Rhetorical figures

Review

Logos

Claim: What is it?

Claim: What type is it?

6 TYPES

DEFINITIONAL ARGUMENTS

CAUSE/CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENTS

SIMPLE CATEGORICAL ARGUMENTS

RESEMBLANCE ARGUMENTS

EVALUATIONARGUMENTS

PROPOSAL ARGUMENTS

Logos

Evidence: What type is it?

Evidence: What is it?

Reason: What is it?

TYPES OF EVIDENCE

•Data from Personal Experience•Data from Observation of Field Experience•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys•Data from Library or Internet Research•Testimony•Statistical Data•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas

Logos

Grounds: What is it?

Warrant: What is it?

Backing: What is it?

Pathos

Emotional Appeals:

Which emotion is being invoked and why?

Pathos

Rhetorical Figures:

Identify the figure and then explain what it’s

trying to emphasize

PathosExample:

"It's the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a millworker's son who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too."

(Barack Obama, "The Audacity of Hope," July 27, 2004)

Pathos

Framing:

What is the metaphorical perspective the arguer is trying to impose on us?

PathosExample:

“To all of the thousands of good and decent Americans I’ve met who want nothing more than a better chance, a fighting chance. To all of you, I have a simple message: Hold on a little longer. A better America begins tonight.”

-- Presumptive Republican nominee Mitt Romney at a campaign rally in Manchester N.H.

PathosExample:

[W]hile the best children's books can bring many core human experiences 'marvelously' to life, there are many equally or more intense experiences that they can't touch. While there's nothing wrong with an adult devoting leisure time to The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, or Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, they are not sufficient. They should not crowd out The Gulag Archipelago, or The Moons of Jupiter, or Midnight's Children. Confining your reading to children's books would be like confining your sex life to hugs and kisses.

--Andrew Sprung

Ethos

Claim: What is it?

Claim: What type is it?

Persona:

How does the arguer try to establish his credibility, intentions, knowledge,

interests, and morality?

eunoia, arete, phronesis

Ethos

Claim: What is it?

Claim: What type is it?

Values:

Which moral values is the arguer trying to invoke:

care, fairness, purity, authority, loyalty, and

liberty.

CF-PAIL?

Ethos

Claim: What is it?

Claim: What type is it?

Undermining:

How is the writer trying to attack or diminish the

credibility of the opponent?

Ethos

Claim: What is it?

Claim: What type is it?

Example:

Let me tell you who we conservatives are: We love people. When we look out over the United States of

America, when we are anywhere -- when we see a group of people, such as this or anywhere -- we see

Americans. We see human beings. We don't see groups. We don't see victims. We don't see people we

want to exploit. What we see -- what we see is potential.

--Rush Limbaugh at CPAC

Ethos

Claim: What is it?

Claim: What type is it?

Example:

Thanks, Liz, for agreeing to this exchange. It's a privilege to be engaged in a conversation with Elizabeth Spelke. We go back a long way. We have been colleagues at MIT, where I

helped attract her, and at Harvard, where she helped to attract me. With the rest of my field, I have enormous

admiration for Elizabeth's brilliant contributions to our understanding of the origins of cognition. But we do find

ourselves with different perspectives on a recent issue.

--Stephen Pinker