rights & marks - intellectual property (ip) trademark | patent | copyrights

TRADEMARKS in

Business Enterprises

__ Dr. Dinesh Kumar. M.Sc., B.Ed., PhD., MBA

Dy. General Manager, Rights & Marks, Chennai-01

05/03/2023 © Copyright 2015, Rights & Marks, Chennai 1


• Late 18th & Early 19th Century – we had the Industrial Revolution

• 20th Century- could be called as the Electric & Electronics age

• Late 20th Century- we hit the IT & Biotech bandwagons which still have an unimaginable potential for transforming human life.

• 21st Century- leadership of the world will be in the hands of those who create and harness Knowledge

INTRODUCTION


Old Vs. New Economy

• Industrial economy – focus on physical goods. Dependent on natural resources (finite)

• New economy – Greater reliance on know-how, knowledge, human creativity and innovation (infinite)


New Economy in Business World

• Global market place• More demanding and fickle consumers• Shorter product cycles• Working through relationships and networks• Differentiating products • Selling an image, concept, idea• Out sourcing• Efficient use of resources resulting in lower cost


Example• A pair of jeans bought in a street market may cost

Rs.500 while the same pair of jeans bought in a high end boutique will cost Rs.2000.

• The difference accounted for in the intangible components in the latter.

• It is likely that the same (outsourced) manufacturer produced both.

• Globalization and trade liberalization has made it crucial for SMEs to become internationally competitive even when competing exclusively in domestic markets

• Application of knowledge, creativity and innovation key in competitiveness


Competitiveness of SMEs

• To be competitive SMEs need to constantly improve their efficiency, reduce production costs and enhance the reputation of their products and services by:– Investing in research and development– Acquiring new technology– Improving management practices– Developing creative and appealing designs– Effectively marketing their products and services


Property [ Earlier concept ]

Movable Immovable

Tangible property

Fetched maximum value

Solely responsible for growth

Property -Present Concept

Movable

Immovable

Intangible assets [IPRs]

Acquired more importance

Responsible for Industrial ,economical & cultural growth

IPR - an Asset -many things common with Real forms of property

IPR gives exclusive Right to the owner


What is Intellectual Property

“Intellectual Property or IP is the term that describes the ideas, inventions, technologies, artwork, music, literature that are intangible when created but become valuable in tangible form as products”.

-World Intellectual Property Organization

Components of IP – Patents, Trademarks, Designs, Copyrights & Other evolving forms

Creation of Human Intellect

Important in Today’s Knowledge-Based EconomyIPR- A Key component for success in Business

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

IPRs - “New wealth of Nations

An infinite renewable resource

Knowledge is an capital –we are knowledge capitalist


Every Business has Intellectual Creation

Need & Importance of IPR to Business

• Product or service

• Technology or process

• Shape or look of product

• Brand or Logo

• Customers List

• Product Literature

• Website & Software Requirements


Property Created through Intellectual Creation is Afforded monopoly for

Limited or Perpetual period under the Statutes

or Equity


The IP System

• Provides SMEs exclusivity over the exploitation of their innovative products and services, creative designs and brands

• Thus creating an appropriate incentive for investing in improving their competitiveness

• Ensures a competitive market place, honest trade practices and overall national development


SMEs and IP• Enterprises worldwide largely under-utilize the

intellectual property system due to– Perceived lack of relevance of the IP system– Perceived high costs and complexity of IP system– Limited awareness of the IP system and its

usefulness– Lack of qualified human resources to use the IP

system


National Laws• The IPR regime in India is regulated through the following acts

and laws: – The Patents Act 1970 (as amended)– The Copyright Act 1957 (as amended)– The Trade Marks Act 1999– The Designs Act 2001– The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registrations and

Protection) Act, 1999 – The Semiconductor Integrated circuit Layout-Design Act 2000– The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act 2001– The Biological Diversity Act 2002

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)

IPRPatents

Industrial Design

Trademarks

Works of Art

Literature

MusicBroadcasting

Dramatics Works

Sound Recording

Computer Programs Geographical Indications

Industrial Property Rights

Copy

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Forms of Intellectual Properties

Trademarks: Brands

Patents: Inventions

Industrial Designs: Aesthetics of Products

Copyright: Art, Books, Software, Music

Geographical Indications: Origin of the product

Trade Secrets: Formulae, Know-How’s

Confidential Information: Data such as client list

Domain Name: Website


Intangible to Tangible• By providing the protection, the IP system gives the owner of

those intangibles a right of exclusivity, the right to prevent others from using them.

• Bringing intangible rights closer to tangible property

Innovative products or processes

Cultural artistic and literary works

Creative designs

Distinctive signs

Microchips

Denominations of goods attributable to a geographical origin

Confidential business information

Patents or utility models

Copyright and related rights

Industrial design rights

Trademark

Layout-designs or integrated circuits.

Geographical indications

Trade secrets


Essential Panchasheel

Innovation

Creativity

Entrepreneurship

IPR

InventionSuccess


IPRS ARE NECESSARY NO MATTER WHICH SIDE OF THE WALL YOU ARE ON!!

Protect your own IPs

Let others know your boundaries

Modify others’ ideas legitimately

Don’t become a trespasser

TRADEMARKS TM/


Any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination, used, or intended to be used, in commerce/business to identify and distinguish the goods or services

Protects

All of the logos, banner, sound, smell, etc.


Trademark Protection


Functions of a Trade Mark• Identifies the goods/services and its

origin

• Guarantees its unchanged quality

• Advertises the goods/services

• Creates an image for the goods/services in the minds of people

• Value of product includes intangible but substantial value due to Trade Mark

• Significant in JV / mergers / technology transfer agreements / licensing issues

• Attracts customers and acquires their goodwill


Forms of Trademark Word mark – Eg. TEXAS UNIVERSITY

Logo – Eg. Jawaharlal Nehru University Packaging of goods/ Trade dress – Eg. Colgate pack Certification mark – Eg. Wool mark, Silk Mark Service Mark - Ex : RBI, UTI, LIC, ICICI, HUDCO, DTC

etc Sound mark- Eg. Roar of the MGM lion Smell mark - smell of fresh cut grass used over tennis balls is registered

TM in EU

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC


Benefits of trademark Registration

• Nationwide protection from the date of application

• Exclude others from using the mark or its varieties.

• Stop infringing goods at the dock• Mark is presumed valid during litigation.• Enhanced Damages.• Get to use of the symbol ®


Importance of Trademark for Business Enterprises

Exclusive legal right on your business name

Protects your business name and gives remedy in the court in case of any infringement

A sound name in the market in the eye of a general public

Creates a face value among competitors Gives a legal recognition to your business ‘Monopoly’ for business name or brand

name


Trademark : Relevance to Business

• Distinguishes SOURCE

• Image and Reputation • Trust – Loyal Customers - Goodwill

• Marketing Tool


Practical Aspects

• Selecting a trademark• Protecting a trademark through

registration• Using and maintaining a trademark• Enforcing a trademark


What to Remember when selecting Trademark?

• Inherently distinctive– Coined or fanciful words: “Kodak”– Arbitrary marks: “apple” for computers– Suggestive marks: SUNNY for heaters

• Easy to memorize and pronounce• Fits product or image of the business• Has no legal restrictions

– Reasons for rejection– TM search>not identical or confusingly similar to existing TM

• Has a positive connotation• Suitable for export markets• Corresponding domain name available


Criteria for trademark registration

Non-descriptive Ex: “Duke” for university (not descriptive) Ex: “E-Book” for educational institution(descriptive)

Non-generic Ex: “NALSAR” for a university(not generic) Ex: “New York” for a university (generic)

Not identical or similar to existing marks Ex: “Oxford” “Auxford” Ex: “Michigan” “Mirchigon”


Protecting a TM through registration

• The applicant– Application form, contact details, graphic illustration of

mark, description of goods, fees• The trademark office

– Formal examination– Substantive examination– Publication and opposition– Registration certificate valid for 10 years– Renewal

TRA

DEM

ARK

REG

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Keep in Mind

• The time it takes to register a TM• The costs associated with TM protection• The need for a trademark search• A trademark agent may be required• Protecting at home and abroad• Renewing your registration


“Making a Mark”: The Role of Trademarks in Branding• Branding allows a company to differentiate its

products and services from the competition by creating a bond with its customers in order to create customer loyalty.

• This way, a company can have a position in the marketplace that is much more difficult for the competition to poach.

• A satisfied customer may leave. But a loyal customer is more likely to stay.


Concept of Branding

• A company image as seen by the customer• Good branding = getting people to recognize

you first• Having an effective logo with which customers

can identify you• A brand is what differentiates you from your

competitors• Good advertising and how it attracts customers • A compelling customer experience


Branding matters

“Consumers are starved for time and overwhelmed by the choices available to

them. They want strong brands that simplify their decision making and reduce

their risks.”

Kevin Lane Keller, Tuck School of Business


The Nike’s case• Reflects the popularity of a well-known TM• The “Swoosh” is the well known symbol of Nike• Originally Nike’s logo included also the shoemaker’s

name• At the end of the nineties, the Nike’s name disappeared• The swoosh remained as the main identification

symbol of the shoemaker• Today there is no need to include the brand into this

logo since the recognition of a simple swoosh automatically brings our attention to Nike


The “Swoosh”


For Consumer – Brands Helps Choice in a Crowded

Market Place


For Business – Trademarks Helps Positioning, Reach,

Identity & Range of Products and Services


Film company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios to file a trademark application for its well-known lion’s roar after 20 years of extensions


Trade marks may be registered or unregisteredUnregistered trade mark is called common law mark.The proprietor of unregistered trademark is not entitled to take any action regarding infringement

of trademark


Enforcing Trademarks

• Responsibility on TM owner to identify infringement and decide on measures

• “ Cease and desist letter” to alleged infringer • Search and seize order• Cooperation with customs authorities to prevent

counterfeit trademark goods• Arbitration and mediation (preserve business

relations)


Trademarks Depiction

ENFORCEMENT – TM INFRINGEMENTAction against copycats




– Criminal offence• Use of identical or similar mark on goods or services

or package containing goods;• Cognizable offence with imprisonment for a term not

less than 6 months but may extend to 3 years AND• Fine not less than Rs. 50,000/- (1000 US$) but may

extend to Rs. 200,000/- (4000 US$);• On second and every subsequent offence

infringement not less than 1 year but may extend to 3 years AND

• Fine not less than Rs. 100,000/- (2000 US$) but may extend to Rs. 200,000/- (4000 US$).


Key Challenge

Voice of Industry Can Stop this Menace

• Enforcement agencies – No•Judiciary - No

• Legislation - No

But


The Value of a Trademark

• A marketing tool• Source of revenue through licensing • Crucial component of franchising

agreements• May be useful for obtaining finance• A valuable business asset


Interbrand 2015 Annual Survey of the world’s most valuable global brands


Interbrand 2015 Annual Survey of the world’s most valuable Indian brands


Using a Trademark as a business asset

• Merchandising : owner retains ownership and agrees to the use of the TM by other company in exchange for royalties > licensing agreement (business expansion/diversification)

• Franchising: licensing of a TM central to franchising agreement. The franchiser allows franchisee to use his way of doing business (TM, know-how, customer service, s/w, shop decoration. etc)

• Selling/assigning TM to another company (merger & acquisitions/raising of cash)


Franchise

• A specialized license where the franchisee is allowed by the franchisor in return for a fee to use a particular business model and is licensed a bundle of IP rights (TM, service marks, patents, trade secrets, copyrighted works…) and supported by training, technical support and mentoring


Merchandising• The licensing of trademarks, designs,

artworks as well as fictional characters (protected by these rights) and real personalities are broadly referred to as merchandising.• For the licensor

– Extend into new products– Increases exposure, strengthens image (could also

damage)– Revenue– Relatively risk free

• For the licensee– Increase appeal of its products– Relatively low cost way of gaining market share


FORM TM-1

Application for Registration of a trade mark

(Section 18(1), Rule 25)

• Application is hereby made for registration in the register of the accompanying trade mark in class ................. in respect of ........ in the name of(s) whose address is ...... who claim(s) to be proprietor(s) thereof and whom the said mark is proposed to be used or by whom and his (their) predecessors in title the said mark has been continuously used since ............. in respect of the said goods.

• Date:


SCHEDULE IVTotal classes: 45. (1-34 goods and 35-45 services)

• Class 25: Clothing including boots, shoes and slippers. • Class 29: Meat, fish poultry and game, meat extracts, preserved, dried

and cooked fruits and vegetables; jellies, jams, eggs; milk and other dairy products; edible oils and fats; preserves, pickles.

• Class 30: Coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, rice, tapioca, sago, coffee substitutes; flour and preparations made from cereals; bread, biscuits, cakes, pastry and confectionery; honey, treacle; yeast, baking-powder, salt, mustard; pepper, vinegar, sauces, spices; ice.

• Class 31: Agricultural, horticultural and forestry products and grains not included in other classes, living animals, fresh fruits and vegetables; seeds; live plants and flowers; foodstuffs for animals; malt.


Contd…Services• 35. Advertising, business management, business administration, office

functions• 36. Insurance, financial affairs, monetary affairs, real estate affairs• 37. Building construction; repair; installation services• 38. Telecommunications• 39. Transport; packaging and storage o goods; travel arrangement• 40. Treatment of materials• 41. Education; providing training; entertainment; sporting and cultural

activities• 42. Providing food and drink, temporary accommodation; medical, hygienic

and beauty care; veterinary and agriculture services, legal services, scientific and industrial research, computer programming; services that cannot be classified in other classes.


MARKS WHICH CANNOT BE REGISTERED • Use of which is contrary to law

(Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use), Act, 1950

• Use of which is likely to hurt religious susceptibilities of

any class or section of the citizens of India

WORDS WHICH ORDINARILY CANNOT BE REGISTERED

• Words having direct reference to the character or quality of goods

• Geographical name

• Surname

• Sect caste or tribe (Distinctiveness to be established)


NO REGISTRATION OF MARKS LIKELY TO DECEIVE OR CAUSE CONFUSION

• Similar, Identical, Deceptively similar, causes confusion

• Degree of resemblance (phonetic, visual as well as similarities in ideas)


Cases• Elora clocks as opposed to Ellora time pieces• Pearl and Pearle appliances• Surya as opposed to Suryan trademark for soaps• Ponas as opposed to Ponds• Fieldmarshal Diesel pumps as opposed to Sonamarshal

Diesel pumps• Amritdhara and Lakshmandhara were the two

medicine. • Peacock brand plastic wares and opposed to Mayur

plastic wares


Cases• Surya with a half rising sun and Bhaskar with a full

rising sun for tube lights• Robin with a device of a bird sitting on a twig; Bul Bul

with two birds-one partially hiding the other for blue• MERCEDES BENZ" cars with the symbol of a 'THREE

POINTED STAR'. VIP Benz vests with a star symbol.• Rediff v/s Radiff• Yahoo v/s YahooIndia


Case Study


Case Study

• Vijay Mallya, chairman of UB group convinced State Bank of India (SBI) to accept Kingfisher Airline brand as collateral to raise Rs. 2000 crore in debt.

• Globally, many companies have used their brands value to open lines of credit.

• The most famous example being Walt Disney, which raised about USD 725 million from Industrial Bank of Japan in 1988 through issuance of bonds against future earnings of the park for the next 20 years.

• The deal was structured in such a way that the investors had to bare any shortfall in the revenues and Disney continued to get its royalties without losing any money. It was the Walt Disney brand in which investors showed interest, faith and responded positively in the market.

COPYRIGHT


Relates to Original Literary, dramatic or musical work Artistic creations(paintings,photographs Cinematographic films & Sound Recording Software programme

It is a Proprietary Right Comes into existence as soon as the work is created Extends to many countries Term varies according to the nature of the work

(70 years plus the life time of the author in case of literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work & 60 years after publication of a photograph, film or sound recording)

C

Conditions for protection Work must be original. Work must be fixed or presented in tangible form such as writing,

recording, film or photography. Protects the skill & labor employed by the Author in production of his

work It is immaterial whether the work is wise, foolish, accurate or inaccurate

or whether it has or has not any literary merit

What are not protected Not given for just idea, but Copyright exists only in the material form to

which the ideas are translated or expressed Works that are not fixed in a tangible form Non original works; universal facts, works consisting of information

commonly available.



Case Study


Intellectual Property (IP) Valuation Market Value of a Enterprises is increased

by protecting its Intellectual Property (IP), IP Watch and its Valuation.

(It should be noted that licensing, Selling and Commercialization of IP products or services guarantee Huge Capital for the business enterprises in the long run). Investors and Financial Institutions keep

their eyes peeled on IP Products and Services IP Products and Services eventually

increase the IP Portfolio and are sold at higher valuation


IP Assets Valuation

IP Valuation

Funding

Buying/Selling

Licensing

Pro- M&A

EnforcementLitigation Damages

Financial Reporting

(Post M&A)

Transfer Pricing

Bankruptcy


Geographical Indications: Introduction

DEFINITION• An indication which identifies goods as

agricultural, natural or manufactured.

• Originating or manufactured in the territory of a country or a region or locality

• Where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of such goods is essentially attributable to its Geographical origin.

- Section 2(i) (e) of G.I. Act 1999.

GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS

INDICATION

• Includes • Any name• Geographical or Figurative representation(or) • Any combination of them• Conveying or suggesting the Geographical

Origin - Section (2) (i) (g) of G.I. Act 1999.


GIs – the concept

• GIs are essentially the DNA of Nature impregnated into the Mother Earth – difficult to clone and beyond scientific calculation.

• GIs are about culture, geography, traditions, heritage and traditional practices of people and countries.

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Indian GI Act Framework• GIs can be granted to an individual, a family, a partnership, a corporation,

a voluntary association etc or any organization or authority established by or under any law for the time being in force representing the interest of the producers of the concerned goods.

• GIs protect and reward traditions while allowing for products to evolve over time

• GIs can be protected over long periods as long as the collective tradition is maintained – – Indian Act protects GIs for an initial period of 10 years, which can be

renewed after the expiry of the initial period of protection for another 10 years

– GIs would cease to be on the register if not renewed six months after the expiration of the last registration

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GIs and Developing Countries

• Instrument of Rural Development - promotion of products having certain characteristics could be of considerable benefit to the rural economy, in particular to less-favored or remote areas, by improving the incomes of farmers and by retaining the rural population in these areas (EC Regulation 2081/92) – e.g. Italian Tuscan Olive Oil sold at premium ever since its registration in 1998.

• Differentiation of products can lead to:– Increase in prices of the protected products– Allows genuine producers to capture the rents, entry barriers for “fakes”

• More Antiguan Coffee and Darjeeling Tea sold than produced - shows large market for genuine products.

• Issue is whether the framework is appropriate for developing countries.


India’s famous GIs

• Banarasi silks• Paschmina shawls• Kashmir carpets• Basmati rice• Darjeeling tea• Assam tea• Bengal Cotton• Alphonso Mangoes• Pochampalli silk• Chanderi silk• Hyderabad pearls• Kerala Nendran bananas• Jaipur silver jewellery

• Nilgiri tea• Coorg coffee• Mysore sandal products• Mysore silk• Malabar pepper• Kancheepuram silks• Lonawala chikis (food

stuff)• Nilgiri tea• Coir products from Kerala• Cardamom from Kerala• Aranmula mirrors• Nagpur oranges• Phulkari embroidery work


Geographical Indication

Product

State

Dateof

Registration

Darjeeling Tea Tea West Bengal 29.10.04Pochampally Ikat Textile Andhra Pradesh 31.12.04Chanderi saree Textile Guna, 28.01.05

Madhya PradeshKotpad Handloom fabric Textile Koraput, Orissa 02.06.05Kota Doria Textiles Kota, Rajasthan 05.07.05Kancheepuram silk Textiles Tamil Nadu 02.06.05Bhavani Jamakkalam Textile, carpets Erode,Tamil

Nadu05.07.05

Mysore Agarbathi Incense sticks Mysore, Karnataka

02.06.05

Aranmula Kannadi Metal Mirror Kerala 19.09.05Salem Fabric Textiles Tamil Nadu 19.09.05Solapur Chaddar Textiles Maharashtra 19.09.05Solapur Terry Towel Textiles Maharashtra 19.09.05Mysore Silk Textiles Karnataka 28.11.05Kullu Shawl Textiles Himachal

Pradesh12.12.05

Madurai Sungudi Textiles Tamil Nadu 12.12.05Kangra Tea Tea Himachal

Pradesh12.12.05


Geographical Indication

Product

State

Dateof

Registration

Coorg Orange Horticulture Product

Karnataka 30.01.2006

Mysore Betel Leaf Horticulture Product


Nanjanagud Banana Horticulture Product


Mysore Sandalwood Oil Essential Oil Karnataka 30.01.2006

Mysore Sandal Soap Soap Karnataka 30.01.2006

Bidriware Handicrafts Karnataka 30.01.2006

Channapatna Toys and Dolls Handicrafts Karnataka 30.01.2006

Coimbatore Wet Grinder Wet Grinder Tamil Nadu 30.01.2006

Mysore Rosewood Inlay Handicrafts Karnataka 30.01.2006

Kasuti Embroidery Embroidery (Textiles)


Mysore Traditional Paintings

Paintings Karnataka 30.01.2006

GOODS

• Agricultural • Natural• Manufactured goods• Goods of Handicrafts• (or) • Industry• Food Stuffs

- Section (2) (1) (f) of G.I. Act 1999.

Goods

I. Agricultural Tea : Darjeeling, Assam, Nilgiri & Kangra Coffee : Monsooned Coffee Rice : Basmati, Nellore, Sona masuri. Wheat : Punjab, Madhya pradesh. Fruits : Alphonso, Banganapalli. Vegetable: Bangalore Brinjals. Spice : Malabar Pepper.

GoodsII. Natural Kolar gold Illmanite and Monosite of Kerala Goa Iron ore Kota Stone Cuddappa Stone Neyveli Lignite

III. Manufactured Goods

III(a). Textiles Pochampally Ikat, Kasuti Embroidery,

Mysore Silk, Bhavani Jamakalam, Kanchipuram Silk, Kota Doria, Chanderi Saree, Solapur Chaddar, Solapur Terry Towel, Kullu Shawl, Kotpad Handloom Fabric, Madurai Sungudi, Phulkari Embroidery

III(b). Handicrafts

• Aranmula Kannadi.• Bidari Ware.• Chanapattna Toys.• Malabar Hukka• Tanjore Dolls• Tanjore Plates• Tanjore Paintings• Tanjore Veena

Food Stuffs • Bikaneri Bhujiya.• Andhra Pickles.• Calicut Halwa.• Tirunelveli Halwa.• Agra Peta.• Kolkatta Rasagulla

Why the need for an International registration of GIs

• Legal certainty for producers • Protection of consumers against misleading advertising

But also…• … protection of traditional knowledge and local know-how• … protection of a key development tool


Case of Basmati Rice

• Bas – Aroma, Basmati – Aromatic Rice• Production area – belt on Northern India and

adjacent part of Pakistan• Unique Characteristics – long grain (increases

substantially on cooking), distinctive aroma and taste.

• Efforts to usurp the GI • Case for joint registration – India and Pakistan.

Who Can Register?

Any association of persons or producers or any organization or authority established

by or under law representing the interest of producers of the concerned goods

BENEFITS OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION

• It confers legal protection to geographical indications in India.

• It prevents unauthorised use of a registered geographical indication by others.

• It boosts exports of Indian geographical indications by providing legal protection.

• It promotes economic prosperity of producers.• It enables seeking legal protection in other

WTO member countries.


Conclusion• New (knowledge) Economy rewards those

enterprises that are creative, innovative and understand the importance of the market for ideas

• The IP system provides the formal framework for protecting their knowledge, creativity & innovation

• To maximize the potential provided the IP system one has to think beyond exclusive rights to IP assets

• IP offices, Chambers and other support institutions have an important role to assist

Rights & Marks - Services & Expertise at glanceWe offer the complete gamut of legal services with five branch offices in prime cities of India having its head office located in Chennai and as well branches at overseas in UK, UAE and USA.

As a full-service law firm, we have significant award-winning practices in services of

Trademarks and Brand Protection & Creation CopyrightsPatentsIndustrial Designs IP valuation & IP Audit and IP WatchIP Enforcement & Technology Transfer Agreements

Other law services viz., Franchise & Joint venture Agreements, Contract Drafting and Reviewing services, Corporate Law, Litigation and Arbitration, Mergers and Acquisitions, Leveraged and Acquisition Finance, Securities Enforcement and Tax, Banking and Financial Institutions, Private Equity, Real Estate, Insurance and Litigation.05/03/2023 © Copyright 2015, Rights & Marks,

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