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Qfthd? Rlunas lj Rfhdnbd

Daftda Ey? Outtk M. Ckrtmknn

Zdrlnfik Cd`daus

Cdni vkn Ufdmsafoi

TUH? cttp?//ellis.dhsdvfdr.blm

Rdrfds Qfthd?  Nlrtc Clhhkna Hfn`ufstfbs Rdrfds - Hfn`ufstfb Zkrfktflns, Nlrtc-

Clhhkna Hfn`ufstfb Rdrfds? Hfn`ufstfb Zkrfktflns (NCHR)

Adekprkska Eknaylpkacyky, Fnafkn Rtktfstfbkh Fnstftutd, Ilhiktk, Fnafk

‘Nltd tckt DBW wfhh nlw rdaubd tl adsbrfptfvd tkxlnlmy, lj nl tcdlrdtfbkh sf`nfjfbknbd. Fj sl, tcdrd wfhh

ed nl mdknfn`juh qudstflns kelut blnounbtfvd lr afsounbtfvd DBW, DBW ks kn HJ lr WJ pcdnlmdnln (lr

eltc), dtb. Nltd tckt nl kspdbt lj DBW bkn kpphy kt tcd WJ fntdrjkbd, sfnbd tcdrd wd ckvd lnhy k pclndtfb

mktrfx wftc nl rdhdvknt strubturd fnafbktda. Qcd prlplskh tckt DBW erdkis alwn fntl k WJ kna kn HJ

 prlpdrty (ks fn Klun, dt. kh., ;630) tcdrdjlrd must tkid tcd jlrmdr dftcdr tl kpphy kt R-strubturd lr kt k

ndw hdvdh lj ‘sckhhlw strubturd” edtwddn R -strubturd kna WJ.” (Bclmsiy, ;665? jn. ;6, p`. :1)

FNQULATBQFLN

 Ks F ckvd qultda (rktcdr unusukhhy) Bclmsiy kt tcd ed`fnnfn` lj my rdvfdw, lnd lj tcd daftlrs

lj tcfs elli, Zkn Udfmsafoi dt kh (;63:) wks khsl bftda ey tcd twl lj tcd kutclrs, Ednaokekhhkc

kna Ckfadn kt tcd ed`fnnfn` lj tcdfr pkpdr (—K Qyplhl`y lj Dmptfndss Fn Qdmphktds‚). Qcd

bftktfln `lds hfid tcfs? —Alds tcd nltfln ‐dmpty bktd`lry– blnstftutd k sf`nfjfbknt `rkmmktfbkh

`dndrkhfzktfln<‚ (p`.52).

Qcfs fs k brubfkh ks wdhh ks puzzhfn` qudstfln ks ft fs stfhh aluetjuh wcdtcdr tcfs typd lj tllh wluha

sdrvd tcd sdmkntkbtfb purplsd kna bluha kttkfn dxphknktlry kadqukby ey bhdkrfn` up lnd

unrdslhvda qudstfln? alds dmpty bktd`lry drksd eltc bktd`lry kna blntdnt lr nlt lr tcdrd

mf`ct ed k plssfefhfty lj afsounbtfvd sftuktfln< Ednaokekhhkc kna Ckfadn–s knswdr wks —k

tdntktfvd yds‚ (p`.52) ks tcd —tcdlrdtfbkh jrkmdwlri cks bckn`da blnsfadrkehy‚, eut fn bksd lj

plst-syntkbtfb blmplndnt, tcdfr knswdr wks nd`ktfvd kna tcfs wks k pkrkalxfbkh sftuktfln tckt

dntkfhda kplrfk. Mkny rkafbkh bckn`ds cka lbburrda kjtdr tcd qudstfln lj Udfmsafoi dt kh (nltd

tcd aktd? ft wks ;63:) wks put fntl tcd krdnk lj jlrmkh-prkbtftflndrs lj Bclmsifkn syntkx.

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Qcfs rdvfdw, tkifn` bud jrlm subc prlehdmktfb zlnds, wcdrd, wftcfn jlrmkhfsm, adbfakefhfty lj

dmptfndss cka dhfbftda kmefvkhdnt rdsplnsds, wluha try tl unadrstkna tcd dntdrprfsd tckt fs stfhh

suesbrfefn` k pcdnlmdnln tckt wks khrdkay keknalnda lr edfn` blnsfadrda ks mdrd

—adsbrfptfvd tkxlnlmy” ey tcd fnftfktlr kna slmd lj cfs jlhhlwdrs lj tcfs pkrtfbuhkr prfnbfphd.

RTMMKUV

Qcfs elli ln tcd sfhdnbdmd (k ndlhl`fsm blfnda ln tcd eksfs lj pclndmd, mlrpcdmd, hdxdmd,

sdmdmd, prk`mdmd dtb. Qclu`c tcd kutclrs lj tcfs elli afa nlt usd tcd tdrm, F km usfn` tcfs

tdrm tcrlu`clut tcfs rdvfdw jlr blnvdnfdnbd) fs puehfscda ks k pkrt lj Nlrtc Clhhkna Hfn`ufstfbs

Rdrfds, lnd lj tcd `lkhs lj wcfbc, ks mdntflnda fn tcd fntrlaubtlry nltds, wks tl erfa`d tcd

Whktlnfb ks wdhh ks Bkrtdsfkn bl`nftfvd trkaftfln wftc tcd blntdmplrkry `dndrktfvd trkaftfln.

Qcrdd daftlrs lj tcd elli (Ckrtmknn, Cd`daus kna Ufdmsafoi) prdsdntda kn dxbdhhdnt

summkrfzda vdrsfln lj df`ct pkpdrs (jlur ln tcd mlrpcl-pclnlhl`y kna tcd rdsts wdrd ln

syntkx) wrfttdn ey nfnd blntrfeutlrs `ktcdrfn` aktk jrlm afjjdrdnt hkn`uk`ds. Fn adsbrfefn`

—Rfhdnbd fn Wclnlhl`y‚, tcdy khsl tlli cdhp jrlm Edn Cdrmkns fn tcfs rd`kra.

Qcd kutclrs lj tcd pkpdrs cka wlrida ckrahy kna blvdrda mkny hkn`uk`ds jlr tcd purplsd lj

unadrstknafn` dmpty dhdmdnts. Ednaokekhhkc kna Ckfadn–s cka tkidn Edredr (Kjrl-Ksfktfb

@rlup. Fj wd al edhfdvd fn T@, wckt fs tcd mdknfn` lj subc ‐`dndkhl`fbkh– bhkssfjfbktfln<) nluns

tl mkid lut dmptfndss lj tdmphktds. Bltd blnbdntrktda ln tcd Jrdnbc clhy trfnfty tl sclw tcd

dhdmdnts hfid sbcwk, hfkfsln kna C-kspfrd. Hlwdnstkmm cka adkht wftc tcd Vfaafsc nluns kna

Jrdnbc `dnadr kna prlplsda tcd blnbdpt lj —nuhh-`dnadr‚ wftclut blnsfadrfn` tcd buhturd-

spdbfjfb blntdxt-sdnsftfvd nln-afsbursfvd `kmd lj sdx/`dnadr-fssud. Qcfs pkpdr khsl slrtda lut

—rllt‚ ey mkfntkfnfn` pcfhlhl`fbkh trkaftfln wftclut edfn` eltcdrda  kelut tcd dpfstdmlhl`fbkh

tcrdsclha edtwddn —mladrn‚ hfn`ufstfbs kna pcfhlhl`y. Rbcddr, fn cfs dxbdptflnkh tcdlrdtfbkh

pkpdr ln prlslafb cfdrkrbcy tfafda up prlslafb pclnlhl`y kna kutl-sd`mdntkh pclnlhl`y.

 Kbblrafn` tl tcd kutclr, tcdrd must ed k slvdrdf`n trknshktlr–s ljjfbd wftclut kny eujjdr ‑k nl

mkn–s hkna (p`. ;:3). Elsilvfb–s dxkmphds wdrd jrlm Dn`hfsc, Bcuibcdd, Rdhkykrsdd, Fbdhknafb

hkn`uk`ds kna cd hkr`dhy adpdnada ln Bclmsiy–s burrdnt plsftfln ln DBW tl dhkelrktd tcd

subbdssfvd bybhfb mlvdmdnt. Ikhhuhhf dn`k`da lndsdhj wftc Cderdw, Kheknfkn kna Dn`hfsc tl

dhkelrktd tcd prlehdms lj nuhh leodbts. Iktl blnbdntrktda ln PC-Fn-Rftu fn Okpkndsd ey

adphlyfn` nuhh-lpdrktlr kpprlkbc. Rurknyf–s tcdlrdtfbkh pkpdr ln Cdka Mlvdmdnt kna bybhfb

spdhh lut bkpturda slmd dxkmphds jrlm @drmkn kna Jrfsfkn hkn`uk`ds.

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 Kppkrdnthy spdkifn`, khh tcd kutclrs tlli —k‚ mladh‑Bclmsifkn mladh lj syntkx kna adphlyda

tckt mladh tl unadrstkna tcd mlrpcl-pclnl-syntkbtfb sfhdnbdmds lj afjjdrdnt hkn`uk`ds.

Clwdvdr, fj lnd sbrutfnfzds tcd elli, lnd mf`ct jfna tckt ft fs nlt k sfn`hd mladh‑rktcdr, ks ft

wks rdvdkhda jrlm tcd efehfl`rkpcfds lj tcd rdspdbtfvd kutclrs lj khh tcd df`ct pkpdrs, tcdy wdrd

usfn` sfmuhtkndlushy afjjdrdnt mladhs lj Bclmsifkn knkhysfs, d.`., Bclmsiy ;63:, ;634 kna

5777 ellis kna pkpdrs wdrd mdntflnda fn tcd fntrlaubtfln, eut Bclmsiy, ;63; wks dhkelrktda

fn blursd lj adjfnfn` tcd trkbds (p`.0) kna ft wks nlt kt khh mdntflnda fn tcd fntrlaubtlry

efehfl`rkpcy9 Bclmsiy, 5771 wks mdntflnda ey Ednaokekhhk (p`.4:), tclu`c DBW dtb. ks

dxphknktlry tllhs wdrd keknalnda fn tckt wlri lj Bclmsiy kt tckt tfmd9 Bclmsiy– nkmd wks

arlppda jrlm tcd Bltd–s pkpdr, tclu`c tcd kutclr tclu`ct tckt Jrdnbc hkn`uk`d fs k —jdrtfhd

tdstfn` `rluna‚ jlr DBW (p`.:5) dtb. Wdrckps tcd kutclr mf`ct tcfni tckt ft wks rdaunaknt tl

mdntfln tcd nkmd lj k mkstdr jf`urd, wcl fntrlaubda tcd tdrm wftcfn tcd Dxtdnada Rtknakra

Qcdlry jrkmdwlri9 skmd tcfn` cka ckppdnda fn bksd lj Hlwdnstkmm–s pkpdr ln hftthd n9 Rbcddr

fn cfs dxbdhhdnt pkpdr ln prlslafb cfdrkrbcy jlhhlwda lnhy Bclmsiy dt kh. ;64: kna Bclmsiy,

;6:3 kna advfktda jrlm tcd Bclmsifkn stknaplfnt wcdn cd wrltd k smkhh kna mkrvdhlus

bckptdr ln tcd —Wrlslafb Wclnlhl`y? Fs k bcfha lj Kutlsd`mdntktfln? Elunakrfds krd u`hy,

Almkfns krd Edkutfjuh‚ (pp.;47-4;. Ft fs kn dxbdhhdnt prlplsftfln hdknfn` tlwkras plst-jlrmkhfst

kpprlkbc)9 Elsilvfb jlhhlwda Bclmsiy, ;664, ;666, 5777 kna 577; kna lnd jlrtcblmfn` pkpdr

lj Bclmsiy9 Ikhhuiuhhf cka stkrtda jrlm Bclmsiy, ;602 kna dnada fn Bclmsiy, ;63:, tcus tcd

kutclr jlhhlwda lnhy tcd Dxtdnada Rtknakra Qcdlry (DRQ) kna levflushy dnlu`c, tcdrd wks nl

trkbds lj mfnfmkhfst prl`rkm, wcdrd DBW fs nltcfn` mlrd tckn k tkxlnlmfb advfbd wftclut kny

pltdntfkhfty lj dxphkfnfn` tcd sfhdnbdmds9 Iktl–s spkn wks mubc ef``dr9 cd ed`un wftc

Bclmsiy, ;63; kna dnada fn 5771 kna tcus kmkh`kmktda kt hdkst twl Bclmsifkn mladhs fn

cfs pkpdr ln nuhh lpdrktlr9 hksthy, Rurknyf ‐ efehfl`rkpcy stkrtda wftc Bclmsiy, ;63: kna dnada

fn 5774, tcus tcd kutclrs fnblrplrktda kt hdkst twl mladhs tl kttdna dxphknktlry kadqukby.

Hksthy, tcdrd krd nl fnadxds lj kutclrs, hkn`uk`ds kna idy-tdrms fn tcfs daftda elli.

DZKHTKQFLN

Udkadrs mky nltfbd tckt F wks adtkfhfn` kna sbrutfnfzfn` tcd efehfl`rkpcfb rdjdrdnbds lj tcd

elli unadr rdvfdw fn tcd prdvflus sdbtfln, blnbdntrktfn` ln lnd mkstdr jf`urd, Bclmsiy, jlr k

spdbfjfb rdksln. Kjtdr tcd kavdnt lj Wrfnbfphds kna Wkrkmdtdr Qcdlry fn tcd dkrhy nfndtfds, DBW

wks `rkaukhhy hlsfn` fts `rluna ks kn dxphknktlry tllh kna Bclmsiy prlplsda khtl`dtcdr k

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afjjdrdnt mladh kjtdr tcd nfndtfds. Qcdrdjlrd, kt tcd ed`fnnfn` lj my rdvfdw F put k mfnlr (ks ft fs

kn dnanltd, wrfttdn fn ;665) qultd, wcdrd Bclmsiy cfmsdhj cka afhutda tcd fssud lj DBW.

Qckt, lj blursd, alds nlt dntkfh tckt ltcdr pclnlhl`fsts lr syntkbtfbfkns mf`ct keknaln tcfs

advfbd jlhhlwfn` k mkstdr jf`urd ks —sfhdnbdmd‚ fs k —rdkh‚ pcdnlmdnln tl ed tkbihda wftc, eut

tcdrd scluha ed sujjfbfdnt rdkslns tl ed sclwn ey tcd kutclrs lj k elli, puehfscda fn 5773, jlr

tcd adphlymdnt lj subc kn khmlst keknalnda tllh. Mlrdlvdr, wcdn kn kutclr wks utfhfzfn`

afjjdrdnt mladhs wftclut edfn` blnbdrnda kelut tcd dpfstdmlhl`fbkh tcrdsclhas lj khh tcdsd

mladhs, F, ks k rdkadr, cka jkbda k `rkvd prlehdm (lr mkny dpfstdmlhl`fbkh lestkbhds tckt

mf`ct ed tcd jkuht lj my blnjusfn` sdhj, wcl cka dnbluntdrda sl mkny mladhs advdhlpda wftcfn

tcd spkn lj jfjty ydkrs) kna F nlw wfsc tl bkhh tcfs ks tcd prlehdm lj fnblmmdnsurkefhfty, wcdrd

slmd fnblmpktfehd mladhs krd put tl`dtcdr wftclut kny blmpdtftfln. Clw bluha lnd put

Rtknakra tcdlry lj tcd sfxtfds, Dxtdnada Rtknakra Qcdlry lj tcd sdvdntfds, @E tcdlry lj tcd

df`ctfds, Wrfnbfphds kna Wkrkmdtdrs kpprlkbc lr Mfnfmkhfst prl`rkm lj tcd nfndtfds lj tcd hkst

bdntury kna jfrst adbkad lj tcfs bdntury fn k skmd eltthd wftclut edfn` eltcdrda kelut

blmmdnsurkefhfty kna vuh`kr ‐dpfstdmlhl`fbkh–(<) kmkh`kmktfln. 

Qcfs typd lj prkbtfbd, wcfbc fs bkhhda ks —mladh-tcdlrdtfb kpprlkbc‚, tclu`c fn vl`ud fn tcd

almkfn lj blntdmplrkry sbfdnbd(s), cks slmdtfmds edblmd k bksd lj —mfmfbry‚ lj k prd -`fvdn

mladh. Qclu`c hkr`d blrpus fs `dndrktda, sckpda, kpprlprfktda, kpprlxfmktda kna blafjfda

kbblrafn` tl tcd prd-`fvdn jlrmkh afbd lj k mladh lr jrkmdwlri wftc bhdrfbkh prdbfsfln, tcfs typd

lj prkbtfbd mf`ct slmdtfmds hdka tl fntdhhdbtukh knlrdxfk (tcd mladhs lj tcd rkmp khsl krd

sujjdrfn` jrlm Knlrdxfk Euhfmfk lr ndrvlsk). Fn bksd lj subc dpfstdmlhl`fbkhhy kmkh`kmktda

jrkmdwlris lr cyerfa mladhs, ks fn tcd bksd lj tcfs elli unadr rdvfdw, ft fs vdry afjjfbuht jlr k

rdkadr tl dsbkpd prlehdms lj blnjusfn` fnblmmdnsurkefhfty ks afjjdrdnt mladhs krd

lvdrsckalwfn` dkbc ltcdr. Ln tcd ltcdr ckna, fn bksd lj jlhhlwfn` ;6:3 erkna lj `dndrktfvd

pclnlhl`y, tcd trkbds lj cfstlrfbkh hfn`ufstfbs fs dvfadnt dnlu`c (bj. Hlwdnstkmm–s pkpdr, wcdrd

cd cka adkht wftc slmdtcfn` bkhhda —rllt‚‑tcd —lrf`fnkh‚ —kutcdntfb‚(<) ktlm!) wcdn knylnd wks

sdkrbcfn` suestkntfkh unadrhyfn` jlrms fn tcd blntdxt lj mlrpclpclnlhl`y. Qcdrdjlrd, knltcdr

dpfstdmlhl`fbkh (<) almkfn wks pdndtrktfn` fn tcd almkfn lj tcfs elli? trkbds lj blmpkrktfvd

pcfhlhl`y! Fn tcfs blntdxt, plst-jlrmkhfsts mf`ct ksi subc qudstflns? Pcl (Qcd spdkifn`/cdkrfn`

sueodbt) alds ckvd tcd bdrtkfn inlwhda`d lj bcrlnlhl`fbkh adtdrmfnfstfb lradrs lj kreftrkry

slunas< Pcfbc hkttdr sluna fs k adrfvktfvd lj dkrhfdr slunas< Alds ft `fvd efrtc tl `dndkhl`fbkh

jkntksy< Alds tcd spdkifn`/cdkrfn` sueodbt ckvd tcd blnsbflus inlwhda`d lj jrk`mdntda

mlrpclpclndmfb prlbdaurkh ruhds ad-—sf`n‚-da ey k `rlup lj hfn`ufsts< Clwdvdr, tckt fs kn

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  :

bkpftkh wftclut kny slbfkh dn`k`dmdnt. Ft fs oust hfid kn kfmhdss mdbcknfbkh tllh-usdr, wcl fs

mkifn` lnd–s lwn wlrha wftclut kny dn`k`dmdnt wftc tcd ltcdr/lutdr -wlrha.

Clwdvdr, ln tcd ltcdr ckna, F must bln`rktuhktd tcd ckra-wlrifn` daftlrs kna kutclrs lj tcfs

elli ks tcdy cka kt hdkst rdvfvda tcd fssud lj dmpty dhdmdnts wcdn DBW wks adbhkrda adka ey

slmd kradnt Bclmsiy-jlhhlwdrs. Qclu`c, nlw, syntkbtfb fntdrprdtktfln lj dmpty dhdmdnts

sdrvds nltcfn` tl kbcfdvd dxphknktlry kadqukby, lnd mky tkid bud jrlm ltcdr dxtdrnkh slurbds

tl kaa vkhud tl sl-bkhhda vkhudhdss (<) dmpty-dhdmdnts. Ql md, tcdrd krd twl-wky luts? jfrsthy,

lnd mky tkid rdblursd tl Pftt`dnstdfn, Rkrtrd lr ltcdr blntfndntkh pcfhlslpcdrs (jlr k erfdj

adsbrfptfln lj tcdfr wlris kna R.N. @kn`uhy–s fntdrvdntfln ln tcfs tlpfb bj. Mlftrk, ;631. Mlftrk–s

lwn tkxlnlmfzktfln lj sfhdnbdmds fs khsl fmplrtknt) jlr oustfjyfn` tcd erlka tfthd? —Rlunas lj

Rfhdnbd‚9 kna/lr, sdblnahy, jlr sdmkntkbtfb fntdrprdtktfln lj k `fvdn blrpus, lnd mky adphly

kesdntfkh qukntfjfdr (keckvk) jlhhlwfn` tcd rdhktflnkh hl`fb, wcfbc khsl fnblrplrktds lntlhl`y kna

pcdnlmdnlhl`y lj dmpty spkbds, lj Nykyk-Zkfsdsfik  (cdnbdjlrtc NZ) trkaftfln lj Fnafkn

Wcfhlslpcy. Hdt md dhkelrktd tcd sdblna lnd jlr tcfs purplsd lj rdouvdnktfn` dmpty dhdmdnts

kna tl strdn`tcdn tcd sdmkntkx lj DBW kna adhdtfln. Fn tcfs NZ trkaftfln, bktd`lrfds ( pkakrtck)

krd afstfn`ufscda ln tcd eksfs lj tcdfr prdsdnbd (eckvk) kna kesdnbd (keckvk). Qcd NZ-

trkaftfln blnsfadrda eltc tcd dxfstdnbd kna nln-dxfstdnbd ks bktd`lrfds, wcfbc krd sueodbt tl

tcd inlwhda`d lr bl`nftfln ey mdkns lj `dndrfb pdrbdptfln. @dndrkhhy, fn tcd Dn`hfsc

trknshktflns lj tcd NZ-hftdrkturd, tcfs bktd`lry blmds unadr tcd nltfln lj nd`ktfln kna fts

sueafvfsflns krd trknshktda ks —rdhktflnkh kesdnbd‚ kna —mutukh kesdnbd‚ lr —afjjdrdnbd‚. Fn tcd

blntdxt lj dmpty dhdmdnts, lnd mky blnbdntrktd ln tcd —rdhktflnkh kesdnbd‚ lr sfmphy kesdnbd

rktcdr tckn tckt lj afjjdrdnbd. Khh rdhktflns krd rd`krada cdrd ks aykafb rdhktflns edtwddn twl

tdrms? knuyl`fn  (rdjdrdna, qukhfjfbkna, hlbus S) kna  prktfyl`fn (bluntdrplsftfvd, rdjdrdnt,

qukhfjfdr, hlbktda V). Udhktfln (U) fs khwkys k prlpdrty rdsfadnt fn tcd rdsfadnbd lr rdjdrdna.

Qcdrdjlrd, lnd bkn sky S ‒(U-V) wcdrd S fs tcd hlbus lj kesdnbd lj V wcdrd U fs k rdhktk. Qcus

kesdnbd fs khwkys adsf`nktda fn rdhktfln tl slmdtcfn`. Fn bksd lj rdhktflnkh kesdnbd, k qukhfjfdr

qukhfjfds k qukhfjfbkna kna ey nd`ktfn` ft wd `dt kn —kesdnbd lj tckt qukhfjfdr‚ (wcfbc fs knltcdr

qukhfjfdr) qukhfjyfn` tcd skmd qukhfjfbkna, —tcfs sfhdnt-spkbd S fs qukhfjfda ey tcd spdkifn`-

kesdnbd V‚. Ln tcd ltcdr ckna, afjjdrdnbd rdjdrs tl —tcfs fs nlt sfhdnbd‚ typd lj nd`ktfln.

 Kesdnbd lj nln-spdkifn` fn kn dnunbfktfln kna afjjdrdnbd jrlm k sfhdnbd lr slmdtcfn` fn

knltcdr hlbus krd twl afstfn`ufsckehd sue-bktd`lrfds lj kesdtfkh qukntfjfdr lr keckvk. Lnd bluha

pdrbdfvd kesdnbd ey kssf`nfn` tcd kesdntfkh qukhfjfdr/ bluntdrplsftfvd tl tcd (sdntdntfkh) hlbus lj

dmpty rdjdrdna lr qukhfjfbkna. Qcus, tcd kesdnbd lj spdkifn` mdkns pdrbdfvfn` tcd aykafb

rdhktflns edtwddn twl blnstrubts? spdkifn` kna nln-spdkifn` fn k bdrtkfn hlbus.

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Qcd kesdntfkh qukntfjfdr cks slhvda k brubfkh prlehdm lj adhdtfln tckt mf`ct drksd bktd`lry kna

blntdnt lr lnhy tcd blntdnts lj k bktd`lry ey plsftfn` tcd bktd`lry fn k sdntdntfkh hlbus lj tcd

bluntdrplsftfvd. Clwdvdr, tcdrd must ed k afstfnbtfln edtwddn k mlvda dhdmdnt kna k adhdtda

dhdmdnt. Fn bksd lj mlvda dhdmdnt, tcd rdsfadnt lj t lr U-dxprdssfln fs kn fnstknbd lj plstdrflr

kesdnbd lr uttkrk-keckvk, tcd sueafvfsfln, wcfbc wks nlt fntrlaubda ey tcd lha lr ndw sbcllh lj

Nykyk kna fn bksd lj adhdtfln9 F wfsc tl mkfntkfn tcd nltfln lj kesdnbd lj adstrubtfln.

Fn tcd Pdstdrn systdm lj hl`fb, tcd kesdntfkh qukhfjfdr fs nlt usda. Fj DBW nddas tl ed dhkelrktda

ks k —sckhhlw strubturd‚ lr slmdtcfn` mlrd fn blnndbtfln wftc tcd R-strubturd kna HJ-fntdrjkbd

(wftcfn DRQ lr @E), ft fs ndbdsskry tl adphly kesdntfkh qukntfjfdr fn tcd sdntdntfkh bkhbuhus tl

rdblvdr tcd dmpty dhdmdnts ks bl`nfzda ey tcd spdkifn`/cdkrfn` sueodbt. Kna tckt fs k edttdr

tllh‑tclu`c ydt tl ed prlvda ey prkbtftflndrs lj syntkx.

Ln tcd ltcdr ckna, ks tcd kutclrs wdrd lnhy blnbdrnda wftc tcd —wdhh-jlrmda/strubturda‚ (Al wd

spdki fn subc k mknndr< Dxkmphds bftda ey Bclmsiy dxbhuada tcd shfp lj tcd tln`ud, `kps,

dhhfpsds kna unfntdnada slunas) syntk`ms (tckt fs kn usukh prkbtfbd wftcfn Bclmsifkn sbcllh),

tcdy f`nlrda tcd pkrkaf`mktfb rdburrdnbds ks ft fs lbburrda fn tcd afsbursfvd jlrmktfln lj

spdkifn`/cdkrfn` sueodbts dn`k`da fn blnvdrsktfln, wcdrd nlt lnhy jkbtukh dmpty dhdmdnts krd

lpdrktfn`, eut khsl tcd nln-afsbursfvd slnlrfty lr unfntdnada slunas (slmdtcfn` mf`ct ed

blnsfadrda ks —lutsfad‚ lj hkn`uk`d wftcfn tcd Bclmsifkn  jrkmdwlri) phky k brubfkh rlhd. Fn

tckt bksd lnd must hlli fntl tcd —lutsfad‚ lj hkn`uk`d, wcfbc fs khsl k pkrt lj hkn`uk`d ks tckt

sl-bkhhda lutsfad blntrlhs (d.`., wckt fs tl skfa kna wckt fs nlt tl ed skfa…) tcd hkn`uk`d ftsdhj,

dvdn tcd fntdrnkhfzda hkn`uk`d, kna mky put k jlrmkh advfbd, sky psf- (psybcl-slbfkh)-prlpdrtfds

tckt mky erfa`d tcd `kp edtwddn hkn`uk`d, kestrkbtda ks wdhh ks dxtrkbtda jrlm slbfkh rdkhfty

kna tcd fntdrnkhfzktfln lj tcd —lutsfad‚ (Eknaylpkacyky, ;66:, 5772, d.`., Hlwdnstkmm–s pkpdr

ln `dnadr afa nlt blnsfadr subc —lutsfad‚). Fn tckt bksd slbfkhhy blnstrkfnda sfhdnbdmds (eltc

unsplidn kna unspdkikehd pcdnlmdnk, wcfbc krd, k`kfn, knkhl`lus tl jkmlus —uninlwn kna

uninlwkehd‚) kna tcdfr fmpkbt ln tcd —psybcd‚ fn bdrtkfn spktfl-tdmplrkh blntdxt mky ed

rdvdkhda.

Qcfs dxtdrnkh brftfqud, wcfbc, jrknihy spdkifn`, fs nlt kt khh jkftcjuh tl tcd mdtclas ks jlhhlwda fn

tcd elli (kutclrs kna rdkadrs mky pkraln md jlr dnhkr`fn` tcd almkfn lj slunas lj sfhdnbd ks

F km rdblvdrfn` tcd dmpty Ytcdlrdtfbkh] dhdmdnts lj tcd elli), mky sclw tcd wky jlr edttdr

dxphknktlry kadqukby jlr unadrstknafn` sfhdnbdmds kna F km tcknijuh tl tcd kssfaulus daftlrs

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kna kutclrs, wcl akrda tl blmplsd subc k elli kt tcd mlmdnt lj adbdksda DBW, lj tcfs elli

jlr mkifn` sblpd jlr wrftfn` —ltcdr‚‒sfads lj dmpty dhdmdnts.

F km blnbhuafn` tcfs rdvfdw wftc k bckrmfn` kna mkrvdhlus bl-fnbfadnbd? mfnfmkhfst pkfntfn`

advdhlps blhlrs lj sfhdnbdmds kna mfnfmkhfst prl`rkm, adspftd tcd nkmdskid, iddps

sfhdnbdmds ks k pdnafn` fssud… DBW fs adka, hln` hfvd rdfnbkrnktda DBW. Udsurrdbtfln scluha

khwkys ed bdhderktda kna nlt tl ed skhd-erktda.

BLHLWCLN?  F km fnadetda tl Wrlj. E. N. Wktnkfi jlr cfs ifna su``dstflns ln tcd fssud lj

fnblmmdnsurkefhfty lj afjjdrdnt Bclmsifkn mladhs kna Wrlj. Ukmkiknt K`nfcltrf, Wrlj. Wrlekh

Aks`uptk jlr cdhpfn` md tl tkid plst-jlrmkhfst turn. Clwdvdr, usukh afsbhkfmdrs kpphy. F km khsl

fnadetda tl tcd Hfn`ufstHfst, Dkstdrn Mfbcf`kn Tnfvdrsfty jlr prlvfafn` md wftc tcfs unrdkakehd

elli kna jlr rdodbtfn` tcd rdvfdw.

DNANLQD

; Cdrd krd slmd dxkmphds lj subc prlnlunbdmdnts jrlm `lla tdxt-elli wrftdrs? 

—Fn jkbt, ft fs pdrjdbthy plssfehd tl kbbdpt pkrt lr wclhd lj Bclmsiy–s Hfn`ufstfbs, wftclut kbbdptfn` cfs

Wcfhlslpcy lj Mfna (f.d. fnnktdndss cypltcdsfs). Fn spftd lj Bclmsiy–s lwn prlnlunbdmdnt tl tcd

blntrkry, tcd twl krd sdpkrkehd, kna rkfsd afstfnbt fssuds.— (Ukajlra, ;63:? 53)—Yt]cdy (fnnktdndss cypltcdsfs kna Wcfhlslpcy lj Mfna) krd nlt wclhhy rdhdvknt tl hfn`ufstfb tcdlry kna

prkbtfbd. Ft fs pdrjdbthy plssfehd tl ed k jlhhlwdr lj Q@ kna stfhh rdodbt mdntkhfsm, fnnktdndss lr unfvdrskhs,

lr khtdrnktfvdhy, tl ed k strubturkhfst kna kbbdpt tcdm. (Wkhmdr, ;632? ;61).

Whdksd nltd tckt Wcfhlslpcdrs krd nlw dnakn`drda spdbfds.

EFEHFL@UKWCV

Eknaylpkacyky, A. ;66:.‚Qcd Brfpphda Brdktfvfty- K Erfdj Qcdlrdtfbkh Jrkmdwlri.‚ Fntdrnktflnkh Olurnkh

lj Blmmunfbktflns. Zlh. ZFFF, Nl.;-5. (pp.62-;72). Adhcf. cttp?//hfn`ufsthfst.lr`/pues/pkpdrs/erlwsd-pkpdrs-kbtfln.bjm<WkpdrFA=007; cttp?//fr.fsfbkh.kb.fn/aspkbd/cknahd/;/23; 

 \\\\\\\\\\\\\. 577;. —DBW, Adhdtfln, Qrkbd? K Nykyk-Zkfsdsfik rdsplnsd.‚ Fntdrnktflnkh Blnjdrdnbd

ln Rlutc Ksfkn Hkn`uk`ds -FFF , Cyadrkeka Bdntrkh Tnfvdrsfty, 1-: Oknukry 577;.cttp?//hfn`ufsthfst.lr`/pues/pkpdrs/erlwsd-pkpdrs-kbtfln.bjm<WkpdrFA=5545;  

 \\\\\\\\\\\\\5772. —Wsf-Wrlpdrtfds? Hkn`uk`d, Wsybcd kna Rlbfdty.‚ Fnafkn Olurnkh lj Hfn`ufstfbs. SFS?;-5 (pp .2:--1:). Ilhiktk. cttp?//hfn`ufsthfst.lr`/pues/pkpdrs/erlwsd-pkpdrs-kbtfln.bjm<WkpdrFA=04:;  

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Bclmsiy, N. ;665. —K Mfnfmkhfst Wrl`rkm jlr Hfn`ufstfb Qcdlry.‚ MFQ Plrifn` pkpdrs fn Hfn`ufstfbs.Bkmerfa`d, MK? Mksskbcusdtts Fnstftutd lj Qdbcnlhl`y.

Hkrsln, @.O., Eckttkbckryk, R. ;630. Dnbybhlpkdafk lj Fnafkn Wcfhlslpcfds. (Zlh. FZ). Adhcf? MltfhkhEknkrksfaks.

Mktfhkh, E.I. ;6:3. Qcd Nkvyk-Nykyk Albtrfnd lj nd`ktfln? Qcd Rdmkntfbs kna Lntlhl`y lj Nd`ktfvd

Rtktdmdnts fn Nkvyk-Nykyk Wcfhlslpcy . Bkmerfa`d, MK? Ckrvkra Tnfvdrsfty Wrdss.

 \\\\\\\\\\. ;634. Hl`fb, Hkn`uk`d kna Udkhfty . Adhcf? Mltfhkh Eknkrksfaks.

Mlftrk, R. ;631. —Rfhdnbd? Qcd Tnspdkikehd kna tcd Tnsplidn.‚ fn Ekndrodd, R.W. dt kh. da.

Blmmunfbktfln, Fadntfty kna Rdhj-dxprdssfln? Dsskys fn Mdmlry lj R.N. @kn`uhy . (pp.52-4;).

Adhcf? Lxjlra Tnfvdrsfty Wrdss.

Wkhmdr, J. ;632. @rkmmkr . Cdrmlnaswlrtc? Wdn`ufn.

Wlttdr, I. C., Eckttkbckryk, R. ;662.  Dnbybhlpkdafk lj Fnafkn Wcfhlslpcfds. (Zlh. ZF). Adhcf? MltfhkhEknkrksfaks.

Ukajlra, K. ;63:. Qrknsjlrmktflnkh Ryntkx. Bkmerfa`d? Bkmerfa`d Tnfvdrsfty Wrdss.

N.E.? Bclmsiy–s wlris (ks bftda ey tcd kutclrs lj tcd elli unadr rdvfdw) mdntflnda kelvd krd nlt bftda

cdrd fn tcd efehfl`rkpcy tl skvd spkbd kna tl kvlfa rdpdtftfln dxbdpt lnhy lnd, wcfbc tcd prdsdnt rdvfdwdr

cks qultda kt tcd ed`fnnfn` lj tcd rdvfdw. Kna ft fs rdaunaknt tl sky tckt khh tcdsd bftktflns jrlm Bclmsiy

bkn dksfhy ed kvkfhkehd fn tcd ndt.