~Review~

Topics in Chapter 4 - The topics discussed in chapter 4 are:1.Continuing conflict between French and

English. (Wars fought/Fur Trade)2.Struggle to control the Atlantic3.Acadia and Deportation4.Final Struggle for N.A. – Three-pronged

attack.5.French Reaction to Attack – (Biography on

Generals)6.British Military Rule & Alternatives open to

British7.Proclamation 1763 & Quebec Act

Important Terms - Migratory – Biculturalism –Treaty – Louisbourg –League of Augsburg – Spanish Succession – Austrian Succession – Seven Years War - Trading Forts/Ports

WAR continues

Between 1688 and 1763 a series of wars were fought between France and Britain.These wars were fought in

Europe and N.AmericaThese wars had effects in

Europe and N.AmericaEach war was settled with

a. Peace Treaty.

1. War of the League of Augsburg (1688-97)Back story: Leading up to the War of League

of Augsburg (9 year war), King Louis XIV of France had emerged European wars as the most powerful monarch in Western Europe and conquered far-reaching territories. Many European countries were worried about France’s aggressive power and decided to join together to form the “Grand Alliance” to stop French expansion.

N.American War: King William’s WarPeace Treaty: Peace of RyswickResult: End to British-French Hostilities

2. War of Spanish Succession (1702-13)

Back Story: Similar to the “War of the League of Augsburg” the Spanish Succession was fought between two main groups or alliances. France and Spain Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Portugal. The war fought in N.America was called Queen Anne’s War

Reason for War: Unification of France and Spain (Disturb the Balance of Power)

2. War of Spanish Succession (1702-13)

Result: Treaty of Utrecht The French lost Couldn’t join together with

Spain. Lost territories of Hudson’s Bay

CompanyFrench lost claims in

Newfoundland and AcadiaIroquois declared British

Subjects

3. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48)

Back Story: The King of Hungary died leaving his empire under the control of daughter. France and Prussia felt a women was unable to rule over the empire use this as pretext to attack and expand their empire. This war involved most European countries and was fought in Europe and N. America. Louisbourg was captured by the English.

3. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48)

Reason for War –French/Prussia wanted to

expand their empire in Europe.English/Holly Empire: Limit

French control and power in Europe.

Results: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle• Things returned to how things

were before the war• The French Fortress and strong

hold was returned to France.

4. Seven Years’ War (1756-63)Back Story: This is a war that put Prussia/Britain against France and the Holy Empire and is the 4th colonial war that happened between France and Britain:

•It was an Imperial War•This war was fought on both continents. •The war fought in N.America is called the French and Indian Wars•French and Native Allies vs British

4. Seven Years’ War (1756-63)Results – (Treaty of Paris):The French lost their colonies in

N.AmericaThe British were established as the

dominant power in North America.This war made little differences of the

expansion of empires within Europe.Seven Years’ War ended France’s

position as a major colonial power in N.America

Prussia rose to become a strong European power in Europe gaining control of Austrian provinces.

4. Participants in ‘Seven Year War’

All the participants of the Seven Years' War. Blue: Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal with allies. Green: France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies.

British and French Conflicts in North America (1689-1763)

The colonial wars between France and Britain were fought in two areas in N. America:1. Control of the Fur Trade2. Struggle to control the

Atlantic (Louisbourg, Halifax, and Acadia)

Struggle to Control the Fur Trade

British System• Established forts on

the Hudson Bay and waited for the natives to come to them and deliver furs.

• HBC was owned by many groups of people; they shared risk and profit. Their main goal was profit.

French System• Using native guides

they explored further and further inland searching for new fur territory.

• Fur trade was owned by the government and colonization not profit was most important. *

Cultural Exchange ~ Think/Pair/Share - Good or Bad

~In groups of two, read the section

titled “Cultural Exchange” on page 62. This is an example of cultural exchange.

Make a list of the positive and negative impacts of cultural exchange

Describe why a piece of native American culture was lost?

France: Protecting the Fur Trade

France tried to protect the fur trade in two ways.

1. Military Action2. Expansion Inland

France’s Military ActionTaking military action

against the British• The French used military

means to try and take control of the Hudson Bay during the League of Augsburg and Spanish Succession. The French lost these wars and lost all territories in the Hudson bay giving full control to the British.

• The French were forced to travel overland to continue in the fur trade.

France’s Expansion InlandThe French expanded

west and south into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys down to the golf of Mexico. Looking at the map and your reading on pg 63, what advantage did this give the French in the fur trade. (Groups of 2 – 3 mins)

France’s Expansion Inland (Pt.2)• Established trading forts/ports inland,

closer to the Native people. The French came to the natives to collect the furs, instead of the natives going to the Europeans.

• The native people began taking their furs pelts to the inland French forts rather than traveling long distances to the Hudson Bay.

• British fur trade suffered – the HBC sent two fur traders west (Alberta/Saskatchewan) to convince the natives to trade with the Hudson bay, but failed because it was easier for the natives to trade with the French.

Day 2 – Louisburg and Trouble with Acadia

Topics Discussed:1. Control of the Atlantic Ocean

a. Louisbourgb. Halifax

2. Expelsion of the Acadians

Louisbourg – French FortressIn attempted to protect the fur

trade and reaction to losing Acadia and Newfoundland during the Spanish Succession the French built a massive fortress to protect their fishing and fur trade interests.

Louisbourg became the centre of France’s military power and commerce in New France.

Was thought to be impossible to break into.

Louisbourg – French FortressLouisbourg was a:• Fishing Station• Royal Capital• A Naval base• Centre for Commerce

Louisbourg was weak because:Surrounded by hillsPoorly constructedIt was captured twice by the

British

Halifax – British FortressThe British saw the

construction of Louisbourg as a direct threat against the British colonies in N.America.

The British built a fortress in Halifax (near Louisbourg) to protect British interests on the Atlantic coast.

Think/Pair/Share

Read page 64-66 (Louisbourg- Halifax); with a partner make a list of how Louisbourg and Halifax were different from one another

Halifax (British Fort)

Louisbourg (French Fort)

* *

* *

War of Spanish Succession

After the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13) the treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave Newfoundland and Acadia to the British. By this time, Acadia been passed back and forth between the French and English 6 times. The people living in Acadia were French speaking Catholics.

Different Points of ViewEnglish• Refused to take an Oath

of Allegiance• Population was

increasing dramatically• Were worried the

Acadians would turn against the British

• Britain and France were preparing for war with each other – which side would the Acadians go on?

Acadians• They had never

taken an Oat of Allegiance in the past 40 years.

• They wanted to stay neutral

Think/Pair/Share – Acadia QuanundrumIn small groups decide what

Governor Lawrence should do with the Acadians. Use the decision-making model shown on pg.67 and fill it out on a separate piece of paper.

1. Issue 2. Alternatives3. Research Plan4. Gather/Organize Information5. Evaluate the alternatives6. Make Decisions – Take Action7. Evaluate the Process, the decision and Action

Deportation of AcadiansThe British asked the Acadians

again to take an Oath of Allegiance to the British or they would be deported. They refused and the British began to deport them from their lands. They were taken to the 13 colonies and Louisiana. There homes were burnt and their property and land was confiscated. Many people died during the deportation.

Day 4: Final Struggle for North America

1. Seven Year War

2. British and French war strategies.

3. British 3 pronged attack on New France

Seven Year War

The British deported the Acadians because they knew war was approaching with the French (deportation-1755/ Seven Year War-1756).

This war had an enormous effect on the history of N. America.

British & French Military Strategy

British• The British wanted

to defeat the French in N. America.

• They sent 7-8 times more men than the French.

• Planned to attack the French on 3 fronts: Louisbourg, the Ohio Valley, and Quebec

French• The French kept most

of their soldiers in Europe and few soldiers in N. America.

• The French wanted to defeat Britain in Europe.

• They thought a few soldiers would be able to defend New France

Three Pronged Attack -1. The Capture of

Louisbourg (Summer of 1758)

• The British needed to capture Louisbourg in order to gain control of the entrance to the St. Lawrence.

• The British sent 200 battle ships and the fortress was taken within 60 days

Three Pronged Attack -2. The Capture of Ohio

Valley (Summer of 1758)

• The French had many fur forts in the Ohio valley and the British would need to reduce their influence in this region in order to gain control of N. America.

• The French were successful at defending the Ohio Valley but with the fall of Louisbourg British forces were able to capture this region and push the French back towards Quebec.

Three Pronged Attack -3. The Capture of Quebec (Spring

of 1759)

• Since the British captured Louisbourg, Quebec was the centre of French power in N. America.

• The fall of Quebec would mean the end of French control in N. America.

• General James Wolfe sailed down the St. Lawrence river while other troops came overland from the south.

• After three months of no success at capturing Quebec, Wolfe decided to cut off their supplies from the North.

French Reaction – The Last Stand

In September 1759, the General Montcalm (French General) learns that British troops are poorly organized and are in a vulnerable position on Plains of Abraham. The general had three options:

1.Keep his army in Quebec and wait for an attack.

2.Send word to the rest of his army to attack the British from behind.

3.Attack immediately, with the men he had.

French Reaction – The Last StandBattle of the Plains of Abraham• Montcalm chose the 3rd option

and decided to attack the British soldiers on the Plains of Abraham (an open field).

• The British troops were used to this style of battle (open area).

• The French troops were used to fighting in the forest, not in open fields – Guerilla Warfare.

• They French were disorganized and lost the battle within an hour.

• Surviving soldiers retreated to the city of Montreal.

ASSIGNMENTIn groups of 4 it will be your responsibility to

summarize one of the following sections. You’ll need to complete your summary on a single piece of paper and hand into the teacher. Students will also write their answers in point form on the board and present to the class.

1. General Montcalm2. General James Wolfe3. Life of the Canadiens4. Introduction & Treaty of Paris5. Alternatives Open to the British

Battle on the Plains of Abraham

How are these two war styles different?

Guerilla warfare

Day 4 – Military Rule

Retreat to Montreal• The British won the Battle on the Plains of

Abraham, thus defeating the French in their strongest military city.

• The remaining soldiers retreated to Montreal and tried to retake Quebec city in the Spring of 1760 and failed.

• The first ship to arrive from Europe was British

• Montreal eventually surrendered to the British soldiers, giving the British full control on North America.

Louis-Joseph, Marquis de MontcalmLeader of the French army in Quebec

The French forces heard that the British army was planning a surprise attack on Quebec City.

Montcalm was in charge of deciding what was best to do. Some of his men were 16km away where they had thought the British were going to attack.

Montcalm had to make the decision:

1. Should he keep his army within the fortified (protected) town of Quebec and wait for the British attack?

2. Should he send word to the men 16km away to attack the British from behind?

3. Should he attack immediately with the men he has on the Plains of Abraham?

Governor James Wolfe•British commander

•He tried for 3 months to capture Quebec but continuously failed.

•Because of their fighting strategies, the British were finally successful and managed to take over Quebec during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham

•Wolfe’s army was successful because they were very disciplined and they knew how to fight in an open field rather than guerilla style which was what the French were used to.

British Military RuleWho were the British and

French Generals who died in the war we spoke about last class? Who won the war?

Although the war ended in North America in 1760, it continued in other places of the world until 1763.

During those three years, who controlled North America?

The French speaking people, born in New France were called Canadiens.They were different from the French

people living in Europe. The British government set up a

temporary government. This period was known as the time of British Military Rule. Their ruling was not a harsh occupation. Although, Canadiens were a bit scared of being forced to sign an oath of allegiance with the British or being deported like the Acadians.

The Treaty of Paris (Peace Treaty 1763)

1. Economic problems were restored as the British began to pay for goods with coins.

2. The military courts began to use French civil law { controls the private rights of citizens (like property arguments) instead of criminal law}

3. They agreed that the French would not be deported.

4. The Roman Catholic religion was kept.

5. The Seigneurial system was also restored.

Results of the Treaty:

Choices the British had to make :Deportation: Force the Canadiens to leave

Quebec (what happened to the Acadians).Maintain the status-quo: allow French to keep

their system of doing things.Isolation: Create separate territories for

people to live on.Assimilate: make the French and Natives

British subjects by forcing their laws, customs, language, and religion on them.

Biculturalism: Allow British and French ways of doing things.

Day 5 – The Proclamation of 1763 and Quebec Act

The Proclamation of 1763After the signing British and French

signed the Treaty of Pair s, the English created a proclamation which outlines what they intended to do with Quebec. This was known as the Proclamation of 1763.

The Proclamation stated:• It made British institutions, laws,

customs, English language, and protestant religion enforced in Quebec.

• It sought to attract British settlers to Quebec.

• They wanted to limit the size of Quebec and stop French fur traders.

• Assure Native people they could still fur trade in the Ohio Valley.

The Proclamation of 1763Key Terms of Proclamation – Settlement Patterns – Settlement in the

Ohio Valley were forbidden. Only fur traders with permits were allowed.

Language – French language was allowed to continue, but it didn’t have official status.

Religion – Roman Catholic religion was allowed to continue but the Church had no official status and couldn’t collect taxes; Protestant religion was introduced and promoted.

Government – Officials were appointed by British governor and were made up of English-speaking military and merchants elites. Catholics were not allowed to participate in government

Think/Pair/Share – The Proclamation of 1763Looking at the Proclamation of 1763 –

and the 5 alternatives on page 80. Which alternative do you think the British chose? Write your answer down on a piece of paper and explain why?

1.Deportation2.Maintain the Status Quo3.Isolation4.Assimilation5.Biculturalism

Results of Proclamation of 1763

Civil rule replaced military rule

Assimilation did not occur in Quebec because

Anglo-Americans did not move to Quebec (West/North)

French outnumbered the British in Quebec (97/100)

Priest and Seigneurs worked hard to preserve French culture

Balance of Power in Quebec

Think/Pair/ShareDiscuss with a partner whether or not this division of power was fair? You must provide reasons to support your answer.

The Beginnings of the American Revolution

After the “Seven Year War” the British were poor and needed to collect more money. They decided to collect more money from the people living in the “thirteen (13) colonies”. This made the people living in the thirteen colonies upset because:The British were increasing the taxes of

people living in the colonies, but they were not seeing any benefit of those taxes.

The people in the thirteen (13) colonies were not represented in British government.

They were not letting people expand westward (Proclamation of 1763)

First Governor after Military RuleGovernor James Murray

• Worked with General Wolf during Seven Year War

• Was a military governor during military rule• It was his job to enforce Proclamation of

1763• He liked and respected the Canadiens,

especially the clergy and seigneurs.• Gave many concessions towards the

French.• These concessions made him unpopular

among the British settlers and he was recalled to England and replaced by Sir Guy Carleton.

Governor Guy CarletonHe replaced Governor James Murray as

governor of Quebec.Security of Quebec depended on the loyalty

of the Canadiens.People in the thirteen colonies were

unhappy with the British officials and were starting to have disagreements (Beginnings of the American Revolution)

Carleton focused his attention on gaining the loyalty of the seigneurs and clergy in Quebec, which would gain the loyalty of the rest of the people.

To gain their loyalty, Carleton granted them their system of laws, Catholic Religion and rejected the policy of assimilation; adopting instead Biculturalism (Quebec Act-1774).

Quebec Act, 1774This act was passed by the British government to keep

the loyalty of the Canadiens.• It adopted Biculturalism (stopped assimilation)• Combine British/French system of managing the colony

while maintaining the French character.

Key Terms: Language: French Language was allowed to continue

Religion: The Roman Catholic Church was allowed to continue and collect taxes.

Government: Roman Catholics could participate in government. French civil law was allowed to continue.

Land holding System: Seigneurial system was allowed to remain.

Term 2 - ReviewThings you need to study:• Textbook• Vocabulary W/S• Powerpoints on the Wiki site• Term Review sheet – Wiki site

(Chapter 4)