rfid based vehicle authentication system

8/13/2019 RFID Based Vehicle Authentication System

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE

AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY Page 1


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CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION

This project e!"i#es po$ic% re&!r'i#& the e$ectro#ic !ppro!ches !#' 'e(e$op"e#ts to)!r's

e$ectro#ic !*the#tic!tio#+ R!'io ,re-*e#c% i'e#ti,ic!tio# .RFID/ 'e(ices ,or Vehic$e



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!*the#tic!tio# !#' other eisti#& i'e#tit% 'oc*"e#ts !re 'isc*sse' !#' i"p$e"e#te' i# this

project+

The RFID t!& is !tt!che' to the (ehic$e+ Whe#e(er the (ehic$e co"es the re!'er re!'s the

'!t! ,ro" the t!& !#' co"p!res )ith the store' '!t! i# its '!t!0!se+ I, the '!t! is "!tche' i# the

p!rtic*$!r ti"e s$ot the# o#$% the (ehic$e is !*thorie' e$se it the s%ste" )i$$ 'isp$!% the "ess!&e

!s !ccess ti"e o(er+

1+1 Objective of the project

The project 'e"!#'s the *ser to s*0"it his RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# s%ste"+ The

project *ses the RFID tech#o$o&% !#' E"0e''e' S%ste"s to 'esi this !pp$ic!tio#+ The "!i#

o0jecti(e o, this project is to 'esi ! s%ste" th!t pro(i'es !*the#tic!tio# to the (ehic$es )ithi#

p!rtic*$!r ti"e s$ot+ The s%ste" re!'s the '!t! ,ro" the RFID t!& !#' (eri,ies this '!t! )ith the

!$re!'% store' '!t! i# its '!t!0!se+ I, the 'et!i$s prese#t i# the t!& "!tches )ith the store' '!t!2

the s%ste" !$$o)s the (ehic$e to e#ter+ I, the 'et!i$s o, the t!& 'o #ot "!tch )ith the store' '!t!2

the s%ste" i""e'i!te$% !cti(!tes the sire# !#' the sec*rit% !*thorities c!# co"e !#' t!3e the

,*rther !ctio#+

This project is ! 'e(ice th!t co$$ects '!t! ,ro" the t!& !#' co'es the '!t! i#to ! ,or"!t th!t

c!# 0e *#'erstoo' 0% the co#tro$$i#& sectio#+ This s%ste" !$so co$$ects i#,or"!tio# ,ro" the

"!ster 'e(ice !#' i"p$e"e#ts co""!#'s th!t !re 'irecte' 0% the "!ster+

The o0jecti(e o, the project is to 'e(e$op ! "icroco#tro$$er 0!se' sec*rit% !#' !$ert s%ste"+

It co#sists o, ! RFID re!'er2 "icroco#tro$$er2 the i#ter,!ci#& *#it to !$$o) the co""*#ic!tio#

0et)ee# the "icroco#tro$$er !#' RFID "o'*$e2 the 0*er !#' the LCD+

1+4 Background of the Project

The so,t)!re !pp$ic!tio# !#' the h!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# he$p the "icroco#tro$$er re!'

the '!t! ,ro" the RFID t!&2 (eri,% the '!t! )ith the !$re!'% store' '!t! !#' t!3e the #et !ctio#+

The s%ste" is tot!$$% 'esie' *si#& RFID !#' e"0e''e' s%ste"s tech#o$o&%+

1.3 Organization of the Thesis

I# (ie) o, the propose' thesis )or3 ep$!#!tio# o, theoretic!$ !spects !#' !$&orith"s

*se' i# this )or3 !re prese#te' !s per the se-*e#ce 'escri0e' 0e$o)+



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Ch!pter 1 'escri0es ! 0rie, re(ie) o, the o0jecti(es !#' &o!$s o, the )or3+

Ch!pter 4 'isc*sses the eisti#& tech#o$o&ies !#' the st*'% o, (!rio*s tech#o$o&ies i#

'et!i$+

Ch!pter 5 'escri0es the B$oc3 'i!&r!"2 Circ*it 'i!&r!" o, the project !#' its 'escriptio#+

The co#str*ctio# !#' 'escriptio# o, (!rio*s "o'*$es *se' ,or the !pp$ic!tio# !re 'escri0e' i#

'et!i$+

Ch!pter 6 ep$!i#s the So,t)!re too$s re-*ire' ,or the project2 the Co'e 'e(e$ope' ,or the

'esi+

Ch!pter 7 prese#ts the res*$ts2 o(er!$$ co#c$*sio#s o, the st*'% !#' proposes possi0$e

i"pro(e"e#ts !#' 'irectio#s o, ,*t*re rese!rch )or3+



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CHAPT! "

Overvie# of the techno$ogies

".1 %bedded &'ste%s(

A# e"0e''e' s%ste" c!# 0e 'e,i#e' !s ! co"p*ti#& 'e(ice th!t 'oes ! speci,ic ,oc*se' jo0+

App$i!#ces s*ch !s the !ir8co#'itio#er2 VCD p$!%er2 DVD p$!%er2 pri#ter2 ,! "!chi#e2 "o0i$e

pho#e etc+ !re e!"p$es o, e"0e''e' s%ste"s+ E!ch o, these !pp$i!#ces )i$$ h!(e ! processor

!#' speci!$ h!r')!re to "eet the speci,ic re-*ire"e#t o, the !pp$ic!tio# !$o#& )ith the

e"0e''e' so,t)!re th!t is eec*te' 0% the processor ,or "eeti#& th!t speci,ic re-*ire"e#t+



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The e"0e''e' so,t)!re is !$so c!$$e' 9,ir" )!re:+ The 'es3top;$!ptop co"p*ter is !

&e#er!$ p*rpose co"p*ter+


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R!'io ,re-*e#c% i'e#ti,ic!tio# .RFID/ is ! &e#er!$ ter" th!t is *se' to 'escri0e ! s%ste" th!t

tr!#s"its the i'e#tit% .i# the ,or" o, ! *#i-*e seri!$ #*"0er/ o, !# o0ject )ire$ess$% *si#& r!'io

)!(es+ RFID tech#o$o&ies !re &ro*pe' *#'er the "ore &e#eric A*to"!tic I'e#ti,ic!tio# .A*to

ID/ tech#o$o&ies+

".- ar$ier scenario in identification strea%(

The 0!rco'e $!0e$s th!t tri&&ere' ! re(o$*tio# i# i'e#ti,ic!tio# s%ste"s $o#& ti"e !&o !re

i#!'e-*!te i# !# i#cre!si#& #*"0er o, c!ses+ The% !re che!p 0*t the st*"0$i#& 0$oc3 is their $o)

stor!&e c!p!cit% !#' the ,!ct th!t the% c!##ot 0e repro&r!""e'+

A ,e!si0$e so$*tio# )!s p*tti#& the '!t! o# si$ico# chips+ The i'e!$ sit*!tio# is co#t!ct$ess

tr!#s,er o, '!t! 0et)ee# the '!t! c!rr%i#& 'e(ice !#' its re!'er+ The po)er re-*ire' to oper!te

the e$ectro#ic '!t! c!rr%i#& 'e(ice )o*$' !$so 0e tr!#s,erre' ,ro" the re!'er *si#& co#t!ct$ess

tech#o$o&%+ These proce'*res &i(e RFID its #!"e+



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Chapter 3

Hard#are *%p$e%entation of the Project

This ch!pter 0rie,$% ep$!i#s !0o*t the H!r')!re I"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project+ It 'isc*sses the

'esi !#' )or3i#& o, the 'esi )ith the he$p o, 0$oc3 'i!&r!" !#' circ*it 'i!&r!" !#'

ep$!#!tio# o, circ*it 'i!&r!" i# 'et!i$+ It ep$!i#s the ,e!t*res2 ti"er pro&r!""i#&2 seri!$

co""*#ic!tio#2 i#terr*pts o, AT>?S74 "icroco#tro$$er+ It !$so ep$!i#s the (!rio*s "o'*$es

*se' i# this project+

3.1 Project +esign

The i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project 'esi c!# 0e 'i(i'e' i# t)o p!rts+

H!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio#

Fir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio#

H!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# 'e!$s i# 'r!)i#& the sche"!tic o# the p$!#e p!per !ccor'i#& to

the !pp$ic!tio#2 testi#& the sche"!tic 'esi o(er the 0re!'0o!r' *si#& the (!rio*s IC@s to ,i#' i,

the 'esi "eets the o0jecti(e2 c!rr%i#& o*t the PCB $!%o*t o, the sche"!tic teste' o#

0re!'0o!r'2 ,i#!$$% prep!ri#& the 0o!r' !#' testi#& the 'esie' h!r')!re+



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3.1.1 B$ock +iagra% of the Project and its +escription

The 0$oc3 'i!&r!" o, the 'esi is !s sho)# i# Fi& 5+1+ It co#sists o, po)er s*pp$% *#it2

"icroco#tro$$er2 RFID "o'*$e2 Seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# *#it2 s)itches2 0*er sectio# !#' LCD+

The 0rie, 'escriptio# o, e!ch *#it is ep$!i#e' !s ,o$$o)s+

3.2 Power Supply:

The i#p*t to the circ*it is !pp$ie' ,ro" the re&*$!te' po)er s*pp$%+ The !+c+ i#p*t i+e+2 45V ,ro"

the "!i#s s*pp$% is step 'o)# 0% the tr!#s,or"er to 14V !#' is ,e' to ! recti,ier+ The o*tp*t

o0t!i#e' ,ro" the recti,ier is ! p*$s!ti#& '+c (o$t!&e+ So i# or'er to &et ! p*re '+c (o$t!&e2

Transfor%er(

Us*!$$%2 DC (o$t!&es !re re-*ire' to oper!te (!rio*s e$ectro#ic e-*ip"e#t !#' these

(o$t!&es !re 7V2 ?V or 14V+ B*t these (o$t!&es c!##ot 0e o0t!i#e' 'irect$%+ Th*s the !+c i#p*t

!(!i$!0$e !t the "!i#s s*pp$% i+e+2 45V is to 0e 0ro*&ht 'o)# to the re-*ire' (o$t!&e $e(e$+ This

is 'o#e 0% ! tr!#s,or"er+ Th*s2 ! step 'o)# tr!#s,or"er is e"p$o%e' to 'ecre!se the (o$t!&e to !

re-*ire' $e(e$+

!ectifier(

The o*tp*t ,ro" the tr!#s,or"er is ,e' to the recti,ier+ It co#(erts A+C+ i#to p*$s!ti#&

D+C+ The recti,ier "!% 0e ! h!$, )!(e or ! ,*$$ )!(e recti,ier+ I# this project2 ! 0ri'&e recti,ier is

*se' 0ec!*se o, its "erits $i3e &oo' st!0i$it% !#' ,*$$ )!(e recti,ic!tio#+

)i$ter(



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C!p!citi(e ,i$ter is *se' i# this project+ It re"o(es the ripp$es ,ro" the o*tp*t o, recti,ier

!#' s"oothe#s the D+C+ O*tp*t recei(e' ,ro" this ,i$ter is co#st!#t *#ti$ the "!i#s (o$t!&e !#'

$o!' is "!i#t!i#e' co#st!#t+ Ho)e(er2 i, either o, the t)o is (!rie'2 D+C+ (o$t!&e recei(e' !t this

poi#t ch!#&es+ There,ore ! re&*$!tor is !pp$ie' !t the o*tp*t st!&e+

o$tage regu$ator(

As the #!"e itse$, i"p$ies2 it re&*$!tes the i#p*t !pp$ie' to it+ A (o$t!&e re&*$!tor is !#

e$ectric!$ re&*$!tor 'esie' to !*to"!tic!$$% "!i#t!i# ! co#st!#t (o$t!&e $e(e$+ I# this project2

po)er s*pp$% o, 7V !#' 14V !re re-*ire'+ I# or'er to o0t!i# these (o$t!&e $e(e$s2 >7 !#' >14

(o$t!&e re&*$!tors !re to 0e *se'+ The ,irst #*"0er > represe#ts positi(e s*pp$% !#' the #*"0ers

72 14 represe#t the re-*ire' o*tp*t (o$t!&e $e(e$s+

3.3 Microcontrollers:Microprocessors !#' "icroco#tro$$ers !re )i'e$% *se' i# e"0e''e' s%ste"s pro'*cts+

Microcontroller is a programmable device+ A "icroco#tro$$er h!s ! CPU i# !''itio# to ! ,ie'

!"o*#t o, RAM2 ROM2 I;O ports !#' ! ti"er e"0e''e' !$$ o# ! si#&$e chip+ The ,ie' !"o*#t

o, o#8chip ROM2 RAM !#' #*"0er o, I;O ports i# "icroco#tro$$ers "!3es the" i'e!$ ,or "!#%

!pp$ic!tio#s i# )hich cost !#' sp!ce !re critic!$+

+)eatures of AT/0&-"

> B%tes o, Re8pro&r!""!0$e F$!sh Me"or%+

RAM is 47 0%tes+

6+V to 7+7V Oper!ti#& R!#&e+

F*$$% St!tic Oper!tio# H to 55 MH@s

Three8$e(e$ Pro&r!" Me"or% Loc3+

47 >80it I#ter#!$ RAM+

54 Pro&r!""!0$e I;O Li#es+

Three 180it Ti"er;Co*#ters+

Ei&ht I#terr*pt So*rces+

+escription(

The AT>?s74 is ! $o)8(o$t!&e2 hi&h8per,or"!#ce CMOS >80it "icroco"p*ter

)ith > 0%tes o, F$!sh pro&r!""!0$e "e"or%+ The 'e(ice is "!#*,!ct*re' *si#&



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At"e$@s hi&h 'e#sit% #o#(o$!ti$e "e"or% tech#o$o&% !#' is co"p!ti0$e )ith the

i#'*str%8st!#'!r' MCS871 i#str*ctio# set+ The o# chip ,$!sh !$$o)s the pro&r!"

"e"or% to 0e repro&r!""e' i# s%ste" or 0% ! co#(e#tio#!$ #o# (o$!ti$e "e"or%

pro&r!""er+ B% co"0i#i#& ! (ers!ti$e >80it CPU )ith F$!sh o# ! "o#o$ithic chip2

the At"e$ AT>?s74 is ! po)er,*$ "icroco"p*ter2 )hich pro(i'es ! hi&h$%

,$ei0$e !#' cost8e,,ecti(e so$*tio# to "!#% e"0e''e' co#tro$ !pp$ic!tio#s+ h!r



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Pin description(

cc Pi# 6 pro(i'es s*pp$% (o$t!&e to the chip+ The (o$t!&e so*rce is 7V+

2+ Pi# 4 is the &ro*#'+

Port (

Port is !# >80it ope# 'r!i# 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port+ As !# o*tp*t port2 e!ch pi# c!#

si#3 ei&ht TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to port pi#s2 the pi#s c!# 0e *se' !s

hi&h i"pe'!#ce i#p*ts+ Port c!# !$so 0e co#,i&*re' to 0e the "*$tip$ee' $o)8

or'er !''ress;'!t! 0*s '*ri#& !ccesses to eter#!$ pro&r!" !#' '!t! "e"or%+ I#

this "o'e2 P h!s i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ Port !$so recei(es the co'e 0%tes '*ri#&

Port 1

Port 1 is !# >80it 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port )ith i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ The Port 1 o*tp*t

0*,,ers c!# si#3;so*rce ,o*r TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to Port 1 pi#s2 the%

!re p*$$e' hi&h 0% the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps !#' c!# 0e *se' !s i#p*ts+ As i#p*ts2 Port

Port "






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4 pi#s th!t !re eter#!$$% 0ei#& p*$$e' $o) )i$$ so*rce c*rre#t .IIL/ 0ec!*se o, the

i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps

Port 3




5 pi#s th!t !re eter#!$$% 0ei#& p*$$e' $o) )i$$ so*rce c*rre#t .IIL/ 0ec!*se o, the

p*$$8*ps+

!eset inputA hi&h o# this pi# ,or t)o "!chi#e c%c$es )hi$e the osci$$!tor is

r*##i#& resets the 'e(ice+ This pi# 'ri(es hi&h ,or ?> osci$$!tor perio's !,ter the

W!tch'o& ti"es o*t+ The DISRTO 0it i# SFR AUGR .!''ress >EH/ c!# 0e *se'

to 'is!0$e this ,e!t*re+ I# the 'e,!*$t st!te o, 0it DISRTO2 the RESET HIH o*t

,e!t*re is e#!0$e'+

A45P!O 6Address 4atch nab$e7is !# o*tp*t p*$se ,or $!tchi#& the $o) 0%te

o, the !''ress '*ri#& !ccesses to eter#!$ "e"or%+ This pi# is !$so the pro&r!"

p*$se i#p*t .PRO/ '*ri#& F$!sh pro&r!""i#&+

P&2 6Progra% &tore nab$e7is the re!' stro0e to eter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or%+

Whe# the AT>?S74 is eec*ti#& co'e ,ro" eter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or%2 PSEN is!cti(!te' t)ice e!ch "!chi#e c%c$e2 ecept th!t t)o PSEN !cti(!tio#s !re s3ippe'

'*ri#& e!ch !ccess to eter#!$ '!t! "e"or%+

A5PP 68terna$ Access nab$e7EA "*st 0e str!ppe' to ND i# or'er to

e#!0$e the 'e(ice to ,etch co'e ,ro" eter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or% $oc!tio#s st!rti#&

!t H *p to FFFFH+ Note2 ho)e(er2 th!t i, $oc3 0it 1 is pro&r!""e'2 EA )i$$

0e i#ter#!$$% $!tche' o# reset+EA sho*$' 0e str!ppe' to VCC ,or i#ter#!$ pro&r!"

eec*tio#s+ This pi# !$so recei(es the 148(o$t pro&r!""i#& e#!0$e (o$t!&e .VPP/

'*ri#& F$!sh pro&r!""i#&+

9TA41 I#p*t to the i#(erti#& osci$$!tor !"p$i,ier !#' i#p*t to the i#ter#!$ c$oc3

oper!ti#& circ*it+



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9TA4" O*tp*t ,ro" the i#(erti#& osci$$!tor !"p$i,ier+

GTAL1 !#' GTAL4 !re the i#p*t !#' o*tp*t2 respecti(e$%2 o, !# i#(erti#& !"p$i,ier th!t

c!# 0e co#,i&*re' ,or *se !s !# o#8chip osci$$!tor+ Either ! -*!rt cr%st!$ or cer!"ic reso#!tor

"!% 0e *se'+ To 'ri(e the 'e(ice ,ro" !# eter#!$ c$oc3 so*rce

2 GTAL4 sho*$' 0e $e,t *#co##ecte' )hi$e GTAL1 is 'ri(e#+ There !re #o re-*ire"e#ts

o# the '*t% c%c$e o, the eter#!$ c$oc3 si!$2 si#ce the i#p*t to the i#ter#!$ c$oc3i#& circ*itr% is

thro*&h ! 'i(i'e80%8t)o ,$ip8,$op2 0*t "i#i"*" !#' "!i"*" (o$t!&e hi&h !#' $o) ti"e

speci,ic!tio#s "*st 0e o0ser(e'+

&pecia$ )unction !egisters

A "!p o, the o#8chip "e"or% !re! c!$$e' the Speci!$ F*#ctio# Re&ister .SFR/ sp!ce is

sho)# i# the ,o$$o)i#& t!0$e+ It sho*$' 0e #ote' th!t #ot !$$ o, the !''resses !re occ*pie' !#'

*#occ*pie' !''resses "!% #ot 0e i"p$e"e#te' o# the chip+ Re!' !ccesses to these !''resses )i$$

i# &e#er!$ ret*r# r!#'o" '!t!2 !#' )rite !ccesses )i$$ h!(e !# i#'eter"i#!te e,,ect+User so,t)!re

sho*$' #ot )rite 1s to these *#$iste' $oc!tio#s2 si#ce the% "!% 0e *se' i# ,*t*re pro'*cts to

i#(o3e #e) ,e!t*res+ I# th!t c!se2 the reset or i#!cti(e (!$*es o, the #e) 0its )i$$ !$)!%s 0e +



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Ti%er " !egisters

Co#tro$ !#' st!t*s 0its !re co#t!i#e' i# re&isters T4CON !#' T4MOD ,or Ti"er

4+ The re&ister p!ir .RCAP4H2 RCAP4L/ is the C!pt*re;Re$o!' re&ister ,or Ti"er 4 i#

180it c!pt*re "o'e or 180it !*to8re$o!' "o'e+

*nterrupt !egisters(

The i#'i(i'*!$ i#terr*pt e#!0$e 0its !re i# the IE re&ister+ T)o priorities c!# 0e set

,or e!ch o, the si i#terr*pt so*rces i# the I

+ua$ +ata Pointer !egisters

To ,!ci$it!te !ccessi#& 0oth i#ter#!$ !#' eter#!$ '!t! "e"or%2 t)o 0!#3s o, 18

0it D!t! Poi#ter Re&isters !re pro(i'e' DP !t SFR !''ress $oc!tio#s >4H8>5H !#' DP1

!t >6H !#' >7H+ Bit DPS i# SFR AUGR1 se$ects DP !#' DPS 1 se$ects DP1+ The

*ser sho*$' ALWA


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*pper 14> 0%tes h!(e the s!"e !''resses !s the SFR sp!ce 0*t !re ph%sic!$$% sep!r!te

,ro" SFR sp!ce+

;atchdog Ti%er 6One5 .5FFFH/ !#' this )i$$ reset the

'e(ice+ Whe# the WDT is e#!0$e'2 it )i$$ i#cre"e#t e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e )hi$e the

osci$$!tor is r*##i#&+ This "e!#s the *ser "*st reset the WDT !t $e!st ,or e(er% 15>5

"!chi#e c%c$es+ To reset the WDT2 the *ser "*st )rite 1EH !#' E1H to WDTRST+

WDTRST is ! )rite8o#$% re&ister+

;+T during Po#er


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oper!ti#& !s ! co*#ter2 the ti"er;co*#ter co*#ts #e&!ti(e tr!#sitio#s o# !# eter#!$ pi#+ A,ter !

preset #*"0er o, co*#ts2 the co*#ter iss*es !# i#terr*pt re-*est+ The (!rio*s oper!ti#& "o'es o,

e!ch ti"er;co*#ter !re 'escri0e' i# the ,o$$o)i#& sectio#s+

Ti%er

Ti"er ,*#ctio#s !s either ! ti"er or e(e#t co*#ter i# ,o*r "o'es o, oper!tio#+ Ti"er is

co#tro$$e' 0% the ,o*r $o)er 0its o, the TMOD re&ister !#' 0its 2 12 6 !#' 7 o, the TCON

re&ister+ TMOD re&ister se$ects the "etho' o, ti"er &!ti#& .ATE/2 ti"er or co*#ter oper!tio#

:ode 61380it ti"er .TL re&ister/ th!t !*to"!tic!$$% re$o!'s ,ro" the

TH re&ister+ TL o(er,$o) sets TF ,$!& i# the TCON re&ister !#' re$o!'s TL )ith the

co#te#ts o, TH2 )hich is preset 0% so,t)!re+

Ti%er 1

Ti"er 1 is i'e#tic!$ to ti"er 2 ecept ,or "o'e 52 )hich is ! ho$'8co*#t "o'e+ The ,o$$o)i#&

co""e#ts he$p to *#'erst!#' the 'i,,ere#ces

J Ti"er 1 ,*#ctio#s !s either ! ti"er or e(e#t co*#ter i# three "o'es o, oper!tio#+ Ti"er 1@s

"o'e 5 is ! ho$'8co*#t "o'e+

:ode 613


18/95


Mo'e 1 co#,i&*res Ti"er 1 !s ! 180it ti"er )ith the TH1 !#' TL1 re&isters co##ecte' i#

c!sc!'e+ The se$ecte' i#p*t i#cre"e#ts the TL1 re&ister+

:ode " 6/


19/95


DCEN is set2 Ti"er 4 c!# co*#t *p or 'o)#2 'epe#'i#& o# the (!$*e o, the T4EG pi#+

The !0o(e ,i&*re sho)s Ti"er 4 !*to"!tic!$$% co*#ti#& *p )he# DCEN + I# this "o'e2 t)o

optio#s !re se$ecte' 0% 0it EGEN4 i# T4CON+ I, EGEN4 2 Ti"er 4 co*#ts *p to FFFFH !#'

the# sets the TF4 0it *po# o(er,$o)+ The o(er,$o) !$so c!*ses the ti"er re&isters to 0e re$o!'e'

)ith the 180it (!$*e i# RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L+

Baud !ate enerator

Ti"er 4 is se$ecte' !s the 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor 0% setti#& TCL !#';or RCL i# T4CON+ Note

th!t the 0!*' r!tes ,or tr!#s"it !#' recei(e c!# 0e 'i,,ere#t i, Ti"er 4 is *se' ,or the recei(er or

tr!#s"itter !#' Ti"er 1 is *se' ,or the other ,*#ctio#+ Setti#& RCL !#';or TCL p*ts Ti"er 4

i#to its 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor "o'e+

The 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor "o'e is si"i$!r to the !*to8re$o!' "o'e2 i# th!t ! ro$$o(er i# TH4 c!*ses

the Ti"er 4 re&isters to 0e re$o!'e' )ith the 180it (!$*e i# re&isters RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L2

)hich !re preset 0% so,t)!re+ The 0!*' r!tes i# Mo'es 1 !#' 5 !re 'eter"i#e' 0% Ti"er 4@s

o(er,$o) r!te !ccor'i#& to the ,o$$o)i#& e-*!tio#+

The Ti"er c!# 0e co#,i&*re' ,or either ti"er

or co*#ter oper!tio#+ I# "ost !pp$ic!tio#s2 it is co#,i&*re' ,or ti"er oper!tio# .CP;T4 /+ The

ti"er oper!tio# is 'i,,ere#t ,or Ti"er 4 )he# it is *se' !s ! 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor+ Nor"!$$%2 !s !

ti"er2 it i#cre"e#ts e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e .!t 1;14 the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c%/+ As ! 0!*' r!te



20/95


&e#er!tor2 ho)e(er2 it i#cre"e#ts e(er% st!te ti"e .!t 1;4 the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c%/+ The 0!*' r!te

,or"*$! is &i(e#

Progra%%ab$e C$ock Out A 7K '*t% c%c$e c$oc3 c!# 0e pro&r!""e' to co"e o*t o# P1+2

!s sho)# i# the 0e$o) ,i&*re+ This pi#2 0esi'es 0ei#& ! re&*$!r I;O pi#2 h!s t)o !$ter#!te

,*#ctio#s+ It c!# 0e pro&r!""e' to i#p*t the eter#!$ c$oc3 ,or Ti"er;Co*#ter 4 or to o*tp*t !

7K '*t% c%c$e c$oc3 r!#&i#& ,ro" 1 H to 6 MH .,or ! 1 -MH To co#,i&*re the

Ti"er;Co*#ter 4 !s ! c$oc3 &e#er!tor2 0it C;T4 .T4CON+1/ "*st 0e c$e!re' !#' 0it T4OE

.T4MOD+1/ "*st 0e set+ Bit TR4 .T4CON+4/ st!rts !#' stops the ti"er+ The c$oc38o*t ,re-*e#c%

'epe#'s o# the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c% !#' the re$o!' (!$*e o, Ti"er 4 c!pt*re re&isters .RCAP4H2

RCAP4L/2 !s sho)# i# the ,o$$o)i#& e-*!tio#+



21/95


I# the c$oc38o*t "o'e2 Ti"er 4 ro$$8o(ers )i$$ #ot &e#er!te !# i#terr*pt+ This 0eh!(ior is si"i$!r

to )he# Ti"er 4 is *se' !s ! 0!*'8r!te &e#er!tor+ It is possi0$e to *se Ti"er 4 !s !

0!*'8r!te &e#er!tor !#' ! c$oc3 &e#er!tor si"*$t!#eo*s$%+ Note2 ho)e(er2 th!t the

0!*' r!te !#' c$oc38o*t ,re-*e#cies c!##ot 0e 'eter"i#e' i#'epe#'e#t$% ,ro" o#e

!#other si#ce the% 0oth *se RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L+

*nterrupts

The AT>?S74 h!s ! tot!$ o, si i#terr*pt (ectors t)o eter#!$ i#terr*pts .INT !#' INT1/2 three

ti"er i#terr*pts .Ti"ers 2 12 !#' 4/ !#' the seri!$ port i#terr*pt+ These i#terr*pts

!re !$$ sho)# i# the 0e$o) ,i&*re+

The Ti"er !#' Ti"er 1 ,$!&s2 TF !#' TF12 !re set !t S7P4 o, the c%c$e i# )hich the ti"ers

o(er,$o)+ The (!$*es !re the# po$$e' 0% the circ*itr% i# the #et c%c$e+ Ho)e(er2the Ti"er 4 ,$!&2 TF42 is set !t S4P4 !#' is po$$e' i# the s!"e c%c$e i# )hich the

ti"er o(er,$o)s+

Po#er saving %odes of operation (

>71 h!s t)o po)er s!(i#& "o'es+ The% !re

1+ I'$e Mo'e



22/95


4+ Po)er Do)# "o'e+

The t)o po)er s!(i#& "o'es !re e#tere' 0% setti#& t)o 0its IDL !#' PD i# the speci!$

,*#ctio# re&ister .PCON/ respecti(e$%+

The str*ct*re o, PCON re&ister is !s ,o$$o)s+

PCON A''ress >H

The sche"!tic 'i!&r!" ,or Po)er 'o)# "o'e !#' I'$e "o'e is &i(e# !s ,o$$o)s

*d$e :ode(

I'$e "o'e is e#tere' 0% setti#& IDL 0it to 1 .i+e+2 IDL1/+ The c$oc3 si!$ is &!te' o,, to

CPU2 0*t #ot to i#terr*pt2 ti"er !#' seri!$ port ,*#ctio#s+ The CPU st!t*s is preser(e'

e#tire$%+ SP2 PC2 PSW2 Acc*"*$!tor !#' other re&isters "!i#t!i# their '!t! '*ri#& IDLE

"o'e+ The port pi#s ho$' their $o&ic!$ st!tes the% h!' !t the ti"e I'$e )!s i#iti!$ie'+

ALE !#' PSEN.0!r/ !re he$' !t $o&ic hi&h $e(e$s+

1+ Po#er +o#n :ode(

The Po)er Do)# Mo'e is e#tere' 0% setti#& the PD 0it to 1+ The i#ter#!$ c$oc3 to the

e#tire "icroco#tro$$er is stoppe'+ Ho)e(er2 the pro&r!" is #ot 'e!'+ The Po)er 'o)#

Mo'e is eite' .PCON+1 is c$e!re' to / 0% H!r')!re Reset o#$%+ The CPU st!rts ,ro"

the #et i#str*ctio# )here the Po)er 'o)# Mo'e )!s i#(o3e'+



23/95


Progra% :e%or' 4ock Bits

The AT>?S74 h!s three $oc3 0its th!t c!# 0e $e,t *#pro&r!""e' .U/ or c!# 0e pro&r!""e' .P/

to o0t!i# the !''itio#!$ ,e!t*res $iste' i# the t!0$e+

Whe# $oc3 0it 1 is pro&r!""e'2 the $o&ic $e(e$ !t the EA pi# is s!"p$e' !#' $!tche' '*ri#& reset+

I, the 'e(ice is po)ere' *p )itho*t ! reset2 the $!tch i#iti!$ies to ! r!#'o" (!$*e !#' ho$'s th!t

(!$*e *#ti$ reset is !cti(!te'+ The $!tche' (!$*e o, EA "*st !&ree )ith the c*rre#t $o&ic $e(e$ !t

th!t pi# i# or'er ,or the 'e(ice to ,*#ctio# proper$%+

Progra%%ing the )$ash ? Para$$e$ :ode

The AT>?S74 is shippe' )ith the o#8chip F$!sh "e"or% !rr!% re!'% to 0e pro&r!""e'+ The

pro&r!""i#& i#ter,!ce #ee's ! hi&h8(o$t!&e .148(o$t/ pro&r!" e#!0$e si!$ !#' is co"p!ti0$e

)ith co#(e#tio#!$ thir'8p!rt% F$!sh or EPROM pro&r!""ers+ The AT>?S74 co'e "e"or% !rr!%

is pro&r!""e' 0%te80%80%te+

Progra%%ing A$gorith%( Be,ore pro&r!""i#& the AT>?S742 the !''ress2 '!t! !#' co#tro$

si!$s sho*$' 0e set *p !ccor'i#& to the 9F$!sh Pro&r!""i#& Mo'es:+ To pro&r!" the

AT>?S742 t!3e the ,o$$o)i#& steps

1+ I#p*t the 'esire' "e"or% $oc!tio# o# the !''ress $i#es+

4+ I#p*t the !ppropri!te '!t! 0%te o# the '!t! $i#es+



24/95


5+ Acti(!te the correct co"0i#!tio# o, co#tro$ si!$s+

6+ R!ise EA;VPP to 14V+

7+ P*$se ALE;PRO o#ce to pro&r!" ! 0%te i# the F$!sh !rr!% or the $oc3 0its+ The 0%te )rite

c%c$e is se$,8ti"e' !#' t%pic!$$% t!3es #o "ore th!# 7 s+ Repe!t steps 1 thro*&h 72 ch!#&i#&

the !''ress !#' '!t! ,or the e#tire !rr!% or *#ti$ the e#' o, the o0ject ,i$e is re!che'+

!ead'5Bus'(

The pro&ress o, 0%te pro&r!""i#& c!# !$so 0e "o#itore' 0% the RD?S74 i# the seri!$

pro&r!""i#& "o'e2 the ,o$$o)i#& se-*e#ce is reco""e#'e'



25/95


1+ Po)er8*p se-*e#ce

!+ App$% po)er 0et)ee# VCC !#' ND pi#s+

0+ Set RST pi# to 9H:+

I, ! cr%st!$ is #ot co##ecte' !cross pi#s GTAL1 !#' GTAL42 !pp$% ! 5 MH to 55 MH c$oc3 to

GTAL1 pi# !#' )!it ,or !t $e!st 1 "i$$iseco#'s+

4+ E#!0$e seri!$ pro&r!""i#& 0% se#'i#& the Pro&r!""i#& E#!0$e seri!$ i#str*ctio# to pi#

MOSI;P1+7+ The ,re-*e#c% o, the shi,t c$oc3 s*pp$ie' !t pi# SC;P1+ #ee's to

0e $ess th!# the CPU c$oc3 !t GTAL1 'i(i'e' 0% 1+

5+ The Co'e !rr!% is pro&r!""e' o#e 0%te !t ! ti"e i# either the B%te or P!&e "o'e+ The )rite

c%c$e is se$,8ti"e' !#' t%pic!$$% t!3es $ess th!# +7 "s !t 7V+

6+ A#% "e"or% $oc!tio# c!# 0e (eri,ie' 0% *si#& the Re!' i#str*ctio# )hich ret*r#s the co#te#t

!t the se$ecte' !''ress !t seri!$ o*tp*t MISO;P1++

7+ At the e#' o, ! pro&r!""i#& sessio#2 RST c!# 0e set $o) to co""e#ce #or"!$ 'e(ice

oper!tio#+

Po#er


26/95




27/95


co#tro$ si!$s+ The )rite oper!tio# se$,82

A,ter Reset si!$ is hi&h2 SC sho*$' 0e $o) ,or !t $e!st 6 s%ste" c$oc3s 0e,ore it &oes hi&h to

c$oc3 i# the e#!0$e '!t! 0%tes+ No p*$si#& o, Reset si!$ is #ecess!r%+ SC sho*$' 0e #o ,!ster

th!# 1;1 o, the s%ste" c$oc3 !t GTAL1+

3., !)*+(

!)*+ princip$esM!#% t%pes o, RFID eist2 0*t !t the hi&h

active !#' passive+ Acti(e t!&s re-*ire ! po)er so*rce i+e+2 the% !re either co##ecte' to !

po)ere' i#,r!str*ct*re *se e#er&% store' i# !# i#te&r!te' 0!tter%+ I# the $!tter c!se2 ! t!&@s

$i,eti"e is $i"ite' 0% the store' e#er&%2 0!$!#ce' !&!i#st the #*"0er o, re!' oper!tio#s the

'e(ice "*st *#'er&o+ Ho)e(er2 0!tteries "!3e the cost2 sie2 !#' $i,eti"e o, !cti(e t!&s

i"pr!ctic!$ ,or the ret!i$ tr!'e+

1+ P!ssi(e RFID is o, i#terest 0ec!*se the t!&s 'o#@t re-*ire 0!tteries or "!i#te#!#ce+ The

t!&s !$so h!(e !# i#'e,i#ite oper!tio#!$ $i,e !#' !re s"!$$ e#o*&h to ,it i#to ! pr!ctic!$

!'hesi(e $!0e$+ A p!ssi(e t!& co#sists o, three p!rts !# !#te##!2 ! se"ico#'*ctor chip

!tt!che' to the !#te##! !#' so"e ,or" o, e#c!ps*$!tio#+ The t!& re!'er is respo#si0$e ,or

po)eri#& !#' co""*#ic!ti#& )ith ! t!&

2. RFID Technology and Architecture



28/95


Be,ore RFID c!# 0e *#'erstoo' co"p$ete$%2 it is esse#ti!$ to *#'erst!#' ho) R!'io Fre-*e#c%

co""*#ic!tio# occ*rs+

RF .R!'io Fre-*e#c%/ co""*#ic!tio# occ*rs 0% the tr!#s,ere#ce o, '!t! o(er e$ectro"!etic

)!(es+ B% &e#er!ti#& ! speci,ic e$ectro"!etic )!(e !t the so*rce2 its e,,ect c!# 0e #otice' !t

the recei(er ,!r ,ro" the so*rce2 )hich the# i'e#ti,ies it !#' th*s the i#,or"!tio#+

Th*s2 !# RFID S%ste" c!# 0e (is*!$ie' !s the s*" o, the ,o$$o)i#& three co"po#e#ts

RFID t!& or tr!#spo#'er

RFID re!'er or tr!#scei(er

D!t! processi#& s*0s%ste"

!)*+ )re@uencies

M*ch $i3e t*#i#& i#to the ,!(o*rite r!'io st!tio#2 RFID t!&s !#' re!'ers "*st 0e t*#e' i#to the

s!"e ,re-*e#c% to e#!0$e co""*#ic!tio#s+ RFID s%ste"s c!# *se ! (!riet% o, ,re-*e#cies to

co""*#ic!te2 0*t 0ec!*se r!'io )!(es )or3 !#' !ct 'i,,ere#t$% !t 'i,,ere#t ,re-*e#cies2 !

,re-*e#c% ,or ! speci,ic RFID s%ste" is o,te# 'epe#'!#t o# its !pp$ic!tio#+ Hi&h ,re-*e#c%

RFID s%ste"s .>7 MH to ?7 MH !#' 4+6 H to 4+7 H/ o,,er tr!#s"issio# r!#&es o,

"ore th!# ? ,eet2 !$tho*&h )!(e$e#&ths i# the 4+6 H r!#&e !re !0sor0e' 0% )!ter2 )hich

i#c$*'es the h*"!# 0o'% !#' there,ore h!s $i"it!tio#s+

!)*+ +esign Approach(

T)o ,*#'!"e#t!$$% 'i,,ere#t RFID 'esi !ppro!ches eist ,or tr!#s,erri#& po)er ,ro" the

re!'er to the t!& "!etic i#'*ctio# !#' e$ectro"!etic .EM/ )!(e c!pt*re+ These t)o 'esis

t!3e !'(!#t!&e o, the EM properties !ssoci!te' )ith !# RF !#te##!the near field !#' thefar

field+ Both c!# tr!#s,er e#o*&h po)er to ! re"ote t!& to s*st!i# its oper!tio#t%pic!$$% 0et)ee#

1 W !#' 1 "W2 'epe#'i#& o# the t!& t%pe+



29/95


2ear


30/95


coi$+

The r!#&e ,or )hich )e c!# *se "!etic i#'*ctio# !pproi"!tes to c;4f2 )here c is ! co#st!#t

.the spee' o, $i&ht/ !#' f is the ,re-*e#c%+ Th*s2 !s the ,re-*e#c% o, oper!tio# i#cre!ses2 the

'ist!#ce o(er )hich #e!r8,ie$' co*p$i#& c!# oper!te 'ecre!ses+ A ,*rther $i"it!tio# is the e#er&%



31/95


!(!i$!0$e ,or i#'*ctio# !s ! ,*#ctio# o, 'ist!#ce ,ro" the re!'er coi$+ The "!etic ,ie$' 'rops

o,, !t ! ,!ctor o, 1;r52 )here r is the sep!r!tio# o, the t!& !#' re!'er2 !$o#& ! ce#ter $i#e

perpe#'ic*$!r to the coi$@s p$!#e+ These 'esi press*res h!(e $e' to #e) p!ssi(e RFID 'esis

0!se' o# ,!r8,ie$' co""*#ic!tio#+

)ar


32/95


RFID Re!'er Mo'*$e2 !re !$so c!$$e' !s i#terro&!tors+ The% co#(ert r!'io )!(es ret*r#e' ,ro"

the RFID t!& i#to ! ,or" th!t c!# 0e p!sse' o# to Co#tro$$ers2 )hich c!# "!3e *se o, it+ RFID

t!&s !#' re!'ers h!(e to 0e t*#e' to the s!"e ,re-*e#c% i# or'er to co""*#ic!te+ RFID s%ste"s

*se "!#% 'i,,ere#t ,re-*e#cies2 0*t the "ost co""o# !#' )i'e$% *se' Q s*pporte' 0% o*r

Re!'er is 147 H+

A# RFID s%ste" co#sists o, t)o sep!r!te co"po#e#ts ! t!& !#' ! re!'er+ T!&s !re

!#!$o&o*s to 0!rco'e $!0e$s !#' co"e i# 'i,,ere#t sh!pes !#' sies+ The t!& co#t!i#s !#

!#te##! co##ecte' to ! s"!$$ "icrochip co#t!i#i#& *p to t)o 3i$o0%tes o, '!t!+ The

re!'er or sc!##er ,*#ctio#s si"i$!r$% to ! 0!rco'e sc!##er+ Ho)e(er2 )hi$e ! 0!rco'esc!##er *ses ! $!ser 0e!" to sc!# the 0!rco'e2 !# RFID sc!##er *ses e$ectro"!etic

)!(es+ To tr!#s"it these )!(es2 the sc!##er *ses !# !#te##! th!t tr!#s"its ! si!$

co""*#ic!ti#& )ith the t!&s !#te##!+ The t!&@s !#te##! recei(es '!t! ,ro" the sc!##er

!#' tr!#s"its its p!rtic*$!r chip i#,or"!tio# to the sc!##er+

)eatures of !)*+(

!eading co$ocated tags

O#e co""erci!$ o0jecti(e o, RFID s%ste"s is to re!' !#' ch!r&e ,or !$$ t!&&e' &oo's i# !

st!#'!r' s*per"!r3et shoppi#& c!rt !s it is p*she' thro*&h !# i#str*"e#te' chec3o*t !is$e+ S*ch

! s%ste" )o*$' spee' *p the chec3o*t process !#' re'*ce oper!tio#!$ costs+

nab$ing a distributed %e%or' revo$ution

A#other 'isti#&*ishi#& ,e!t*re o, "o'er# RFID is th!t t!&s c!# co#t!i# ,!r "ore i#,or"!tio#

th!# ! si"p$e ID+ The% c!# i#corpor!te !''itio#!$ re!' o#$% or re!'8)rite "e"or%2 )hich !

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1YUZv5rd5AE/SIG4y5oMuZI/AAAAAAAABcc/gxBcwJz9p4A/s1600-h/RFID1.bmp


33/95


re!'er c!# the# ,*rther i#ter!ct )ith+ Re!'8o#$% "e"or% "i&ht co#t!i# !''itio#!$ pro'*ct 'et!i$s

th!t 'o#@t #ee' to 0e re!' e(er% ti"e ! t!& is i#terro&!te' 0*t !re !(!i$!0$e )he# re-*ire'+ For

e!"p$e2 the t!& "e"or% "i&ht co#t!i# ! 0!tch co'e2 so i, so"e pro'*cts !re ,o*#' to 0e ,!*$t%2

the co'e c!# he$p ,i#' other ite"s )ith the s!"e 'e,ects+

!)*+ that incorporates sensing

O#e o, the "ost i#tri&*i#& !spects o, "o'er# RFID t!&s is th!t the% c!# co#(e% i#,or"!tio# th!t

ete#'s 0e%o#' '!t! store' i# !# i#ter#!$ "e"or% !#' i#c$*'e '!t! th!t o#0o!r' se#sors cre!te'

'%#!"ic!$$%+ Co""erci!$ (ersio#s o, RFID tech#o$o&% c!# !$re!'% e#s*re th!t critic!$

e#(iro#"e#t!$ p!r!"eters h!(e#@t 0ee# ecee'e'+ For e!"p$e2 i, ! p!c3!&e is 'roppe' o# the

,$oor2 the i"p!ct "i&ht h!(e '!"!&e' the e#c$ose' pro'*ct+ A p!ssi(e ,orce se#sor c!# s*pp$% !

si#&$e 0it o, i#,or"!tio# th!t c!# 0e ret*r#e' !$o#& )ith !# RFID t!&@s ID2 !$erti#& the s%ste"

!0o*t the pro0$e"+

Privac' concerns

RFID h!s recei(e' "*ch !tte#tio# i# rece#t %e!rs !s jo*r#!$ists2 tech#o$o&ists !#' pri(!c%

!'(oc!tes h!(e 'e0!te' the ethics o, its *se+ Pri(!c% !'(oc!tes !re co#cer#e' th!t e(e# tho*&h

"!#% o, the corpor!tio#s co#si'eri#& RFID *se ,or i#(e#tor% tr!c3i#& h!(e ho#or!0$e i#te#tio#s2

)itho*t '*e c!re2 the tech#o$o&% "i&ht 0e *#)itti#&$% *se' to cre!te *#'esir!0$e o*tco"es ,or

"!#% c*sto"ers+

App$ication Areas(

RFID2 R!'io Fre-*e#c% I'e#ti,ic!tio# is ! tech#o$o&%2 )hich i#c$*'es )ire$ess '!t! c!pt*re !#'

tr!#s!ctio# processi#&+ Proi"it% .short r!#&e/ !#' Vici#it% .$o#& r!#&e/ !re t)o "!jor

!pp$ic!tio# !re!s )here RFID tech#o$o&% is *se'+ Tr!c3 !#' tr!ce !pp$ic!tio#s !re $o#& r!#&e or

(ici#it% !pp$ic!tio#s+ This tech#o$o&% pro(i'es !''itio#!$ ,*#ctio#!$it% !#' 0e#e,its ,or pro'*ct

!*the#tic!tio#+ Access co#tro$ !pp$ic!tio#s !re Short r!#&e or proi"it% t%pe o, !pp$ic!tio#s+A&i$eSe#se Tech#o$o&ies is ,oc*se' o# 'e$i(eri#& i##o(!ti(e2 hi&h (!$*e RFID so$*tio#s

!ssisti#& co"p!#%@s tr!c3 !ssets2 peop$e !#' 'oc*"e#ts+ A&i$eSe#se pro(i'es ro0*st !#'

co"p$ete RFID so$*tio#s 0*i$t o# top o, its ete#si0$e "i''$e)!re;,r!"e)or3 ,or o(er#"e#t2

He!$thc!re2 M!#*,!ct*ri#& !#' Aerosp!ce i#'*stries+



34/95


Passports

The ,irst RFID p!ssports .E8p!ssport/ )ere iss*e' 0% M!$!%si! i# 1??>+ I# !''itio# to

i#,or"!tio# !$so co#t!i#e' o# the (is*!$ '!t! p!&e o, the p!ssport2 M!$!%si!# e8p!ssports

recor'the tr!(e$ histor% .ti"e2 '!te !#' p$!ce/ o, e#tries !#' eits ,ro" the co*#tr%+ St!#'!r's ,or

RFID p!ssports !re 'eter"i#e' 0% the I#ter#!tio#!$ Ci(i$ A(i!tio# Or&!#i!tio# .ICAO/+ ICAO

re,ers to the ISO;IEC 16665 RFID chips i# e8p!ssports !s co#t!ct$ess i#te&r!te' circ*its+ ICAO

st!#'!r's pro(i'e ,or e8p!ssports to 0e i'e#ti,i!0$e 0% ! st!#'!r' e8p!ssport $o&o o# the ,ro#t

co(er+

&ecurit' and Access Contro$

RFID h!s $o#& 0ee# *se' !s !# e$ectro#ic 3e% to co#tro$ )ho h!s !ccess to o,,ice 0*i$'i#&s or

!re!s )ithi# o,,ice 0*i$'i#&s+ The ,irst !ccess co#tro$ s%ste"s *se' $o)8,re-*e#c% RFID t!&s+

Rece#t$%2 (e#'ors h!(e i#tro'*ce' 15+7 MH s%ste"s th!t o,,er $o#&er re!' r!#&e+

Peop$e Tracking(

Peop$e tr!c3i#& s%ste" !re *se' j*st !s !sset tr!c3i#& s%ste"+ Hospit!$s !#' j!i$s !re "ost

&e#er!$ tr!c3i#& re-*ire' p$!ces+ Hospit!$ *ses RFID t!&s ,or tr!c3i#& their speci!$ p!tie#ts+ I#

e"er&e#c% p!tie#t !#' other esse#ti!$ e-*ip"e#t c!# e!si$% tr!c3+ It )i$$ 0e "!i#$% (er% *se,*$ i#

"e#t!$ c!re hospit!$s )here 'octors c!# tr!c3 e!ch !#' e(er% !cti(it% o, the p!tie#t+ Hospit!$s

!$so *se these RFID t!&s ,or $oc!ti#& !#' tr!c3i#& !$$ the !cti(ities o, the #e)$% 0or# 0!0ies+

+ocu%ent tracking(

This is "ost co""o# pro0$e"+ A(!i$!0i$it% o, $!r&e !"o*#t o, '!t! !#' 'oc*"e#ts 0ri#&s $ots o,

pro0$e" i# 'oc*"e#t "!#!&e"e#t s%ste"+ A# RFID 'oc*"e#t8tr!c3i#& s%ste" s!(es ti"e !#'

"o#e% 0% s*0st!#ti!$$% re'*ci#&

overn%ent 4ibrar'(

M!#% &o(er#"e#t $i0r!ries *se 0!rco'e !#' e$ectro"!etic strips to tr!c3 (!rio*s !ssets+ RFID

tech#o$o&% *ses ,or re!'i#& these 0!rco'es *#$i3e the se$,80!rco'e re!'er RFID po)ere' 0!rco'e

re!'er c!# re!' "*$tip$e ite"s si"*$t!#eo*s$%+ This re'*ces -*e*es !#' i#cre!ses the #*"0er o,c*sto"ers *si#& se$,8chec32 )hich i# t*r# )i$$ re'*ce the st!,, #ecess!r% !t the circ*$!tio# 'es3s+

&upp$' Chain :anage%ent



35/95


RFID tech#o$o&% h!s 0ee# *se' i# c$ose' $oop s*pp$% ch!i#s or to !*to"!te p!rts o, the s*pp$%

ch!i# )ithi# ! co"p!#%s co#tro$ ,or %e!rs+ As st!#'!r's e"er&e2 co"p!#ies !re i#cre!si#&$%

t*r#i#& to RFID to tr!c3 ship"e#ts !"o#& s*pp$% ch!i# p!rt#ers+

The )uture of !)*+

RFID is s!i' 0% "!#% i# the i#'*str% to 0e the ,ro#tr*##er tech#o$o&% ,or !*to"!tic

i'e#ti,ic!tio# !#' '!t! co$$ectio#+ The 0i&&est2 !s o, %et *#pro(e#2 0e#e,it )o*$' *$ti"!te$% 0e i#

the co#s*"er &oo's s*pp$% ch!i# )here !# RFID t!& !tt!che' to ! co#s*"er pro'*ct co*$' 0e

tr!c3e' ,ro" "!#*,!ct*ri#& to the ret!i$ store ri&ht to the co#s*"ers ho"e+

3.- &eria$ Co%%unication(

The "!i# re-*ire"e#ts ,or seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# !re

1+ Microco#tro$$er4+ PC

5+ RS 454 c!0$e

6+ MAG 454 IC

7+ H%perTer"i#!$

+Ti%ers(

The >71 h!s t)o ti"ers Ti"er !#' Ti"er 1+ The% c!# 0e *se' either !s ti"ers to &e#er!te !

ti"e 'e$!% or !s co*#ters to co*#t e(e#ts h!ppe#i#& o*tsi'e the "icroco#tro$$er+

Both Ti"er !#' Ti"er 1 !re 180it )i'e+ Si#ce the >71 h!s !# >80it !rchitect*re2 e!ch

180it ti"er is !ccesse' !s t)o sep!r!te re&isters o, $o) 0%te !#' hi&h 0%te+ Lo)er 0%te re&ister

o, Ti"er is TL !#' hi&her 0%te is TH+ Si"i$!r$% $o)er 0%te re&ister o, Ti"er1 is TL1 !#'

hi&her 0%te re&ister is TH1+

T:O+ 6ti%er %ode7 register(Both ti"ers !#' 1 *se the s!"e re&ister TMOD to set the

(!rio*s oper!tio# "o'es+ TMOD is !# >80it re&ister i# )hich the $o)er 6 0its !re set !si'e ,or

Ti"er !#' the *pper 6 0its ,or Ti"er 1+ I# e!ch c!se2 the $o)er 4 0its !re *se' to set the ti"er

"o'e !#' the *pper 4 0its to speci,% the oper!tio#+



36/95


AT E(er% ti"er h!s ! "e!#s o, st!rti#& !#' stoppi#&+ So"e ti"ers 'o this 0% so,t)!re2 so"e

0% h!r')!re !#' so"e h!(e 0oth so,t)!re !#' h!r')!re co#tro$s+ The ti"ers i# the >71 h!(e

0oth+ The st!rt !#' stop o, the ti"er !re co#tro$$e' 0% the )!% o, so,t)!re 0% the TR .ti"er st!rt/

0its TR !#' TR1+ These i#str*ctio#s st!rt !#' stop the ti"ers !s $o#& !s ATE i# the TMOD

re&ister+ The h!r')!re )!% o, st!rti#& !#' stoppi#& the ti"er 0% !# eter#!$ so*rce is !chie(e'

0% "!3i#& ATE1 i# the TMOD re&ister+

C5T

Ti"er or co*#ter se$ecte'+ C$e!re' ,or ti"er oper!tio# !#' set ,or co*#ter oper!tio#+

:1

Mo'e 0it 1

:

Mo'e 0it

:ode &e$ection

:1 : :ode Operating :ode

1580it ti"er "o'e

>80it ti"er;co*#ter TH )ith TL !s 780it presc!$er

1 1 180it ti"er "o'e

180it ti"er;co*#ters TH !#' TL !re c!sc!'e'

1 4 >80it !*to re$o!' ti"er;co*#ter

TH ho$'s ! (!$*e th!t is to 0e re$o!'e' i#to TL e!ch ti"e

it o(er,$o)s

1 1 5 Sp$it ti"er

As'nchronous and &'nchronous &eria$ Co%%unication



37/95


Co"p*ters tr!#s,er '!t! i# t)o )!%s p!r!$$e$ !#' seri!$+ I# p!r!$$e$ '!t! tr!#s,ers2 o,te# >

or "ore $i#es !re *se' to tr!#s,er '!t! to ! 'e(ice th!t is o#$% ! ,e) ,eet !)!%+ A$tho*&h ! $ot o,

'!t! c!# 0e tr!#s,erre' i# ! short !"o*#t o, ti"e 0% *si#& "!#% )ires i# p!r!$$e$2 the 'ist!#ce

c!##ot 0e &re!t+ To tr!#s,er to ! 'e(ice $oc!te' "!#% "eters !)!%2 the seri!$ "etho' is 0est

s*it!0$e+

!&"3" CAB4(

To !$$o) co"p!ti0i$it% !"o#& '!t! co""*#ic!tio# e-*ip"e#t2 !# i#ter,!ci#& st!#'!r'

c!$$e' RS454 is *se'+ Si#ce the st!#'!r' )!s set $o#& 0e,ore the !'(e#t o, the TTL $o&ic ,!"i$%2

its i#p*t !#' o*tp*t (o$t!&e $e(e$s !re #ot TTL co"p!ti0$e+ For this re!so#2 to co##ect !#%

RS454 to ! "icroco#tro$$er s%ste"2 (o$t!&e co#(erters s*ch !s MAG454 !re *se' to co#(ert the

TTL $o&ic $e(e$s to the RS454 (o$t!&e $e(e$s !#' (ice (ers!+

:A9 "3"(

M!454 IC is ! speci!$ie' circ*it )hich "!3es st!#'!r' (o$t!&es !s re-*ire' 0% RS454

st!#'!r's+ This IC pro(i'es 0est #oise rejectio# !#' (er% re$i!0$e !&!i#st 'isch!r&es !#' short

circ*its+ MAG454 IC chips !re co""o#$% re,erre' to !s $i#e 'ri(ers+

To e#s*re '!t! tr!#s,er 0et)ee# PC !#' "icroco#tro$$er2 the 0!*' r!te !#' (o$t!&e $e(e$s

o, Microco#tro$$er !#' PC sho*$' 0e the s!"e+ The (o$t!&e $e(e$s o, "icroco#tro$$er !re $o&ic1

!#' $o&ic i+e+2 $o&ic 1 is 7V !#' $o&ic is V+



38/95


&CO2 6seria$ contro$7 register(

The SCON re&ister is !# >80it re&ister *se' to pro&r!" the st!rt 0it2 stop 0it !#' '!t! 0its o, '!t!

,r!"i#&+

SM SCON+ Seri!$ port "o'e speci,ier

SM1 SCON+ Seri!$ port "o'e speci,ier

SM4 SCON+7 Use' ,or "*$tiprocessor co""*#ic!tio#

REN SCON+6 Set;c$e!re' 0% so,t)!re to e#!0$e;'is!0$e receptio#

TB> SCON+5 Not )i'e$% *se'

RB> SCON+4 Not )i'e$% *se'TI SCON+1 Tr!#s"it i#terr*pt ,$!&+ Set 0% h!r')!re !t the

0e&i##i#& o, the stop 0it i# "o'e 1+ M*st 0e

c$e!re' 0% so,t)!re+

RI SCON+ Recei(e i#terr*pt ,$!&+ Set 0% h!r')!re !t the



39/95


1 Seri!$ Mo'e 12 >80it '!t!2 1 stop 0it2 1 st!rt 0it

1 Seri!$ Mo'e 4

1 1 Seri!$ Mo'e 5

/-1 *nterface #ith an' 8terna$ +evices using &eria$ Co%%unication(

3.> Buzzer


40/95


The oper!tio# o, this circ*it is !s ,o$$o)s

The i#p*t to the 0!se o, the tr!#sistor is !pp$ie' ,ro" the "icroco#tro$$er port pi# P1++

The tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e s)itche' o# )he# the 0!se to e"itter (o$t!&e is &re!ter th!# +V .c*t8i#(o$t!&e/+ Th*s )he# the (o$t!&e !pp$ie' to the pi# P1+ is hi&h i+e+2 P1+1 .+V/2 the

tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e s)itche' o# !#' th*s the 0*er )i$$ 0e ON+

Whe# the (o$t!&e !t the pi# P1+ is $o) i+e+2 P1+ .+V/ the tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e i# o,, st!te !#'

the 0*er )i$$ 0e OFF+ Th*s the tr!#sistor !cts $i3e ! c*rre#t 'ri(er to oper!te the 0*er

!ccor'i#&$%+

B=! *2T!)AC*2 ;*TH TH :*C!OCO2T!O44!(



41/95


5+ itches and Pushbuttons

This is the si"p$est )!% o, co#tro$$i#& !ppe!r!#ce o, so"e (o$t!&e o# "icroco#tro$$er@s i#p*t

pi#+ There is !$so #o #ee' ,or !''itio#!$ ep$!#!tio# o, ho) these co"po#e#ts oper!te+

This is !0o*t so"ethi#& co""o#$% *##otice!0$e )he# *si#& these co"po#e#ts i# e(er%'!% $i,e+

It is !0o*t co#t!ct 0o*#ce2 ! co""o# pro0$e" )ith "ech!#ic!$ s)itches+ I, co#t!ct s)itchi#&

'oes #ot h!ppe# so -*ic3$%2 se(er!$ co#sec*ti(e 0o*#ces c!# 0e #otice' prior to "!i#t!i# st!0$e

st!te+ The re!so#s ,or this !re (i0r!tio#s2 s$i&ht ro*&h spots !#' 'irt+ A#%)!%2 this )ho$e process

'oes #ot $!st $o#& .! ,e) "icro8 or "i$$iseco#'s/2 0*t $o#& e#o*&h to 0e re&istere' 0% the

"icroco#tro$$er+ Co#cer#i#& the p*$se co*#ter2 error occ*rs i# !$"ost 1K o, c!ses+

The si"p$est so$*tio# is to co##ect si"p$e RC circ*it )hich )i$$ s*ppress e!ch -*ic3 (o$t!&e

ch!#&e+ Si#ce the 0o*#ci#& ti"e is #ot 'e,i#e'2 the (!$*es o, e$e"e#ts !re #ot strict$%

'eter"i#e'+ I# the "ost c!ses2 the (!$*es sho)# o# ,i&*re !re s*,,icie#t+

itch *nterfacing #ith /-1(



42/95


I# >71 PORT 12 PORT 4 Q PORT 5 h!(e i#ter#!$ 13 P*$$8*p resistors )here!s this P*$$8*p

resistor is !0se#t i# PORT .He#ce PORT 12 4 Q 5 c!# 0e 'irect$% *se' to i#ter,!ce ! s)itch

)here!s )e h!(e to *se !# eter#!$ 13 p*$$8*p resistor ,or PORT to 0e *se' ,or s)itch

i#ter,!ci#& or ,or !#% other i#p*t+ Fi&*re 1 sho)s s)itch i#ter,!ci#& ,or PORT 12 4 Q 5+ Fi&*re 4

sho)s s)itch i#ter,!ci#& to PORT +

For !#% pi# to 0e *se' !s !# i#p*t pi#2 ! HIH .1/ sho*$' 0e )ritte# to the pi# i, the pi# )i$$

!$)!%s to 0e re!' !s LOW+I# the !0o(e ,i&*re2 )he# the s)itch is #ot presse'2 the 13 resistor

pro(i'es the c*rre#t #ee'e' ,or LOIC 1 !#' c$os*re o, s)itch pro(i'es LOIC to the

co#tro$$er PIN+

3./ !A4 T*: C4OC(

The re!$ ti"e c$oc3 .RTC/ is ! )i'e$% *se' 'e(ice th!t pro(i'es !cc*r!te ti"e !#' '!te ,or "!#%

!pp$ic!tio#s+ The RTC chip prese#t i# the PC pro(i'es ti"e co"po#e#ts o, ho*r2 "i#*te !#'

seco#' i# !''itio# to the '!te;c!$e#'!r co"po#e#ts o, %e!r2 "o#th !#' '!%+

Features:



43/95


Re!$8Ti"e C$oc3 .RTC/ Co*#ts seco#'s2 "i#*tes2 ho*rs2 '!te o, the "o#th2 "o#th2 '!% o, the

)ee32 !#' %e!r )ith Le!p8


44/95


Bit ( Output Contro$ 6O=T7.

This 0it co#tro$s the o*tp*t $e(e$ o, the SW;OUT pi# )he# the s-*!re )!(e o*tp*t is 'is!0$e'+

I, SWE 2 the $o&ic $e(e$ o# the SW;OUT pi# is 1 i, OUT 1 !#' is i, OUT +

Bit ,( &@uare


45/95


+ata transfer %a' be initiated on$' #hen the bus is not bus'.

+uring data transferD the data $ine %ust re%ain stab$e #henever the c$ock $ine is

H*H. Changes in the data $ine #hi$e the c$ock $ine is high #i$$ be interpreted as

contro$ signa$s.

Accor'i#&$%2 the ,o$$o)i#& 0*s co#'itio#s h!(e 0ee# 'e,i#e'

Bus not bus'(

Both '!t! !#' c$oc3 $i#es re"!i# HIH+

&tart data transfer(A ch!#&e i# the st!te o, the '!t! $i#e2 ,ro" HIH to LOW2 )hi$e the c$oc3 is HIH2 'e,i#es !

START co#'itio#+

&top data transfer(

A ch!#&e i# the st!te o, the '!t! $i#e2 ,ro" LOW to HIH2 )hi$e the c$oc3 $i#e is HIH2

'e,i#es the STOP co#'itio#+

+ata va$id(

The st!te o, the '!t! $i#e represe#ts (!$i' '!t! )he#2 !,ter ! START co#'itio#2 the '!t! $i#e is

st!0$e ,or the '*r!tio# o, the HIH perio' o, the c$oc3 si!$+ The '!t! o# the $i#e "*st

0ech!#&e' '*ri#& the LOW perio' o, the c$oc3 si!$+ There is o#e c$oc3 p*$se per 0it o, '!t!+

E!ch '!t! tr!#s,er is i#iti!te' )ith ! START co#'itio# !#' ter"i#!te' )ith ! STOP co#'itio#+



46/95


The #*"0er o, '!t! 0%tes tr!#s,erre' 0et)ee# START !#' STOP co#'itio#s is #ot $i"ite'2 !#' is

'eter"i#e' 0% the "!ster 'e(ice

Ackno#$edge(

E!ch recei(i#& 'e(ice2 )he# !''resse'2 is o0$i&e' to &e#er!te !# !c3#o)$e'&e"e#t !,ter the

receptio# o, e!ch 0%te+ The "!ster 'e(ice "*st &e#er!te !# etr! c$oc3 p*$se )hich is !ssoci!te'

)ith this !c3#o)$e'&e 0it+ A 'e(ice th!t !c3#o)$e'&es "*st p*$$ 'o)# the SDA $i#e '*ri#& the

!c3#o)$e'&e c$oc3 p*$se i# s*ch ! )!% th!t the SDA $i#e is st!0$e LOW '*ri#& the HIH perio'

o, the !c3#o)$e'&e re$!te' c$oc3 p*$se+ O, co*rse2 set*p !#' ho$' ti"es "*st 0e t!3e# i#to

!cco*#t+



47/95


3.0 4*E=*+ C!F&TA4 +*&P4AF(

LCD st!#'s ,or 4i-*i' Cr%st!$ +isp$!%+ LCD is ,i#'i#& )i'e spre!' *se rep$!ci#& LEDs .se(e#

se&"e#t LEDs or other "*$ti se&"e#t LEDs/ 0ec!*se o, the ,o$$o)i#& re!so#s1+ The 'ec$i#i#& prices o, LCDs+

4+ The !0i$it% to 'isp$!% #*"0ers2 ch!r!cters !#' &r!phics+ This is i# co#tr!st to LEDs2

)hich !re $i"ite' to #*"0ers !#' ! ,e) ch!r!cters+

5+ I#corpor!tio# o, ! re,reshi#& co#tro$$er i#to the LCD2 there0% re$ie(i#& the CPU o, the

t!s3 o, re,reshi#& the LCD+ I# co#tr!st2 the LED "*st 0e re,reshe' 0% the CPU to 3eep

'isp$!%i#& the '!t!+

6+ E!se o, pro&r!""i#& ,or ch!r!cters !#' &r!phics+These co"po#e#ts !re 9speci!$ie': ,or 0ei#&

*se' )ith the "icroco#tro$$ers2 )hich "e!#s th!t the% c!##ot 0e !cti(!te' 0% st!#'!r' IC circ*its+ The% !re

*se' ,or )riti#& 'i,,ere#t "ess!&es o#! "i#i!t*re LCD+



48/95


4C+ Basic Co%%ands

A$$ '!t! tr!#s,erre' to LCD thro*&h o*tp*ts D8D )i$$ 0e i#terprete' !s co""!#'s or !s '!t!2

)hich 'epe#'s o# $o&ic st!te o# pi# RS

RS 1 8 Bits D 8 D !re !''resses o, ch!r!cters th!t sho*$' 0e 'isp$!%e'+ B*i$t i#

processor !''resses 0*i$t i# 9"!p o, ch!r!cters: !#' 'isp$!%s correspo#'i#& s%"0o$s+

Disp$!%i#& positio# is 'eter"i#e' 0% DDRAM !''ress+ This !''ress is either pre(io*s$%

'e,i#e' or the !''ress o, pre(io*s$% tr!#s,erre' ch!r!cter is !*to"!tic!$$% i#cre"e#te'+

RS 8 Bits D 8 D !re co""!#'s )hich 'eter"i#e 'isp$!% "o'e+ List o, co""!#'s

)hich LCD recoies !re &i(e# i# the t!0$e 0e$o)(

)unction a$ue Operation

I;D 1 I#cre"e#t 0% 1

Decre"e#t 0% 1

S 1 Disp$!% shi,t o#

Disp$!% shi,t o,,


1 D D

Re!'

,ro"

CRAM

or

DDRAM

D6 D5 D4 D1 D

6*S


49/95


D 1 Disp$!% o#

Disp$!% o,,

U 1 C*rsor o#

C*rsor o,,

B 1 C*rsor 0$i#3 o# C*rsor 0$i#3 o,,

R;L 1 Shi,t ri&ht

Shi,t $e,t

DL 1 >80it i#ter,!ce

680it i#ter,!ce

N 1 Disp$!% i# t)o

$i#es

Disp$!% i# o#e

$i#e

F 1 Ch!r!cter ,or"!t

71 'ots

Ch!r!cter ,or"!t

7 'ots

D;C 1 Disp$!% shi,t

C*rsor shi,t

4C+ Connection

Depe#'i#& o# ho) "!#% $i#es !re *se' ,or co##ectio# to the "icroco#tro$$er2 there !re >8

0it !#' 680it LCD "o'es+ The !ppropri!te "o'e is 'eter"i#e' !t the 0e&i##i#& o, the process i#

! ph!se c!$$e' 9i#iti!$i!tio#:+ I# the ,irst c!se2 the '!t! !re tr!#s,erre' thro*&h o*tp*ts D8D !s

it h!s 0ee# !$re!'% ep$!i#e'+ I# c!se o, 680it LED "o'e2 ,or the s!3e o, s!(i#& (!$*!0$e I;O

pi#s o, the "icroco#tro$$er2 there !re o#$% 6 hi&her 0its .D68D/ *se' ,or co""*#ic!tio#2 )hi$e

other "!% 0e $e,t *#co##ecte'+

4C+ *nitia$ization

O#ce the po)er s*pp$% is t*r#e' o#2 LCD is !*to"!tic!$$% c$e!re'+ This process $!sts ,or

!pproi"!te$% 17"S+ A,ter th!t2 'isp$!% is re!'% to oper!te+ The "o'e o, oper!ti#& is set 0%

'e,!*$t+ This "e!#s th!t

1+ Disp$!% is c$e!re'



50/95


4+ Mo'e

DL 1 Co""*#ic!tio# thro*&h >80it i#ter,!ce

N Mess!&es !re 'isp$!%e' i# o#e $i#e

F Ch!r!cter ,o#t 7 > 'ots

5+ Disp$!%;C*rsor o#;o,,

D Disp$!% o,,

U C*rsor o,,

B C*rsor 0$i#3 o,,

6+ Ch!r!cter e#tr%

ID 1 A''resses o# 'isp$!% !re !*to"!tic!$$% i#cre"e#te' 0% 1

S Disp$!% shi,t o,,

A$&orith" !ccor'i#& to the i#iti!$i!tio# is 0ei#& per,or"e' 'epe#'s o# )hether co##ectio# to

the "icroco#tro$$er is thro*&h 68 or >80it i#ter,!ce+ A$$ $e,t o(er to 0e 'o#e !,ter th!t is to &i(e

0!sic co""!#'s !#' o, co*rse8 to 'isp$!% "ess!&es+



51/95


Contrast Contro$(

To h!(e ! c$e!r (ie) o, the ch!r!cters o# the LCD2 co#tr!st sho*$' 0e !'j*ste'+ To !'j*st the

co#tr!st2 the (o$t!&e sho*$' 0e (!rie'+ For this2 ! preset is *se' )hich c!# 0eh!(e $i3e ! (!ri!0$e

(o$t!&e 'e(ice+ As the (o$t!&e o, this preset is (!rie'2 the co#tr!st o, the LCD c!# 0e !'j*ste'+



52/95


Potentio%eter

V!ri!0$e resistors *se' !s pote#tio"eters h!(e !$$ three ter%ina$sco##ecte'+ This !rr!#&e"e#t

is #or"!$$% *se' to var' vo$tage2 ,or e!"p$e to set the s)itchi#& poi#t o, ! circ*it )ith !

se#sor2 or co#tro$ the (o$*"e .$o*'#ess/ i# !# !"p$i,ier circ*it+ I, the ter"i#!$s !t the e#'s o, the

tr!c3 !re co##ecte' !cross the po)er s*pp$%2 the# the )iper ter"i#!$ )i$$ pro(i'e ! (o$t!&e

)hich c!# 0e (!rie' ,ro" ero *p to the "!i"*" o, the s*pp$%+

Presets

These !re "i#i!t*re (ersio#s o, the st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistor+ The% !re 'esie' to 0e "o*#te'

'irect$% o#to the circ*it 0o!r' !#' !'j*ste' o#$% )he# the circ*it is 0*i$t+ For e!"p$e2 to set the

,re-*e#c% o, !# !$!r" to#e or the se#siti(it% o, ! $i&ht8se#siti(e circ*it2 ! s"!$$ scre)'ri(er or

si"i$!r too$ is re-*ire' to !'j*st presets+

Presets !re "*ch che!per th!# st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistors so the% !re so"eti"es *se' i# projects

)here ! st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistor )o*$' #or"!$$% 0e *se'+ :u$titurn presets!re *se' )here

(er% precise !'j*st"e#ts "*st 0e "!'e+ The scre) "*st 0e t*r#e' "!#% ti"es .1/ to "o(e the

s$i'er ,ro" o#e e#' o, the tr!c3 to the other2 &i(i#& (er% ,i#e co#tro$+

4C+ interface #ith the %icrocontro$$er 6,


53/95




54/95


Chapter ,

)ir%#are *%p$e%entation

This ch!pter 0rie,$% ep$!i#s !0o*t the ,ir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project+ The re-*ire'

so,t)!re too$s !re 'isc*sse' i# sectio# 6+4+ Sectio# 6+5 sho)s the ,$o) 'i!&r!" o, the project

'esi+ Sectio# 6+6 prese#ts the ,ir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project 'esi+

,.1 &oft#are Too$s !e@uired



55/95


ei$ (52 Pro$o!' !re the t)o so,t)!re too$s *se' to pro&r!" "icroco#tro$$er+ The

)or3i#& o, e!ch so,t)!re too$ is ep$!i#e' 0e$o) i# 'et!i$+

,.1.1 Progra%%ing :icrocontro$$er

A co"pi$er ,or ! hi&h $e(e$ $!#&*!&e he$ps to re'*ce pro'*ctio# ti"e+ To pro&r!" the

AT>?S74 "icroco#tro$$er the ei$ (5 is *se'+ The pro&r!""i#& is 'o#e strict$% i# the

e"0e''e' C $!#&*!&e+ ei$ (5 is ! s*ite o, eec*t!0$e2 ope# so*rce so,t)!re 'e(e$op"e#t too$s

,or the "icroco#tro$$ers hoste' o# the Wi#'o)s p$!t,or"+

ei$ Co%pi$er(

ei$ co"pi$er is so,t)!re *se' )here the "!chi#e $!#&*!&e co'e is )ritte# !#' co"pi$e'+

A,ter co"pi$!tio#2 the "!chi#e so*rce co'e is co#(erte' i#to he co'e )hich is to 0e '*"pe'

i#to the "icroco#tro$$er ,or ,*rther processi#&+ ei$ co"pi$er !$so s*pports C $!#&*!&e co'e+



56/95


Pro$oad(

Pro$o!' is so,t)!re )hich !ccepts o#$% he ,i$es+ O#ce the "!chi#e co'e is co#(erte'

i#to he co'e2 th!t he co'e h!s to 0e '*"pe' i#to the "icroco#tro$$er !#' this is 'o#e 0% the

Pro$o!'+ Pro$o!' is ! pro&r!""er )hich itse$, co#t!i#s ! "icroco#tro$$er i# it other th!# the o#e

)hich is to 0e pro&r!""e'+ This "icroco#tro$$er h!s ! pro&r!" i# it )ritte# i# s*ch ! )!% th!t it

!ccepts the he ,i$e ,ro" the ei$ co"pi$er !#' '*"ps this he ,i$e i#to the "icroco#tro$$er

)hich is to 0e pro&r!""e'+ As the Pro$o!' pro&r!""er 3it re-*ires po)er s*pp$% to 0e

oper!te'2 this po)er s*pp$% is &i(e# ,ro" the po)er s*pp$% circ*it 'esie' !0o(e+ It sho*$' 0e

#ote' th!t this pro&r!""er 3it co#t!i#s ! po)er s*pp$% sectio# i# the 0o!r' itse$, 0*t i# or'er to

s)itch o# th!t po)er s*pp$%2 ! so*rce is re-*ire'+ Th*s this is !cco"p$ishe' ,ro" the po)er

s*pp$% 0o!r' )ith !# o*tp*t o, 14(o$ts+



57/95


Features

S*pports "!jor At"e$ >? series 'e(ices

A*to I'e#ti,% co##ecte' h!r')!re !#' 'e(ices

Error chec3i#& !#' (eri,ic!tio# i#80*i$t

Loc3 o, pro&r!"s i# chip s*pporte' to pre(e#t pro&r!" cop%i#&

4 !#' 6 pi# IF soc3et o#80o!r'

A*to Er!se 0e,ore )riti#& !#' A*to Veri,% !,ter )riti#&

I#,or"!ti(e st!t*s 0!r !#' !ccess to $!test pro&r!""e' ,i$e

Si"p$e !#' E!s% to *se

Wor3s o# 7 spee'

+escription

It is si"p$e to *se !#' $o) cost2 %et po)er,*$ ,$!sh "icroco#tro$$er pro&r!""er ,or the

At"e$ >? series+ It )i$$ Pro&r!"2 Re!' !#' Veri,% Co'e D!t!2 Write Loc3 Bits2 Er!se !#' B$!#3

Chec3+ A$$ ,*se !#' $oc3 0its !re pro&r!""!0$e+ This pro&r!""er h!s i#te$$i&e#t o#0o!r'

,ir")!re !#' co##ects to the seri!$ port+ It c!# 0e *se' )ith !#% t%pe o, co"p*ter !#' re-*ires

#o speci!$ h!r')!re+ A$$ th!t is #ee'e' is ! seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# ports )hich !$$ co"p*ters

h!(e+

pro&r!""i#& i#te$$i&e#ce is 0*i$t i#to the pro&r!""er so %o* 'o #ot #ee' !#% speci!$h!r')!re to r*# it+ Pro&r!""er co"es )ith )i#'o) 0!se' so,t)!re ,or e!s% pro&r!""i#& o, the

'e(ices+



58/95


Progra%%ing &oft#are

Co"p*ter si'e so,t)!re c!$$e' GPro$oad ,.1Gis eec*te' th!t !ccepts the I#te$ HEG ,or"!t ,i$e

&e#er!te' ,ro" co"pi$er to 0e se#t to t!r&et "icroco#tro$$er+ It !*to 'etects the h!r')!re

co##ecte' to the seri!$ port+ It !$so !*to 'etects the chip i#serte' !#' 0%tes *se'+ So,t)!re is

'e(e$ope' i# De$phi !#' re-*ires #o o(erhe!' o, !#% eter#!$ DLL+



59/95




60/95


Chapter -

Coding and sche%atic diagra%



61/95


inc$udeIreg-1.hJ

inc$udeIintrins.hJ

inc$udeIstring.h

define $data P1



62/95


55 P1 =&+ )O! 4C+ +ATA

55 !TC CO22CT*O2

sbit &C4KP"L1M

sbit &+AKP"LM

sbit rs KP1L"M

55 !*&T! &4CT of 4C+

sbit en KP1L3M

552AB4 O) 4C+

sbit enter K P3L,M

sbit dec K P3L-M

sbit inc K P3L>M

55sbit $ed K P"L3M

sbit buz K P"LM

sbit accessNs# K P3LM

void $cdc%d6unsigned char 7M

void de$a' 6unsigned int 7 M

void $cddata6unsigned char 7

void %sgdisp$a'6unsigned char b7

void start6void7M

void #rite6unsigned charDunsigned char7M

unsigned char read6unsigned char7

void ptos6unsigned char 7M

void stop6void7



63/95


void de$a'6unsigned int 7M

void setti%e6void7M

unsigned char

CO=2TDdatDaddDhrD%inD8Dbinb'teDB1DB"DB3DjKDe%pnoKDcarddata1-Dti%efindM

unsigned int i

void de$a'16unsigned int iti%e7M

unsigned char

ti%eDte%pti%eDda'K1Dt'peDstarthrDstart%inDendhrDend%inM

bit p%KDp%1Dda'se$ectM

void da'disp$a'6unsigned char7M

code unsigned char e%p1KQ3+/C1BQM

code unsigned char e%p"KQ,CA1ACB)QM

code unsigned char e%p3KQ,CA1AC)3Q

void serintr6void7 interrupt ,

R

if6!*KK17

R

carddatajK&B=)M

jKjS1M



64/95


!*KM

if6jJ1"7

jKM

void %ain67

unsigned char $cdco%KR8"D8"D8"/D8"/D8>D8cD81DM

unsigned char zDcardcountKM

unsigned char 8DaddrsM

enterKincKdecK1M

da'se$ectKM

for6zKM$cdco%zUKMzSS7

$cdc%d6$cdco%z7M

for6zKM$cdco%zUKMzSS7

$cdc%d6$cdco%z7M

%sgdisp$a'6Q#e$co%eQ7



65/95


T:O+K8"M 55 se$ect ti%er 1 in %ode"

TH1K8)+M 55 $oad the ti%er for generating 0> baud rate

&CO2K8-M 55 se$ect the seria$ co%%unication /bit data 1 start and 1 stop bit %ode

T!1K1M 55 start the ti%er

AK1M

&K1M

zKread67M

if6zKK8/7

R

start(

$cdc%d6817M

t'peK>M

%sgdisp$a'6Q &T TH T*: Q7M

setti%e67M

#rite6D7M

de$a'617M

#rite61Dte%pti%e17M

de$a'617M



66/95


#rite6"Dte%pti%e7M

de$a'617M

for6addK,MaddIMaddSS7

R

#rite6addDte%pti%eadd


67/95


de$a'617M

end%inKread68"37M

de$a'617M

jKM

$cdc%d6817M

%sgdisp$a'6Q+t(Q7M

#hi4e617

R

$cdc%d68,7M

for6addKMaddIMaddSS7

R

ti%eaddKread6add7M

zKti%eaddM

if6addKK7

R

$cdc%d68,7M

$cdc%d68C07M



68/95


if6addKK,7

R

$cdc%d68>7M

$cdc%d68/,7M

if6addKK"7

R

zKti%e"V68>7M

if6zKK8,7

p%1KM

e$se

p%1K1M

zKti%e"V81fM

B1KzV8fM

B"K6zV8f7JJ,M

if6addI37



69/95


R

$cddata6B1S,/7M

$cddata6B"S,/7M

if6addJ37

R

$cddata6B"S,/7M

$cddata6B1S,/7M

if6addI"7

$cddata6G(G7M

if66addJ37VV6addI>77

$cddata6G5G7M

de$a'6-7M

$cdc%d68ca7M

if6p%17

%sgdisp$a'6Qp%Q7M

e$se



70/95


%sgdisp$a'6Qa%Q7M

if6da'se$ectKK17

R

$cdc%d6817M

%sgdisp$a'6Q&4CT +AF( &=2Q7M

#hi$e6enterKK17

R

$cdc%d68/d7M

$cdc%d68e7M

if6incKK7

R

#hi$e6incKK7M

if6da'I/7

da'Kda'S1M

da'disp$a'6da'7M

if6decKK7

R



71/95


#hi$e6decKK7M

if6da'J17

da'Kda'


72/95


$cdc%d617M

55%sgdisp$a'6carddata7M

de$a'617M

jKM

55zKti%e"V81fM

if66ti%e"KKstarthr7VV6ti%e1JKstart%in7VV6ti%e1IKend%in77

R

if6Ustrc%p6carddataDe%p177

R

$cdc%d617M

%sgdisp$a'6Q;4CO: =&!1Q7M

de$a'61-7M

$cdc%d617M

e$se

if6Ustrc%p6carddataDe%p"77

R

$cdc%d617M



73/95


%sgdisp$a'6Q;4CO: =&!"Q7M

de$a'61-7M

$cdc%d617M

e$se

if6Ustrc%p6carddataDe%p377

R

$cdc%d617M

%sgdisp$a'6Q;4CO: =&!3Q7M

de$a'61-7M

$cdc%d617M

e$se

R

buzKM

$cdc%d617M

%sgdisp$a'6QACC&& T*: O!Q7M



74/95


de$a'617M

buzK1M

goto ti%edispM

if6accessNs#KK7

R

#hi$e6accessNs#KK7M

addrsK8"M

$cdc%d6817M

t'peK3M 55 to enter upto ti%e on$' 6no date7

for68KM8I1M8SS7

R

$cdc%d6817M

%sgdisp$a'6Q2T! &TA!T O) Q7M

$cdc%d68c7M

%sgdisp$a'6QACC&& T*:Q7M

de$a'61-7M



75/95


$cdc%d6817M

setti%e67M

#rite6addrsDte%pti%e7M

de$a'617M

addrsKaddrsS1M


addrsKaddrsS1M

de$a'6-7M

$cdc%d6817M

%sgdisp$a'6Q2T! 2+ O) Q7M

$cdc%d68c7M

%sgdisp$a'6QACC&& T*:Q7M

de$a'61-7M

$cdc%d6817M

setti%e67M


de$a'617M

addrsKaddrsS1M



76/95



addrsKaddrsS1M

de$a'617M

goto ti%edispM

if6enterKK7

R

#hi$e6enterKK7M

goto startM

void setti%e6void7

R

unsigned char ke'countKDhDgDd1Dd"Dc%dDup$i%itM

$cdc%d68C7M

if6t'peKK>7



77/95


%sgdisp$a'6Qhh(%%A: dd5%%5'rQ7M

e$se

%sgdisp$a'6Qhh(%%A: Q7M

$cdc%d68e7M 55cursor b$inking

#hi$e6ke'countIt'pe7 55 to se$ect a$ar% or current ti%e

R

hKM

if6ke'countKK7

R

c%dK8cM

up$i%itK1"M

e$se

if6ke'countKK17

R

c%dK8c3M

up$i%itK-0M



78/95


e$se

if6ke'countKK"7

R

c%dK8c-M

up$i%itK1M

e$se

if6ke'countKK37

R

c%dK8c/M

up$i%itK31M

e$se

if6ke'countKK,7

R

c%dK8cbM

up$i%itK1"M



79/95


e$se

if6ke'countKK-7

R

c%dK8ceM

up$i%itK00M

e$seM

#hi$e6enterKK17

R

$cdc%d6c%d7M

#hi$e66incKK17VV6decKK17VV6enterKK177M 55#ait ti$$ an' s#itch is pressed

de$a'637M

if6incKK7

R

de$a'6-7M



80/95


#hi$e6incKK7M

if6hKKup$i%it7

hKM

hKhS1M

if6decKK7

R

de$a'6-7M

#hi$e6decKK7M

if6h7

hKh


81/95


%sgdisp$a'6Qp%Q7M

p%K1M

e$se

R

%sgdisp$a'6Qa%Q7M

p%KM

e$se

R

gKhM

d1Kg51M

d"KgX1M

$cddata6d1S,/7M

$cddata6d"S,/7M

gK6d1II,7Y6d"X17M

te%pti%eke'countKgM



82/95


if6ke'countKK"7

$cddata6G G7M

ke'countKke'countS1M

de$a'6-7M

#hi$e6enterKK7M

if6p%7

te%pti%eK te%pti%eY8>M

e$se

te%pti%eKte%pti%eY8,M

$cdc%d6817M 55 c$ear the $cd

$cdc%d68c7M 55curser b$ink offM

void #rite6unsigned char addDunsigned char dat7

R

start67M



83/95


ptos69d7M 55device addr in #rite %ode55

ptos6add7M 55b'te addr55

ptos6dat7M 55data55

stop67M

55XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX !A+*2 )=2CT*O2 XXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

unsigned char read6unsigned char add7

R

unsigned char vDiM

start67M

ptos69d7M 55device addr in #rite %ode55

ptos6add7M 55b'te addr55

NnopN67M

start67M

ptos69d17M 55device addr in read %ode55

vKM

&+AK1M



84/95


for6iKMiIKMiSS7

R

&C4KM

NnopN67M

NnopN67M

&C4K1M

vKvY&+AM

if6iIK>7

vKvII1M

&C4KM

de$a'1617M

stop67M

return6v7M

55 +ATA !A+*2 )=2CT*O2

void da'disp$a'6unsigned char da'7

R



85/95


if6da'KK17

%sgdisp$a'6Q&=2Q7M

e$se

if6da'KK"7

%sgdisp$a'6Q:O2Q7M

e$se

if6da'KK37

%sgdisp$a'6QT=Q7M

e$se

if6da'KK,7

%sgdisp$a'6Q;+Q7M

e$se

if6da'KK-7

%sgdisp$a'6QTH=Q7M

e$se

if6da'KK>7

%sgdisp$a'6Q)!*Q7M

e$se



86/95


if6da'KK7

%sgdisp$a'6Q&ATQ7M

e$seM

55ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ &TA!T )=2CT*O2 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ void start6void7

&C4K1M

&+AK1M

NnopN67M

NnopN67M

&+AKM

55aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa +ATA &2+*2 TO P!A: *2

!A+ :O+

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

void ptos6unsigned char a7

R

unsigned char iDcM



87/95


for6iKMiIKMiSS7

R

cKaV1"/M

if6cKK7

&+AKM

e$se

&+AK1M

&C4K1M

NnopN67M

NnopN67M

&C4KM

aKaII1M

&+AK1M

NnopN67M

NnopN67M

&C4K1M

NnopN67M



88/95


NnopN67M

&C4KM

55&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &TOP )=2CT*O2

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

void stop6void7

R

&+AKM

&C4K1M

NnopN67M

NnopN67M

&+AK1M

&C4KM

55 +4AF )=2CT*O2

void de$a'6unsigned int s

R



89/95


unsigned int iDjM

for6iKMiIKsMiSS7

for6jKMjIK"-MjSS7M

55[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[+)*2AT*O2 O) 4C+ CO::A2+ *2 )O=! B*T :O+

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

void $cdc%d6unsigned char va$ue7

R

unsigned char nM

nKva$ueM

va$ueKva$ueV68f7M

$data K va$ueM

rs KM

en K1M

de$a'6-7M

en KM

va$ueKnM

va$ueKva$ueII,M

va$ueKva$ue V68f7M



90/95


$data K va$ueM

rs KM

en K1M

de$a'6-7M

en KM

55[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[+)*2AT*O2 O) 4C+ +ATA *2 )O=! B*T :O+

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

void $cddata6unsigned char va$ue7

R

unsigned char nM

nKva$ueM

va$ueKva$ueV68f7M

$data K va$ueM

rs K1M

en K1M

de$a'637M

en KM

va$ueKnM



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va$ueKva$ueII,M

va$ueKva$ue V68f7M

$data K va$ueM

rs K1M

en K1M

de$a'6-7M

en KM

void de$a'16unsigned int iti%e7

R

unsigned int iDjM

for6iKMiIiti%eMiSS7

for6jKMjI3MjSS7M

void %sgdisp$a'6unsigned char b7

R

for6iKMbiUKGWGMiSS7

R



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$cddata6bi7M

Chapter >

!esu$ts and +iscussions



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>.1 !esu$ts

Asse"0$e the circ*it o# the PCB !s sho)# i# Fi& +1+ A,ter !sse"0$i#& the circ*it o# the

PCB2 chec3 it ,or proper co##ectio#s 0e,ore s)itchi#& o# the po)er s*pp$%+

>." Conc$usion

The i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# *si#& "icroco#tro$$er is 'o#e

s*ccess,*$$%+ The co""*#ic!tio# is proper$% 'o#e )itho*t !#% i#ter,ere#ce 0et)ee# 'i,,ere#t

"o'*$es i# the 'esi+ Desi is 'o#e to "eet !$$ the speci,ic!tio#s !#' re-*ire"e#ts+ So,t)!re

too$s $i3e ei$ U(isio# Si"*$!tor2 Pro$o!' to '*"p the so*rce co'e i#to the "icroco#tro$$er2

Orc!' Lite ,or the sche"!tic 'i!&r!" h!(e 0ee# *se' to 'e(e$op the so,t)!re co'e 0e,ore

re!$ii#& the h!r')!re+

;orking procedure(

RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# is 0!sic!$$% !# e"0e''e' s%ste" th!t pro(i'es !*the#tic!tio#

to the (ehic$es+ The project *ses the )ire$ess tech#o$o&% RFID !#' E"0e''e' s%ste"s to

i"p$e"e#t the !pp$ic!tio#+The (ehic$e2 )hich h!s to e#ter the p!rtic*$!r !re! h!s the RFID t!&2 the '!t! prese#t i# this t!&

sho*$' "!tch to &et the !*the#tic!tio#+



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Here the (ehic$e is #othi#& 0*t !# RFID t!& )hich stores the 'et!i$s o, the (ehic$e $i3e the

(ehic$e #*"0er+ Whe# the (ehic$e co"es #e!r the RFID re!'er+ The RFID re!'er re!'s the '!t!

prese#t i# the t!&+

Si#ce the !i" o, the project is to pro(i'e sec*rit% !#' "!3e the t!s3 e!s%2 the s%ste" i#iti!$$%

stores the 'et!i$s o, the *sers )ho o)# this (ehic$e+ Th*s2 the s%ste" !,ter re!'i#& the (ehic$e

#*"0er .RFID t!&/2 it co"p!res this '!t! )ith the !$re!'% store' '!t! i# the s%ste"@s "e"or%+

The 'et!i$s prese#t i# the c!r' )i$$ 0e 'isp$!%e' o# the LCD+

I, this '!t! is prese#t i# the s%ste"@s '!t!0!se !#' "!tches )ith !#% o, the 'et!i$s2 the s%ste"

recoies the (ehic$e !s !*thorie' !#' !$$o)s the (ehic$e to to e#ter+ Here RTC is *se' to &i(e

the p!rtic*$!r ti"e s$ot to the p!rtic*$!r (ehic$es+ I, the (ehic$e )i$$ #ot co"e i# th!t ti"e s$ot

the# it )i$$ #ot 0e !$$o)e'+

Advantages

Cost e,,ecti(e

Lo) po)er co#s*"ptio#

!eferences

1+ http;;)))+!i"&$o0!$+or&;tech#o$o&ies;r,i';)h!tisr,i'+!sp

4+ http;;)))+r,i'jo*r#!$+co";,!-

5+ http;;)))+tech#o(e$&%+co";ct;Tech#o$o&%8Artic$e+!sp

6+ http;;)))+per!'!+e*;'oc*"e#ts;!rtic$es8perspecti(es;!#8i#tro'*ctio#8to8r,i'8

tech#o$o&%+p',

7+ http;;csrc+#ist+&o(;p*0$ic!tio#s;#istp*0s;>8?>;SP>8?>RFID84+p',

+ )))+ieee+or&

+ http;;)))+#t*+e'*+*!;0!se;$ectio#;rp,;$i0;hh5;>71t*tori!$+p',

>+ http;;)))+!t"e$+co";'%#;reso*rces;pro''oc*"e#ts;'oc1?1?+p',?+ http;;"icroco#tro$$ershop+co";pro'*cti#,o+phpXpro'*ctsi'1>

10.http;;)))+t!$tech+co";TALtech)e0;reso*rces;i#tro8sc+ht"$

11+ http;;,oc*s+ti+co";$it;'s;s%"$i#3;"!454+p',

14+ http;;)))+3"it$+!c+th;Y3s)ichit;>?pro&;i#'e+ht"$

http://www.rfidjournal.com/faqhttp://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asphttp://www.perada.eu/documents/articles-perspectives/an-introduction-to-rfid-technology.pdfhttp://www.perada.eu/documents/articles-perspectives/an-introduction-to-rfid-technology.pdfhttp://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-98/SP800-98_RFID-2007.pdfhttp://www.ieee.org/http://www.zntu.edu.ua/base/lection/rpf/lib/zhzh03/8051_tutorial.pdfhttp://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc1919.pdfhttp://microcontrollershop.com/product_info.php?products_id=1078http://www.taltech.com/TALtech_web/resources/intro-sc.htmlhttp://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/89prog/index.htmlhttp://www.rfidjournal.com/faqhttp://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asphttp://www.perada.eu/documents/articles-perspectives/an-introduction-to-rfid-technology.pdfhttp://www.perada.eu/documents/articles-perspectives/an-introduction-to-rfid-technology.pdfhttp://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-98/SP800-98_RFID-2007.pdfhttp://www.ieee.org/http://www.zntu.edu.ua/base/lection/rpf/lib/zhzh03/8051_tutorial.pdfhttp://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc1919.pdfhttp://microcontrollershop.com/product_info.php?products_id=1078http://www.taltech.com/TALtech_web/resources/intro-sc.htmlhttp://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/89prog/index.html


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15+ http;;)))+"icro'i&it!$e'+co";>71;So,t)!re;3ei$t*tori!$+p',

rfid based vehicle authentication system

Documents