out the work and ensures that the PCBU has checked and authorised the entry to the confined space and it is safe to proceed. A PCBU must not allow or direct a worker to enter a confined space to carry out work unless the worker has been issued a confined space entry permit for the work.

The permit must be completed in writing by a competent person and:

specify the confined space to which the permit relates

record the names of persons permitted to enter the confined space and the period of time that the work in the space will be carried out

set out risk control measures based on the risk assessment and include control measures for safe entry and details about the systems of work, and

contain space for an acknowledgement that work in the confined space has been completed and all persons have left the space.

A copy of the permit must be kept at least until the work is completed or, if a notifiable incident occurs, for at least two years after the confined space work to which the permit relates is completed.

A competent person is one who has acquired through training, qualification or experience the knowledge and skills to carry out the task.

A confined space entry permit must be issued for each time work is to be carried out in a confined space. Each permit only applies to one confined space and allows one or more workers to enter that space. A competent person who directs and supervises the work should be nominated and authorised to complete the permit on behalf of the business or undertaking.

A confined space entry permit is also required when a person enters a confined space to conduct the initial hazard identification or risk assessment. The permit may need to be revised after the risk assessment is completed. The confined space entry permit must list the information set out in Table 2.



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Table 2 Requirements of a confined space entry permit

The entry permit must be used as a written record that all workers have exited the confined space on completion of the work. It should be displayed in a prominent place to facilitate signing and clearance. Workers carrying out work in confined spaces must be provided with suitable and adequate information, training and instruction about the contents of the confined space entry permit in a way that is readily understandable.

The information on the entry permit may be used as a suitable record of the risk assessment that has been carried out. An example of an entry permit is provided at

1.4.1 Work Permit Details

The details in the permit should cover the hazards and hazard controls that have been identified. A confined space permit should include the following:

Location, description and duration of work to be done.

Hazards that may be encountered.

Atmospheric test and monitoring requirements and results.

Hot work.

Authorisation for work to be done.

Isolation, lock-out and tagging processes.

Hazard control measures (for example signs, barriers, ventilation and purging).

Personal protective equipment and clothing needed for the job.

Size of work crew.

Stand-by personnel and emergency response and rescue arrangements.

Other requirements determined by a risk assessment and in accordance with the code of practice and AS2865.

Once issued, you will need to check that the details in the work permit match the job including hazards, control measures and equipment.

Changes to work conditions or identifying new hazards can mean the permit has to be cancelled before the work has been finished. The permit may have to be re-issued to address the latest information.

An example Confined Spaces Work Permit can be found in Appendix B.

Confined space to which the permit relates

− The permit form should be designed and completed in such a way as to enable clear identification and recording of the space that each permit applies to.

− A single permit can be used for multiple entries into a space and can be used where there is more than one access point into a single space.

Name of any worker permitted to enter the space

− Full name of each worker

Period of time during which work in the space will be carried out

− A permit may be required for varying periods of time depending on the time required to complete the work being carried out in a confined space.

− The permit must be re-validated if the person with direct management or control of work in the space changes; a break in work continuity occurs; that introduce hazards not addressed by the current permit; or new control measures are needed

Measures to control the risk

− List the control measures that must be implemented before work commences, for example the isolation of plant and services, purging, ventilation, atmospheric testing, cleaning and signage.

− List the control measures that must be implemented or continued while work is being done in the space, for example ventilation, continuous monitoring, respiratory protective equipment and PPE.

− List any equipment to be taken into the confined space, and any exclusions such as ignition sources.

− List any specialist emergency rescue equipment required.



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1.5 Confirm the Emergency Response Plan

An emergency response plan needs to be finalised before any confined space operations are done. The emergency response plan includes the roles and responsibilities of all workers involved in the confined spaces work. Before starting any confined spaces work you need to make sure the emergency response plan is right for the work situation and that the stand-by person understands the emergency response procedures. It is also important to make sure that the entry/exit openings are large enough to allow for emergency access and that they are not obstructed. It is important to confirm your own role in an emergency so that you know what to do and how to react quickly before the situation gets worse. Talk to your supervisor about what you will need to do in an emergency and make sure that you have been trained to carry out the task.

1.5.1 Stand-By Person

A stand-by person (or sentry) should stay as close as possible to the confined space.

A stand-by person must:

Be fully trained and competent.

Be in continuous communication and if possible visual contact with workers inside the confined space.

Be ready to immediately start emergency response procedures.

Continuously monitor hazards both inside and outside the confined space.

Maintain clear access and egress (entry and exit) to and from the confined space.

Not be involved in any other work while personnel are within the confined space.

1.6 Isolate the Confined Space

Before any work in relations to a confined space starts, signs must be erected to prevent

entry of persons not involved in the work.

Signs must warn against entry by people other than those who are listed on the confined space entry permit, and must be placed at each entrance to the confined space. Signs must be in place while the confined space is accessible, including when preparing to work in the space, during work in the space, and when packing up on completion of the work.

Signposting alone should not be relied on to prevent unauthorised entry to a potential confined space. Security devices, for example locks and fixed barriers, should be installed. Signage may include:

Site safety signage.

Temporary signage for motorists and pedestrians.

Barricades.



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2.1 Select and Inspect Equipment

The equipment you use while working in a confined space will depend on the job, hazards and hazard controls that are put in place.

Equipment used for confined spaces work includes:

Safety equipment.

Rescue equipment.

Atmospheric testing equipment such as portable gas detectors and monitors.

Communication devices.

Tools and equipment relevant to the work to be performed.

You need to make sure any torches or communication equipment is safe to use in a confined space.

2.1.1Communication Equipment Communications equipment could include:

Communication Equipment: Description:

Integrated Radios Integrated radios are built into the breathing apparatus.

Portable Radios Portable radios will have limited usefulness when using breathing apparatus and may have limited range due to atmospheric conditions.

Communication Sets

This is the name given to the complete communication equipment. Communication sets are made up of a microphone, battery, cables, amplifier and built-in speakers.

The way communication sets are used depends on the type of equipment and the manufacturer’s operating guidelines. These instructions can vary so it is important that you check the manufacturer’s operation manual for the equipment you are using.

Signal Lines

Depending on your organisation, signal lines may be a line similar to the main guideline, which will transmit predetermined signals. It may also be a communications cable, which can be connected to communications equipment.

Hand Signals

Hand signals must be understood for clear communications to occur. Most organisations will have signals that apply only to their worksites, or that have been designed for a particular task.

If hand signals are going to be used during the work make sure you are familiar with them and that you practice them before entering any confined space.

Distress Signal Unit

Most Distress Signal Units (DSU) will have a dual activation system, which will trigger an alarm automatically if movement is not detected within a certain timeframe (up to 1 minute of no movement), or the alarm can be set off manually.

The process for setting off your Distress Signal Unit will depend upon the make and model of equipment.



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2.1.2 Lifting and Lowering Devices Lifting and lowering devices include safety belts, harnesses, tripods, ropes and lifelines.

2.1.3 Fire Fighting Equipment Fire fighting equipment could include fire blankets and fire extinguishers.

2.1.4 Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) may include:

Eye protection (e.g. goggles).

Ear protection.

Gloves.

Protective clothing.

Helmets.

Safety footwear.

Respirators and masks.



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2.1.5 Respiratory Equipment

Where a confined space has an unsafe concentration of oxygen, or any airborne contaminant cannot be safely reduced or removed, workers must be equipped with supplied-air respiratory protection and PPE. Respiratory protection devices include:

Air purifying respirators.

Self-contained compressed air breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Supplied airline breathing apparatus.

Escape breathing apparatus.

2.1.5.1 Limitations of Breathing Apparatus

There are limitations associated with all types of respiratory equipment and breathing apparatus. Some general limitations for different types of breathing apparatus include:

Equipment Type Possible Limitations

Air Purifying Respirators Only protect against specific contaminants. For example, gas-/vapour-removing respirators don’t protect against particulate contaminants and vice versa. Can be addressed by using a combination particulate- and vapour- and gas-removing respirator.

Do not protect against oxygen deficient atmospheres.

Do not prevent contaminants being absorbed through the skin (a full protective suit and mask/facepiece can provide this protection).

Limited time period for use based on: The type of respirator (canister, cartridge, or filter type). Concentration of contaminant. Humidity levels in the surrounding atmosphere. User’s respiratory rate.

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

Weight of the equipment: Can cause wearer to become fatigued more quickly. Can affect balance of wearer.

Bulk/size of the equipment can cause issues in confined spaces and limit movement and mobility in and through spaces.

Harness straps can limit movement and mobility of the wearer.

Do not prevent contaminants being absorbed through the skin (a full protective suit and mask/facepiece can provide this protection).

Reduced visibility caused by the facepiece.

Limited time period for use based on: User’s respiratory rate. Amount of air/oxygen in the apparatus.

Supplied Airline Breathing Apparatus

No protection for the user if the air supply fails.

Hose can be pinched or severed, affecting air supply.

User is limited to working within the length of the hose.

User must exit the space by retracing steps/route of hose.

Must be donned in respirable air.

Escape Breathing Apparatus Limited air supply with a short duration of use.

Always check and follow the manufacturer’s specifications to make sure you are aware of and work within the limitations of the equipment you are using.



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2.1.6 Atmospheric Testing and Monitoring Equipment Each gas-testing instrument needs to be calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Instruments that are not properly calibrated or that fail field checks cannot be used for atmospheric testing until they are properly calibrated. All atmospheric testing equipment needs to be calibrated by the manufacturer annually. It also needs to be field checked just before use. The field check needs to include checking with a test gas as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Atmospheric testing and monitoring equipment includes:

Instruments used for pre-entry testing appropriate to the hazards.

Continuous monitors appropriate for the hazards.

Other devices used to test the confined space atmosphere as required by the permit conditions.

2.1.7 Rescue Equipment

There is always the chance of an emergency situation occurring when working in a confined space, such as a worker falling unconscious, a fire breaking out or a chemical spill. It is very important that you have a plan in place and incident response equipment on hand. All rescue personnel should be trained in their use. The rescue equipment should be set up near the confined space and be ready to use at a moment’s notice. Rescue equipment includes:

Rescue lines.

First aid kits.

Fire fighting equipment.

Spill kits.

Access equipment.

2.2 Report Faulty Equipment Procedure If you find anything wrong during your checks you must:



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2.3 Environmental Protection Requirements Any work done in a confined space should not have a negative effect on the environment. Some environmental requirements are:

Organisational or project environmental management plans.

Waste management.

Water quality protection.

Noise, vibration, dust and clean-up management. Contact the EPA for more information on how to work safely without impacting on the environment. Before any work is carried out you must make sure any environmental protection requirements are in place according to site procedures. Check the confined spaces work permit for details of what is required to maintain the lowest possible impact on the environment.

2.4 Gain Access to the Confined Space

In accordance with the details in the confined spaces permit, you need to gain access to the confined space. This means getting safely to the confined space entry point. In some cases this may mean you need to get up high to the entry point using access equipment (for example elevating work platforms, scaffolds or vertical rope systems), or organise to remove a hatch or cover to get to the confined space. Each situation is different so make sure you have had a good look at the area and worked out the safest way to access the confined space. Talk to your supervisor and other workers and check the details in the work permit to make sure you are using the right method to access the confined space.



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2.5 Atmospheric Testing and Monitoring

Testing and monitoring the atmosphere in a confined spaces id a routine part of determining

appropriate control measures for confined spaces.

Any air monitoring in a confined space should be carried out by a competent person using a suitable, correctly calibrated gas detector. You must ensure that while work is being carried out in a confined space to test the atmosphere for:

oxygen content

airborne concentration of flammable contaminants, and

airborne concentration of potentially harmful contaminants (for example hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide).

A person’s senses should never be used to determine if the air in a confined space is safe. Many toxic or flammable gases and unsafe oxygen levels cannot be detected using one’s senses.

Initial testing should be done from outside the confined space by inserting a sample probe and/or portable gas detection device at appropriately selected access holes, nozzles and

openings. Because contaminants can settle at different levels, each part of the confined space should be tested—side to side and top to bottom (see Figure 2).

For example, some gases (such as hydrogen sulphide) are heavier than air and in unventilated areas will settle to the bottom of the space, while other gases (such as methane) are lighter than air and will collect at the top of the space. Testing should be a sufficient number of points to accurately reflect areas of the space that are likely to be accessed.

The air inside a confined space must be tested before any workers enter. If work stops for a long period of time (over an hour) the space will need to be tested again.

Before a person enters a confined space make sure:

The confined space contains an oxygen level between 19.5% and 23.5%. The atmospheric contaminants in the confined space are reduced to a safe level. There are no temperature extremes. The concentration of flammable gasses in the atmosphere is below 5 per cent of its Lower Explosive Limit (LEL).

The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is the concentration of flammable material in the air below which a flame will not ignite when in contact with an ignition source.

Figure 2 Atmospheric testing of remote regions and different levels within the confined space

Lighter gases may be vented into the breathing zone of the person conducting the tests. Some gases may be dissolved in liquids and released when the liquid is disturbed or a crust over the liquid is broken, so it may be necessary to agitate liquids before monitoring.

If it is necessary to enter the space to test remote regions away from entrances or access holes, air-supplied respiratory equipment should be worn and the entry must be undertaken in accordance with the WHS Regulations using a confined space entry permit.

Re-testing and continuous monitoring of the air may be necessary if the risk assessment indicates that conditions may change due he disturbance of hazardous material in the confined space.



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2.5.1 Dealing with Unsafe Atmospheres If initial testing shows that the space is not safe for a person to enter, you will need to take action. This could be done a number of ways, such as:

Purging the atmosphere by blowing air through the space; or

Extracting toxic gases with a suitable exhaust system; or

A combination of blowing and exhausting.

You need to be careful that people outside the confined space are not exposed to gas while the atmosphere inside the confined space is being purged. You also need to be careful when purging flammable gases. Do not use pure oxygen or gasses with a higher oxygen level of 21% for purging purposes. Ventilation such as exhaust fans can be used to remove hazardous gasses and contaminants. Any purging of a confined space needs to be followed up with proper ventilation procedures. Alternatively, people can enter the space if they wear an approved air-supplied respirator (self-contained breathing apparatus – SCBA), so long as there are no flammable gases present in the confined space. It is important that personnel are properly trained and experienced in the use of these breathing apparatus before entering the confined space. Testing should be done prior to entering the confined space and needs to be done on a continuous basis while the work is carried out, or in accordance with the confined spaces permit.

2.6 Fit Personal Protective Equipment Depending on the situation you may be required to wear a range of protective equipment. You need to make sure all equipment fits properly and is in good condition. Faulty protective equipment will not protect you properly. If you find anything wrong with any of the equipment you need to report it and isolate the equipment to stop it from being used.

2.6.1 Check Atmospheric Test Results before Entering the Space Always check that the results from the atmospheric testing show that the confined space is safe for entry before you begin work. If the test results are inconsistent or do not provide enough solid information you must make sure further testing is completed with different or re-calibrated equipment.



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2.7 Prepare the Confined Space for Entry

You will need to check that the worksite has been prepared in accordance with the work permit conditions including:

Mechanical, electrical or other energy source isolations.

De-energising all sources of energy or pressure.

Purging of lines.

Lock-out and tagging out procedures.

Blinding or blanking lines as required. The results of these checks should be reported to the appropriate workers. The confined space must be made ready for entry in compliance with workplace procedures, relevant laws and AS2865.

2.7.1 Hazard Controls

You need to make sure that any hazard controls outlined in the permit are in place before you start work. Common hazard controls for confined spaces work are:

Having a stand-by person outside the confined space. Using protective equipment and breathing apparatus. Isolations - below is more information relating to this hazard control Purging gasses or ventilation of the confined space - below is more information relating to

this hazard control Any other requirements outlined in the confined space entry permit, AS2865 or other relevant sources.

Isolating, tagging and lock-out procedures for liquid, gas, electric current or other stored energy, as well as erecting barriers and signage (site isolation)

All potentially hazardous plant and services should be isolated prior to any person entering the confined space. Refer to AS 2865–2009: Confined spaces for further information on isolation requirements. Isolate to prevent the:

introduction of hazardous contaminants or conditions through piping, ducts, vents, drains, conveyors, service pipes and fire protection equipment

activation or energising of machinery in the confined space

activation of plant or services outside the confined space that could adversely affect the space (for example heating or refrigerating methods)

the release of any stored or potential energy in plant, and all equipment.

The inadvertent use of electrical equipment

If liquids, gases or vapours could enter the confined space, pipe work should be physically isolated.

Isolation measures, for example physically locking, tagging, closing and blanking (see Figure 3), should be supervised or checked at each isolation point. Isolation measures should be supported by systemms to ensure that the isolation measures are not removed until all work is complete and all workers have left the space.

Figure 3 Example of tag and lockout with padlocks of two workers



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Methods of isolation from materials, contaminants or conditions include isolating in accordance with one of the methods described below or by an alternative method ensuring at least an equivalent level of safety:

Removing a valve, spool piece or expansion joint in piping leading to the confined space (as close as practicable to the space) and blanking or capping the open end of the piping (see Figure 4). The blank or cap should be tagged to

indicate its purpose. Blanks or caps should be made of a material that is compatible with the liquid, vapour or gas with which have sufficient strength to withstand the maximum operating pressure, for example surges, which can build up in the piping.

Figure 5 Open end of pipe capped nearest valve closed looked and tagged

Purging of gasses or ventilation of the confined space.

Purging

Purging is the method used to displace any contaminant from a confined space. Purging is usually done using an inert gas, such as nitrogen, to clear flammable gases or vapours before work in the confined space begins.

Purging must be carried out, so far as is reasonably practicable, where a risk assessment identifies the potential for the confined space to contain an unacceptable level of contaminants.

After purging, the confined space should be adequately ventilated with sufficient fresh air to ensure that oxygen has returned to a normal level of 21 per cent. Purging should be done in a way that ensures any contaminants removed from the confined space are expelled to a location where they present to further risk. Atmospheric testing should be carried out before entry to check that the purging and ventilation have been effective.

When flammable contaminants are to be purged, purging and ventilation equipment

designed for use in hazardous areas must be used. A hazardous area is an area in hich an explosive atmosphere is present, or may be expected to be present, in quantities that require special precautions during the construction, installation and use of potential ignition sources.

Ventilation

Ventilation of a confined space with fresh air by natural, forced or mechanical means may be necessary to establish and maintain a safe atmosphere and temperature for as long as anyone is in the confined space.

If the confined space has sufficient openings then natural ventilation may be adequate, but in most cases mechanical ventilation is likely to be needed.

Consideration should also be given to where the fresh air is drawn from and where the exhaust air is finally vented to, so that the fresh air is not contaminated either by exhaust air or by other pollutants, and the exhaust air does not cause other risks.

Mechanical ventilation may be either local exhaust ventilation (LEV) or dilution ventilation. LEV is effective where the source of contaminant generation is localised, the extraction point can be located close to the source, and adequate make-up air is available (for example in the capture or extraction of welding fumes).

Where dilution ventilation is used, air needs to be introduced in a way that will ensure effective circulation throughout the confined space, taking account of the configuration of the space, the position of the openings and the properties of the contaminants. The source point of the air must be such that the air is fresh, breathable and free of contaminants such as gases arising from the operation of plant and equipment, for example combustible engines.

During operations likely to generate contaminants, mechanical ventilation equipment may not be adequate or sufficiently reliable to maintain contaminants at acceptable levels or to ensure a safe oxygen level. Where mechanical ventilation equipment is likely to be necessary to maintain acceptable contaminant levels in a confined space, the equipment should:

be monitored to ensure continuous operation while the confined space is occupied, and

have the controls (including any remote power supply) clearly identified, tagged and protected to guard against unauthorised interference.



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2.7.2 Confirming the Confined Space is ready for Entry Before entering the confined space make the following checks:

Isolations are complete and appropriate.

Isolation provides positive isolation.

Atmosphere is safe (or if necessary relevant measures are in place to ensure safe entry into an unsafe atmosphere).

Safe entry and exit methods are in place.

Access points should:

Be large enough for people (including emergency personnel) and equipment to pass through.

Be provided with ladders, platforms or walkways. Not be obstructed by equipment.

There should be enough access points for emergency rescue and ventilation

requirements. If you find that the confined space is not ready for entry you need to report the deficiencies to an authorised person to be fixed. Do not enter the confined space until the situation is corrected.

2.7.3 Role of the Entry Control Officer An Entry Control Officer is a person who may be placed at an entry/exit point of the space to:

Determine the donning location.

Receive personnel details from the workers before they enter the space.

Enter the time-in on the permit or other designated record or document.

Check the cylinder content for each person wearing breathing apparatus.

Calculate the time-out for each person.

Place the time-out time on the permit or other designated record or document.

Record which location workers are moving to.

Keep your supervisor (or authorised person) up to date with any concerns or developments

that may affect the work being done. In some organisations the Entry Control Officer, supervisor or standby person will also be responsible

for maintaining communication with workers, and responding to emergency or rescue activities.



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3.1 Enter the Confined Space No person may enter a confined space unless:

All identified hazards have been addressed.

They have written authority to enter the confined space (approved permit).

The written authority includes relevant hazard control measures or precautions (including the number of standby people required) for the safe entry and execution of the work.

They are made aware of, understand and comply with the written authority.

A record of their presence in the confined space is made (including point and time of

entry).

Signs and barriers are erected to prevent unauthorised access.

Arrangements have been made for emergency response and rescue of persons in the confined space.

Once all the preparation has been completed you may begin entering the confined space. Open or remove the access cover as required. Make sure any access covers such as doors or hatches cannot fall back down and trap you. Remember to be careful of hazards such as sharp edges or slippery surfaces when entering the confined space. Some confined spaces are very deep and a fall could cause serious injury. You have officially entered a confined space once your head or upper part of your body is within the confined space. Putting your arm in to test the atmosphere does not count as entering the confined space.



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3.2 Maintain Communication with Stand-By Person

Use communication equipment correctly to stay in constant, effective communication with other workers including the stand-by person at all times. In some situations, you may have to rely on hand signals. Make sure you have worked out these hand signals before entering the confined space to work. If the stand-by person loses contact with you they may initiate the emergency plan so it is important to maintain some form of communication while you are doing your work. If you find that the communication methods you have chosen are not working, or do not allow you to maintain regular contact with other workers you should re-assess the communication requirements of the situation and work out a better way to keep in contact with other workers.

3.3 Work in the Confined Space You should always follow permit conditions while working in a confined space to make sure the work is completed as safely as possible. Safe and effective confined space operations include doing the following:

Constant monitoring of equipment and changes in the environment while work is being carried out. Damage to equipment, changes in the atmosphere and movement of workers can all create new hazards.

New hazards that are identified while you are working within a confined space may

require you to use new hazard controls and request re-issue of a permit.

If you are using a gas monitor and the alarm sounds all workers should leave the confined

space immediately.

Keep all PPE and safety equipment in place during the work.

Handle all materials within the confined space properly and follow all instructions and safety data sheets.

Do not work past the time allowed for the work to be done within the confined space. Keep an

eye on the amount of time the work is taking. The allocated time will be shown on the confined spaces work permit.

Complete confined space entry logs, making sure that all entry and re-entry of people working

within the confined space are properly recorded.

3.3.1 Dealing with New Hazards If new hazards are identified during the confined space work you will need to take appropriate action depending on the situation. This may include:

Organising for the re-validation or re-issue of the work permit to reflect the change to the situation.

Evacuating the confined space.

Doing further testing of the confined space atmosphere and environment.

Raising the alarm with other workers and isolating the confined space (depending on the circumstances).

Initiating the emergency response plan and carrying out your own role and responsibilities.

Any other action determined by your supervisor.



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3.3.2 Emergency Response / Procedure

It is important to stay calm and focused in an emergency. The quicker and more effectively everyone can act in an emergency, the better the outcome. Raise the alarm straight away if there is an emergency. If all procedures, equipment and workers are prepared, a rescue can be attempted without delay. It may be necessary for a trained person to apply first aid. Emergency services may need to be telephoned – DIAL 000. When establishing emergency procedures, the following factors must be taken into account to manage risks associated with confined spaces:


the nature of the confined space

any changes in hazards associated with the concentration of oxygen or the concentration of airborne contaminants in the confined space

the work to be carried out in the confined space, the range of methods by which the work can be carried out and the proposed method of working, and

the type of emergency and rescue procedures required. You should also take into account the considerations in Table 3.

Table 3 Considerations when establishing emergency procedures for confined spaces

Relevant consideration Questions

Location of the confined space

− What is the geographic location of the space?

− How accessible is it in an emergency? and

− How far away is it from appropriate medical facilities?

Communications

− How can workers working inside the space communicate to people outside in an emergency?

− Exactly how will the alarm be raised and by whom?

− Has planning been done to ensure that rescue and emergency personnel can access the workplace during night shift, weekends and holiday periods?

Rescue and resuscitation equipment

− What kinds of emergencies are contemplated?

− Have you identified and provided suitable rescue and resuscitation equipment dependent on the potential emergencies? For example taking into account:

• the nature of the work being carried out at the workplace • the size and location of the workplace, and • the number and composition of the workers and other persons

at the workplace.

− Is the selected rescue equipment kept in close proximity to the confined space so that it can be used immediately?

Capabilities of rescuers − Are rescuers properly trained, sufficiently fit to carry out their task and capable of using any equipment provided for rescue (e.g. breathing apparatus, lifelines and fire fighting equipment)?

− How will rescuers be protected during the emergency operation?

First aid − Is appropriate first aid available for immediate use?

− Are trained first aid personnel available to make proper use of any necessary first aid equipment?

Local emergency services—if they are to be relied on for rescue

How will the local emergency services (e.g. fire brigade) be notified of an incident?

What information about the particular dangers in the confined space will be given to them on their arrival?

Have prior arrangements been made with local emergency services to ensure they are able to respond in a reasonable time and have the specialist confined space retrieval equipment readily available?

First aid and rescue procedures should be rehearsed with relevant workers to ensure that they are efficient and effective.



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Rescue should be performed from outside the confined space, if possible. Workers performing a rescue must be adequately trained, and must be provided with air-supplied respiratory protective equipment if they enter a confined space in an emergency in which:

the atmosphere in the confined space does not have a safe oxygen level, or

the atmosphere in the space has a harmful concentration of an airborne contaminant, or

there is a serious risk of the atmosphere in the space becoming affected in the way referred to above while the worker is in the space.

If a person inside a confined space has been overcome by lack of oxygen or by airborne contaminants, it should always be assumed that entry for rescue is unsafe unless air- supplied respiratory protective equipment is used.

Potential problems with the size of entrances and exits must be addressed when developing emergency and rescue procedure. Where openings are found to be inadequate, their size should be increased, or an alternative safe means of entry and exit should be provided.

3.3.2.1 Entrapment Procedures

Becoming trapped within a confined space can happen quickly and without warning. Knowing your organisation’s requirements and procedures for dealing with entrapment is important for your safety. Once you recognise that you are trapped:

Follow these Steps:

1. Stop All Non-Essential Strenuous Activities

Stopping all strenuous activities helps you to calm your breathing and air consumption, and conserves the air in your breathing apparatus.

2. Activate Your Distress Signal Unit

You will need to activate your Distress Signal Unit manually.

3. Relocate By moving to the safest position possible, you will be less affected by hazards, and will be able to stay calm. While staying calm in an entrapment situation may be hard, it is important that you try to slow your breathing.

4. Call for Assistance

Using your communications equipment to call for help lets you tell the rescue team where you are, what the conditions are and if escape units or additional air cylinders need to be brought into the scene. Entrapment is a situation that can turn deadly without notice. The success of the entrapment procedures depends on regular practice and training.

3.4 Exit the Confined Space Exit the confined space safely, being careful of sharp edges or when exiting a confined space at height. Wherever possible use fixed ladders, platforms and walkways to exit from the confined space. Coordinate your exit from the confined space with the stand-by person so they can help you.

3.5 Return the Confined Space to Service

Once the confined space work has been completed you will need to:

Conduct an inspection of the confined space.

Recover all tools, equipment and materials from the confined space.

Replace or close the access cover to prevent unauthorised entry to the confined space.

Remove hazard controls including isolation, tagging and lock-out systems or signs and barriers that are no longer needed.

Complete any details in the confined space entry log.

Let the appropriate personnel know that the work in the confined space has been

completed.



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3.5.1 Inspecting and Cleaning Up The confined space must be inspected to make sure all tasks have been completed and that all tools, equipment and materials have been recovered. You should also check that there has been no damage done to the environment. Also check to make sure that no workers have been left behind in the confined space. All tools and equipment will need to be recovered from the confined space after you have completed the works. You need to leave the confined space as you found it. Also leaving tools or equipment in the space may interfere with its usual purpose and normal operation. The work area will need to be cleared and cleaned after work has been completed. Make sure you wear the right PPE for the job. Dispose of, or recycle, leftover materials in accordance with project environmental management plans.

3.5.2 Maintain Tools and Equipment Tools, equipment and materials should be cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with manufacturers’ recommendations and standard work practices. After using tools and equipment, it is important to make sure they are:

Activity Actions

Cleaned By removing all dirt, mud, moisture or other contaminants, in accordance with manufacturers’ specifications.

Checked For any damage – If anything is wrong, apply tagging and lock-out procedures and report it to your supervisor.

Maintained In line with manufacturers’ recommendations or your worksite procedures.

Stored Correctly in the right location – Most equipment will have storage instructions to make sure the items are kept free from damage and can be easily found the next time they are needed.

The procedures for cleaning, maintenance and storage should be followed regardless of the type of equipment and tools being used. Keeping them in the best possible condition prolongs their working life and ensures they are safe to use.

3.5.3 Removing Hazard Controls and Securing Access

If they are no longer needed, hazard controls need to be removed from the area. Signs and barriers used during the confined spaces work need to be cleaned and stored away. The confined space needs to be sealed back up to stop unauthorised access and return it to service. This could include replacing and securing the cover, lid or hatch. All tagging and lock-out devices used to isolate the confined space need to be removed in accordance with procedures to return the confined space to service.

These devices could include:

Lock out appliances and devices.

Tag outs.

Isolation devices.

Other site approved devices. Check the work permit for details of any other tasks that need to be done to finalise the confined spaces work.



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3.5.4 Complete Documentation You will need to complete all documentation, including the confined space entry log, withdrawal of permits, and any records related to use and servicing of equipment. Generally, the withdrawal from a confined space operation requires the following information to be signed off:

Names of all workers who have exited from the confined space.

Date and time of all exits from the confined space.

All workers and equipment are accounted for.

All equipment has been checked and stored in accordance with procedures. The person in direct control of the confined space operation will need to make the final sign-off of the withdrawal of the confined spaces work permit once all of the above information has been confirmed.

3.5.4.1 Report Any Issues

Report any issues that may have occurred such as:

Feedback on the work and ways to improve the work process.

Signs and symptoms of operational stress.

Equipment malfunctions.

Wear and tear of equipment and tools.

Condition of safety and rescue equipment.

Observations of the condition of the confined space.



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Appendix A – Confined Space Entry Permit

Location of Confined Space (CS):

Type of Work: Hot Work

Installation

Maintenance

Reading/Testing of Systems

Inspection

Cleaning/Waste Removal

Construction

Rescue

Other: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Date of Issue:

Supervisor:

1. DETAILS OF CONFINED SPACE WORK

Will hot work be carried out during entry?

YES If yes, Hot Work Permit must be completed and isolation measures recorded in Section 2.

NO Hot Work Permit No:

Authorised by:

Will the CS or tank be cleaned? YES If YES, cleaning certificate must be completed and attached to this permit.

NO If NO, what hazards are present in the CS or tank?

What control measures will be used?

Comments or other information:



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2. ISOLATION

What does the Confined Space need to be isolated from?

Water/Vapour

Gas

Steam

Chemicals

Mechanical equipment

Electrical drives and equipment

Fire or fire services

Hydraulic equipment and services

Electricity

Gas

Sludge

Deposits

Wastes

Traffic and unauthorised personnel

Other: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Isolation of hazards: Hazard Location Isolation Method

Note: If more isolation methods are required, please record the details on the back of this form.

Signage and barricades: Have signage and barricades been erected?

YES

NO

Are access/egress points signposted and secure? YES

NO

If NO, signs and barricades must be erected immediately.

Have locks and/or tags been affixed to isolation points?

YES NO




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3. ATMOSPHERE TESTING AND MONITORING

Has the CS atmosphere been tested?

YES NO

Results of tests: Confined Space tested by:

Oxygen: %

Flammable gases: % LEL

% LEL

Other gases: ppm (less than ppm)

ppm (less than ppm)

Other airborne contaminants:

Continuous monitoring of the CS atmosphere is required?

YES NO

3.1 Atmosphere Controls

Have control measures of the atmosphere been implemented?

YES NO

Measures implemented:

Purging of space Ventilation of space

Continuous ventilation required. Other:

The atmosphere is safe for entry under the following conditions:

With supplied air breathing apparatus. YES NO

Without respiratory protection. YES NO

With escape unit. YES NO




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4. EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment to be

worn:

Eye protection – safety glasses/goggles.

Hearing protection – ear plugs/ear muffs.

Hand protection - gloves.

Footwear - boots.

Head protection – helmet.

Protective clothing – hi-visibility, full jumpsuit.

Other ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Safety equipment to be used: Electronic gas detection equipment.

Self rescue breathing sets.

Full breathing apparatus – open circuit or airline.

Safety harness (full body) and safety lines.

Communication equipment.

Personal lighting.

Other ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Rescue equipment to be prepared: Gas detection equipment.

Breathing apparatus.

Respirator.

Extraction system.

Harnesses and safety lines.

Helmets.

Gloves – inner, outer, chemical protection.

Stretcher.

Lighting.

Spreader bar.

PPE.

Fire fighting equipment.

Other ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Calibration and inspection certificates of all equipment are attached and current?

YES NO




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5. PERSONNEL

Rescue procedure and contacts:

Rescue team members have been notified of the work

being carried out and the location of the CS? YES NO

Rescue personnel contact name:

Agency/company name:

Contact number(s):

General emergency response procedure:

Stand-by personnel: Name:

Communication arrangements: Visual

Signal

Phone

Radio

Other:

Stand-by personnel are trained in first

aid and confined space procedures? YES NO

CS stand-by personnel are engaged

and available? YES NO



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5.1 Personnel Authorised to Enter Confined Space

I have been advised of and understand the control measures and precautions to be observed with the entry and work in confined space.

Employee/Contractor

Signed Date:

Print Name: Time:

Valid until:

Employee/Contractor

Signed Date:

Print Name: Time:

Valid until:

Note: If more personnel are required, please record their details on the back of this form.

5.2 Personnel Entry and Exit Log

Use this section each time a person enters or leaves the confined space.

Log of Entry and Exit

ENTRY EXIT

Name Date Time Name Date Time



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6. AUTHORITY TO ENTER

The control measures and precautions appropriate for the safe entry and execution of the work in the confined space have been implemented and persons required to work in the confined space have been advised of and understand the requirements of this written authority.

Signed (Person in direct control): Date:

Print Name: Time:

This written authority is valid until:

Date: Time:

7. WITHDRAWAL OF WRITTEN AUTHORITY

All persons have left the confined space and further entry cannot be permit unless a new entry permit is completed.

Equipment has been checked and stored correctly.

Signed (Stand-by person): Date:

Print Name: Time:

7.1 Signed (Supervisor): Date:

All personnel and equipment have been withdrawn from the confined space and work has been suspended due to:

Unsuitable/unsafe atmosphere.

Incident.

Plant/machinery/equipment unsuitable or damaged.

Other:

Print Name:

Under these circumstances, all work cannot restart until a new permit has been issued.

Signed (Supervisor): Date:

Print Name: Time:

7.2 Acceptance of Completed Work

I accept that all of the work permitted in this entry permit has been completed satisfactorily and no further entry to the confined space is permitted.

Signed (Supervisor): Date:

Print Name: Time:

Documents attached:

CS Permit Training Certificates/Licences Calibration Certificates

Other:



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Appendix B – Terms and Descriptions used in Confined Space Work

Term

Description

Airborne contaminant A chemical or substance in the form of a fume, mist, gas, vapour or dust, including micro-organisms.

Competent person A person who has acquired through training, qualification or experience the knowledge and skills to carry out the task.

Duty holder Any person who owes a work health and safety duty under the WHS Act including a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU), a designer, manufacturer, importer, supplier, installer of products or plant used at work (upstream duty holder), officer or a worker.

Hazard A situation or thing that has the potential to harm a person. Hazards at work may include noisy machinery, a moving forklift, chemicals, electricity, working at heights, a repetitive job, bullying and violence at the workplace.

Hazardous chemical A substance, mixture or article that satisfies the criteria for a hazard class in the GHS (including a classification referred to in Schedule 6 of the WHS Regulations), but does not include a substance, mixture or article that satisfies the criteria solely for one of the following hazard classes: acute toxicity—oral—category 5, acute toxicity—dermal—category 5, acute toxicity—inhalation—category 5, skin corrosion/irritation—category 3, serious eye damage/eye irritation— category 2B, aspiration hazard—category 2, flammable gas—category 2, acute hazard to the aquatic environment—category 1, 2 or 3

i. chronic hazard to the aquatic environment—category 1, 2, 3 or 4 j. hazardous to the ozone layer. Note: The Schedule 6 tables replace some tables in the GHS.

LEL Lower explosive limit

LEV Local exhaust ventilation

May ‘May’ indicates an optional course of action.

Must ‘Must’ indicates a legal requirement exists that must be complied with.

Officer An officer under the WHS Act includes: an officer under section 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), an officer of the Crown within the meaning of section 247 of the WHS Act, and an officer of a public authority within the meaning of section 252 of the WHS Act. A partner in a partnership or an elected member of a local authority is not an officer while acting in that capacity.

Term Description

Person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU)

PCBU is an umbrella concept which intends to capture all types of working arrangements or relationships. A PCBU includes a: company, unincorporated body or association, and a sole trader or self-employed person.

Individuals who are in a partnership that is conducting a business will individually and collectively be a PCBU.

A volunteer association (defined under the WHS Act, see below) or elected members of a local authority will not be a PCBU.

Plant Plant includes machinery, equipment, appliance, container, implement and tool components or anything fitted or connected to those things. Plant includes items as diverse as lifts, cranes, computers, machinery, conveyors, forklifts, vehicles, power tools, quad bikes, mobile plant and amusement devices.

Plant that relies exclusively on manual power for its operation and is designed to be primarily supported by hand, for example a screwdriver, is not covered by the WHS Regulations. The general duty of care under the WHS Act applies to this type of plant.

Certain kinds of plant, for example forklifts, cranes and some pressure equipment, require a licence from the regulator to operate and some high-risk plant must also be registered with the regulator.

Relevant worker A worker who could enter or work in a confined space, or other workers who are not required to enter the confined space but could carry out related functions or emergency procedures.

Risk The possibility harm (death, injury or illness) might occur when exposed to a hazard.

Should ‘Should’ indicates a recommended course of action.

Substance A chemical element or compound in its natural state or obtained or generated by a process: including any additive necessary to preserve the stability of the element or compound and any impurities deriving from the process, but excluding any solvent that may be separated without affecting the stability of the element or compound, or changing its composition.

Volunteer association

A group of volunteers working together for one or more community purposes where none of the volunteers,

whether alone or jointly with any other volunteers, employs any person to carry out work for the volunteer

association.

Appendix C—Confined space criteria

Confined Space Criteria Confined Space?

Example of

the space and activity

A B C D If the answer to A, B, C and at least one of D is yes, then the space is a

confined space.

Is the space

enclosed or partially enclosed

Is the space not designed or

intended to be occupied by a

person

Is the space designed or

intended to be, at normal

atmospheric pressure while any person is in the space

Does the space present a risk from:

Harmful airborne or flammable

contaminants

An unsafe oxygen

level

Engulfment

Sewer with access via a vertical ladder

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓ Yes

Dislodging grain from a silo with sole access through a manhole at the top

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓

Yes

Cleaning spilled cadmium pigment powder in a shipping container

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ Yes

Inspecting a fuel tank in the wing of an aircraft

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ Yes

Dislodging a sludge blockage in a drain pit

✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓ Yes

Internal inspection of a new, clean tank prior to commissioning

✓ ✓ ✓

No

Internal inspection of an empty cement silo through a door at ground level

✓ ✓

No

Stocktake using an LPG forklift in a fruit cool store

✓ ✓

✓ No

Installing insulation in a roof cavity

✓ ✓ ✓

No



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Figure 1 Example of ‘bridging’ which may result in engulfment

Figure 3 Atmospheric testing of remote regions and different levels within the confined spac result in engulfment

Figure 2 Insertion of full pressure spade or blank result in engulfment

Figure 4 Stand-by person monitoring the confined space with rescue equipment and sign in place



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Appendix C- Site Risk Assessment: Example of Risk Assessment of risk and hazards that may impact on work being performed (tick the hazards present)

Location: Falling from heights

Falling Objects Slips/trips/falls

Overhead/underground services

Power lines Confined space Lighting Traffic

Pressure/compressed air Storage use of chemicals

Noise/Vibration Public Other trades

Crush/entanglement Mobile Plant/Vehicles

Explosion Sharps Access

Dust/mist/fumes Fire/hot work Radiation Biological Manual Handling

Animal/Vermin Ventilation Other: List the type of hazard present

What is the

hazard?

Who might be harmed and how?

What are you already doing that controls this

hazard?

What further action is required to control

this hazard?

Action by Whom

Action by When

Done

List the hazard

Describe who might be harmed and how it is likely to occur.

Do you have any safety control in place that restricts the impact of this hazard on your work?

List any additional safety control(s) that are required for this hazard.

Allocate responsibility to an employee

Specify a date Specify a date