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TRANSCRIPT
DK
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI
Mike Graul
Camilla Hallinan Martin Wilson
Sunita Gahir Andrea Pinnington
DK Claire Bowers Georgina Hayworth
DTP Andy Hilliard, Siu Ho, Ben Hung Andy Smith
Poppy Newdick
DK
For Cooling Brown Ltd.: Arthur Brown Steve Setford
Tish Jones Louise Thomas
www.dk.com
DK Karen Whitehouse
Kelly Maish Katherine Linder
2007 DK 345 Hudson Street,
New York, New York 10014
2013
( ) 978-1-4654-0441-1
© 2013 2013
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
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6
— 10
42 159700 2700
1900 2000 2100 — 8 7 33
4000~800015000~30000
6
EPSEPS
HDPE
HDPE
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imé
Arg
and
1750
–180
3
11
1853 ∙ IgnacyLukasiewicz 1822–82
1856Ulaszowice
1846 Abraham Gesner 1791 1864
1847
186090% Herbert Ruland1960
1858 . James Williams1818–90
—
.L.
1862
12
George Bissell
Seneca Oil Company EdwinTitusville
1859 8 2870 21
1902
1901Spindletop
1000 300
1873
Signal Hilloil field
13
14
T -
T1908 T
5 T 2550% 1925
T1500
T
20 20
20
1854
301903
19008000 1908 125000810 1920 1930
2670
20
T
1854
PVC
1946Earl Tupper
the Gilmore company1930
20 20
1926
20 30
1935Wallace Carothers of the
DuPont™ chemical company
1939
1939 1945
1940
Gilmore company
1950
15
Petroleum
16
NSOS
14% 84%
25%
15%
60%
17
Bay of Biscay France
1000 6000 3300 10000
60˚C
2001 CRL618
19
Sussex England
20
LNG
4 1.5LNG240 910
Will O The Wisp
Noviy Urengoy western Siberia Russia
600
19
181619
20
LNG LiquidNatural Gas
160˚C600
18
20
21
440 —
3300 —
2000
Tampa, Florida
95%
22
1500015000
182028000 3800
CBMCBM
7000001%
1500025000
23
—
25
.
1815
ZagrosMountains
.1769 - 1839
10%
400400
200
250 75
1595 .
1848. James Young
1811 1883
1851
.1552 1618
2500
19
. . JohnLondon Mcadam 1756 1836
tarmacadamtarmac
27
600160
240
5 80
3 D 3 D
28
2
5
3D 4D
30
1977 65 9
4 D
4 D
31
3D
3 D
NASANASA 5
32
PDC
Paul NealRed Adair 1915–2004
1962
John WayneHellfighters
1968 1991
77
33
34
the
Pet
roni
usP
latf
orm
2000
610
24
3310
100
9030
35
30
1947 154 5 30
500 1525000 1524
10000 3048
3
36
20
16
ROVs
ROVs
ROVs
ROVs
ROVsTV
12
37
FPSOsFPSOs
Ormen Lange
24
750
2500 3400 762 103514
XXT
6540
20%
AERPENT
20
190000 305000
48 122 1000 1600
38
BTC1104
177699
1977 TAPS800 1280 TAPS
TAPS
40
1861. Elizabeth
Watts240
1884
Glückauf
. Knock Nevis .Jahre Viking 1503 5 458.4 .
600500 544763 910084 825614
3500—
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33
306 10
2 5 4
ULCCsVLCCs
22
41
.1989 .
the tanker Exxon Valdez
1 14 2
1180 190020
199110 9
1989
4733%
3%
12%22%
65 2010 2 3
307 8
10
42
42 159
68°F 20°C
160–320°F 70–160°C
480–660°F 250–350°C
70–106°F 20–70°C
320–480°F160–250°C
750°F 400°C
1,000°F/538°C
1000 2000 365
80%
44
20 20
Reva G-Wiz
3.2.
1.
Reva G-Wiz
4.
G-Wiz 40 64kw/h
0.9%1.5%
1.7%2.8%
3.3%5.0%
5.4%12.3%
15.3%
51.4%
20000 77000
F12 0.4
46
PVCPVC HDPE
47
ParkesineAlexander Parkes 1813–90
1861
1907Leo Baekeland
1863–1944
—
50000
6
1933ICI
PVC
PVCHDPE
HDPE
LDPE
LDPE
CD
48
18
DVD MP3
CFRP CRPCRP
1961Stephanie Kwolek b 1923
aramid fibers
Kevlar®EFTE
ETFEMunich Germany
Allianz Stadiumthe Bayern Munich
19. Hadji
Taghiyev 1823–1924Titusville Pennsylvania . Jonathan Watson 1819–1994
.L. 12D John D Rockefeller 1839–1937
. Edward Harkness 1874–1940. Haroldson
Hunt 1889–1974 . . Jean Paul Getty 1892–1976
20
Standard OilCleveland
20 20 30 Esso
Exxonmobile
51
BP
1990
Roman Abramovich
2000 BP
500 Wal Mart
2600230 12
NOCs
. Michael Ballack
10
1 Saudi Aramco
2 National Iranian Oil Co
3 Gazprom —
4 Qatar Petroleum
5 Kuwait Petroleum Co
6 Petroleos de Venezuela
7 Adnoc
8
9 Sonatrach
10 NOC Libya NOC
2007 240
Nigerian Nacional Petroleum Co
20
1973
OPEC
52
20
1990
1908BP
1914 1918
MohammedMossadegh 1882 1967
1951 1953—
20 60Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC
1930– 25 OPEC1973 OPEC
32%2010
NOC
NOC NOC
1991
10
53
193052
30UAE
CO2
50
1990 1480504
3400 25
—30
80Prudhoe
Bay oil field in Alaska
5
2005 (Hurricanes Katrina and Rita)
400097%
1988
5
54
2005
1970
41%
ULSD
2030
90
120
55
331960
8600 — 42030
80%
25 203000
(2006)
Ghawar field 174 X19 280km X 30km
6%
2050
12.9%
12.1%
2643
178.8
132.5
115
101.5 billion
97.8
79.7
60
39.1
35.9
200
3 3
2 4 7
1.6km2000
2000 2004
40
203060%
1000
6.5
5.4
195010%
23%46%
7.9%
2.2 million 2.6
3.4%
3.5%
3.8%
3.8% 4.6%
4.7% 5.5%
2.3
34.5%
22%
17.6%
6.4%
2.3%
2.4%
2.6% 3.0%
2.8%
3.1%
3.3%
Gazprom20%
Gazprom 60%
GDP 8%GazpromGazprom
40%25%
60%
58
5%
10%
25%
24
VCRs DVD
59
95%
80%
250
Thermogram of City Hall, London, UK
75%
4000
60
60%
25%
Necar 5
BMW H2R
—
SVO
WVOWVO
SVO
Necar 5
H2R
61
40%
20%
16%
15%
7%
2%
180
61
3
1.
2.
3.
2.5
4
4.
62
PV
BPC
hevr
on
Exxo
nMob
ilBP
Con
ocoP
hilli
ps
4000
—
— —
—
64
—
—
1980
49 10
80
the Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles
2006100%
. Conoco PhillipsGulf of
Paria
400
The Global Gas Flaring ReductionPartnership
66
BHPBHP Billiton’s Sartiyoon Silai
Karhai Markaz Vocational Training CenterStatoil
LEDAP 20%
(HIV/AIDS)
HIV AIDS
HIV AIDS
10010 5000 1987
19001995
67
150 18571862
4500
4000
1900
600
500
450Herodotus
300
200
001
67
100Plutarch
500
1264
1500Krosno Poland
1780.
1800
1870
1816
1821
1846.
1847
1849
1851. .
—
1851.
rocktorbanite
1853
Kerosene lamp
1856.
1857
1858
1859.
1860
1861
1862. Alphonse Beau de
Rochas20
1865Ivanitsky
1870J D
1872J.D 25%
187790%
1878
1879.
1885
1885.
1885
1901
1905
1907
1908
1908
1909BP
1910
1914–1918
1927Schlumberger Merkwiller
Pechelbronn
1932
1935
1935
1938
1939–1945
194714
1948
800
1951
1960
(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)OPEC J D
70
T
1967
1968
1969
25
1969
25
1971OPEC
1973OPEC
1975
19751973
(SPR)2005
6.58
1977
1979
1979–198113
34
1989
.
1991
1995
1996
(LNG)
2002BTU
2003
(ANWR)
20031980
20041130
2004
2005
2006
2006BP
20062
20072007
2015
2008
147
2005
• E&Phttp://www.energy4me.org
•http://www.energy4me.org/sources/oilgas/petroleum_museums.htm
•http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/SPE/index.html
•http://www.mms.gov/mmskids/explore/explore.htm
•http://www.energyzone.net/
•http://www.earthsciweek.org/forstudents/index.html
•www.eia.doe.gov/kids/index.html
•
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/index.html
•http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-
refining.htm
•http://www.shell.us/views/energy_minds.html
•
www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/index.html
•the Smithsonian Institute
http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm
•www.nei.org/scienceclub/index.html
•www.ase.org/section/_audience/consumers/kids
•http://42explore.com/recycle.htm
•
www.niehs.nih.gov/kids/recycle.htm
72
IndexABC
Abramovich, Roman, 51Adair, Paul Neal, 33advertising, 15aerogel, 38Alaska, 30, 39, 41, 70alembics, 12alkanes, 16Anglo-Persian (Iranian) Oil Company, 52, 69
anticlines, 24–25Arab sheikhs, 50–51, 52aramid fibers, 49Argand, Aimé, 10–11, 68aromatics, 16, 70asphalt, 16, 27, 68Babylon bitumen, 9, 27, 68Bakelite, 48Baku, 12Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, 38, 70
barrels, 42beauty products, 46benzene, 19biofuels, 51, 60–61biogas, 20, 70Bissell, George, 12bitumen, 8, 9, 16, 17, 19, 26, 68
blowouts, 33, 70Bordino, Virginio, 14bores, 29, 32
BP, 51butane, 21candles, 47carbohydrates, 17, 60carbon dioxide, 54–55, 70carbon-fiber reinforced plastics, 49
careers, 64–65, 71Carothers, Wallace, 15cars, 14-15, 44–45, 51, 55, 60, 61, 66, 69
Carthage, 9caulking boats, 8Chéret, Jules, 10–11China, 8, 53, 57cholesterol, 17Christmas trees, 32, 37coal, 22–23, 55, 62coal gas, 21, 22, 68coal tar, 27coke, 43condensate, 16, 20consumption of oil, 6, 52-53, 56-57
cracking, 42-43, 69crude oil, 6, 12, 16, 42-43, 68, 69
DEderricks, 12, 13, 32detergents, 46diesel, 45, 55, 61divers, offshore oil rigs, 35
Drake, Edwin L., 12, 69drilling, 8, 12, 30–33, 36–37drugs, 47earthquakes, 39Egyptian mummies, 9electricity, 58, 59, 62–63energy, 18, 44–45, 58-59, 60–63engines, 44-45, 70environmental concerns, 51, 54–55
essential oils, 17ethane, 48-49, 70Exxon Valdez, 41, 70ExxonMobile, 50–51, 67
FGfarming, 7, 60faults, 24, 39fires, oil wells, 13, 33flaring, 66flexicokers, 43forams, 19Ford, Henry, 14formation of oil, 18–19fossil fuels, 22, 54fractional distillation, 42fuel cells, 61gas, 16-17, 20–21gas oil, 42gasoline, 6, 14-15, 42, 45, 51, 55, 66gasometers, 21gas stations, 14–15, 50
Gesner, Abraham, 12Getty, Jean Paul, 50global warming, 54gravity meters, 29greenhouse effect, 54gushers, oil wells, 13, 69
HIJKHarkness, Edward, 50HDPE, 48helium, 21houses, energy-saving, 59human body, 17, 58Hunt, Haroldson, 50hybrid cars, 44hydrocarbons, 16–17hydroelectric power, 63hydrogen cars, 61isobutane, 21jet fuel, 45kerogen, 19, 24kerosene, 12, 10–11, 14, 27, 42, 68, 69
Kuwait, 52, 53, 70
LMNLDPE, 48lighting, 7, 10–11, 21LNG (liquid natural gas), 20–21, 70
Lukasiewicz, Ignacy, 12, 69
magnetic surveys, 29Mars, drilling, 31mass-production, 14, 69materials made from oil, 46–49
McAdam, John Loudon, 27methane, 17, 22-23, 60–61,Mossadegh, Mohammed, 52
mummies, 9museums, 69, 71nanotechnology, 31naphthenes, 16, 42natural gas, 16, 20–23, 57, 70
Nigeria, 51, 67nodding donkeys, 13nuclear power, 62, 71nylon stockings, 15
OPoctane, 16–17oil crisis (1973), 52, 70oil fields, 13oil rigs, 32-37, 54-55, 71oil sands, 26oil seeps, 27oil shales, 26oil spills, 41oil terminals, 41oil wells, 12-13, 29, 32-33OPEC, 52, 70paraffin wax, 47Parkes, Alexander, 48
Parkesine, 48peat, 62petrochemicals, 46–47petroleum, 16, 46-47, 64photosynthesis, 18photovoltaic cells, 63phytoplankton, 18pigs, pipelines, 38pipe stills, 42pipelines, 20, 38–39, 70
pitch, 16Pitch Lake, Trinidad, 27plankton, 18plants, 17, 54, 60plastics, 15, 48–49, 71politics of oil, 52–53polycarbonates, 49polyethylene, 48polymers, 48–49, 71polypropylene, 48polystyrene, 48power plants, 44, 62-63production, 56–57propane, 21, 71PVC, 48
RSracing fuels, 45Raleigh, Sir Walter, 27recycling waste, 59, 71refineries, 12-13, 42–43, 61, 69, 71
reserves of oil, 56-58
resource curse, 51roads, 27, 55Rockefeller, John D., 50, 69rocks, 19, 21, 24-25, 29, 32
roughnecks, 35, 65roustabouts, 35, 65Russia, 50-53, 69, 70saving oil, 58–59seismic surveys, 28, 30, 37ships, 40–41, 68, 69Smith, William, 25social responsibility, 66–67
solar power, 51, 62, 63sour gas, 20sour oils, 16steam cars, 14steroid hormones, 17street lamps, 21substitutes for oil, 60–63supermarkets, 6, 58supertankers, 40sweet oils, 16
TUV Taghiyev, Hadji, 50tankers, 20-21, 40–41tar, 16tar pits, 27tar sands, 26tarmacadam, 27, 68technology, 28–31
terpenes, 17terrorism, 39tidal power, 63timeline of global oil age, 68–70
torches, 10–11town gas, 21Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, 39, 70
transportation, 7, 44-45, 58traps, 18, 19, 24–25, 71turbines, 64, 63Ukraine, 70United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50, 53
US oil sources, 57vegetable oil, 61
WXYZwarfare, 8-9, 52-53waterpower, 63Watson, Jonathan, 50wealth, 50–51websites for information, 71
whale oil, 10–11wildcat wells, 14, 29wildcatters, 14Williams, James, 12“will-o’-the-wisp”, 20wind power, 62–63Yamani, Sheikh, 52Young, James, 27
Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: Karen Whitehouse for editorial work; Dawn Bates for proofreading; Hilary Bird & Heather MacNeil for the index; Claire Bowers, David Ekholm-JAlbum, Clarie Ellerton, Sunita Gahir, Joanne Little, Susan St Louis, Steve Setford, & Bulent Yusef for help with clip art; David Ball, Kathy Fahey, Neville Graham, Rose Horridge, Joanne Little, & Sue Nicholson for the wall chart; Margaret Parrish for Americanization on the original edition; Margaret Watson (SPE); Kelly D. Maish for redesign and composition work; Katherine Linder for image manipulation.
The publisher would also like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:
Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top
2 Dorling Kindersley: Judith Miller/Ancient Art (tc); Oxford University Museum of Natural History (cb). Wikipedia: (bl). 3 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (tl). 4 Dorling Kindersley: Judith Miller/Luna (bc); The Science Museum, London (l). 5 Woodside Energy Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (tr). 6 Courtesy of Apple. Apple and the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc., registered in the US and other countries: (c). Corbis: Derek Trask (bl). Getty Images: Stone +/Tim Macpherson (tr). Science Photo Library: Paul Rapson (tl). 6-7 Corbis: Lester Lefkowitz (bc). 7 Alamy Images: Worldspec/NASA (tr). Getty Images: Photographer's Choice/Joe McBride (tc). 8 Alamy Images: Visual Arts Library (London) (b). 9 Alamy Images: Popperfoto (c). The Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection, Archives Charmet (tc). Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (tr, bl, br); Judith Miller/Cooper Owen (fcl). TopFoto.co.uk: HIP/The British Library (c/Castle). 10-11 Dorling
Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (c). 10 Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (bc). Mary Evans Picture Library: (tl). 11 Alamy Images: Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library (br); North Wind Picture Archive (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Dave King/Courtesy of The Science Museum, London (tl); Judith Miller/Ancient Art (bc). 12 akg-images: (cl). Corbis: Bettmann (tc, ca). Oil Museum of Canada, Oil Springs, Ontario: (bl). 12-13 Specialist Stock: Mark Edwards (bc). 13 Corbis: Underwood & Underwood (br). Getty Images: Texas Energy Museum/Newsmakers (tr); Three Lions (tc). Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: (bc). 14 Corbis: Bettmann (bc); Hulton-Deutsch Collection (bl). Dorling Kindersley: National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (tl, cr). 15 The Advertising Archives: (tr, cr). Alamy Images: John Crall/Transtock Inc. (l). Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (c). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (cb). 16 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (bl). Getty Images: National Geographic/Sarah Leen (tl). 16-17 Science Photo Library: Laguna Design (c). 17 Science Photo Library: Paul Rapson (br). 18 NASA: Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, GSFC (tr). Specialist Stock: Darlyne A. Murawski (bl). 19 Alamy Images: Phototake Inc. (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Rough Guides (tl). NASA: Susan R. Trammell (UNC Charlotte) et al., ESAIC, HST, ESA (bc). Dr Richard Tyson, School of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Newcastle University: (clb). 20 Getty Images: Alexander Drozdov/AFP (tr). Mary Evans Picture Library: (tl). 20-21 Alamy Images: Bryan & Cherry Alexander Photography (b). Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (c). 21 Alamy Images: CuboImages srl (bc); Angel Svo (tr). Corbis: Hulton-Deutch Collection (tc). 22 U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory: (br). 23 Canadian Society for Unconventional Resources: (cr). Woodside Energy
Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (bl). 24-25 Specialist Stock: Walter H. Hodge (b). 25 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (c/Sandstone). Landsat 7 satellite image courtesy of NASA Landsat Project Science Office and USGS National Center for Earth Resources Observation Science: (tl). The Natural History Museum, London: (br, c). 26 Corbis: Lara Solt/Dallas Morning News (tl). Rex Features: Norm Betts (bl). 26-27 Rex Features: Norm Betts (b). 27 Corbis: (tc). Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (c); Natural History Museum, London (tl). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tr). The Natural History Museum, London: Michael Long (cla). Science & Society Picture Library: (bc). 28 Petrobras: (br). Science Photo Library: Chris Sattlberger (cra). Woodside Energy Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (bl). 29 Corbis: Bob Rowan/Progressive Image (cra); Tim Wright (tr). Micro-g Lacoste: (tl). Woodside Energy Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (b). 30-31 Corbis: Greg Smith (bc). 30 Photographic Services, Shell International Ltd.: (bc). 31 Getty Images: exi5/iStock Vectors (tl). NASA: (br). 33 Corbis: Lowell Georgia (br). Getty Images: Paul S. Howell/Liaison (tl). Specialist Stock: Russell Gordon (bl). 34 Corbis: Greg Locke/Reuters (tl). Getty Images: National Geographic/Justin Guariglia (bc). 35 Corbis: Stephanie Maze (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (br). Getty Images: Image Bank/Cousteau Society (cr). 36 © BP p.l.c.: (br). Saudi Aramco: (tl). Transocean: (tr). 37 SERPENT Project: (bl). Statoil: Norsk Hydro (tc). Transocean: (br). 38 Alamy Images: G.P. Bowater (crb). Getty Images: Mustafa Ozer/AFP (bc). NASA: JPL (bl). ROSEN Swiss AG: (c). 38-39 Corbis: Ted Streshinsky (tc). 39 Alamy Images: Bryan & Cherry Alexander Photography (b). Corbis: Lloyd Cluff (tr); Langevin Jacques/Corbis Sygma (tc). 40 Auke Visser, Holland: (cb). 40-41 Alamy Images: Stock Connection Blue (c). 41 Alamy
Images: Roger Bamber (cr). Corbis: Karen Kasmauski (br). Getty Images: Stone/Keith Wood (tc). 42 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Peter James Kindersley (clb). Science Photo Library: Paul Rapson (bc). 43 Alamy Images: AGStockUSA, Inc. (tc); G.P. Bowater (tr). Corbis: Kazuyoshi Nomachi (b). 44 Corbis: Matthias Kulka (bl); Lake County Museum (tl). 45 Alamy Images: kolvenbach (cl); mark wagner aviation-images (b). Getty Images: Lonely Planet Images/Jim Wark (tl). 46-47 National Geographic Stock: (c). 46 Science Photo Library: NASA/ESA/STSCI/E.KARKOSCHKA, U.ARIZONA (cl). 47 Science Photo Library: Eye of Science (c). 48 Dorling Kindersley: Judith Miller/Wallis & Wallis (tl); Judith Miller/ Luna (cr). Wikipedia: (tr). 49 Alamy Images: imagebroker/Stefan Obermeier (br); Kari Marttila (tl/Aramid). Dorling Kindersley: Paul Wilkinson (clb). Getty Images: Science & Society Picture Library (cb); Greg Wood/AFP (tr). Science & Society Picture Library: (tl). 50 Corbis: Jose Fuste Raga (b). Mary Evans Picture Library: (tr). 51 © BP p.l.c.: (c, br). Corbis: dpa (cl); Ed Kashi (bl); brian minkoff/Demotix (tr). Getty Images: Alex Livesey (tc). 52 Alamy Images: Patrick Steel (cl). Corbis: Bettmann (bc). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tl); Carl Mydans/Time Life Pictures (clb). Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: Warren K. Leffler (tr). 52-53 Corbis: Peter Turnley (c). 53 Corbis: Andi Albert/Arcaid (tl). 54 Alamy Images: ImageState (c). Corbis: AgStock Images (tr). Dorling Kindersley: NASA (bl). 55 Corbis: David Lefranc (tr); R&T/Brian Blades (l). Dorling Kindersley: Garry Darby, American 50s Car Hire (b). 56 Alamy Images: Paul Glendell (ftr). Dorling Kindersley: Alan Keohane (cl); Clive Streeter/Courtesy of The Science Museum, London (tr). TOTAL UK Limited 2005: (c). Vattenfall Group: (cr). 56-57 © BP p.l.c.: (Background). Corbis: Matthias Kulka (t). Dorling Kindersley: Garry Darby, American 50s Car Hire (bc). 57 Getty Images: Photographer's Choice/David Seed
Photography (tr). Magenn Power Inc. (www.magenn.com): Chris Radisch (br). 58 Alamy Images: Richard Cooke (l); Andre Jenny (tr). 59 Alamy Images: allOver Photography (br). Science Photo Library: Tony McConnell (tl); Alfred Pasieka (cl). 60 Alamy Images: David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc. (tl). Specialist Stock: Joerg Boethling (bl). 60-61 BMW Group UK: (bc). 61 Biodys Engineering: (br). Daimler AG: (tc). Getty Images: Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP (tr). 62-63 Getty Images: Stone/David Frazier (c). 63 Corbis: Otto Rogge (br); Paul A. Souders (tl). 64 Photographic Services, Shell International Ltd.: (br). Woodside Energy Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (tr, bl). 65 © BP p.l.c.: (tc, c, cr). Statoil: (bc, tr). Transocean: (tl). 66 Corbis: Ocean (cl). Getty Images: De Agostini (br). 67 Corbis: Sophie Elbaz/Sygma (tr). Getty Images: SM Rafiq Photography/Flickr (bc); Tom Stoddart Archive/Hulton Archive (tl). 68-69 © BP p.l.c.: (Background). 68 Alamy Images: Egyptian, Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)/The Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. (bl). Specialist Stock: Knut Mueller (tr). 69 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 70-71 © BP p.l.c.: (Background). 70 © BP p.l.c.: (tl). Corbis: Natalie Fobes (bl). Getty Images: Jerry Grayson/Helifilms Australia PTY Ltd. (br). 71 Courtesy of Apple. Apple and the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc., registered in the US and other countries: (bc/Laptop). © BP p.l.c.: (br/On Screen). Dorling Kindersley: Peter Griffiths & David Donkin - Modelmakers (bl)
All other images © Dorling KindersleyFor further information see: www.dkimages.com
Acknowledgments