Rift Valley Water for Health Organization

AdminstratorsCourtney Cochran Sarah ReinMartha Ries Lauren Shellito

RVWAHORVWAHO

WE ARE RIFT VALLEY WATER FOR HEALTH

Subsidiary of Kenya Water for Health

Focus: Achieving clean, sustainable water for the Rift Valley of Kenya.

Community BuildingCollaboration with other

actors in this sector.

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_profile_of_Kenya

HEALTH ISSUES RELATED TO WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE

Diseases related to water and hygiene

These diseases are constant threats to human well-being

Drought further worsens the use of bad water http://kenyaphotos.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/

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WATER IN KENYA

There are many issues impacting water.

Averages rainfall of 322 billion cubic meters/year

Recent droughts and water shortages.

Water’s key useshttp://beta.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/00003/TH09_OPED_PIC_KENYA_3540f.jpg

POLLUTION

The surface water within the Rift Valley Province

This area is made up of volcanic rock causing varying levels of acidity in many water sources

Overall meaning these factors pose to our organization

Government Actions

Have instituted privatization Means the government not

responsible for water managementOutside contractsOther option is state created firms that ideally create revenue

This institution has failed.

RELEVANCE OF THE RIFT VALLEY

One of the more prosperous areas of Kenya

Kenya has seen steady increases in population of 2.6% as seen in 2006. This further

stresses resources

http://visionforkenya.org/work.html

THE PEOPLE OF THE RIFT VALLEY

Migration to this area creates a very diverse group of people.

Yet the Rift Valley Province is largely home to 5 ethnic groups.

Differences vs. Similarities

http://www.kenya-advisor.com/kenya-map.html

ETHNIC CONFLICT

Water must be split between the needs of the crops, livestock, and the people.

Political conflict between the Kalenjin tribes and the Kikuyu

Pastoralism: means of economic livelihood

Loss of livestock within a tribe’s herd Because of this…

ETHNIC CONFLICT

PROBLEMS OUR ORGANIZATION FACES

Preferential Treatment TrustLiability

Differences in cultural impacts

POLICY INTRODUCTION

With this knowledge we’ve designed three possible policies to implement most effectively in the Rift Valley Province.A water hygiene education programA water filter installation programAnd a social business venture with Nestlé

Policy Option #1

KWIC WATER INSTRUCTION COURSE

Beginning water sanitation awareness from an early age

Compliment to health curriculum already in schools

INTRODUCTION

http://www.bodwell.edu/rafiki/4%20Games%20with%20kids%20at%20orphanage.JPG

Three major thrusts to avoid waterborne illnesses and sanitation issues facing the Kenyan community1. Waterborne illness

module2. Safe water habits3. Solar Disinfection

(SODIS) Water Disinfection

PROGRAM BASICS

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Stage 1Diseases Covered: Cholera, E-Coli, MalariaCholera and E-Coli are both bacteria inactivated by the SODIS methodMalaria can be stemmed via better hygiene and wariness of stagnant or dangerous water sourcesAll diseases that have high youth impact

PROGRAM BASICS

Stage 2Safe Water Hygiene Habits Two cup method for getting water from wellsAvoiding stagnant water sources

PROGRAM BASICS

Stage 3SODIS (Solar Disinfection) Method Bottles provided to students at the completion of the courseProvides a concrete, point of use method students will introduce to their families with immediate impactStorage methods taught along with SODIS

PROGRAM BASICS

Large, transparent PET (Polyethylene terepthalate) bottles no more than two liters in size

Fill to ¾ of bottle, shake for 20 seconds

Left in direct sunlight for six hours; indirect sunlight calls for 48 hours before consumption

Heat and light deactivate microorganisms

Inexpensive point of use method

SODIS

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Concerns about SODISContamination by toxins in plastic via re-use of PET bottlesAnitmonyAdipates and phthalates

BenefitsInexpensiveSimpleEffective

SODIS

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Appropriate audience: majority of water borne illness deaths are children.

Prevalence of youth in overall Kenyan population: median age of 18

Students are prime change agents; easily adapt new behaviors and encourage others

COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Personnel: paying $3,000 to $5,000 we would employ 100 to 125 staff, using about $500,000 of $1.5 million budget

Bottles: at $.50 per bottle, we would place 1.5 million in homes in the region, using $750,000

Remaining $250,000 used for printing and miscellaneous expenses

Manpower

Policy Option #2

BIOSAND WATER FILTER

WHAT IS THE BIOSAND WATER FILTER?

A system that creates safe drinking water for millions of people

Low-tech process using sand filtrationReduces the leading causes of death and

disease by removing parasites, bacteria & viruses

Removes about 99% of organic contaminantsCan nourish a family of up to 12 people and

can produce up to 12 gallons of water per hour

SLOW VS. RAPID SAND FILTRATION

Biosand Water Filter, also known as Slow Sand Filter due to biological activity

Rapid Sand Filtration does not contain biological activityNot as effective as Slow Sand Filtration

PROCEDURE

Water is poured into the top of the filter - a diffuser plate is placed on top of the sand bed

The water weaves through the sand bed and gathers in a pipe at the base of the filter

Water is driven through plastic piping and out of the filter for collection

PROCESS OF REMOVING CONTAMINANTS

Mechanical Trapping

Adsorption or Attachment

Predation

Natural Death

BIOSAND FILTERS

BIOSAND FILTERS

COST / BENEFITS

$10-30 US for each unit range including installation

Filter operations are negligible

About $51,000 to build filters for 20,000 people in 1 year / $500,000 to build filters for 200,000 people in 10 years

Hire 30-35 RVWAHO staff members at a salary of $3,000 - $5,000 dollars per year for training

Removes 98.5% bacteria and 100% of parasites

Resilient; quality of water improves over time

High filtration rate of up to 12 gallons per hour

Generated from local materials

opportunities for local residents & businesses

easy to maintainPolitical conflicts are not

an issue - family oriented

Policy Option #3

NESTLÉ© SOCIAL BUSINESS VENTURE

Uses the efficiency and innovation of the private sector to reach a social goal.Non-loss non-dividend enterprise

Developed by noble peace prize recipient Muhammad YunisYunis created the first multinational social business in a joint venture with Danone Group which brought nutritional yogurt to the poor in Bangledesh.

BACKGROUND: WHAT IS A SOCIAL BUSINESS?

Nestlé is one of the world’s biggest bottled water makers

Improves brand awareness in Kenya

Corporate responsibilitySocial value of the program“Water has long been a major concern for

Nestlé as it cuts across each stage of our value chain and have for many years been investing in solutions for the future.”

WHY NESTLÉ?

$3 million joint venture$1.5 million from Nestlé

Business combines the expertise of both organizations

Start in the Njoro Watershed (200,000 people)

Mid-sized bottled water factory in Nakuru district (capital of the Rift Valley Province)

Small low-cost facilities in rural areas

BUSINESS OVERVIEW RVWAHO-NESTLÉ

NJORO WATERSHED

Operates on aquifer in lower zone, serving Nakuru

Biggest profit generatorOnly facility that bottles water to sell at

local retail outletsDistributes water to wealthier urban

families at a higher costVendors sell water in poor neighborhoods

and slums at low cost

MID-SIZED FACILITY

Low-tech, low-cost facilities that purifies water at the community’s sourcePossibly using low-cost reverse osmosis, UV treatment, or chemical treatment depending on the needs and infrastructure of the individual communities

Sell water at the gates of the facility Each facility is community operated

RURAL FACILITIES

DISTRIBUTION AND PRICING

Photo: http://www.acumenfund.org/investment/waterhealth-international.html

• Assume people need 5 liters of water per day.• Rural areas-poorest: Sh.8 ($.01) per 5 liters• Urban slums: Sh2 per 5 liters (higher to account for distribution costs)• Daily delivery Sh4 per liter per day or Sh2000 per month (30 liters/day)• Bottled water: market price (about Sh40 per liter).

CostsRisk- potential for

failureInstability in the

region further enhances the potential for failureToo much too soon?

BenefitsSustainablePotential for

expansion- we have the ability to reach the most people.

Ability to combine the expertise of Nestlé and RVWAHO

Residual effect on communities

COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Policy Choice

SOCIAL BUSINESS VENTURE

Addresses a population without real power to change household practices

SODIS MethodReach as Point-of-Use methodLongevity and Sustainability

Cultural RestrictionsPastoralist Kalenjin culture has lacks consistent effective location for SODIS versus Kikuyu

Special attention to fair and consistent allocation of program resources

FLAWS IN KWIC WATER COURSE

•No guarantee Biosand Water Filter is entirely effective•Hidden costs in each filter will strain budget & decrease our reach• Inconvenience • Slow water flow•Drought

FLAWS IN BIOSAND WATER FILTER

Year 1: Establish first rural facility concurrently with mid-sized facility

Year 3: Access and ensure stability of the business, double amount of rural facilities, hire and train new CEO

Year 4: Hire new leadership team, have an established rural facility in every Njoro Watershed village

Year 5: Every person in Njoro watershed has access to clean water; business is beginning to see profit

 

IMPLEMENTATION

Year 6: Begin investing profit into expansion to another Rift Valley Watershed

Year 8: Second watershed is completely servedYear 10: Nestlé’s Initial $1.5 million investment is

paid off and reinvested; 3 million people in the Rift Valley have access to quality, affordable drinking water.

IMPLEMENTATION

Item CostLower Zone Water Purification Facility

$62,500

10,000 water bottles $1,0005 water trucks $150,000Best case rural facility $5,000Worst case rural facility $15,000Total estimated start-up cost for Lower Zone facility and two rural facilities

$167,500

START UP COST

Representatives from Nestlé and RVWAHO initially serve as leaders to ensure stability

Hire a CEO after the business is stableNew CEO then hires a leadership team and

RVWAHO-Nestlé operates as its own entityLeaders from Nestlé and RVWAHO serve in advisory positions as board members

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

Ethnic tensions Employees sign “Equality Contract” strong focus on communication and keeping everyone on

the same teamConflict

Expect it, keep significant surplus for unsteady timesLack of plentiful aquifer in Njoro Watershed

Build an even larger main facility in another, more plentiful Rift Valley watershed—increase start-up costs, but ensure a viable facility

Recontamination Sell safe, sanitary containers for people to store and carry

their water Encourage use by giving a discount on water

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

Growing infrastructure provides increasing access to water and employment for Kenyans

Future profit, after full expansion throughout the Rift Valley, could advance other water and sanitation initiativesPlumbing

Spreading Program outside Rift Valley, and into bordering nations

EXTENDED OUTLOOK

QUESTIONS