REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by

accredited scholars and researchers. The purpose is to convey to the reader what

knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths

and weaknesses are. The format of review of literature may vary from discipline to

discipline and from assignment to assignment. A review may be a self contained

unit- an end in itself or a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research.

The advent of information communication technology (ICT) enabled

education and library services have become a big challenge for the library

professional. An attempt has been made to evaluate and measure the impact of

ICT on library and information services by making survey of IITs libraries through

questionnaire, using publication and citation data downloaded from Web of

Science and Scopus databases. The bibliometric /scientometric and ICT/Internet

directly relevant literatures were only considered. For this purpose LISA was used

as a major tool.

To know the details and satisfy the objectives of review of literature, a

search has been made using LISA (Library and Information Science Abstract)

database by assigning the different key words till 2007. The retrieved relevant

articles have been reviewed and arranged in ascending order.

Ladner S. J. (1990)1 studied the impact of standards for cataloguing and

machine readable data files on the small special library, networking opportunity

for special libraries created by the rise of state – based system. The issue of local

vs. centralized system for computer based cataloguing and the implication for

resource sharing, accessibility of corporate library holdings and inequities in

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recourse sharing. The author took the Tampa Bay Library consortia and the Miami

Health Sciences library consortium, 2 Florida- based recourse sharing network

with active library participation to illustrate the workable solution.

Ambia G. (1991)2 analyzed the physics journals used pattern in Delhi

University (DU) science library, IIT Delhi and NPL library. The findings were

based upon the analysis of actual used data recorded from all volumes and issues

consulted and left on the study tables from 18 oct.-17nov.1986. It was reported

that NPL was getting 66, IIT Delhi 58 and science library DU 95 physics journals

respectively and out that only 35(53.03%) at NPL, 48 (82.75%) at IITD and 41

(43.15%) at DU were used even once during the one month interval. Data were

also collected by circulating the questionnaire to the faculty and research scholars

of the physics and astrophysics departments of all three.

Robin Kinder ( 1994)3 , a reference librarian at Williaum Allan Neilson

Library, smith collage edited the book “ Librarians on the internet: impact on

reference services” a collection of articles grouped into five categories-

introducing internet services, selected sources on the internet , internet impact’s on

reference services, evaluating internet resources and progress with the internet.

These articles were also published simultaneously as The Reference Librarian

number- 41/42, 1994. All the articles are well written and may be useful to

librarians in the initial stages of exploring the internet’s potential for library

services; it will be of limited use to more experienced internet users.

Lue L.G. (1995)4 reviews the literature of the internet and WWW, since

1990, covering 446 reference on the internet and library and information services

with particular reference to issue such as : academic libraries and scholarly

research; collection development and cooperation community colleges and

networks; electronic publishing document delivery and inter loans, global and

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international networking; government information; internet training ; legal, ethical,

and security issues; online public access catalogue (OPACs); privatization and

commercialization; public libraries; reference services; school libraries ; standard

and protocols and women, minorities, disabled and equality.

Harter S.P. (1996)5 studied the impact of electronic journals on scholarly

communication using citation analysis. Author collected hard empirical data on

the impact of the first wave of e-journals on the scholarly communities they serve.

For this purpose citation analysis was conducted for 39 scholarly journals that

began electronic publication no later than 1993. Citation data were tabulated and

analyzed. The eight most highly cited e- journals were identified. Citation and

publication data for three high ranking e- journals in the study were compared to

similar data for print journals in the same field and impact was observed.

Bell A. (1997)6 examined the impact of electronic information on the

academic research community. In early 1996, the University of Wales Cardiff

conducted a survey of the information needs of its researchers. The survey

established that printed material from the university libraries was on of the most

important source of information for research, along with contacts with other

researchers. Staff anticipated that electronic publications would become more

important over the next few years, but they neither did nor see the importance of

printed materials diminishing. A literature review was carried out to discover

whether published studies of the impact of electronic information were consistent

with the findings of the internal survey. The review found that attitudes to

electronic sources were generally positive, but printed sources of information were

preferred by most academics contributing to published studies. A number of issues

currently inhibit user acceptance and consequently limit the present impact of

electronic information sources.

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Subbarao V.S. (1998)7 studied the impact of information technology (IT)

on the knowledge and skill base of library staffs in IIT Bombay and reported that

IT had radically changed the nature of work, and as a consequence the context and

skill base of many jobs in a library require evaluation and redefinition. The IIT

Bombay library staff responded positively to the changing environment,

maintaining a satisfactory balance with traditional print based information sources

and services. There was a substantial educational role for the librarian in

familiarizing users with the networked learning environment and it was possible to

carry out many of the activities associated with this role of cyberspace.

Harter S.P. (1998)8 using a database of peer- reviewed electronic journals

drawn from two directories of cited work searches for 39 e- journals on the 3 ISI

citation databases. Using DIALOG to create a reasonable collection of the various

form of e- journal title to be found, considerable effort was devoted to a manual

cleanup of the results. Eleven were published in both print and electronic format,

and citations make no distinction as to which format was utilized. Fifteen e-

journals were not cited and 13 were cited between one and five times. Eight were

cited ten or more times; three from the sciences and five from the social sciences.

Thus overall impact must be considered low. The top e- journals had 1500

citations in 1994 alone, but it was available in both formats. The top pure e-

journal had 190 citations, and PACS Review, some of whose volumes were

published in book form had 111 citations. These top three when compared to other

journals in their disciplinary area, ranked high in impact factor, but poor in total

number of article published.

Patil S.K. (1998)9

studied the development of engineering and technical

education in India and reported that there was a remarkable progress over the last

two decades. He also examined the current development of undergraduate and

postgraduate engineering education taking two leading institutions as case studies

viz, the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi and Birla Institute of

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Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani. Strategic plans, policies and programmes

that had been adopted for implementation as the ninth five year plan of the AICTE

to meet the future technological global challenges were also outlined.

Srikantaiah T.K. and Xiaoying D. (1998)10

made a case study to know the

impact of internet on developing countries with special reference to China and

India. They ended with conclusions that internet had significantly changed

information management in developed countries through creating pressure to

improve communication systems and develope more user friendly environments

for information sharing. Now, internet had started penetrating in developing

countries also to change information practices in various sectors. The study

focused on the two most popular countries of the world, viz China and India which

are information rich countries in the East Asia and South Asia regions

respectively.

Hollis A. (1998)11

studied the internet and its use in acquisition in academic

libraries in Britain. The finding was negative and British acquisition librarians

were not significantly utilizing the internet. This article presents the librarian’s

views of the facilities available in 1996 and states their ideas for improving these

facilities. Suggestions were also given of how librarians could benefit from

making greater use of the existing internet.

Hurd J.M. (1998)12

examined the S&T communication system and felt that

changes were experimented due to information technology being used to produce,

organize, and disseminate scientific information. The internet, electronic

periodicals, preprint databases, digital libraries and the World Wide Web are

altering even more profoundly the ways scientists carry out research and share

their findings with others. Explores several new models for scientific

communication that address the information needs of scientists and in corporate

the latest technological innovations.

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Moorthy A.L. and Karisiddappa C.R. (1998)13

reviewed the literature on

impact of internet on library and information centers using the information

communication technology and reported that use of internet would have a positive

impact on the way the information was generated, processed, stored, retrieved and

disseminated. They went on saying that the availability of email and file transfer

capabilities were expected to improve the dissemination of the information across

the continents.

Kawiner and Braunstein (1998)14

collected publications count for the 122

faculty, internet use counts from computer logs and other variables from a

questionnaire and published biographies. Average yearly publication correlates

with biological age, and years since Ph. D, but time assigned for research, number

of grants as principal investigator, time Ph.D. and Carnegie status of source of

Ph.D. were not significantly related. A 10% increase in internet logins results in an

increase of 21 publications per year.

Chandra H. (1999)15

discussed the importance of patent documents as

useful resource for R&D activities. Presented an annotated list of the major

international patents web sites available for the users. Described initiatives taken

by the central library of IIT Madras in providing patent information services to

faculty, researchers and industry.

Kumbar T.S. (1999)16

traces the developments of the internet and WWW

with particular reference to the Indian scene. Author focused on ERNET,

NICNET, Satyam online and Mahanagar Telephone Exchange Ltd. (MTNL).

Describes the impact on Indian academic libraries: collection development;

acquisition; cataloguing and classification; circulation; preservation and storage,

cooperation information services; user training; marketing of library services and

inter loans. Concluded by recognizing the important work of the Information and

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Library Network (INFLIBNET) in coordinating and implementing internet

connectivity among the Indian academic libraries.

Fernandez L. (1999)17

took a study to assess the impact of the internet on

scientific communication among the group of scientists and information

professional from the leading research institutions in India with a objective to

understand the information seeking behavior of the Indian scientists and

informational professionals and the use of the internet in their work. The study

revealed that Indian scientists are making full use of internet where connectivity is

available. Slow access time and lack of universal assess appeared to be the major

problems they were facing. There were subject specific differences in the way they

perceived some of the knower modes of scholarly communication such as preprint

and current awareness sources. However there is a general agreement regarding

the need for internet connectivity if science is to be truly global. Librarians and

Information professionals have a delimit role to play in making this happen.

Jeevan V.K. and Majumdar K. (1999)18

studied the web information

services at IIT, Kharagpur. Their paper explored the new IT tools and techniques

for better information organization and services. They also summarize the

institute’s IT developments, focusing on the design of a web server for library

applications.

Sonwane S.S. (1999)19

studied the retrieval aspect of OPACs available on

the net and reported that OPACs are the gateways to information in libraries and

provide facilities to browse search and locate information. OPACs have replaced

the traditional catalogues and web OPACs put the collections of distant libraries

online.

Babu T. Ashok (1999)20

traced out history of internet and examined the

major services such as Email, Usenet, Telnet and FTP. It also discussed the

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contribution of internet to library and information services with advances in

details.

Jambhekar A. and Pandian S.P. (1999)21

examined that there should not be

any technological gap between librarians and the information professionals.

Author also examined the internet applications in the collection development,

information processing, organization, retrieval, dissemination and more

importantly information services.

Mahajan S.G. and Patil S.K. (1999)22

described the configuration of Pune

University computing network centre linking to all the university departments and

the library. They also discussed about the project taken by Dr Mohan and use of

internet in the university library by students, teachers, and research scholars. They

suggested that short term courses should be organized to (a) design and developed

of sites on internet and (b) use of internet for university library users so that they

could better exploit the net.

Selvi G.T. (1999)23

examined the impact of internet use on academic library

services and presented an overview of important web resources for academic

library users and staff. These include book texts, subject gateway, research papers,

bibliographies and databases, electronic journals, library catalogues, library

reference materials, teaching and learning materials. The internet has enabled

academic libraries to widen their services and traditional print based collections.

Deshpande A. and Padmavathi T. (1999)24

studied the changing mode of

communication and reported that scientists were communicating over world wide

networks to exchange their ideas. Electronic journals constitute a very important

example of this trend. Authors had also presented the availability, advantage, its

form and types and the technical requirements to access e-journals on the net.

They concluded with future trends and impact on the users.

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Adam L. (1999)25

studied information and communication technologies

(ICTs) applications in Africa and reported that the cost of ICTs, increased

computing power and globalization had fostered the use of ICTs for scientific and

technical development in the region. However, access to ICTs and their effective

use still lags very much behind and effort required building human resources

capacity and investment in infrastructure to reduce costs of the research

community. Discussed the sweeping changes in ICTs including the internet and

their implications for the science and technology area especially the role of ICTs

in promoting scientific communication and publishing in Africa.

Jeevan V.K.J. (2000)26

article “Kharagpur electronic library on the internet

(KELNET)” described the development of KELNET to date and looked its

prospects for continuation in context of coping with the spiriting cost of

information resources and the increased demands being placed on library services.

Abdoulaye K. and Majid S. (2000)27

examined the use of internet for

reference services in Malaysian academic libraries. They reported that internet had

affected all the functions of the library, particularly reference services. In

reference department, this has lead to the utilization of new tools and methods for

providing information to library users. The respondent felt that the internet had

contributed positively to reference work and enhanced their effectiveness and

efficiency. However a major of the respondents disagreed that the internet should

completely replace traditional reference tools.

Goodrum A.A. et al (2001)28

stated that web is revolutionizing the entire

scholarly communication process and changing the way that researchers exchange

information. Authors analyzed two views of information production and use in

computer- related research based on citation analysis of PDF and postscript

formatted publications on the web using autonomous citation indexing (ACI), and

a parallel citation analysis of the journal literature indexed by the institute for

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scientific information (ISI) in SCISEARCH. With an objective to establish a

baseline profile of computer science “literature” as it appears in the published

journals and as it appears on publicly available web. From this starting point to

identify additional research areas dealing with information dissemination and

citation practices in computer science and the utility of autonomous citation

indexing on the web as an adjunct to commercial indexing.

Van Raan A.F.J. (2001)29

examined the impact of internet on scientific

communication. He felt that electronic publishing developments and new

information technology in general would affect the main functions of scientific

communication. Author noticed that most changes however would be primarily

technological but not conceptual. Publication via journals of higher reputation is

in most fields of science crucial to receive professional recognition. That would

remain so in the “electronic era”. A much more revolutionary change in science

would be the increasing availability and sharing of research data.

Van E. and Amy S. (2001)30

examined the collections of electronically

available databases including journal articles and conference paper indexes, full

text vendor catalogues and standards databases which of these resources were

being used and to what level. A quick redirect web log was created to track the

number of times a particular link selected, providing a consistent comparison of

different resources. The resulting information could be used to determine if what

the library provided was being used and if it could be marketed more effectively,

which ultimately would aid in a cost/ benefit analysis for budget decision.

Liu (2001)31

presented a perspective from the USA with some reference to

a broad international context. The role and impact of the internet on library and

information services is ambitious in its coverage. Its applied focus across all

aspect of library activity makes it relevant to the student and the specialist

practitioners. The challenges of the text lie in the structure. The same issues,

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impact and role of the internet, being addressed in a number of different

operational and service contexts mean that there is some iteration of information in

each chapter. Chapter tend to begin with an exclamation of the magnitude of the

internet’s impact and concluded with an assurance of this continuing. This is to

some extent counter-balanced by detailed examples illustrating the unique quality

of each context; however, this trends to privilege description over analysis. An

opportunity to inform library communities understanding of the internet by

borrowing insights from other disciplines and scholarly communities has perhaps

been missed. The text might have been improved with an introduction to each

section pointing the reader to the extensive research and theory on the impact of

the internet on organizational structure, operations and service delivery.

Illingworth L. et al (2002)32

studied the attitudes, perceptions and

experiences of Scottish non profit environmental organizations and the cost and

benefits of internet as a marketing and communications tools. Their aims was to

ascertain whether the size of the organization and the level of internet use

determines the perceptions and beliefs of non profit organizations within the

environmental sector in Scotland and whether these factors also determines the

cost and benefits experienced by internet users. Found that regardless of size or the

level of use, organizations believe the internet is a cost effective way to market

their organizations and promote awareness. Overall the organizations within the

sample indicated that the internet is a low cost, high benefit marketing solution.

Long S.A. (2002)33

saw the future of current library through new models of

learning which were helping to shape services in both academic and public

libraries. Integrating the information resources of the electronic research library

into more traditional resources and facilitating learning would become key

functions in libraries. The emphasis no longer would be strictly on traditional

library materials. Author further emphasized that libraries would continue to exist

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even when every one had a computer on their desk but they have to differentiate

what they offer from what the internet has to offer.

Eisend M. (2002)34

examined internet as a mode of scientific

communication and found that with variety of communication options it has not

been only accepted but revolutionized the communication system to some extent.

The investigation of this relationship was based on data from a study of social

scientists taken in Berlin in autumn 1999. The internet substitutes written

communication media and compliments forums of spoken communication in the

field of research. It also compliments traditional publisher oriented forums of

publications and is even a substitute for work that have previously avoided

publication. Thus author argue that it should not be regarded as a new alternative

to traditional and institutionalized structures of communication of scientific

publications, as it has already become institutionalized in the field of research as a

medium of interpersonal communication.

Prosser David C. (2003)35

examined the scholarly communication of

science and technology existing from the last three hundred years. Author

proposed a model scholarly communication for science and technology in the 21st

century by harnessing the power of internet. It also covers how universities can

take responsibility for archiving their intellectual wealth and making it more

widely available. Finally, the author has shown how the adoption of institutional

repositories and open access journals could bring about a change in the financial

model of journal publishing, bringing cost savings to society and improving

communication, while still preserving the important functions of peer review.

Bertol, J.C. (2003)36

examined the status of world libraries on the

information super highway. Author feels that internet is an integral part of library

service that can take many forms and extension of library collections and

resources through licensed and/or digitized content, a gateway service through

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public access work stations, or a means through which customers can interact with

the library through such services as digital reference.

Ehikhamenor F.A. (2003)37

investigated the use and non use of new

scientific communication system by Nigerian academic scientists in ten

universities. It was found that the scientists are still heavily dependent on printed

information sources, especially journals, indexes and abstracts. The study reveals

that 64.4% of them have a computer at their disposal, while 50.4% have access to,

and are using the internet. Besides e-mail, very little use is made of other internet

facilities. Non use of internet is attributable to problems of accessibility, case of

use and cost. Most of the non users are aware of the information and

communication potential of the internet in their disciplines and believes that the

internet will become indispensable in their research in the future

Wagner A.B. (2003)38

examined the development of electronic resources

over the past three decades and discussed key features, disadvantages and benefits

of traditional and online databases and CD- Rom and web based resources. This

analysis of gains and losses as information resources have shifted to the internet

provides a basic for identifying key issue in the decision to shift collections and

resources towards purely digital formats. Ownership of content, licensing terms

and the proliferation of user interfaces are especially important and still

unresolved concerns.

Ehikhamenor F.A. (2003)39

studied the impact of internet on the scientific

communication process and the productivity of the Nigerian university scientists.

It was observed that there was a correlation between the number of contacts

maintained by the scientists and their productivity.

Tadasad P.G. et al (2003)40

surveyed the use of internet by one hundred and

ninety three undergraduate students of PDA collage of engineering, Gulbarga

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(India) and observed that the internet use was confined to general or recreational

purposes mainly.

Adika G. (2003)41

studied the internet use among faculty members of

universities in Ghana and founded that internet had made it possible for uses to

access large volume information irrespective of their geographical location. It was

also found that in spite of the benefits; its use among faculty was very low due to

unawareness of the net exploitation.

Gulati A. (2004)42

studied the status of information and communication

technologies usage in Indian libraries with special reference to special libraries

and the efforts made by various institutions to propagate e- information product

and services. The consortia effort like JCCC, INDEST, CSIR e- journal and UGC

Infonet were taken. It further discussed about the digitization effort at NISCAIR,

New Delhi, IIITM, Kerala, C-DAC Pune and Digital Library of India. In addition,

it incorporated detail on major information systems in India (Such as INFLIBNET,

DELNET, and CALIBNET etc.). The paper concluded with challenges for Library

and Information Science professionals and an over view of initiatives taken by

Government of India.

Hurd J. M. (2004)43

examined a communication model developed during a

print- based time by sociologist William Garvay and Belver Griffith. Author

presented an update model of current scientific communication system which

incorporated the developments that have changed the nature of research and

publishing and have altered as well, the way that libraries and librarians interact

with scientist and publishers. The challenge associated with these changes were

identified and discussed.

Arora J. (2004)44

studied network enabled digitized collection at the central

library, IIT Delhi. He discussed about external pressure coming up for digitized

collection and also infrastructure made available in the IIT Delhi. The central

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library of IIT Delhi has adopted a multi-pronged strategy to embark upon the

digital world. The paper has also outlined various constituents that contributed to

the making of a digital library.

Oduwole A.A. (2004)45

examined the internet use on agricultural research

output in Nigerian universities of agriculture during 2001-02 academic sessions.

Analysis based on 210 questionnaire supplied and 70% response received revealed

that about 54% of the agricultural researches at the university use the yahoo search

engine and that they spend an average one hour per day for browsing the internet.

The study also revealed that respondents use the internet to find research materials

such as journals and conference proceedings, followed by receiving the email.

Finally authored concluded that the use of internet had improved the research

output.

Bilawar P.B. (2004)46

studied the impact of communication technology on

libraries and information services. The author focused on digital library concept

and compared the traditional to modern library. The speed of IT revolution is in

top gear, during the decade, and makes the library to a global library system to

operate it at our finger tips. It serves as vehicle for future development. Finally the

paper concluded with many advantages of the communication technology with

respect to library requirements.

Gomes, Sandra Lucia Rebel (2004)47

studied the virtual library and role of

it plays for the scientific community as an informational and scientific technical

object in Brazil. The theoretical interdisciplinary investigation was joined with an

imperial procedure. Through e-mail questionnaire, Brazilian researchers were

asked their opinions about their reliance on internet resources, particularly the

virtual library, in their research. The results demonstrate the contribution of this

specialized information service, which provides information resources along with

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communication links created with a determined public in mind, in this case, most

especially the research community in Brazil.

Ahmad T. and Satija M.P. (2005)48

studied the development of technical

education in India with special reference to Punjab and reported that India had

made considerable progress in the field of engineering and technical education

over the last twenty years. Till 2004 Punjab was having 39 technical institutions

with 12087 intakes to train the students in engineering areas of engineering and

technology to cater the need of Punjab.

Adogbeji O.B. and Akporhonor B.A. (2005)49

of Dalta State University,

Abraka, Nigeria made a case study of impact of ICT and research and studies and

found that it was positive in all most every aspect of academic life and suggested

that need for more access at reduced costs on and near the campus.

Jay M. and Webber S. (2005)50

studied the impact of internet on delivery of

reference services in English public libraries. 60% responses were received and all

respondents used e-mail to ensure reference enquiries. The librarian’s attitudes

towards digital reference services were predominantly positive.

Ynalvez M. et al (2005)51

examined the diffusion of information and

communication technologies (ICTs) in the knowledge production sectors of three

developing areas using the interviews of 918 scientists in one south Asian and two

African locations. They put three fundamental questions: 1) to what degree the

research community in the developing world adopted the internet? 2) How can the

dispraise in internet adoption best be characterized? 3) To what extent is internet

use associated with research productivity? And observed that the vast majority of

scientists described themselves as current e-mail uses, for fewer had ready access

to the technology, used it in diverse ways or had extensive experience. These

results were consistent with the notion that internet adoption should not be

characterized as a single action the part of users. The rapid development of the

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internet and cumulative skills required for its effective use were equally important

in case of its productivity.

Jueming C. and Kinshuk (2005)52

studied the mobile technology in

educational services. The use of compares and the internet had successfully

enabled educational institutions to provide their students and staff members with

various online educational services. With the recent development in mobile

technology, further possibilities are emerging to provide such services through

mobile devices such as on mobile phones and PDAs. By extending the educational

services to wireless medium, the educational institutions can potentially bring

great convenience to those off campus learners who do not always have time to

find internet enabled computer to get to important information from their

academic institutions. With the mobile educational services, both the learner and

the teachers can access the services any time any where they want. The author

concluded with a description of the formative evaluation of the mock-up system.

Tonta Y. and Unal Y. (2006)53

examined the impact of electronic journals

document delivery services. They observed that web sites are gradually changing

the old collection management policies of the libraries. Libraries are no longer

limited with the “one source one user” model. Taking Turkish national document

delivery services as an example. They reported that the success rate was 71% due

to digital collection.

Jange S. et al (2006)54

attempted to promote and optimize the use of the

internet as an information sources among engineering faculties and research

scholars of National Institute of Technology (NITs) in India. A total of 850

questionnaires and interview schedules were distributed to the faculty and research

scholars of NITs in India, 665 questionnaires were duly obtained with a response

rate of 78.24%. An attempt has been made to develop instruments of acceptance of

internet technology known as Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) among

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faculty and research scholars of NITs in India using the original constructs. Using

several parameters, authors came out with a mathematical regression model in

which the result of regression analysis show that the four variables such as age,

teaching and research experience and level of satisfaction put together explain

39% of variance invariable use of Internet.

Garg et al (2006)55

studied the scientometric profile of Indian science based

on analysis of 11067 papers published by Indian scientists and indexed by SCI

CD-ROM for the year 1997, and observed that academic institutions were the

major contributors of the scientific publications output. 57% of output was

concentrated in physical, chemical and medical sciences, where the Indian

scientists published their findings in journals published in the scientifically

advanced countries of the west. Based on the normalized impact factor (NIF), it

was also observed that about two third of the total papers appeared in low and NIF

journals.

Ghosh M. et al (2006)56

reviewed the state of libraries in India and

summarized the strategic cooperative initiatives under taken to improve user

access to electronic information services. They found that still there were

significant potentials for further implementation of cooperative strategies to

enhanced networked, electronic information service delivery in India. They also

discussed the some of the underlying issues which were presumably delaying the

establishment of consortia and which needed to be resolved.

Hinson R. (2006)57

proposed a postulates for internet adoption model for

academics (IAMA) and had conceptualized it as an abstract object with five main

components- teaching, research, consultancy, administration and policy making.

The IAMA had provided a framework for internet use and potential for being

instructive for academics who currently not integrated the internet fully into their

professional activities.

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Mi J. and Nesta F. (2006)58

examined the role of internet in marketing to

new generations of library users. Their study revealed that libraries should apply

classic marketing principles to attract and better serve new generations of uses.

Although libraries no longer have a monopoly on information sources, they may

offer value added services.

Benjamin P.N. (2006)59

studied the Google search engine impact on the

library services and found that Google did not pose any threat to the manner in

which traditional library services is delivered. The librarian will continue to

function as mediator and facilitator between the patron and the information being

sought and Google will be information repertoire available for use within the

library.

Kumar S. and Grover V.K. (2007)60

studied the electronic journals impact

on scholarly communication, users, and libraries and reported that still academics

were in the process of adopting this medium. There were variations in the use of

electronic journals from discipline to discipline and research scholars shown

positive attitudes towards it. Budget allocation and collection development policy

had been also influenced.

Charnigo L. and Barnet Ellis P. (2007)61

carried out the microscopic study

of 126 academic librarians concerning their perspectives toward facebook.com, an

online network for students. There findings suggest that librarians were over

whelmingly aware of the “Face book phenomenon”. Those who were most

enthusiastic about the potential of online social networking suggested ideas for

using face book to promote library services and events. Few individuals reported

problems or distractions as a result of patrons accessing facebook in the library.

When problems had arisen, strict regulations were excited about the possibilities

of facebook, the majority surveyed appeared to consider facebook outside the

purview of professional librarianship.

77

Melchionda M.G. (2007)62

taking the literature of last ten years within the

context of the impact of the internet to know the roles of the librarians and found

evidence of contrasting attitudes on the part of librarians towards imposing

networked and digital technologies in the information landscape in the internet age

librarians need to come to terms with a working environment that is always more

dematerialized and with their users new information habits. It is appeared that they

should be able to find a correct balance between traditional roles and new roles in

order to let their professional category survive and continue to be crucial and vital

part in the information society.

Mohamed H. (2007)63

investigated the application of information and

communication technologies (ICT) in special libraries of Kerala and his study

revealed that though the libraries had hardware, software and communication

facilities to some extend, ICT- based resources and services were not reaching the

users to the expected extent. Library automation in special libraries was largely

commenced during the period 1990-2000. CDS/ISIS was used more in the

libraries than any other software. The library catalogue found to be the most

popular area for automation. The ICT-based resources used by the largest

percentage of the users were the e-mail. Most of the libraries were hampered by

lack of funds, lack of infrastructure and lack of skilled professionals to embark on

automation of all library management activities and applications of ICT. A good

number of the library users were not satisfied with the application of ICT in their

libraries and “indicated inadequate ICT infrastructure” as their major reasons for

satisfaction.

Madhusudhan M. (2007)64

attempted to examine the use of internet among

the research scholars of the central science library (CSL), University of Delhi with

a prime objective to find out the current trends in information search through

internet and type of problems faced. The study revealed that Boolean logic,

truncation and wildcards were the most often used search techniques, web

78

directories, while subject gateway are least used navigation tools, and the

researchers were best with the problems of inadequate computer with internet

facilities, slow internet connection and lack of skills and training. The survey also

reveals that 57% of the respondents are facing retrieval problems.

Feedigk J. and Moel H.F. (2008)65

examined the journal impact factors.

Their study show that the commonly used journal impact factor can to some extent

is relatively easily manipulated. It discusses several types of strategy editorial

behavior and presents causes in which journal impact factors were intentionally or

otherwise affected by particular editorial strategies. These findings lead to the

conclusion that one must be most careful in interpreting and using journal impact

factors, and those authors, editors, and policy makers must be aware of their

potential manipulability. They also show that some mechanism occur as of yet

rather infrequently, while for others it is most difficult if not impossible to assess

empirically how often they are actually applied. If their frequency of occurrence

increases, one should come to the conclusion that the impact of impact factors is

decreasing.

Fatima D. (2008)66

investigated the impact of internet on reference services

by exploring the following areas: user internet access and training in the library

use and integration of the internet as an information tool in reference services and

the internet training and knowledge of reference librarians. The result showed that

all responding libraries have internet access and all but one provided access to

their users. On average, users have had internet access for three and a half years on

average; reference librarians have had internet access for five years. Librarians

reported that the reference process took longer, that user search behavior had

changed and expectations had increased while the majority of libraries had

websites, only a small number of librarians had individual pages that they updated

and maintained. The majority of libraries provided electronic reference via e-mail

and the library websites, but these are characterized by low usage. Finally, libraries

tended to offer both end user and intermediary searching to online databases.

79

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