review on dark matter activities -...
TRANSCRIPT
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Review on Dark Matter activities & new proposals in underground
laboratories around the world
Nigel SmithSNOLAB
with thanks to A. Bettini, G. Gerbier, K Lesko, S.Paling, F. Picuemal, B. Sadoulet, Y. Suzuki,
Q. Yue...and others
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Scope of talk
Focus primarily from the facilities perspectiveReviews of experiments and techniques in following talks....
Status update on underground facilities and expansion plans/updatesReview of DM activities in underground facilities
Only includes searches in deep underground facilitiesExcludes axion searches, indirect searches, ...
Does not include LNGS searches
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
European Facilities
Not including LNGS...Boulby (U.K.)
ZEPLIN-III operational DRIFT-II operational
LSBB (France)Simple operational
LSM (France)Edelweiss-II operationalEURECA planned
Canfranc (Spain)ANAIS operationalRosebud operational
Status and Plans
The Boulby Underground Science Facility (UK)
Boulby Science Facility• Boulby is a working potash mine in the North East
of England. Operated by Cleveland Potash Ltd – a major local employer.
• 1100m deep (2805 mwe giving ~106 reduction in CR muons).
• Surrounding rock-salt = low activity giving low gamma and radon backgrounds.
Middlesborough
Whitby
Staithes
York
JIF facilities - 2003 .> 1000 m2, fully equipped underground ‘Palmer lab’> Surface support facility.
Boulby Mine
June 2009: New facility manager & science
coordinator Sean Paling
Current Boulby Projects (2010)
DRIFT-IILow pressure gas TPC
directional DM detector.Installed – 2005. Continuing R&D
and operation
ZEPLIN-III2 phase (liquid/gas) high field Xenon WIMP dark matter detector. Installed 2007. Now running.
Low-background material screening
High sensitivity low-background Germanium detector and purpose built Rn emanation
SKY-ZERO Danish/UK expt to study the effect of cosmic rays on aerosols & cloud production. Phase 1 near completion.
Boulby Palmer Laboratory
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
ZEPLIN III31 2” PMTs for fine position sensitivity12kg target mass3.5 cm drift depth – high E-field (3.9kV/cm)
provides better n/γ discrimination0.5 cm electroluminescent gapopen plan – no surfaces - reduced feedbackLow-background xenon (40 yr old - low Kr)All copper construction - electron beam welded
Fully ShieldedFirst Science Run (FSR)
Boulby Update & Future
Future Science Aims / Plans• Continued hosting / supporting Dark Matter searches (DRIFT, ZEPLIN-III and beyond)• Development of UK centre of excellence for ultra sensitive low activity material screening • Development of geoscience studies – (RDA funding already secured for geology/geophysics studies.) • Continued involvement with ‘ILIAS-type’ EU underground lab networking.• Pursual of possible future small and large projects – e.g LAGUNA, ELENA
Latest Boulby News:- June 2009: New facility manager and science coordinator – Sean Paling - Boulby mine and the Underground facility awarded ISO18001 national H&S management award.
LAGUNA
Future expansion?• Plenty of space and low cost for future excavations @ Boulby• Proven track record for operations• Ongoing strong local support
ILIAS-next
DRIFT-Cygnus
A. Bettini.
The Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) and Dark
Matter
h"p://www.lsc-‐canfranc.es/
A. Bettini.
600 m2 (40x15x12)
Depth: 800 m
Muons: 0.47 µ x 10-2 m m-2 s-1
Ventilation: 11.000 m3/h
Hall A
Hall B
Hall C
150 m2 (15x10x7)
Experimental halls A, B and C
Operative budget: ≈1600 k€/yr
Completion of the reinstallation of the infrastructure. June 2010
A. Bettini.
ANAIS
• ANAIS: Direct search for WIMPs through annual modulation on NaI(Tl) scintillating crystals at LSC.
• Goal up to 250Kg• ANAIS: uses same
target as DAMA
40 cm neutron shieldingActive vetos
PVC box
2 mm Cd
10 cm Roman lead
20 cm lead
Vibration isolator
A. Bettini.
ANAIS• Prototypes developed to
guarantee 2keVee THR or better
• Low Bkg High QE PMTs under investigation
• Purification procedure started to achieve best possible Bkg (goal 1c/(keV kg day))
• Mounting in new LSC from Sept. 2010 to end 2011
• If crystals available start data taking 2012
A. Bettini.
EXP-02-2008 ROSEBUDDevelop cryogenic temperatures bolometers with heat and scintillation light readout, focussing on prototypes for EURECA (next-generation European project for DM search with bolometers)
A. Bettini.
EoI-02-2005 ArDMAr two-phase TPCTests on 1 t prototype going on at CERNEoI for LSC submitted but no LoI yet
LSM and Extension
Volume of new lab: 40 000 m3Work for safety gallery started Autumn 2009ExcavaJon for new lab: Autumn 2011OperaJon: 2013
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Gascon DM2010
Edelweiss-II Results
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
EURECA Development
Gascon DM2010
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Asian Facilities
Kamioke (Japan)XMASS in construction
Yangyang (Korea)KIMS operationalTEXONO in construction
CJPL (China)CDEX planned
19
Univ. of TohokuKamLANDKamLAND
Ge
Super-Kamiokande
Ge!"## $% &'(')(')*!"## $% &'(')(')*++
!"## ,% ''(-(''*!"## ,% ''(-(''*++
New Experimental Hall
Clean roomICP-MSXMASS R&D
HallXMASS, CANDLES
XMASS R&D
N AGE(D k M tt )IPMU Labo.API-MS, Ge
To Atotsuentrance
CLIO (Grav. Wave) 100m Lazer Strain Meter
NewAGE(Dark Matter)Super conductive
Gravity meter
API MS, Ge
Proprietaryarea
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Korea Middleland Power Co.Yangyang Pumped Storage Power Plant
Yangyang Underground Laboratory
Minimum depth : 700 m / Access to the lab by car (~2km)
Kim
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N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
KIMSCsI crystal array
12 crystals, ~100kg60 photons/keV light yieldusing PSD for background rejection
Cs/I provide SI and SD interactionsPSD limit at DAMA SI interpretationAim for annual modulation study
• Jinping Mountain Peak:4193m
• Maximum rock overburden: ~2500m• Length of Jinping transportation tunnel: 17.5km• Rock cover larger than 1500m:>70%
Layout of CJPL and its Phase-I space (red square)
6.5m*6.5m*40m main hall A
The construction of infrastructure of CJPL Phase-1 will be finished in April,2010.The Low background measurement facility will be established in Sept. 2010.
2009, Hall-A cavity OK!
China Darkmatter EXperiment (CDEX)
• Plan to search Dark matter with 1000kg ULE-HPGe detector array.
• The first ULE HPGe detector for dark matter search will be run from Sept. 2010.
• Phase-I (2010.9-2011.12) -- 20g +1000g ULE-HPGe detector -- HPGe detector for LB measurement• Phase-II (2011.12-2013.12) -- ULE-HPGe detector array (~10kg)• Phase-III(2014.9 -) --ULE-HPGe detector array (100kg+)
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
North American FacilitiesSoudan
CDMS operationalCogent operational
SUSEL/DUSELLUX in constructionLZ plannedLarge future DUSEL DM programme planned
SNOLABDEAP (DEAP-1 operational DEAP-3600 in construction)mini-CLEAN in constructionPICASSO operational and in constructionCOUPP in construction and plannedDarkSide plannedSuperCDMS planned
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
CDMS-II
Hall DM2010
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
CDMS-II Results (191 kg.d)
Hall DM2010
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Hall DM2010
CDMS-II results
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Hall DM2010
CDMS-II Xstal by Xstal
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
COGENTP-type point contact high purity Ge detector 440g fiducial 330 - 56 days operationObservation of cosmogenic peaks
...and irreducible background <3keV
Arxiv/1002.4703v1
1 Homestake DUSEL
DUSEL Facility Design Advancing Following Interactions with Agencies and Collaborations
• World-Class Facility– Research Campuses
• Surface• 4850 (~4200 mwe)• 7400 (~7100 mwe)• Other Levels and Ramps
– Dual Access to Research Campuses– Best-practices Life Safety Systems
and Programs– Experimental Support Groups– Design Enabling Future Expansion – Project Enabling Participation by Other
Agencies• Suite of Transformational Experiments
– Diverse and Compelling Suite– Integral Education and Outreach Efforts
2 Homestake DUSEL
NSF and DOE Cooperation In Creating DUSEL and its Scientific Program
• Initial NSF Guidance - $750M to include:– DUSEL Facility (our goal is for FY13 construction start)– Diverse and Compelling Suite of Experiments
• Dark Matter Searches• Long Baseline Neutrinos• Proton Decay• Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay• Additional Physics Experiments such as:
– Nuclear Astrophysics– Solar Neutrinos
• Biology, Geology, Engineering Experiments including topics such as:– Geomicrobiology– Fault Rupture and geophysics– Coupled Processes
• DOE Established CD0 for Long Baseline Neutrinos Experiment January 2010– Range established $660 - $940M– Joint oversight group (JOG) meeting regularly (DOE OHEP ,DOE ONP, NSF PHY)
• We anticipate maintaining Sanford Lab science program through DUSEL construction– LUX dark matter and Majorana Demonstrator neutrinoless double beta decay
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
4850’ Facilities
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
7400’ Facilities
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
LUX
LUX: 300 kg Xe TPC with 100 kg fiducialXENON10 (part) + US ZEPLIN + SuperK/SNO3D-imaging TPC eliminates surface activity, defines fiducial
Backgrounds:Internal: strong self-shielding of PMT activity
γ/β < 7x10-4 /keVee/kg/day, from PMTs (Hamamatsu R8778 or R8520).Neutrons (α,n) & fission subdominant
External: large water shield with muon veto.Very effective for cavern γ+n, and HE n from muonsVery low gamma backgrounds with achievable purity.
LUXcore: Final engineering for large-scale det.
LUX detector
LUXcore
LUX Experiment
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
LUX-300
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
DUSEL DM Programme
MREFC Proposal in Dec 2010Decision by Spring 2011Construction starts (T0) by 2013Beneficial occupancy of both 4850 and 7400 would occur at T0+2 yearsDUSEL DM Community focussed on several third generation target technologies (Ge, Ar, Xe, directional, ...)
even if detection made by time of construction of G3Several technologies for WIMP studies (A2, spin, threshold), cross checks, different systematics, risk mitigation
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
PASAG Definition
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
DUSEL DM Strategy
Propose generic G3 for 2016/17 startAllows input from existing G2 experiments
SuperCDMS, XENON, LUX, etc...
Decouples from DUSEL timescale
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
SNOLAB Overall StatusSurface Facility
Operational from 2005.Provides offices, conference room, dry, warehousing, IT servers, clean-room labs, detector construction labs, chemical + assay lab
Underground Construction (Cube Hall, Cryopit, Ladder Labs, Lab Entrance)
Excavation complete and outfitting began June 2007. All main infrastructure (Chiller, MPC, HVAC, waste water plant) commissionedGeneral outfitting in Phase I areas almost complete + Cryopit 5T crane/access.Ladder Labs final cleaning complete, first experiment going inFirst experimental infrastructure installation in Cube Hall, going clean
Experimental ProgrammeContinued operation of DEAP-1 and PICASSO. Current allocations to: PICASSO-III, DEAP-I, SNO+, DEAP-3600, MiniCLEAN, SuperCDMS TF, SuperCDMS, COUPP, HALO. Anticipated and under discussion: EXO-gas, DarkSide, low background counters to measure 39Ar, future Cobra upgrade…
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Laboratory Space
All clean spaces will be operated as Class2000 clean rooms (or better).
ExcavationExcavation Clean RoomClean Room LaboratoryLaboratoryArea (m2) Volume (m3) Area (m2) Volume (m3) Area (m2) Volume (m3)
Original SNO Areas
Phase I
Phase II
1860 16500 1130 13300 750 11700
6070 38750 3900 29750 2430 23700
7220 46650 4940 37250 3060 29550
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Personnel facilities
SNOCavern
Ladder Labs
Cube Hall
Cryopit
SouthDrift
HaloStub
UtilityDrift
DEAP-3600MiniCLEAN
HALO
Current PICASSO-II, DEAP-I (Dark Matter)
PUPS (Seismicity)
2009+
DEAP-3600, MiniCLEAN,
PICASSO-III (Dark Matter)
SNO+, HALO,
(Neutrino)
2010+SuperCDMS,
COUPP, DarkSide (Dark Matter)
Exo-Gas (Neutrino)
PICASSO-II
DEAP-I PUPS
SNO+
SuperCDMS
PICASSO-III
DarkSide
COUPP
EXO?, CLEAN?
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Dark Matter at SNOLABNoble Liquids: Deap-I, MiniCLEAN, & DEAP-3600, DarkSide
Single Phase Liquid Argon uses pulse shape discrimination. Two-phase (DarkSide)
Prototype DEAP-I operational in SNOLAB now. Successful demonstration of PSD and test bench for DEAP/CLEAN design/operations.
Construction for DEAP-3600 and MiniCLEAN underway. DEAP-3600 capital funding granted (CA$35M with SNO+)
Will measure Spin Independent cross-section.
Superheated Liquids: PICASSO (COUPP)Superheated droplet detectors and bubble chambers. Insensitive to MIPS radioactive background at operating temperature, threshold devices
PICASSO currently operational in SNOLAB, demonstration of alpha rejection and test bench for scale-up of detector volumes. COUPP on its way...
Will measure Spin Dependent / Spin Independent cross-section.
Solid State: SuperCDMSState of the art Ge crystals with ionisation and phonon readout.
Currently operational in Soudan. Next phase will benefit from SNOLAB depth to reach desired sensitivity. Test facility in Ladder Labs under development.
Mostly sensitive to Spin Independent cross-section.
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
SuperCDMS
Brink DM2010
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
DEAP3600/miniCLEAN
CubeHall - DEAP/
miniCLEAN
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
DEAP-3600 DirectorMark Boulay
standing at the location of theDEAP-3600 Shield tank.
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Acceptance testing of theMiniCLEAN Vacuum Vessel.
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Facility developments
Several expansions of deep underground facilities completed, in construction or well progressed in planning
Site Size Status Available
Kamioka + 5.5x103m3 Complete 2008
SNOLAB 3x104m3 Complete 2009
LSC 8x103m3 In Construction 2010
SUSEL >3x104m3 In Construction 2010
CJPL 1.7x103m3 In Construction 2011
Yangyang 1.6x104m3 In Construction 2011+
LSM 4x104m3 Planned 2013
DUSEL >105m3 Planned 2015
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Current S.I. Limits
http://dmtools.berkeley.edu/limitplots/ Gaitskell/Mandic
‘Canonical’ halo modelSpin independent interactionnormalised to nucleon
Different statistical methods adopted dependent on technique
WIMP Mass [GeV/c2]
Cros
s-se
ctio
n [c
m2 ] (
norm
alise
d to
nuc
leon
)
101 102 10310-46
10-44
10-42
10-40
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
DM Prospects @LNGS FacilitiesFacility Experiment Target Interaction Limit reached (pb) Expected sensitivity (pb) Timescale Status
Boulby ZEPLIN-III Xe SI, SD 7x10-7 10-8 2011 Operational
DRIFT-II CS2, CF4 Directional, SD 3 (prelim) - 2010 Operational
Canfranc ANAIS NaI Modulation - - 2012 In Construction
ArDM Ar SI - 10-8 2011 In Construction
CJPL CDEX Ge SD - - - Planned
DUSEL G3 Detectors >2 SD, SI - <10-11 2016+ Planned
Kamioka XMASS Xe SD, SI - 10-9 2010+ Operational
LSBB Simple C2ClF5 SD, SI 10-5 (SI) |ap|<0.32 - 2010 Operational
LSM Edelweiss Ge SI 10-7 10-8 2013 Operational
EURECA Ge, CaWO4 SI - 10-9 - 10-10 2015 Planned
SNOLAB DEAP Ar SI - 10-10 2015 In Construction
PICASSO C4F10 SD, SI 1.6x10-1 10-5 2014 Operational
CLEAN Ar, Ne SD - 10-10 2015 In Construction
SuperCDMS Ge SD - 3x10-10 2014 Planned
COUPP CF3I SI, SD 3x10-6(SI) 4x10-2(SDp) 5x10-7 (SI) 2010 In Construction
Darkside Ar SI - 2x10-10 2014 Planned
Soudan CDMS-II Ge, Si SI 7x10-7 5x10-9 2011 Operational
Cogent Ge SI 5x10-5 (@10GeV) - - Operational
SUSEL LUX Xe SD, SI - 7x10-10 2013 In Construction
Yangyang KIMS CsI SI, modulation 3x10-6 - - Operational
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Limit/Sensitivity Progression
Stated future progression
(sCDMS, DEAP, EURECA, etc.)
After Gaitskell
N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010
Conclusions
Direct dark matter searches are a core component of all deep underground facilitiesExpansion of several deep underground facilities world-wide is completed, underway or well advanced in planning
Providing significant additional space world-wide for DM programmes
Stated goals of many large scale detectors, using various target elements and techniques, is O(10-10pb) by 2015