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BIOPHYSICS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF SWAMP BUFFALO

Bubalus bubalis PAMPANGAN AT DISTRICT RAMBUTAN SOUTH SUMATERA

Yuanita Windusari1 Er!in N"#$an1 Musta#a %a&a'1 Lai'a Hanu&1

Ra(&at Prata&a1

1Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Sriwijaya University,l! "alem#ang$"ra#umulih %M &', (ndralaya )*(+ Sumatera Selatan &--'

"hone . /11$0'-, 00-, 2p! . 3-'''1/01, Fa4! . /11$00-

5$mail . ywindusari6yahoo!com

Abstract

Swamp #uffalo )Bubalus bubalis+ is a germ plasm specific of "ampangan and endemic in South

Sumatera with low productivity and limited distri#ution! 7he aims of this study was to o#tain

information regarding #iophysical conditions in the central areas of swamp #uffalo in South

Sumatera! 7he method used is purposive sampling method! Data collected in the form of

8uantitative and 8ualitative! "rimary data was o#tained through direct o#servation, interviews

#reeders selected as respondents while secondary data o#tained from various related! 7he data

o#tained are presented descriptively and data ta#ulation! "roductivity of swamp #uffalo "ampangan

can #e increased #y managing and maintaining ha#itat conditions although traditional maintenance!

7he results of o#servations of the #iophysical condition of swamp #uffalo )B. bubalis+ "ampangan

showed that ha#itat of swamp #uffalo "ampangan consists of dominated #y lowland swamp area is

overgrown with shru#s and grass! 9onclution of the research are )1+ "roductivity and population of

swamp #uffalo )Bubalus bubalis+ pampangan as specific plasmanutfah South Sumatra can #e

improved #y studying the characteristics and preferred ha#itat of the #uffalo, although developed in

a traditional farms #ut is good enough and so need to #e developed, )'+ :rass is most preferred #y

swamp #uffalo "ampangan derived from ;%umpai< grass group, and )&+ =%asur South Sumatra+,Buffalo binanga )7apanuli

Selatan > Sumatra+, Swamp #uffaloes )in Sumatra and %alimantan+ )7ali#, '+! Swamp #uffalo

)B. bubalis+ has long #een adapted to the swampy areas that are not planted )?endhanie, '0+, and

this is the type of native species and one of the germplasm South Sumatra with a spread that covers

only the District "ampangan )*gan (lir and *gan %omering (lir+ and Banyuasin district!

Maintenance and swamp #uffalo "ampangan ranch generally still traditionally, and this high

level of cuts of #uffalo meat for su#sistence )@ 1A per year+, and low population growth )@ !-A

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per year+ cause swamp #uffalo "ampangan population shrinCing )B"7" , ''+! "reservation efforts

to maintain the e4istence of this species is very important #ecause this swamp #uffalo pampangan

as germplasm, has potential as a producer of meat, the source of income of farmers, and as a tourist

attraction!

?ow productivity of swamp #uffalo "ampangan important implications for loss of such

species as endemic germplasm! 7herefore necessary to the o#servation of the #iophysical

conditions that a major part in the conservation process! 7his study aims to provide information on

the #iophysical condition of land in central areas of swamp #uffalo in South Sumatra, so that

potential for development can #e enhanced swamp #uffalo "ampangan!

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials research is swamp #uffalo "ampangan contained in village am#utan, Banyuasin district,

South Sumatra, (ndonesia )Figure 1+!

Figure 1! ?ocation of the study in in village am#utan, Banyuasin district, South Sumatera

esearch carried out #y o#servation of the swamp #uffalo "ampangan #ased on o#servations

of #iophysical conditions which include o#servations on ha#itat and #ehavior swamp #uffalo

"ampangan! 7he method used is purposive sampling method! Data collected in the form of

8uantitative and 8ualitative! "rimary data was o#tained through direct o#servation, interviews

#reeders selected as respondents while secondary data o#tained from various related! 7he data

o#tained are presented descriptively and data ta#ulation!

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Eegetation growing in the area of o#servation is done #y maCing plots measuring 1m 4 1m

with inter$plot is 1 meters from the cage )Figure '+! Determination ordinate plot is #ased on the

prediction of continuous places traveled and visited #y #uffaloes in search of food and rest!

"arameter o#served is collecting and identifying the type of grass in the natural food! Measurement

data recorded in the tally sheet!

1m 1m

1m 1m

Figure '! "attern of #iophysical o#servation

RESULTS

Biophysical conditions o#served in this study include the ha#itat and #ehavior of swamp

#uffalo "ampangan! From the o#servations, showing swamp #uffalo "ampangan generally

maintained naturally released in the ha#itat! 2a#itat of swamp #uffalo "ampangan consists of dominated

#y lowland swamp area is overgrown with shru#s and grass! Swamp #uffalo )Bubalus bubalis+ is one of the

local #uffalo that has a good adapta#ility to the environment swamp and a limited distri#ution area which is

in "ampangan at *gan (lir and *gan %omering (lir!District )Figure &+!

Swamp at the study site is dominated #y grasses %umpai 7em#aga )Hymenachine

amplexicaulis+, %umpai MinyaC )Ischaemum byrone+, %umpai "adi )Panicum astagninum R+,

;Casur< grass, Cumpai ;#e#ulu


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highest dominance inde4 value compared with other grasses presence of the grass vegetation in the

swamp #uffalo ranch shows that the condition of the #iophysical environment suita#le for growth!

Figure &! 5nvironmental of swamp #uffalo "ampangan

Based on identification and o#servation in the field, found G species of grass )Ischaemum

byrone, Hymenachine amplexicaulis, Andropogon ischaemum ?, Fimbristylis annua, Panicum

astagninum R, Hallucinogenic mushroom,Imperata cylindrica )?!+, and chinochloa colonum+ in

swamp #uffalo ha#itat which included in & families are "oaceae, :raminae, and 9yperaceae! 7his

result can #e seen in 7a#le 1!

Based on o#servation and interviews, ;Cumpai< grass is species favorite #y the #uffalo, and

the average #uffalo grass re8uires @' Cg>individual! 7ypes of ;Casur


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Figure ! 9attle pen of swamp #uffalo "ampangan )a+ outside of cattle pen and )#+ inside og cattle

pen

s the air temperature increases, #uffalo soaC in pools or swamps with a depth of 3 1!0m to

Ceep moisture from the #ody! (n the dry season, the pools of dry up and #uffalo will soaC in the

river )Figure 0+!

Figure 0! 2a#itat condition of swamp #uffalo "ampangan )a+ dry season )#+ soaCing in the river

DISCUSSION

Swamp #uffalo "ampangan has a good adapta#ility to the environment which is much

overgrown swamp #ushes and grass! ccording ?endhanie )'0+ the #uffalo also has a

digesti#ility of the high crude fi#er, and is a#le to utiliHe low$8uality feed to produce meat! %umpai

7em#aga )Ischaenum aristatum nina+! %umpai MinyaC )Himendchue ampleacaulineesness+,

%umpai "adi )Himenac!ua interuptabuese+, ;Casur< grass, and ;pasir


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decreased activity down so that feeding is generally o#tained at the time of graHing, it is as done in

this area pampangan #uffaloes! :rass growing in the field, in the paddy fields or roadsides is feed

availa#le at the time of graHing! Feed given at home is generally dry hay that is sometimes watered

salt solution! Buffalo will #e a#le to utiliHe graHing pastures despite #ad crop 8uality, particularly in

the tropics )Ie#ster and Iilson, 1GJ Semali et al, '1+!

Behavior generally of swamp #uffalo consists graHing and mating #ehavior! t the time of

graHing, a group led #y a male #uffalo to the pasture! ccording to "utu et al!, )1GG+, the mileage

at the time of graHing #uffalo reaches ' Cm from the cage, with an average speed of movement of

'!' m > min! t the time of mating, the female is in heat is usually surrounded 0$- stud tail trying

to marry with a marriage uncertain!

Buffalo has several advantages for improved especially with regard to the potential role of

genetic and environmental aspects! Buffalo has a very high adapta#ility, visi#le from a wide

distri#ution, ranging from the dry climate, swamp land, mountainous areas, and low$lying areas!

Buffaloes also have the a#ility to utiliHe low 8uality feeds such as dried grass with low nutrient

levels and high crude fi#er!

7he #ig difference in a#ility #etween #uffalo and cattle in feed utiliHing poor due to

differences in #ehavior, digestive function and physiological adaptation in each condition! Iith the

a#ility to utiliHe low$8uality diet, showed that to meet the needs good nutrition for maintenance can

#e provided at a cheaper price when compared with the need for cattle!

5nvironmental conditions such as swamps maCes this area very difficult to find a source of

clean water, to o#tain a source of clean water must travel a distance of 1! t warmer

temperatures, most places for #uffalo wallow in a severe drought that most #uffalo #athing in the

deepest area of the river into 3 1!0 m!

7he development of a #uffalo in the study site is a #it slow compared to cattle! (t is strongly

influenced #y environmental factors that are near#y! ccording Dasman )1G1+ re8uires that the

#uffalo ha#itat in accordance with the environment needed to support life, #ecause the ha#itat has

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the function of providing food, water and protection! Suita#le ha#itat for a species, is not

necessarily appropriate for other types, #ecause each species re8uires ha#itat conditions vary!

CONCLUSIONS

From this study it can #e concluded that.

1! "roductivity and population of swamp #uffalo )Bubalus bubalis+ pampangan as specific

plasmanutfah South Sumatra can #e improved #y studying the characteristics and preferred

ha#itat of the #uffalo, although developed in a traditional farms #ut is good enough and so

need to #e developed!

'! :rass is most preferred #y swamp #uffalo "ampangan derived from ;%umpai< grass group

&! =%asur


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*. Fischer, 2! dan "! BodhipaCsha! 1GG'! eproduction in swamp #uffalo! (n. Buffalo "roduction!

N!M! 7ulloh, and !2!:! 2olmes )eds!+! 5lsevier, New KorC!

+. Foley, !9!, D!?! Bath, F!N! DicCinson!, and 2!! 7ucCer! 1G/&! Dairy 9attle "rinciples,

"ractices, "ro#lem and "rofits! ?ea and Fe#iger, "hiladelphia!. 2asil Survey Dinas "eternaCan %a#!*%(! '11! -ata $umlah dan penyebaran erbau dari

rentang watu #/""! "emCa#! *%(! %ayuagung!

0. 2asil Survey Dinas "eternaCan "rovinsi! 'G!-ata !umlah dan penyebaran erbau di daerah1

daerah Pro2insi %umatra %elatan tahun #//0. DiCnas "eternaCan provinsi Sumatra Selatan!

"alem#ang!

"/. 2edaoo,M!%!, %!"! %hllare, M!D! Meshram, S!%! Sahatpure and M!:! "atil! '! 9omparative

studies of certain Bio$chemical constitutents of normal cyclic and anoestrus surti #uffaloes!

3eterinary 'orld! 1)+. 10$1-!

"". ?endhanie, U!U! '0! %araCteristiC eproduCsi %er#au awa Dalam %ondisi ?ingCungan

"eternaCan aCyat!Bioscientiae! ')1+ . &$

"#. *rsCov, 5! ! 1GG'! "rotein Nutrition in uminant! 'nd 5d! cademic "ress, 2arcout Brace

ovanovich "u#lisher, ?ondon!

"&. "raharani, ? dan 5! 7riwulanningsih! '! %araCteristiC #i#it Cer#au pada agrosistem dataran

tinggi! "rosiding Seminar dan ?oCaCarya Nasional Usaha 7ernaC %er#au! am#i ''$'& uni

'/! "ustlit#ang "eternaCan Bogot! 11&$1'&!

"(. "ipiana, !, Baliarti, 5! dan Budisatria, (!:!S! '1! %inerja Cer#au #etina di pulau Moa,

MaluCu!Buletin Peternaan! &)1+./$0!

"). "utu, (!:!M!, M! Sa#rani, M! Iinugoho, 7! 9haniago, Santoso, 7armudji, !D! Supriyadi, dan "!

*Ctaviana! 1GG! "eningCatan produCsi dan reproduCsi Cer#au Calang pada agroeCosistem rawa

di %alimantan Selatan! ?aporan 2asil "enelitian! Balai "enelitian 7ernaC, Bogor! 0 hlm!

"*. Samad, 2! !, 9! S! li, N! U! ehman, ! hmad and N! hmad, 1G/! 9linical incidence of

reproductive disorders in the #uffalo!Paistan 3et. $./)1+. 1-$1G!

"+. Santosa, U! '! Mengelola "eternaCan Sapi Secara "rofesional! "ene#ar Swadaya! aCarta!

". Semali, !, B! Setiadi, B!, dan 2!M! 7ogatorop! '1! "rospeC pengem#angan hijauan paCan

ternaC dilahan pasang surut dan rawa! IartaHoa! ')1$'+. 11$1!

"0. Sharma, M!9!, 9! oshi and 7! %! SarCar! ''! 7herapeutic efficacy of minerals supplement in

macro$mineral deficient #uffaloes and its effect on haemato#iochemical profile and production!

Asian1Aust. $. Anim. %ci.10)G+.1'/$1'/!

#/. Seitaridis, %! and 5! "apadopoulos, 1G/! 9ontri#utions to the aetiology of vaginal prolapse in

pregnant cows! 3et. Bull.. 00!

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#". Mandal, ! B!, S! S! "aul, and N! N! "athaC! '&! Nutrients re8uirements and feeding of

#uffaloes and cattle, 1st ed! (nternational BooC distri#ution 9o! 9haman Studio Building, 'nd

floor, 9har#agh, ?ucCnow ''- U"! (ndia!

##. Murti, 7!I! '/! BeternaC %er#au! "!7! 9itra ji "ratama! KogyaCarta!#&.Nanda, ! S! and ! D! Sharma, 1G'! (ncidence and etiology of prepartum prolapse of vagina

in #uffaloes!Indian $. -airy %ci.&0)'+. 1-$1/1!

#(. Ie#ster, 9!9 and Iilson, "!N! 1G! griculture in the tropics! 'nded! ?ongma

Ta)'* and Ta)'* Tit'*

7a#le 1 nalysis of vegetation in swamp #uffalo "ampangan ha#itat

Fa&i'$ S+*s,i*s L",a' na&* Pr*s*ntati"n -trans*,t.

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"oaceae Ischaemum byrone %umpai MinyaC 3 3 3 $:raminae $ umput %asur 3 3 $ 3:raminae $ %umpai Be#ulu 3 $ 3 $

9yperaceae Hymenachine amplexicaulis %umpai 7em#aga $ 3 3 $"oaceae Andropogon ischaemum? umput "asir 3 $ 3 3

9yperaceae Fimbristylis annua lang ?e#aC $ $ 3 $:raminae Panicum astagninum R %umpai "adi $ $ 3 3

2ymenogastraceae Hallucinogenic mushroom amur "enghayal 3 $ $ $:raminae Imperata cylindrica )?!+ (lalang $ $ 3 $

"oaceae chinochloa colonum jajagoan $ $ 3 $

Note . 3 present

$ a#sent

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