HARVARD REFERENCING

for

THE ROBERT GORDONUNIVERSITY

Principles and practice

For a full list of examples of Harvard references go to

CampusMoodleLibrary

Library: A General Introduction to the Library

Chris BrownJune 2011

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Contents

Page

1 Why reference? ......................................................

2 When to reference ..................................................

3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it ...................

4 How to reference

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4.1 A summary ................................................

4.2 Citations ...................................................

4.3 Examples of citations – no direct quotation ……

4.4 Examples of citations – direct quotation .........

4.5 Where the same author has published morethan one work in the same year ..........................

4.6 Secondary referencing ................................

4.7 Illustrations ...............................................

4.8 Finding the information for your reference

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4.8.1 An example of a library cataloguerecord for a book .....................................

4.8.2 An example of a bibliographicdatabase record for a journal article ............

4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages .........

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5 Example of reference list …………….……………………….………. 15

6 Example of citations and reference list …………………….…. 17

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1 Why reference?

Referencing is necessary

To give credit to other authors whose work you have quoted, or towhose work you have referred, in order to avoid a charge ofplagiarism (see section 1.3 below);

To allow the reader of your work to find the books, journal articles,web pages etc which you have read and thereby access furtherinformation on the subject; and

To demonstrate that you understand the conventions of academicwriting.

2 When to reference

You must provide a reference

Every time you quote directly from the work of someone else;

Every time you refer indirectly to the work of someone else, eg ifyou

o Paraphrase (put into your own words) what they have said;

o Summarise their arguments or ideas;

o Quote case studies, statistical data, known phrases,definitions etc; or

o Use information which you have obtained from their work; or

Where you wish to provide sources of further information,clarification of points you have made in your text, or additionalevidence to support your arguments.

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3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it

It is not only acceptable, but expected, that you will refer to the work ofothers in your academic writing.

Plagiarism occurs when you use other people’s work withoutacknowledging that you have done so by citing your sources and providingreferences for them.

Quoting

Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else andreproducing them in your work.

Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text butenclosed within quotation marks (double inverted commas).

Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do notrequire quotation marks.

Examples of how to insert quotations into your text are at section 1.4.4below.

Paraphrasing

Even if ideas, theories, opinions etc that you have taken from otherpeople’s work are reproduced in your work in your own words this will stillconstitute plagiarism unless you provide a reference.

Only information which is considered common knowledge in your field ofstudy does not have to be referenced.

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4 How to reference

4.1 A summary

Element Description

Citation Inserted into your text where youhave quoted from, or referred to,someone else’s work.

Consists, in brackets, of theauthor(s) or editor(s) of the workfollowed by the year of publication.

A page reference should be includedwhere you have quoted directly orare referring to an illustration(photograph, map, table, diagrametc).

Reference list At the end of your work giving thefull reference details of works fromwhich you have quoted or to whichyou have referred.

The list is arranged alphabeticallyby author.

Bibliography At the end of your work followingthe reference list.

Lists the full reference details foritems which you have read but towhich you have not referred directlyin your text. Therefore there will beno citation in your text.

Such items would includebackground reading.

The list is arranged alphabeticallyby author.

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It may be possible to combine yourreference list and bibliography intoone combined list, but you shouldcheck with your school first toensure that this is permissible.

4.2 Citations

Where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone else’s work youmust insert a citation in your text.

This will guide the reader to the reference list at the end of your work.Here they can look up, alphabetically by author, a full reference for theitem you have used.

The citation is placed in brackets in your text and consists of:

the surnames of the author(s) or editor(s) of the item as theyappear in the reference list at the end of your work;

the year of publication; and

where you quote directly from someone else’s work or are referringto an illustration, a page reference.

Only the first letter of the authors’ or editors’ surnames is capitalised andno initials are give.

There is no comma between the surname(s) and the year of publication.

Examples of formats for citations are given at sections 1.4.3 – 1.4.4below.

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4.3 Examples of citations – no direct quotation

Where the names of the author(s) or editor(s) occur naturally inyour text:

Grushkin (1991) claims that ...

Payne and Phillips (1985) claim that ...

Brewster, Fenton and Morris (2005) claim that ...

Roeder et al. (1967) claim that ...

Where the names of the author(s) or editor(s) do not occurnaturally in your text:

It has been claimed (Grushkin 1991) that ...

It has been claimed (Payne and Phillips 1985) that ...

It has been claimed (Brewster, Fenton and Morris 2005) that ...

It has been claimed (Roeder et al. 1967) that ...

Where the same author has published more than one work in thesame year.

In this case the citation should include a letter following the date todifferentiate between the references, eg

(Brown 2008a) and (Brown 2008b)

The letter is also used in the reference list/bibliography at the end of yourwork. This allows the reader to identify the exact reference which you areciting

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4.4 Examples of citations – direct quotation

See section 1.4.3 above for the correct style for different numbers ofauthors(s) or editor(s).

Brief quotations

Brown (2008 p. 8) has stated most astutely that “referencing is a pain Icould do without”.

or

One view is that “referencing is a pain I could do without” (Brown 2008 p.8).

Longer quotations

Toye (2007 p. 1) states categorically that:

David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two mostimportant figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not onlywere both renowned wartime Prime Ministers, but they both alsoestablished impressive track records in terms of domestic reform.

or

A not uncommon view is that:

David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two mostimportant figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not onlywere both renowned wartime Prime Ministers, but they both alsoestablished impressive track records in terms of domestic reform.

(Toye 2007 p.1)

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4.5 Where the same author has published more than onework in the same year

In this case the citation should include a letter following the date todifferentiate between the references, eg

(Brown 2008a) and (Brown 2008b)

The letter is also used in the reference list/bibliography at the end of yourwork. This allows the reader to identify the exact reference which you areciting

Where 2 or more items share the same author and year of publication theprocedure should be to:

a. Arrange the items in your reference list alphabetically by title (linespaces between references are not required), e.g.

NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010. Choosing a healthydiet ...

NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010. Five a day ...

NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010. Kidney dialysis ...

b. Having done this assign a letter to each reference, following thedate, in the order in which you have arranged them alphabetically inyour list (line spaces between references are not required), e.g.

NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010a. Choosing ahealthy diet...

NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010b. Five a day...

NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010c. Kidney dialysis...

c. Make sure that the correct letters are assigned to the years in thecitations in your text so that the citation leads the writer to the correctitem in your reference list. You will note, however, that in your text2010a will not necessarily come first. You may have referred to theitem designated 2010c first.

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4.6 Secondary referencing

You may read a book or journal article etc in which the author has madereference to or quoted from another work which you have not read but towhich you, in your turn, also wish to refer.

This is called secondary referencing.

Either you can make the situation clear in your text, eg:

Chandler, in a letter quoted by Hiney (1998 p. 19), claimed thatmost people could do without literature “far more easily than theycould do without coffee or whisky”.

Or, you can use the bracketed citation, eg:

Chandler (cited in Hiney 1998 p. 19) claimed that most peoplecould do without literature “far more easily than they could dowithout coffee or whisky”.

In either case you only reference the work which you have read.

In this case the reference which would appear in your reference list wouldbe:

HINEY, T., 1998. Raymond Chandler: a biography. London:Vintage.

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4.7 Illustrations

Illustrations referred to but NOT reproduced in your work

You may refer in your text to a graph, table, map, photograph etc which isincluded in a book or journal article. In this case your sentence shouldmake clear the type of item you are referring to and your citation shouldinclude a page reference and figure number, table number etc if there isone.

For example:

... Donnan’s graph (2000 p. 371 fig. 30.4) shows that the majorityof patients ...

The book, journal article etc in which you have seen the illustration is thenreferenced in the normal manner. The author of the book, journal articleetc may or may not be the same person who has authored the illustration.

Illustrations which you have reproduced in your work

Detailed instructions for the referencing of illustrations which you havecopied and reproduced in your work are given in Examples of Harvardreferences which can be accessed from CampusMoodle in the samelocation as this document.

4.8 Finding the information for your reference

It is usually easier to find the information you need for your reference bylooking up a catalogue record (book) or bibliographic database record(journal article). All the elements you need, eg authors, title, publisher,year of publication etc. will normally be laid out there for you.

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4.8.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book

Edition,if notthe firstedition

Full titleandcompletelist ofauthorsor editors

City of publicationPublisher

Year ofpublicationn

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4.8.2 An example of a bibliographic database record for a journalarticle

Title ofthearticle

Full list ofauthors

Title of journalin which thearticle waspublishedVolume

number

Part/issue number

Year ofpublication

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4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages

It is often difficult to be sure what is what on a web site. Use yourcommon sense. For example:

Author/editor. Very often there will be no identifiable person touse as an author or editor, so both the author and the publisher willbe the organisation which “owns” the web site. This will often be acompany, university etc.

City of publication. A city of publication is sometimes difficult tofind, so try something like the “contact us” link and look for a postaladdress.

Year of publication. The year of publication can also be tricky. Ifthere is no obvious date, use the “last updated” year if the sitegives one (usually near the bottom of the page). If this is notgiven, use the current year.

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5 Example of reference list

NB. Line spaces have been inserted between references in the followinglist. This is for the clarity of the example, and spaces are not required inyour work. If in doubt, consult your school.

References

BENNETT, R., ed., 2003. New challenges for corporate and marketingcommunications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference onCorporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London:London Metropolitan University.

BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M., 2005. Shock! Horror!:astounding artwork from the video nasty era. Guildford: FAB.

BURNHAM, R. and KAI-KEE, E., 2005. The art of teaching in the museum.Journal of Aesthetic Education, 39(1), pp. 65-76.

CHRISTIANSEN, K., 2005. Going for baroque: bringing 17th-centurymasters to the Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 62(3), pp. 3-48.

DOUKAKIS, E., PROCTOR, T. and DOUKAKIS, S., 2003. Creativity andadvertising. In: R. BENNET, ed. New challenges for corporate andmarketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth InternationalConference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003.London: London Metropolitan University. pp. 54-63.

GELFGAT, M., BASOVICH, V. and ADELMAN, A., 2006. Aluminium alloytubulars for the oil and gas industry. World Oil, 227(7), pp. 45-51.

GOLDING, J., 1981. Cubism. In: N. STANGOS, ed. Concepts of modernart. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 50-78.

GRUSHKIN, P., 1991. The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk. 2nd

ed. New York, NY: Artabras.

HEYWOOD, P.M. et al., eds., 2006. Developments in European politics.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

MULVEY, S., 2006. Chernobyl’s continuing hazards. [online]. London: BBCNews. Available from:http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm [Accessed 16February 2006].

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PALMER, K.T., COX, R.A.F. and BROWN, I., eds., 2007. Fitness for work:the medical aspects. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R., 1985. Petroleum spills in the marineenvironment: the chemistry and formation of water-in-oil emulsions andtar balls. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.

ROEDER, K. et al., 1967. Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.

SKINNER, D. and DRISCOLL, P., eds., 2007. ABC of major trauma. 4th ed.London: BMJ.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, 2007. Patient care.[online]. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Available from:http://www.med.ufl/edu/patients/index.shtml [Accessed 13 December2007]

STANGOS, N., ed., 1981. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London:Thames and Hudson.

WAGNER, M.R. et al., 2006. Horizontal drilling and openhole gravelpacking with oil-based fluids: an industry milestone. SPE Drilling andCompletion, 21(1), pp. 32-43.

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6 Example of citations and reference list

AN EXAMPLE OF CITATIONS IN YOUR TEXT AND HOW THEY MATCH UP

WITH THE DETAILS IN THE REFERENCE LIST AT THE END OF YOUR WORK

NB The blue highlighting is for demonstration only

Harvard is the oldest institution of higher education in the United states,

established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts

Bay Colony (Wold 2008). It was named after the College's first benefactor, the

young minister John Harvard of Charlestown, who upon his death in 1638 left his

library and half his estate to the institution (Nayar, Nene and Murase 1996). A

statue of John Harvard stands today in front of University Hall in Harvard Yard,

and is perhaps the University's best known landmark.

Harvard University has 12 degree-granting Schools in addition to the Radcliffe

Institute for Advanced Study (Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums 2010). The

University has grown from nine students with a single master to an enrolment of

more than 20,000 degree candidates including undergraduate, graduate, and

professional students. Gunn (1987 p. 37) has calculated that there are “more

than 360,000 living alumni” in the U.S. and over 190 other countries.

Reference list (line spaces between references are not required)

ABERDEEN ART GALLERY AND MUSEUMS, 2010. Provost Skene’s House. [online].Aberdeen: Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums. Available from:http://www.aagm.co.uk/Venues/ProvostSkenesHouse/psh-overview.aspx[Accessed 26 November 2010].

GUNN, L., 1987. Perspectives on public management. In: J. KOOIMAN and K.A.ELIASSEN, eds. Managing public organizations. London: Sage Publications. pp.33-46.

NAYAR, S.K., NENE, S.A. and MURASE, H., 1996. Subspace methods for robotvision. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 12(5), pp. 750-758.

WOLD, G.H., 2008. Basic geriatric nursing. 4th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier