revision session prepared by; mrs. saidatul biomedical electronic program university malaysia perlis
DESCRIPTION
Tuesday 2pm – 4pm The Human Body: An orientation Cells and Tissues Blood Cardiovascular SystemTRANSCRIPT
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REVISION SESSION
Prepared by;Mrs. Saidatul
Biomedical Electronic ProgramUniversity Malaysia Perlis
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Topics;
• The Human Body: An orientation• Cells and Tissues• Blood• The Cardiovascular System• The Respiratory System• The Nervous System
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Tuesday 2pm – 4pm
• The Human Body: An orientation• Cells and Tissues• Blood• Cardiovascular System
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Wednesday 2pm-3pm
• The Respiratory System• The Nervous System
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Human Anatomy : An Orientation
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The Human Body: An Orientation
• Anatomy- Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology- Study of how the body and its parts work or function
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Anatomy—Levels of Study
• Gross anatomy- Large structures- Easily observable
• Microscopic Anatomy- Very small structures- Can only be viewed with a microscope
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Levels of Structural Organization • Integumentary
- Forms the external body covering- Protects deeper tissue from injury- Helps regulate body temperature- Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
• Skeletal- Protects and supports body organs- Provides muscle attachment for movement- Site of blood cell formation- Stores minerals
• Muscular- Produces movement- Maintains posture- Produces heat
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• Nervous- Fast-acting control system- Responds to internal and external change- Activates muscles and glands
• Endocrine- Secretes regulator hormones- Growth- Reproduction- Metabolism
• Cardiovascular- Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart- Oxygen- Carbon dioxide- Nutrients- Wastes
• Lymphatic- Returns fluids to blood vessels- Cleanses the blood- Involved in immunity
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• Respiratory- Keeps blood supplied with oxygen- Removes carbon dioxide
• Digestive- Breaks down food- Allows for nutrient absorption into blood- Eliminates indigestible material
• Urinary- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes- Maintains acid-base balance- Regulates water and electrolytes
• Reproductive- Produces offspring
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Necessary Life Functions • Maintain boundaries• Movement
- Locomotion- Movement of substances
• Responsiveness- Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion- Break-down and absorption of nutrients
• Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body- Produces energy- Makes body structures
• Excretion- Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
• Reproduction- Produces future generation
• Growth- Increases cell size and number of cells
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Survival Needs• Nutrients
- Chemicals for energy and cell building- Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen- Required for chemical reactions
• Water- 60–80% of body weight- Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature• Atmospheric pressure
- Must be appropriate
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Interrelationships Among Body Systems
• Homeostasis- Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment - A dynamic state of equilibrium- Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life- Homeostatic imbalance- A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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Maintaining Homeostasis • The body communicates through neural and hormonal
control systems• Receptor
- Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)- Sends information to control center
• Control center- Determines set point- Analyzes information- Determines appropriate response
• Effector- Provides a means for response to the stimulus
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Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback- Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms- Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity- Works like a household thermostat
• Positive feedback- Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther- In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
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Cells and Tissues
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• Active Transport Processes• Passive Transport Processes• Mitosis (PMAT)
- Stages of Mitosis• Meoisis
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Body Tissues
• Primary Types– Epithelial Tissue– Connective Tissue– Nervous Tissue– Muscle Tissue
√ Cuboidal, Squamous, Columnar.. Location?√ Example for each type
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BLOOD
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• The only fluid tissue in the human body• Classified as a connective tissue• Components of blood
- Living cells - Formed elements
- Non-living matrix - Plasma
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Physical Characteristics of Blood
• Color range- Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red- Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
• pH must remain between 7.35–7.45• Blood temperature is slightly higher than body
temperature at 100.4°F• In a healthy man, blood volume is about 5–6 liters or
about 6 quarts • Blood makes up 8% of body weight
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Blood Plasma • Composed of approximately 90% water• Includes many dissolved substances
- Nutrients- Salts (electrolytes)- Respiratory gases- Hormones- Plasma proteins- Waste products
• Plasma proteins- Most abundant solutes in plasma- Most plasma proteins are made by liver- Various plasma proteins include
• Albumin—regulates osmotic pressure• Clotting proteins
- help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured• Antibodies
- help protect the body from pathogens
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Formed Elements
• Erythrocytes - Red blood cells (RBCs)
• Leukocytes - White blood cells (WBCs)
• Platelets • Cell fragments
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Hematopoiesis
• Blood cell formation• Occurs in red bone marrow• All blood cells are derived from a
common stem cell (hemocytoblast)• Hemocytoblast differentiation• Lymphoid stem cell produces
lymphocytes• Myeloid stem cell produces all other
formed elements
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
• Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin)• Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to
reduced oxygen levels in the blood• Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from
blood oxygen levels• Controlled by hormones
- Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes- Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets
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Hemostasis • Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel• Hemostasis involves three phases
- Vascular spasms- Platelet plug formation- Coagulation (blood clotting)
• Vascular spasms- Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm- Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
• Platelet plug formation- Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel- Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers- Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets- Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
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• Coagulation- Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)- PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade- Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
• Coagulation - Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like molecules of insoluble fibrin- Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
• Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes• The clot remains as endothelium regenerates• The clot is broken down after tissue repair
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Undesirable Clotting
Thrombus• A clot in an unbroken blood vessel• Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Embolus• A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely
in the bloodstream• Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as
the brain
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Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytopenia• Platelet deficiency• Even normal movements can cause
bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Hemophilia• Hereditary bleeding disorder• Normal clotting factors are missing
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Cardiovascular System
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Anatomy of Heart
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• Valve• Chamber• Structures• Blood flow through aortic and semilunar
valve for right and left side.
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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
• Systemic circulation– Blood flows from the left side of the heart
through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart
• Pulmonary circulation– Blood flows from the right side of the heart to
the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
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Heart Contractions
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The heart : Cardiac Cycles
Atrialcontraction
Mid-to-late diastole(ventricular filling)
Ventricular systole(atria in diastole)
Early diastole
Isovolumetriccontraction phase
Ventricularejection phase
Isovolumetricrelaxation
Ventricularfilling
Left atriumRight atrium
Left ventricleRight ventricle
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The Heart – Cardiac Output• Cardiac output (CO)
– Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in one minute
• Stroke volume (SV)– Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one
contraction (each heartbeat)– Usually remains relatively constant – About 70 mL of blood is pumped out of the left
ventricle with each heartbeat• Heart rate (HR)
– Typically 75 beats per minute
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• CO = HR SV • CO = HR (75 beats/min) SV (70
mL/beat)• CO = 5250 mL/min• Starling’s law of the heart—the more the
cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
• Changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output
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• Arterial supply of the brain• Fetal circulation• Hepatic Portal Circulation
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Arterial Supply of the Brain
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Fetal Circulation
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
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THANK YOU