Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia1917-19391917-1939Chapter 27Chapter 27

Two Revolutions in Russia 28-1Two Revolutions in Russia 28-1

The March RevolutionThe March Revolution

– BackwardsBackwards– Social classesSocial classes– PovertyPoverty

Long Term UnrestLong Term Unrest– Nicholas IINicholas II– Moderates pushed for Moderates pushed for

social changesocial change– proletariatproletariat

Impact of World War OneImpact of World War One– Strain on resourcesStrain on resources– Nicholas II took charge of militaryNicholas II took charge of military

Result: Result:

RasputinRasputin– Gregory RasputinGregory Rasputin

Killed in 1916 Killed in 1916

Collapse of the MonarchyCollapse of the Monarchy– StrikeStrike– Czar abdicated Czar abdicated – Troops desertedTroops deserted– Liberal constitutionLiberal constitution– sovietssoviets

Lenin and the BolsheviksLenin and the Bolsheviks

– 17 year old brother shot17 year old brother shot

Early CareerEarly Career– Influenced by Karl MarxInfluenced by Karl Marx– Student demonstrationsStudent demonstrations– ExiledExiled

A New View of MarxA New View of Marx– BolsheviksBolsheviks

Rejected gradual reformRejected gradual reform

Lenin Returns From ExileLenin Returns From Exile– GermanyGermany

The November RevolutionThe November Revolution

The Bolshevik TakeoverThe Bolshevik Takeover– Red Guards v. White GuardsRed Guards v. White Guards

The Bolsheviks in ChargeThe Bolsheviks in Charge– MoscowMoscow– End private ownershipEnd private ownership– Redistribution of landRedistribution of land– CommunistsCommunists

Russian Civil WarRussian Civil War

– Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk

Opposing ForcesOpposing Forces– United States sent troopsUnited States sent troops– ChekaCheka– Execute former czar and familyExecute former czar and family

Why?Why?

War CommunismWar Communism– DraftDraft– Took over: banks, mines, factoriesTook over: banks, mines, factoriesand railroadsand railroads– Redistribution of landRedistribution of land– QuotasQuotas

A Costly TriumphA Costly Triumph– By 1921, the Communists By 1921, the Communists won Russiawon Russia– Famine and diseaseFamine and disease

From Lenin to Stalin 28-2From Lenin to Stalin 28-2

Building the Communist Soviet UnionBuilding the Communist Soviet Union

GovernmentGovernment– Constitution in 1922/Supreme SovietConstitution in 1922/Supreme Soviet

SuffrageSuffrage

Political power and resourcesPolitical power and resources

Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics

– RealityReality– NKVDNKVD

Lenin’s NEPLenin’s NEP– Some capitalistic venturesSome capitalistic ventures– Stopped squeezing peasantsStopped squeezing peasants– TemporaryTemporary

““pure communism”pure communism”

Stalin Gains PowerStalin Gains Power– Joined Bolshevik partyJoined Bolshevik party– SecretarySecretary– ““too rude”too rude”– Focused on socialism at homeFocused on socialism at home first, as opposed to worldwide revolutionfirst, as opposed to worldwide revolution

Five Year PlansFive Year Plans

Joseph Stalin rose to power and Joseph Stalin rose to power and eliminated Leon Trotsky and all eliminated Leon Trotsky and all contenders.contenders.– Goal: Goal: – Five Year PlansFive Year Plans

October 1928October 1928– Centralized state control Centralized state control

over the economyover the economy– rapidrapid

Collectivization of AgricultureCollectivization of Agriculture

At the hands of peasantsAt the hands of peasants– Collectives Collectives

Organize peasantsOrganize peasants

Violent suppression of the kulaksViolent suppression of the kulaks

Starvation 1933 and 1934Starvation 1933 and 1934

– Second Five Year Plan 1933-1937Second Five Year Plan 1933-1937Consumer goodsConsumer goods

Heavy industries and armamentsHeavy industries and armaments

The Great PurgeThe Great Purge

1934 Stalin launched the “Great Purge”1934 Stalin launched the “Great Purge”– Targets:Targets:– ““show trials” in Moscowshow trials” in Moscow

Estimated 4 to 30 millionEstimated 4 to 30 million

Military officersMilitary officers

– Pogroms Pogroms

Soviet Foreign PolicySoviet Foreign Policy

– Was generally unsuccessfulWas generally unsuccessful– Cointern or Communist International Cointern or Communist International

Goal:Goal:

Joined League of NationsJoined League of Nations

– ““Red Scare” in U.S. 1920sRed Scare” in U.S. 1920sMistrust from capitalist countriesMistrust from capitalist countries

Life in a Totalitarian State 28-3Life in a Totalitarian State 28-3

Life in a Totalitarian StateLife in a Totalitarian State

– Totalitarian state-Totalitarian state-

TerrorTerror– Open lettersOpen letters– BugsBugs– PressPress

PropagandaPropaganda– Misery of capitalismMisery of capitalism– Encouraged quotasEncouraged quotas– Glorified heroesGlorified heroes

14 year old boy14 year old boy

War on ReligionWar on Religion– AtheismAtheism– Target Orthodox ChurchTarget Orthodox Church

Priests Priests Churches and synagogues Churches and synagogues

convertedconvertedHebrew bannedHebrew bannedTolerance for IslamTolerance for Islam

– Why?Why?

Lenin, Marx, and Stalin shrinesLenin, Marx, and Stalin shrines

Changes in Soviet SocietyChanges in Soviet Society

– Not equal; few elite emerged as a new ruling Not equal; few elite emerged as a new ruling class.class.

The New EliteThe New Elite– Communist party, also included:Communist party, also included:– Best apartments, exclusive shopsBest apartments, exclusive shops

Social Benefits and DrawbacksSocial Benefits and Drawbacks– Benefits:Benefits:– Drawbacks:Drawbacks:

EducationEducation– MandatoryMandatory– Taught: atheism, glory of collective farming, and love Taught: atheism, glory of collective farming, and love

of Stalinof Stalin

WomenWomen– EqualsEquals– EducationEducation– Wide range of jobsWide range of jobs– Their wages were needed Their wages were needed

in family. Why?in family. Why?

The Arts and the StateThe Arts and the State

Socialist RealismSocialist Realism

CensorshipCensorship– Writers, artists, and composers faced Writers, artists, and composers faced

government persecutiongovernment persecution