review of literatureshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/28745/7/07_chapter 2.pdf · observed...
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Review of Literature
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The following literature is a solemn attempt of reviewing the present study
entitled “Atmospheric studies of bioaerosols of Nawapara (Rajim), District- Raipur
with special reference to fungal spores.”
Aerobiology in abroad
Meier et. al. (1933) reported spores in air of United States. Meier (1935)
carried out collecting microorganisms from the Arctic atmosphere. Ainsworth (1952)
investigated the incidence of airborne Cladosporium in the London region. Paddy and
Kapica (1955) carried out fungi in air over the Atlantic Ocean. Gregory and Hirst
(1957) observed the summer air-spora at Rothamsted in 1952. Hamiltan (1959)
carried out studies on air spora. Gregory (1961-1973) reported the microbiology of
the atmosphere of England. Frey and Durie (1962) carried out the studies of air borne
fungus spores by slide and culture methods. Lacey (1962) reported the summer air-
spora of two contrasting adjacent rural site. Moustafa and Kamel (1976) have made a
study of fungal spore population in the atmosphere of Kuwait. Levetin and Horowitz
(1977) reported airborne fungi in Tulsa.
Larsen (1981) carried out a three-year survey of micro fungi in the outdoor air
of Copenhagen 1977-79. Henningson et. al. (1981) carried out a comparative study of
apparatus for sampling airborne microorganisms. Al-Doory et. al. (1982) reported
airborne fungi and pollens of Washington, W.C. metropolitan area. Lyon et. al. (1984)
observed variation of airspora in the atmosphere due to weather conditions. Burge
(1986) carried out some comments on the aerobiology of fungus spores. Burge and
Solomon (1987) reported sampling and analysis of biological aerosols. Banerjee et. al.
(1987) carried out airborne fungi survey of some residences in Durham, North
Carolina, USA. Harriet et. al. (1987) reported sampling and analysis of biological
aerosols. Abdel-Hafez and El-Said (1989) observed seasonal variation of airborne
fungi in Wadi Quena, eastern desert, Egypt. Nussbaum (1990) reported variation in
the airborne fungal spore population of the Tuscarawas valley with respect to
microenvironment, time of day, and date.
Larsen and Gravesen (1991) carried out seasonal variation of outdoor
airborne viable micro fungi in Copenhagen, Denmark. Harmata and Olech (1991)
studied transect for aerobiological studies from Antarctica to Poland. Hirst (1991)
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reported aerobiology in plant pathology. Frinking (1991) carried out aerobiology of
“closed” agriculture system. Shaheen (1992) reported aeromycology of Amman area
Jordan. Rosas et. al. (1992) carried out seasonal distribution of Aspergillus in the air
of an urban area: Mexico City. Tan et. al. (1992) observed variation in tropical
airspora in Singapore. Sorlini (1993) has made aerobiology: general and applied
aspects in the conservation of art works. Abdel-Hafez et. al. (1993) reported seasonal
variations of fungi of outdoor air and sedimented dust at Assiut region, Upper Egypt.
Joel-Simeroy et. al. (1993) reported the most frequent genera are Cladosporium,
Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in an urban and rural environment of East-
France (Franche-Comte). Shrestha and Sharma (1994) studied the seasonal and
locational variation of aeromycoflora Kathmandu. Dames and Cadman (1994)
reported airspora of Durban: a sub-tropical, coastal South African city. Hirst (1994)
carried out aerobiology at Rothamsted. Halwagy (1994) studied fungal airspora of
Kuwait city, Kuwait, 1975-1987.
Li and Kendrick (1995) carried out a year-round outdoor aeromycological
study in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Savitsky and Kobzar (1996) reported a
bibliographic review of aerobiology in Russia and neighbouring countries, 1980-
1993. Herrero et. al. (1996) carried out aerobiological study of fungal spores from
Palencia (Spain). Abdul-Wahid et. al. (1996) reported fungal population in the
atmosphere of Ismailia city. Marshall (1997) reported seasonality in Antarctic
airborne fungal spores. Mitakakis et. al. (1997) carried out incidence of
Cladosporium, Alternaria and total fungal spores in the atmosphere of Melbourne
(Australia) over three years. Garrett et. al. (1997) investigated airborne fungal spores
in 80 homes in the Latrobe Valley, Australia: levels, seasonality and indoor-outdoor
relationship. Rosas et. al. (1997) reported indoor and outdoor airborne fungal
propagule concentration in Mexico City. Lim et. al. (1998) studied outdoor airborne
fungal spores in Singapore. Diaz et. al. (1998) reported seasonal variation of airborne
fungal spore concentration in vineyard of North- west Spain. Matsuura (1999)
observed growth and colony patterning of filamentous fungi. Infante et. al. (1999)
reported a comparative study of the incidence of Cladosporium conidia in the
atmosphere of five Spanish cities. Carinanos et. al. (1999) investigated diurnal
variation of biological and non-biological particles in the atmosphere of Cordoba,
Spain. Comtosis and Isard (1999) reported aerobiology: coming of age in a new
millennium. Al-Suwaine et. al. (1999) studied viable airborne fungi in Riyadh, Saudi
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Arabia. Khan et. al. (1999) reported Aspergillus and other moulds in the air of
Kuwait. Ismail et. al. (1999) carried out preliminary survey of outdoor and indoor
aeromycoflora in Uganda.
Sabariego et. al. (2000) observed the effect of meteorological factors on the
daily variation of airborne fungal spores in Granada (Southern Spain). Rainer et. al.
(2000) reported biodiversity and concentration of airborne fungi in a hospital
environment. Ismail et. al. (2000) reported aeromycobiota of Western Desert of
Egypt. Farooq et. al. (2001) carried out a comparative study of aeromycoflora in
thickly populated and less populated areas of Rawalpindi. Kul‟ko and Marfenina
(2001) investigated the distribution of microscopic fungi along Moscow Roads.
Henriquez et. al. (2001) carried out airborne fungi monitoring in Santiago, Chile.
Troutt and Levetin (2001) studied correlation of spring concentrations and
meteorological condition in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Shelton et. al. (2002) reported profile
of airborne fungi in building and outdoor environment in the United States. Al-Subai
(2002) investigated air-borne fungi at Doha, Qatar. Durand et. al. (2002) reported
effect of sampling time on the culturability of airborne fungi and bacteria sampled by
filtration. Breitenbach and Simon-Nobbe (2002) reported the allergens of
Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata. La-Serna et. al. (2002) carried out
airborne fungal spores in the campus of Anchieta, Spain. Herr et. al. (2003) carried
out effects of bioaerosol polluted outdoor air on airways of residents: a cross sectional
study. Lugauskas et. al. (2003) investigated concentration and species diversity of
airborne fungi near busy streets in Lithuanian urban area. Pepeljnjak and Segvic
(2003) reported occurrence of fungi in air and on plants in vegetation of different
climatic regions in Croatia. Kasprzyk et. al. (2004) carried out fungal spores in the
atmosphere of Rzeszow (South-East Poland). Sarah and Forest (2004) reported fungal
spores are transported long distances in smoke from biomass fires. Liao et. al. (2004)
observed Temporal / seasonal variations of size-dependent airborne fungi indoor /
outdoor relationships for a wind-induced naturally ventilated airspace.
Millington et. al. (2005) reported long-term trends in outdoor Aspergillus,
Penicillium spore concentration in Derby, U.K. from 1970 to 2003 and made a
comparative study in 1994 and 1996 with the indoor air of two local houses.
Stepalska and Wolek (2005) investigated variation in fungal spore concentration of
selected taxa associated to weather condition in Cracow, Poland, in 1997. Bugajny et.
al. (2005) reported on the microbiological quality of the outdoor air in Poznan,
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Poland. Donderski et. al. (2005) carried out microbiological contamination of air
within the city of Torun. Millington and Corden (2005) studied long-term trends in
outdoor Aspergillus / Penicillium spore concentration in Derby, U. K. from 1970 to
2003 and a comparative study in 1994 and 1996 with the indoor air of two local
houses. Abdel Hameed, A. A. (2005) investigated vegetation: A source of air fungal
bio-contaminant.
Kasprzyk and Worek (2006) reported airborne fungal spores in urban and
rural environments in Poland. Kasperzyk and Konopinska (2006) carried out
comparative analysis of the concentration of fungal spores in the air of Lublin and
Rzeszow (Eastern Poland). Herrero et. al. (2006) has made study of airborne fungal
spores in Madrid, Spain. Saadabi (2006) carried out on the fungal flora of Saudi
Arabian soils. Topbas et. al. (2006) reported identification and seasonal distribution of
airborne fungi in urban outdoor air in an eastern black sea Turkish town. Levetin and
Dorsey (2006) studied contribution of leaf surface fungi to the air spora. Zoppas et. al.
(2006) reported fungal spores prevalent in the aerosol of the city of Caxias do sul, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil, over a two year periods (20001-2002). Mandrioli (2007)
carried out basic aerobiology. Saar (2007) carried out seasonality in quantity of
atmospherics fungal aerosol in Tartu (Estonia). Bruno et. al. (2007) reported
estimation of fungal spore concentrations associated to metrological variables.
Mckernan et. al. (2007) carried out evaluating fungi in aircraft. Ahmed (2007)
reported a review of air borne fungal spores. Nourian et. al. (2007) reported airborne
mycoflora of Zanjan- Iran. Diba et. al. (2007) carried out identification of Aspergillus
species using morphological characteristics. Okten et. al. (2007) reported airborne
fungal concentration of morning and evening east patch of Edrine city using two
sampling methods. Sabariego et. al. (2007) carried out monitoring of airborne fungi in
Madrid (Spain). Muilenberg et. al. (2007) reported geographical and temporal
differences in airborne fungal concentration in Hawaii, U.S.A. Pyrri and Kapsanaki-
Gosti (2007) carried out a comparative study on the airborne fungi in Athens, Greece,
by viable and non-viable sampling methods. Khattab and Levetin (2008) reported the
effect of sampling height on the concentration of airborne fungal spores. Abdel
Hameed et. al. (2007) carried out fertile fungal spores collected on different faced
surfaces in the atmosphere of Giza, Egypt. Kasprzyk (2008A) reported aeromycology-
main research fields of interest during the last 25 years. Kasprzyk (2008B) reported
co-occurrence of airborne allergenic pollen grains and fungal spores in Rzeszow,
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Poland (2000-2002). Grinn-Gofron and Mika (2008) reported selected airborne
allergenic fungal spores and metrological factors in Szczecin, Poland, 2004-2006.
Levetin and Khattab (2008) reported preliminary studies on the effect of the Burkard
alternate orifice on airborne fungal spore concentrations. Erkara et. al. (2008) carried
out airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium species and relationship with metrological
conditions in Eskisehir City, Turkey. Ruga et. al. (2008) analysis of the potential
biodeteriogen effects in the doctorate library of the University of Perugia, Italy.
Aydogdu and Asan (2008) reported airborne fungi in child day care centers in Edrine
City, Turkey. Grinn-Gofron (2009) studied the occurrence of Cladosporium spores in
the air and their relationships with meteorological parameters. Ianovici and Tudorica
(2009) reported aeromycoflora in outdoor environment of Timisoara city (Romania).
Rao et. al. (2009) investigated airborne fungal flora of Karachi, Pakistan. Suerdem
and Yildirim (2009) carried out fungi in the atmospheric air of Canakkale Province in
Turkey. Magyar et. al. (2009) reported the biodiversity of air spora in an Italian
vineyard.
Abu-Dieyeh et. al. (2010) investigated seasonal variation of fungal spore
populations in the atmosphere of Zarqa area, Jordan. Yassin and Almouqatea (2010)
have assessed airborne bacteria and fungi in an indoor and outdoor environment. Lee
(2010) reported effect of vibration on dispersal of Cladosporium cladosporioides
bioaerosols. Smith et. al. (2010) carried out stratospheric microbiology at 20 km over
the Pacific Ocean. Li et. al. (2010) reported comparison of the biological content of
air samples collected at ground level and at higher elevation. Safatov et. al. (2010)
carried out atmospheric aerosol fungi concentration and diversity in the South of
Western Siberia. Oliveira et. al. (2010) reported outdoor allergenic fungal spores:
comparison between an urban and a rural area in northern Portugal. Mallo et. al.
(2011) has made airborne fungal spore content in the atmosphere of the city of La
Plata, Argentina. Grinn-Gofron (2011) reported airborne Aspergillus and Penicillium
in the atmosphere of Szczecin, (Poland) (2004-2009). Morris et. al. (2011) carried out
microbiology and atmospheric processes: research challenges concerning the impact
of airborne microorganism on the atmosphere and climate.
Pyrri and Kapsanaki-Gotsi (2012) carried out diversity and annual fluctuations
of culturable airborne fungi in Athens, Greece: a 4-year study. Rojas and Aira (2012)
studied fungal biodiversity in indoor environments in Havana, Cuba. Almaguer et. al.
(2012) reported airborne fungal succession in a rice field of Cuba.
17
Aerobiology work in India
Cunningham (1873) carried out the first systematic aerobiology work of the
world. His works was quite comprehensive, published in the form of a book entitled
“Microscopic examination of air”, and include studies over presidency jails Calcutta.
Mehta (1940 and 1952) reported that rust spores were incapable of surviving during
the high temperature of summer in the plains of North India. Rajan et. al. (1952)
reported preliminary survey of atmospheric fungal flora of Kanpur. Kalra and
Dumbery (1957) observed the aeromycoflora of Army medical campus at Poona.
Gupta et. al. (1960) reported survey of allergenic aerial mold spores at Jaipur. Nair
(1963) investigated the atmospheric pollen and fungal spores and others vegetative
matters at Vellore (Madras). Tilak and Srinivasulu (1967) investigated the airspora of
Aurangabad. Sreeramulu (1967) reported aerobiology in India. Mehrotra and Claudius
(1968) studied the aeromycoflora of Sagar university campus. Rai (1969) reported air
fungal flora of Varanasi. Agrawal et. al. (1969) has made studies on the allergenic
fungal spores of the Delhi, Indian metropolitan area. Mishra and kamal (1971)
investigated seasonal variation in air fungal flora of Gorakhpur. Ramalingam (1971)
reported air spora of Mysore. Subramanian (1971) reported hyphomycetes.
Chakraborthy and Nandi (1972) observed the seasonal periodicity of Cladosporium a
common allergen in air over Calcutta and suburbs. Mishra (1972) investigated the
periodical fluctuation of airspora of Gorakhpur. Sandhu and Randhava (1972) studied
air borne fungal spores at Amritsar. Vishnumittre and Khandelwal (1973) reported
airborne pollen grain and fungal spores at Lucknow during 1969-1970. Chitaley and
Bajaj (1973) carried out airspora of Nagpur at high altitude- I. Tilak (1974) reported
aerobiology in Maharastra. Chitaley and Bajaj (1974) carried out airspora of Nagpur
at high altitude- II. Manoharachary (1974) reported some interesting fungi from
Hyderabad. Chitaley and Bajaj (1975) investigated air spora of Nagpur at high
altitude III. Tilak and Vishwe (1975) reported microbial content of air inside library at
Aurangabad. Rati and Ramalingam (1976) carried out airborne Aspergilli at Mysore.
Bhati and Gour (1979) have surveyed the atmospheric spores at Modinagar. Janki Bai
(1979) reported the air spora of Vishakhapattanam. Vittal and Ponnuswamy (1979)
reported a preliminary study of the atmospheric fungal flora of Madras.
Gaur and Kasana (1981) carried out aerobiology of Modinagar. Vittal and
Krishnamoorthi (1981) reported airspora of an agriculture farm in Madras. Baruah
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and Baruah (1981) investigated seasonal periodicity of Cladosporium sp. in air of
Shilang. Janki Bai and Subba Reddy (1981) investigated the fungus airspora of
Visakhapatanam. Prasad and Narayan (1982) reported the aeromycology of the
atmosphere of Malleesward market, Banglore. Tilak (1982) published a textbook on
Aerobiology. Patil (1982) reported atmospheric biopollutants at Nagpur. Jayaprakash
and Ramalingam (1983) observed hazardous species of Aspergillus ochraceous group
in the air of working environments at Mysore. Singh and Babu (1983) reported the
airborne fungal flora of Delhi, India. Satpute et. al. (1983) reported contribution to the
aerobiology of Shilang. I. Studies on the seasonal variation of atmospheric pollen and
fungal spores. Bhosle (1983) reported airspora of Aurangabad. Desmukh and shukla
(1984) reported thermophilic fungi in the airspora at Sagar (M.P.). Studies on the
aerobiology of a Himalayan alpin zone, Rudranath, India carried out by Gaur and
Kala (1984). Patil (1985) observed aerobiological studies at Aurangabad. Chakraverty
and Sinha (1985) carried out the incidence of Aspergillus parasiticus in the indoor
and outdoor environments of Calcutta, India. Subramanian (1986) reported the
progress and status of mycology in India. Sinha (1986) reported aerobiological
studies around Bhodhgaya. Ramchandra Rao (1987) reported aerobiology at
Aurangabad. Verma and Khare (1987) have carried out a study of airspora around
Jabalpur university campus. Jogdand (1987) observed airspora at Aurangabad. Bhat
and Rajasab (1988) reported two-year (1984-1986) survey for the study of incidence
of visible fungal airspora in Gulberg. Manoharachary et. al. (1988) reported
aeromycological studies from some localities of Andhra Pradesh, India. Vittal and
Krishnamoorthi (1988) reported airborne mold spores in Madras, India. Rao and
Mallaiah (1988) reported airborne fungal spores at Nagarjunanagar, India. Singh and
Mishra (1988) investigated the aero-fungi of a rural area around Gaya. Verma and
Khare (1988) carried out aeromycology at Jabalpur. Shrivastv and shukla (1990)
reported a volumetric investigation of airspora of Balarampur. Verma and Khare
(1990) carried out an analysis of atmospheric fungal spores at Jabalpur (M.P.).
Baig (1991) investigated the seasonality of aero fungi over Champanagar,
Bhagalpur. Verma and Khare (1991) carried out airspora at Jabalpur University
campus with special reference to fungal spores. Gupta and Singh (1991) reported the
qualitative and quantitative prevalence of airborne fungi in extramural environments
of Delhi metropolis. Pawar (1991) reported airspora at Nassik. Mishra and Jamil
(1991) carried out fungi in the indoor environment of flour mill in Lucknow. Kumar
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and Prasad (1991) reported air borne fungal spores in the atmosphere of Nalanda
(Bihar). Verma and Chile (1992) observed the fungi in the medical college of the
Jabalpur city and the allergenic behavior of some species. Ghani and Kale (1992)
investigated a preliminary report on aeromycoflora of Bhagalpur. Vedehi and
Ramanujam (1992) carried out contribution to study of semi urban and urban airspora
of Hyderabad area. Aher (1993) investigated airspora at Ahmadnagar. Satheesh et. al.
(1993) reported incidence of airborne pollen and spores in the atmosphere of
Tiruchirapalli (India). Satheesh and Rao (1994) reported fungal spore concentration in
the air at Tiruchirapalli (India) 1987-1988. Ramalingam and Nayar (1994) reported
comparative study of the airspora urban complex in Hyderabad. Kalkar and Patil
(1994) reported air borne biocomponents in the air of Nagpur. Singh et. al. (1994)
investigated airborne fungi in the hospital of metropolitan Delhi. Naik and Pande
(1994) carried out aerobiological survey at Aurangabad. Mishra et. al. (1994) reported
circadian periodicity of airspora in different season at Jabalpur (M. P.) India. Agashe
and Anuradha (1996) reported circadian periodicity of fungal spores of Banglore city.
Kakde and Saoji (1996) investigated airborne concentration of fungal spores in fruit
market environment of Nagpur city (M.S.). Bora et. al. (1996) reported atmospheric
microflora at different environment of Guwahati, Assam. Reddy and Reddy (1996)
reported aeromycological survey of Vikarabad. Giri and Saoji (1996) carried out
airborne mycoflora from local food storage place at Nagpur. Nayak et. al. (1998)
reported airborne fungal spores in an industrial area: seasonal and diurnal periodicity.
Bhandari et. al. (1999) reported seasonal variation in airspora at Jabalpur, India.
Chakraborty et. al. (2000) reported indoor and outdoor aero mycological
study in Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Sahaney et. al. (2001) carried out assessment
of bioaerosols around agriculture processing area at Bhodhgaya (Bihar). Khilare and
Chitnavis (2002) observed aerobiological survey of slum and descent areas of
Kolhapur (M.S.) India. Kakde et. al. (2001) studied seasonal variation of fungal
propagules in a fruit market environment, Nagpur (India). Bera and Khandelwal
(2002) reported the incidence of aerobioparticles over southern ocean and
Schiramacher Oasis, East Antarctica during IX and XI Indian Antarctica expeditions.
Devi et. al. (2002) investigated airspora of semi-urban area of Guwahati city. Sahney
and Purwar (2002) reported fungal airspora in the market area of Allahabad. Arora
and Jain (2003) reported fungal airspora of Bikaner. Dahiya and Gupta (2003)
observed aeromycoflora of Rohatak city Haryana. Giri and Saoji (2003) reported
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aeromycological studies in intramural environment of hospital. Singh and Rakhi
(2003) carried out aeromycological survey of a pharmacy in Hardwar. Seshadri
(2003) carried out aeromycoflora of paddy warehouse environment. Sharma et. al.
(2004) reported seasonal variation and annual variation in atmospheric pollen and
fungal spores of Greater-Silacher, Assam. Sawane and Saoji (2004) studied
Penicillium in the intramural and extramural air of residential areas of Nagpur city
(India). Uddin (2004) reported airspora over a Rice (High Yielding Variety) field in
Rabi season in the state of West Bengal, India.
Manoharachary et. al. (2005) carried out fungal diversity: distribution,
conservation, and prospecting of fungi from India. Singh et. al. (2005) investigated
isolation and identification of aeromycoflora of Mawana Western Utter Pradesh.
Vittal (2005) reported the progress of aerobiology in India during the last quarter
century. Tilak and Gadekar (2005) carried out aerobiological studies at Rahuri over
Sorghum field. Rane and Gandhe (2005) observed air and dust mycoflora at Jalgaon.
Pund and Tidke (2005) reported preliminary observation on some qualitative analysis
of airborne biocomponents at Amravati. Uddin (2005) reported aeromycoflora in Jute
field. Nagmani et. al. (2006) A book published “Hand book of soil fungi. Das and
Gupta-Bhattacharya (2007) reported airborne culturable fungal flora an agriculture
farm in West Bengal and its relationship with metrological factors. Lohare and
Kareppa (2007) carried out aeromycological survey over soybean field at Udgir
(M.S). Prabhudesai (2007) investigated aeromycoflora of Altinho Panji Goa. Das and
Gupta-Bhattacharya (2008) reported enumerating outdoor aeromycota in suburban
West Bengal, India, with reference to respiratory allergy and metrological factors.
Verma and Pathak (2009) carried out a comparative analysis of forecasting methods
for aerobiological studies. Panda et. al. (2009) reported seasonal incidence of airborne
fungi in coastal belt of Orisa. Panda (2010) reported some sugar fungi in coastal sand
dunes of Orisa, India. Yassin and Almouqatea (2010) have assessed airborne bacteria
and fungi in an indoor and outdoor environment. Sharma et. al. (2010) carried out
exposure to indoor fungi in different working environments: a comparative study.
Kotwal et. al. (2010) reported aeromycoflora of outdoor and indoor air of residential
area in Nashik. Singh (2010) reported aerobiology in plant, animal and human health
care. Usha et. al. (2010) carried out seasonal periodicity of airborne fungi in indoors
and outdoors of a rural agricultural village in Pandicherry region. Giri and Sawane
(2010) carried out airborne culturable fungi in hospital environment of Nagpur (M.S.).
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Kumari et. al. (2011) reported a comparative study of aeromycospora in different
localities of Gorakhpur (U.P). Das and Gupta-Bhattacharya (2012) carried out
monitoring and assessment of airborne fungi in Kolkata, India, by viable and non-
viable air sampling methods.
Aerobiology work in Chhattisgarh
In Chhattisgarh for the last 25 years, some workers (Tiwari and his co-
workers, 1985-2012) are studying continuously in the field of fungal diversity in
relation to atmosphere of Chhattisgarh especially in and around the capital city
Raipur. Therefore, the credit for initiating real systematic research with atmospheric
fungi of Chhattisgarh must be given to Tiwari (former Prof. and Head School of
Biotechnology). Atmospheric fungal diversity has been studied in relation to various
fields, various habitats and various atmospheres. The study of atmospheric fungal
diversity is done based on taxonomy, through morphological analysis, by studying its
macroscopic and microscopic characteristics.
Many scientists have worked in fungal diversity of various region of
Chhattisgarh they described the fungi and its various aspects. After an in depth study
of various works done in the field of fungal diversity, these study focuses on the
description of fungal diversity in the atmosphere of Chhattisgarh. Tiwari (1977)
studies on the leaf surface mycoflora of some solanaceous crop plant. Tiwari and
Godheja (1985) investigated air spora and phyllosphere of Brinjal at Raipur. Tiwari
and Sahu (1988) reported the leaf surface and air mycoflora of Momordica charantia
Linn. Tiwari and Sahu (1989A) reported aerophyllomycoflora of Cicer arietinium L.
Tiwari and Sahu (1989B) study on aerobiology of Datura alba L. Tiwari and Sahu
(1991) reported airspora of Raipur with reference to fungal flora. Pandey and Tiwari
(1991) carried out aeromycoflora of Raipur. Tiwari et. al. (1993) reported
aeromycoflora over Abelmoschus esculantum variety pusakranti. Jadhav and Tiwari
(1994) investigated aeromycoflora of Rawan Village. Tiwari and Sahu (1994)
reported airborne fungi at Raipur. Jadhav et. al. (1995) investigated aeromycoflora of
Balodabazar Disst. Raipur. Tiwari et. al. (1995) reported aeromycoflora of Green
house. Tiwari and Sahu (1995) studied aeromycological study of Raipur. Jadhav
(1996) reported aeromycoflora over rice field at Balodabazar, Raipur. Sahu (1996)
reported mycoflora associated with spinach. Sahu (1998) reported aeromycoflora over
wheat crop field at Raipur. Tiwari (1999) studied aeromycoflora of Raipur with
22
special reference to fungal spores. Sharma (2001) reported aeromycoflora in relation
to leaf surface mycoflora of Ocimum sanctum L. Tiwari et. al. (2004) carried out the
aeromycoflora of different heights. Tiwari and Jadhav (2004) reported
aeromycological studies of chemistry Labe of Govt. College, Balodabazar, Raipur.
Saluja (2005) reported aeromycoflora in relation to leaf surface mycoflora of
Catharanthus roceus Linn. Tiwari et. al. (2005) reported aeromycoflora of Dairy area
at Raipur. Khare (2006) studied aeromycoflora and leaf surface mycoflora of Barleria
prionitis Linn. Singh (2006) reported aeromycoflora in relation to leaf surface
mycoflora of Mentha arvensis Linn. Tiwari et. al. (2006) reported aeromycoflora of
slum area. Tiwari et. al. (2007a) reported aeromycoflora of Kharun river area of
Raipur. Tiwari et. al. (2007 b) studied aeromycoflora of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla
Udyan, Collectrate parisar, Raipur. Tiwari and Tiwari (2007) carried out
aeromycoflora of Industrial area, Urla, Raipur. Kunjam (2007) studied aeromycoflora
of tribal atmosphere at Panabaras region of Rajnandgaon. Lall (2008) reported indoor
and outdoor aeromycoflora of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Hospital Raipur. Agrawal
(2008) studied the fungal diversity based on taxonomic and physiologic
characteristics. Jadhav and Kunjam (2009) carried out ecological study on
aeromycoflora of a Tribal area of Chhattisgarh. Deo (2009) worked diversity and
biotechnological study of fungi in environment of pond. Tiwari and Saluja (2009)
studied seasonal variation of aeromycoflora in Catharanthus roceus L. Chakraborty
(2009) studied fungal diversity based on morphological and physiological
characteristics. Tiwari et. al. (2010) studied aerobiodiversity of Aspergillus Species.
Patle (2010) reported incidence of airborne fungal spore at Raipur with special
reference to Railway station. Agrawal (2010) carried out fungal diversity based on
taxonomy and physiology. Jadhav and Lall (2010) reported ecological studies of
outdoor aeromycoflora of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Hospital, Raipur. Tiwari et. al.
(2011) reported atmospheric fungal diversity of Chhattisgarh. Jadhav and Lall (2011a)
carried out seasonal variation of indoor aeromycoflora of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
Hospital, Raipur. Biodiversity of some dominant fungi i.e. Alternaria, Curvularia,
and Cladosporium in indoor environment of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Hospital Raipur was
investigated by Jadhav and Lall (2011b). Shukla and Shukla (2011) studied air borne
fungal spores in the atmosphere of industrial town Korba, Chhattisgarh, India.
23
Aeromycoflora of outdoor environment
Aerobiological investigation and survey carried out by aerobiologist of the
India and abroad for outdoor environment. Cunningham (1873) carried out the first
systematic aerobiology work of the world. His works was quite comprehensive,
published in the form of a book entitled “Microscopic examination of air”, and
include studies over presidency jails Calcutta. Ainsworth (1952) investigated the
incidence of airborne Cladosporium in the London region. Rajan et. al. (1952)
reported preliminary survey of atmospheric fungal flora of Kanpur. Paddy and Kapica
(1955) carried out fungi in air over the Atlantic Ocean. Gregory and Hirst (1957)
investigated the summer air-spora at Rothamsted in 1952. Kalra and Dumbery (1957)
observed the aeromycoflora of Army medical campus at Poona. Hamiltan (1959)
carried out studies on air spora. Gregory (1961-1973) reported the microbiology of
the atmosphere of England. Frey and Durie (1962) carried out the studies of air borne
fungus spores by slide and culture methods. Lacey (1962) reported the summer air-
spora of two contrasting adjacent rural site. Nair (1963) investigated the atmospheric
pollen and fungal spores and others vegetative matters at Vellore (Madras). Tilak and
Srinivasulu (1967) investigated the airspora of Aurangabad. Sreeramulu (1967)
reported aerobiology in India. Mehrotra and Claudius (1968) studied the
aeromycoflora of Sagar university campus. Rai (1969) reported air fungal flora of
Varanasi. Agrawal et. al. (1969) has made studies on the allergenic fungal spores of
the Delhi, Indian metropolitan area. Mishra and kamal (1971) investigated seasonal
variation in air fungal flora of Gorakhpur. Ramalingam (1971) reported air spora of
Mysore. Subramanian (1971) reported hyphomycetes. Chakraborthy and Nandi
(1972) observed the seasonal periodicity of Cladosporium a common allergen in air
over Calcutta and suburbs. Mishra (1972) investigated the periodical fluctuation of
airspora of Gorakhpur. Vishnumittre and Khandelwal (1973) reported airborne pollen
grain and fungal spores at Lucknow during 1969-1970. Tilak (1974) reported
aerobiology in Maharastra. Chitaley and Bajaj (1975) investigated air spora of Nagpur
at high altitude III. Moustafa and Kamel (1976) have made a study of fungal spore
population in the atmosphere of Kuwait. Levetin and Horowitz (1977) reported
airborne fungi in Tulsa. Agashe and Vinay (1978) reported aerobiological studies of
Banglore city. Bhati and Gour (1979) have surveyed the atmospheric spores at
Modinagar. Jankibai (1979) reported the air spora of Vishakhapattanam. Vittal and
24
Punnuswamy (1979) reported a preliminary study of the atmospheric fungal flora of
Madras.
Baruah and Baruah (1981) investigated seasonal periodicity of Cladosporium
sp. in air of Shilang. Larsen (1981) carried out a three-year survey of micro fungi in
the outdoor air of Copenhagen 1977-79. Jagdishprasad and Narayan (1982) reported
the aeromycology of the atmosphere of Malleesward market, Banglore. Tilak (1982)
published a textbook on Aerobiology. Satpute et. al. (1983) reported contribution to
the aerobiology of Shilang (studies on the seasonal variation of atmospheric pollen
and fungal spores.). Jayprakash and Ramalingam (1983) observed hazardous species
of Aspergillus ochraceous group in the air of working environments at Mysore. Singh
and Babu (1983) reported the airborne fungal flora of Delhi, India. Desmukh and
shukla (1984) reported thermophilic fungi in the airspora at Sagar (M.P.). Lyon et. al.
(1984) carried out variation of airspora in the atmosphere due to weather conditions.
Studies on the aerobiology of a Himalayan alpin zone, Rudranath, India carried out by
Gaur and Kala (1984). Patil (1985) observed aerobiological studies at Aurangabad.
Subramanian (1986) reported the progress and status of mycology in India. Sinha
(1986) reported aerobiological studies around Bhodhgaya. Ramchandra Rao (1987)
reported aerobiology at Aurangabad. Verma and Khare (1987) have carried out a
study of airspora around Jabalpur university campus. Jogdand (1987) observed
airspora at Aurangabad. Mari and Rajasab (1988) reported two-year (1984-1986)
survey for the study of incidence of visible fungal airspora in Gulberg. Singh and
Mishra (1988) investigated the aero fungi of a rural area around Gaya. Shrivastv and
shukla (1990) reported a volumetric investigation of airspora of Balarampur. Verma
(1990) reported biocomponents in the atmosphere of Jabalpur (M.P.). Nussbaum
(1990) carried out variation in the airborne fungal spore population of the Tuscarawas
valley with respect to microenvironment, time of day, and date.
Baig (1991) investigated the seasonality of aero fungi over Champanagar,
Bhagalpur. Gupta and Singh (1991) reported the qualitative and quantitative
prevalence of airborne fungi in extramural environments of Delhi metropolis. Pandey
and Tiwari (1991) studied aeromycoflora of Raipur. Tiwari and Sahu (1991) have
investigated the airspora of Raipur with special reference to fungal flora. Pawar
(1991) reported airspora at Nassik. Larsen and Gravesen (1991) carried out seasonal
variation of outdoor airborne viable micro fungi in Copenhagen, Denmark. Verma
and Chile (1992) observed the fungi in the medical college of the Jabalpur city and
25
the allergenic behavior of some species. Ghani and Kale (1992) investigated a
preliminary report on aeromycoflora of Bhagalpur. Vedehi and Ramanujam (1992)
carried out contribution to study of semi urban and urban airspora of Hyderabad area.
Shaheen (1992) reported aeromycology of Amman area Jordan. Rosas et. al. (1992)
carried out seasonal distribution of Aspergillus in the air of an urban area: Mexico
City. Sorlini (1993) has made aerobiology: general and applied aspects in the
conservation of art works. Abdel-Hafez et. al. (1993) reported seasonal variations of
fungi of outdoor air and sedimented dust at Assiut region, Upper Egypt. Jadhav and
Tiwari (1994) observed aeromycoflora of Rawan village, Raipur. Satheesh and Rao
(1994) reported fungal spore concentration in the air at Tiruchirapalli (India) 1987-
1988. Shrestha and Sharma (1994) studied the seasonal and locational variation of
aeromycoflora Kathmandu. Ramalingam and Nayar (1994) reported comparative
study of the airspora urban complex in Hyderabad. Singh et. al. (1994) investigated
fungal airspora of Northeast India. Dames and Cadman (1994) reported airspora of
Durban: a sub-tropical, coastal South African city. II fungal spore component. Hirst
(1994) carried out aerobiology at Rothamsted. Halwagy (1994) studied fungal
airspora of Kuwait city, Kuwait, 1975-1987. Tiwari and Sahu (1995) reported
aeromycological studies of Raipur. Li and Kendrick (1995) carried out a year-round
outdoor aeromycological study in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Agashe and Anuradha
(1996) studied in circadian periodicity of fungal spores of Banglore city. Savitsky and
Kobzar (1996) reported a bibliographic review of aerobiology in Russia and
neighbouring countries, 1980-1993. Bora et. al. (1996) reported atmospheric
microflora at different environment of Guwahati, Assam. Herrero et. al. (1996)
carried out aerobiological study of fungal spores from Palencia (Spain). Marshall
(1997) reported seasonality in Antarctic airborne fungal spores. Mitakakis et. al.
(1997) carried out incidence of Cladosporium, Alternaria and total fungal spores in
the atmosphere of Melbourne (Australia) over three years. Nayak et. al. (1998)
reported airborne fungal spores in an industrial area: seasonal and diurnal periodicity.
Lim et. al. (1998) studied outdoor airborne fungal spores in Singapore. Tiwari (1999)
has made aerobiological studies of Raipur with special reference to fungal spores.
Bhandari et. al. (1999) reported seasonal variation in airspora at Jabalpur, India.
Matsuura (1999) observed growth and colony patterning of filamentous fungi. Infante
et. al. (1999) reported a comparative study of the incidence of Cladosporium conidia
in the atmosphere of five Spanish cities. Carinanos et. al. (1999) investigated diurnal
26
variation of biological and non-biological particles in the atmosphere of Cordoba,
Spain.
Chakraborty et. al. (2000) reported indoor and outdoor aero mycological study
in Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Sahaney et. al. (2001) carried out assessment of
bioaerosols around agriculture processing area at Bhodhgaya (Bihar). Joshi et. al.
(2001) reported circadian periodicity curves of some airborne allergenic components.
Khilare and Chitnavis (2001) observed aerobiological survey of slum and descent
areas of Kolhapur (M.S.) India. Mane (2001) reported incidence of fungal allergens in
the air at Vijapur. Shripad et. al. carried out aerobiologial approach in monitoring
intramural and extramural environments and its implication in health. Farooq et. al.
(2001) carried out a comparative study of aeromycoflora in thickly populated and less
populated areas of Rawalpindi. Bera and Khandelwal (2002) reported the incidence of
aerobioparticles over southern ocean and Schiramacher Oasis, East Antarctica during
IX and XI Indian Antarctica expeditions. Sawane and Saoji (2002) reported
Penicillium in the intramural and extramural air of residential area of Nagpur city
(India). Shelton et. al. (2002) reported profile of airborne fungi in building and
outdoor environment in the United States. Al-Subai (2002) investigated air-borne
fungi at Doha, Qatar. Durand et. al. (2002) reported effect of sampling time on the
culturability of airborne fungi and bacteria sampled by filtration. Breitenbach and
Simon-Nobbe (2002) reported the allergens of Cladosporium herbarum and
Alternaria alternata. La-Serna et. al. (2002) carried out airborne fungal spores in the
campus of Anchieta, Spain. Arora and Jain (2003) reported fungal airspora of
Bikaner. Dahiya and Gupta (2003) observed aeromycoflora of Rohatak city Haryana.
Herr et. al. (2003) carried out effects of bioaerosol polluted outdoor air on airways of
residents: a cross sectional study. Lugauskas et. al. (2003) investigated concentration
and species diversity of airborne fungi near busy streets in Lithuanian urban area
Tiwari et. al. (2004) reported aeromycoflora of different heights. Sharma et. al.
(2004) studied on the seasonal variation and annual variation in atmospheric pollen
and fungal spores of Greater-Silacher, Assam. Sawane and Saoji (2004) reported
Penicillium in the intramural and extramural air of residential areas of Nagpur city
(India). Kasprzyk et. al. (2004) carried out fungal spores in the atmosphere of
Rzeszow (South-East Poland). Sarah and Forest (2004) reported fungal spores are
transported long distances in smoke from biomass fires. Liao et. al. (2004) reported
Temporal / seasonal variations of size-dependent airborne fungi indoor / outdoor
27
relationships for a wind-induced naturally ventilated airspace. Smita and Tidke (2004)
carried out preliminary observations on the some qualitative analysis of airborne
biocomponents at Amravati.
Manoharachary et. al. (2005) carried out fungal diversity: distribution,
conservation, and prospecting of fungi from India. Millington et. al. (2005) reported
long-term trends in outdoor Aspergillus, Penicillium spore concentration in Derby,
U.K. from 1970 to 2003 and made a comparative study in 1994 and 1996 with the
indoor air of two local houses. Singh et. al. (2005) investigated isolation and
identification of aeromycoflora of Mawana Western Utter Pradesh. Vittal (2005)
reported the progress of aerobiology in India during the last quarter century. Rane and
Gandhe (2005) observed air and dust mycoflora at Jalgaon. Stepalska and Wolek
(2005) investigated variation in fungal spore concentration of selected taxa associated
to weather condition in Cracow, Poland, in 1997. Bugajny et. al. (2005) reported on
the microbiological quality of the outdoor air in Poznan, Poland. Donderski et. al.
(2005) carried out microbiological contamination of air within the city of Torun.
Tiwari et. al. (2006) has investigated the aeromycoflora of slum area. Nagmani et. al.
(2006) A book published “Hand book of soil fungi. Kasprzyk and Worek (2006)
reported airborne fungal spores in urban and rural environments in Poland. Kasperzyk
and Konopinska (2006) carried out comparative analysis of the concentration of
fungal spores in the air of Lublin and Rzeszow (Eastern Poland). Herrero et. al.
(2006) has made study of airborne fungal spores in Madrid, Spain. Saadabi (2006)
carried out on the fungal flora of Saudi Arabian soils. Topbas et. al. (2006) reported
identification and seasonal distribution of airborne fungi in urban outdoor air in an
eastern black sea Turkish town. Prabhudesai (2007) investigated aeromycoflora of
Altinho Panji Goa. Saar (2007) carried out seasonality in quantity of atmospherics
fungal aerosol in Tartu (Estonia). Bruno et. al. (2007) reported estimation of fungal
spore concentrations associated to metrological variables. Mckernan et. al. (2007)
carried out evaluating fungi in aircraft. Ahmed (2007) reported a review of air borne
fungal spores. Nourian et. al. (2007) reported airborne mycoflora of Zanjan- Iran.
Diba et. al. (2007) carried out identification of Aspergillus species using
morphological characteristics. Mandrioli (2007) carried out basic aerobiology. Okten
et. al. (2007) reported airborne fungal concentration of morning and evening east
patch of Edrine city using two sampling methods. Sabariego et. al. (2007) carried out
monitoring of airborne fungi in Madrid (Spain). Diba et. al. (2007) reported
28
identification of Aspergillus sp. using morphological characteristics. Das and Gupta-
Bhattacharya (2008) reported enumerating outdoor aeromycota in suburban West
Bengal, India, with reference to respiratory allergy and metrological factors. Khattab
and Levetin (2008) reported the effect of sampling height on the concentration of
airborne fungal spores. Kasprzyk (2008A) reported aeromycology-main research
fields of interest during the last 25 years. Kasprzyk (2008B) reported co-occurrence of
airborne allergenic pollen grains and fungal spores in Rzeszow, Poland (2000-2002).
Grinn-Gofron and Mika (2008) reported selected airborne allergenic fungal spores
and metrological factors in Szczecin, Poland, 2004-2006. Verma and Pathak (2009)
carried out a comparative analysis of forecasting methods for aerobiological studies.
Grinn-Gofron (2009) studied the occurrence of Cladosporium spores in the air and
their relationships with meteorological parameters. Ianovici and Tudorica (2009)
reported aeromycoflora in outdoor environment of Timisoara city (Romania). Rao et.
al. (2009) investigated airborne fungal flora of Karachi, Pakistan. Suerdem and
Yildirim (2009) carried out fungi in the atmospheric air of Canakkale Province in
Turkey. Panda et. al. (2009) reported seasonal incidence of airborne fungi in coastal
belt of Orisa.
Jadhav and Lal (2010) reported ecological studies of outdoor aeromycoflora of
Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Hospital, Raipur. Abu-Dieyeh et. al. (2010) investigated
seasonal variation of fungal spore populations in the atmosphere of Zarqa area,
Jordan. Panda (2010) reported some sugar fungi in coastal sand dunes of Orisa, India.
Yassin and Almouqatea (2010) have assessed airborne bacteria and fungi in an indoor
and outdoor environment. Lee (2010) reported effect of vibration on dispersal of
Cladosporium cladosporioides bioaerosols. Smith et. al. (2010) carried out
stratospheric microbiology at 20 km over the Pacific Ocean. Shukla and Shukla
(2011) studied air borne fungal spores in the atmosphere of industrial town Korba,
Chhattisgarh, India. Mallo et. al. (2011) has made airborne fungal spore content in the
atmosphere of the city of La Plata, Argentina. Grinn-Gofron (2011) reported airborne
Aspergillus and Penicillium in the atmosphere of Szczecin, (Poland) (2004-2009).
Morris et. al. (2011) carried out microbiology and atmospheric processes: research
challenges concerning the impact of airborne microorganism on the atmosphere and
climate. Pyrri and Kapsanaki-Gotsi (2012) carried out diversity and annual
fluctuations of culturable airborne fungi in Athens, Greece: a 4-year study, Das and
29
Gupta-Bhattacharya (2012) carried out monitoring and assessment of airborne fungi
in Kolkata, India, by viable and non-viable air sampling methods.
Aeromycoflora of indoor environment
Aerobiological experiment conducted inside the building or closed atmosphere
for the detection of the airborne particles some indoor work in Poultry, Hospital,
Cattle shed, Rice mill, Laboratory, Garbage depot, Library, Bakery etc. Numerous
workers in India and abroad have studied the impact of airborne fungal spores in the
different indoor environment.
The pioneering investigation of such type was Baruha (1961) carried out the
air spora of cow shed. Tilak et. al. (1972) reported in the microbiological deterioration
of painting at Ajanta and Ellora. Tilak and Kulkarni (1972) carried out microbial
content of air inside and outside the caves at Aurangabad. Tilak and Vishwe (1975)
observed microbial content of air inside library. Chaturvedi et. al. (1981) studied
indoor fungal flora in library at Lucknow. Vittal and Glory (1985) reported airborne
fungal spores of library Indian sub continent. Chakraverty and Sinha (1985) reported
the incidence of Aspergillus parasiticus in the indoor and outdoor environments of
Calcutta India. Banerjee et. al. (1987) have made airborne fungi survey of some
residences in Durham, North Carolina USA. Shukla et. al. (1989) reported airborne
fungal spores in library at Bhopal. Dubey (1989) studied on aerobiology with special
reference to hospital environment. Singh et. al. (1990) reported reference of
Aspergillus in a bakery. Mishra and Jamil (1991) carried out fungi in the indoor
environment of flourmills in Lucknow. Pandit and Singh (1992) studied prevalence of
airborne fungi in sugar factory environment. Verma and Chile (1992) observed fungi
in the medical college of the Jabalpur city and the allergenic behavior of species.
Ghani and Kale (1993) reported aeromycoflora inside and outside college library.
Ghani (1994) reported incidence of airborne fungi inside different scientific
laboratories at Bhagalpur. Pande (1994) reported indoor aeroallergen of hospital ward.
Tiwari et. al. (1995) reported aeromycoflora of green house. Pandit et. al. (1995)
studied prevalence of culturable and non-culturable airborne fungi in a grain store in
Delhi. Nielsen et. al. (1995) carried out occupational bioaerosols exposure during
collection of household waste. Li and Kendrick (1995) reported a year-round
comparison of fungal spores in indoor and outdoor air. Singh and Singh (1996)
studied airborne fungi as important occupational sensitizers in Poultry workers. Pande
30
et. al. (1996) carried out spore load inside the library atmosphere. Agashe and
Anuradha (1996) observed aero mycological studies of a library in Banglore. Kakde
and Saoji (1996) carried out airborne fungal spores in vegetable and fruit market
environment. Saoji and Giri (1997) reported concentration of aero allergenic fungal
spores in intramural environment of Nagpur city hospital ward and library. Zahid et.
al. (1997) observed incidence of fungal spores in indoor environment of an
Ahmednagar (M.S.), India. More et. al. (1997) carried out survey of airborne
biopollutants in the garbage depot. Ghani and Saoji (1998) reported microbial
population of air in intramural environment of Nagpur city residential quarters and
food storage place. Pugulmaran et. al. (1999) studied fungal diversity in the indoor
and outdoor environment dust of grain storage. Singh and Singh (1999) reported
Aspergillus sp. as an important occupational risk factor among susceptible
individuals.
Chakraborthy et. al. (2000) studied indoor and outdoor aero mycological
surveys in Burdhwan West Bengal. Barui and Chanda (2000) reported aeromycoflora
in the central milk dairy of Calcutta, India. Jain (2000) carried out survey of
bioaerosol in different indoor working environments in central India. Sahney et. al.
(2001) observed aeromycoflora inside a library of Allahabad University. Sharma and
Dutta (2001) carried out observation on the aeromycoflora of indoor working
environments of Greater Silchar. Kulshrestha and Chouhan (2001) reported
Aspergillus as the first major component in the mycoflora of inside medical college.
Al-Falih (2001) investigated a quantitative survey of airborne fungal spores from
school in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sawane and Saoji (2002) reported Penicillium in the
intramural and extramural air of residential areas of Nagpur city, India. Alturi and
Padmini (2002) carried out aeromycoflora of Andhra university library. Govinda et.
al. (2002) carried out comparative study of culturable fungi of asthmatic patents
bedroom and inside hospital ward. Aira et. al. (2002) reported fungi associated with
three houses in Havana (Cuba). Mohammed Shabbir et. al. (2003) studied
aeromycoflora of Gulberg university library. Verma and George (2003) reported air
analysis of engineering college area Jabalpur, India mycological aspect. Jotish and
Nayar (2003) an analysis of aeromycoflora of poultry farm in Palkkad District, Kerla.
Nieves-Rivera (2003) carried out mycological survey of Rio camuy caves park,
Puerto Rico. Verma and Shrivastv (2004) reported airborne fungi of poultry
environment. Tiwari et. al. (2004) studied aeromycoflora of library, botany
31
deportment and garden. Adhikari et. al. (2004) reported volumetric assessment of
airborne fungi in two sections of rural indoor dairy cattle shed. Aher et. al. (2004)
carried out aeromycological studies of Warehouse at Ahmednagar. Majumdar and
Hazara (2005) reported assessment fungal contaminants in libraries of Calcutta.
Upadhyaya and Sahu (2005) reported fungal flora inside library environment of
university Gwalior, India. Verma and Shrivastv (2005) carried out assessment of
mould allergy in poultry workers with special emphasis to fungal connection in the
working area. Sawane and Saoji (2005) reported airborne Penicillium in the grain
shops of Nagpur (India). Singh and Singh (2005) carried out aeromycoflora of rice
mill. Bhiogudi et. al. (2006) reported preliminary indoor survey of aeromycoflora in
the house of asthmatic patient in Ambejogai, Maharastra. Lee et. al. (2006) carried
out relationship between indoor and outdoor bioaerosols collected with a button
inhalable aerosol sampler in urban homes. Ghasemkhani et. al. (2006) assessment of
exposures to bioaerosols among poultry feed plant workers. Singh (2007) studied air
borne mould biodiversity of certain work place environment in northeastern India.
Shrivastv (2007) reported clinical and immunological study of some airborne allergic
fungi in poultry workers environment of Jabalpur. Majumdar and Barui (2007) carried
out aeromycoflora of potato cold store houses in West Bengal. Devi et. al. (2007)
reported fungal spores in the industrial units of Guwahati refinery. Sangle et. al.
(2007) studied intramural aeromycoflora of cattle shed. Tiwari et. al. (2007) reported
aeromycoflora of cold storage of Raipur, (C.G.). Nayar et. al. (2007) carried out status
of airborne spores and pollen in coir factory Kerala, India. Arya and Arya (2007)
investigated aeromycoflora of fruit markets of Baroda, India and associated diseases
of certain fruits. Awad (2007) carried out airborne dust, bacteria, actinomycetes and
fungi at a flourmill. Stryjakowska-Sekulska et. al. (2007) has investigated
microbiological quality of indoor air in University room. Lall (2008) reported studies
of indoor and outdoor aeromycoflora of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar hospital, Raipur
(C.G.). Hajarika et. al. (2008) observed airborne fungal spores in a paper mill samples
at Jagiroad. Zielinska-Jankiewicz et. al. (2008) reported microbiological
contamination with moulds in work environment in libraries and archive storage
facilities. Codina et. al. (2008) observed typical level of airborne fungal spores in
houses without obvious moisture problems during a rainy season in Florida, USA.
Srikanth et. al. (2008) reported bioaerosols in indoor environment: composition,
health effects and analysis. Ruga et. al. (2008) has made analysis of the potential
32
fungal biodeteriogen effects in the “Doctorate Library” of University of Perugia, Italy.
Dutta et. al. (2009) reported some observation on the aeromycoflora of tea factory in
Cachar, District, Assam. Bhagwan et. al. (2010) carried out fungal airspora of a
vegetable market at Udgir Maharastra. Debnath et. al. (2010) observed aeromycoflora
in two commercial tea-processing factories in Assam. Bhonde et. al. (2010) reported
fungal spore incidence in the indoor environment of fci godown at Nagpur (M.S.),
India. Verma and Sahu (2010) carried out indoor air quality assessment in relation to
fungal diversity in some schools. Kukereja (2010) reported aero mycological survey
of indoor environment of classroom library and hostel of tribal ashramshala at
wadegaon, dist. Godchiroli (M.H.). Hande et. al. (2010) studied aeromycoflora of
library from Amravati. Smitha et. al. (2010) reported aeromycofloral studies of some
occupational sites in Davangere city. Fairs et. al. (2010) carried out guidelines on
ambient intramural airborne fungal spores. Li and Lawmondia (2010) reported
airborne fungi associated with ornamental plant propagation in greenhouses.
Jadhav and Lal (2011a) carried out seasonal variation of indoor aeromycoflora
of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Hospital, Raipur. Jadhav and Lal (2011b) studied
biodiversity of some dominant fungi i.e. Alternaria, Curvularia and Cladosporium in
indoor environment of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Hospital, Raipur. Sharma (2011)
reported comparative study of aeromycoflora in relation to soil mycoflora of
Darjeeling tea garden, India. Khan and Karuppayil (2011) reported practice
contributing to biotic pollution in Air-conditioned indoor environments. Reanprayoon
and Yoonaiwong (2011) carried out airborne concentration of bacteria and fungi in
Thailand border market. Rojas and Aira (2012) studied fungal biodiversity in indoor
environments in Havana, Cuba.
International and national conference on Aerobiology
The International Association for Aerobiology was founded in September 11th
1974 in Hague, Netherlands. At that time aerobiology was not a new science as such,
although its organization and international outlook was to be considered a really new
phenomenon, aerobiology become a theme in 1964, when IBP was established in
1968 an international aerobiology working group was constituted to coordinate all the
national aerobiology programs.
33
The IAA organizes the international conference at on interval of every four
years and association has published IAA newsletter to enable the member of
association to know the current development in aerobiological researches.
1st
International conference held at Munich, Germany in 1978.
2nd
International conference held at Seattle, USA in 1982.
3rd
International conference held at Kantop hospital, Basel, Switzerland in 1986.
4th
International conference held at polynology lab, Swedish museum of natural
history Stockholm, Sweden in 1990.
5th
international conference held at Banglore university India in 1994.
6th
international conference held at Perugia, Italy in 1998.
7th
international conference held at Canada in 2002.
8th
international conference held at Nauchatell, Switzerland in 2006.
9th
international conference held at Buenos airs Argentina in 2010.
Indian aerobiological society was founded on 31 st January 1980 at the Bose
institute, Kolkata. The society is affiliated to International Aerobiological
Association. Indian aerobiological society (IAS) has been also organizing national
conference at on interval of two years and society has published a journal of its own
under the name “Indian Journal of Aerobiology” the journal comes out in two issues
of every years.
1st National conference on aerobiology at Aurangabad, Maharastra in October
1981.
2nd
National conference on aerobiology at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in November
1983.
3rd
National conference on aerobiology at Kalyan, Maharashtra in November
1985.
4th
National conference on aerobiology at Bhodhgaya, Bihar in November 1987.
5th
National conference on aerobiology at Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir in 1989.
6th
National conference on aerobiology at Pandicherry in 1991.
7th
National conference on aerobiology at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.
8th
National conference on aerobiology at Pune, Maharashtra in March 1996.
9th
National conference on aerobiology at Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh in
November 1997.
10th
National conference on aerobiology at Visakhapattanam, Andhra Pradesh in
December 1999.
34
11th
National conference on aerobiology at Thiruvanthapuram, Kerla in October
2001.
12th
National conference on aerobiology at Vishwa Bharti, West Bengal in
November 2003.
13th
National conference on aerobiology at Nagpur, Maharastra, 31 January – 2
February, 2005.
14th
National conference on aerobiology (mission on modern technological
aspects of aerobiodiversity) was being organized jointly by the
Aerobiological Society of India and school of studies in Biotechnology, Pt.
Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh in January 2007.
15th
National conference on aerobiology at Manipur University, Imphal in 2009.
16th
National conference on aerobiology at Davangere, Karnataka in 2011.
17th
National conference on aerobiology at M. I. T. College, Pune, (M. H.)
13 December - 15 December, 2012.
Aerobiology is both a discipline of its own right and a tool used in many other
disciplines. Consequently, conferences on aerobiology have to compete with the
interest of allergists, immunologists, occupational hygienist, medical epidemiologists,
plant pathologists, entomologists, etc. (Lacey, 1994).
Review, Articles, Book and Journals published in the field
Many scientist in the field of aerobiology published reviews, articles, books
and journals. Jacobs (1951) has informed about aerobiology in “compendium of
metrology”. In 1961, Gregory published a book entitled “The microbiology of the
atmosphere”. Raper and Fennel (1965) published book “The genus Aspergillus”.
Sreeramulu (1967) reviewed “Aerobiology in India”. Ellis (1971) published a unique
book entitled “Dematiaceous hyphomycetes” which help us in the identification of
Dematitious fungi. Booth (1971) published book “The genus Fusarium”. Nilson
(1973) has published the book “Scandinavian Aerobiology. Edmonds and
Benninghoff (1973) reviewed “Aerobiology and its application”. Frinking (1978)
published on article on “Airborne pollen grains and fungal spores”. Pitt (1979)
published book “The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and
Talaromyces”. Tilak has published many valuable book related with the
aerobiological studies. He published “Aerobiology” in 1982, “Air monitoring
practical manual” in 1987, “Air borne pollen and fungal spores” in 1989, “Atlas of
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airborne pollen and fungal spores” in 1990, “Aeromycology” in 2009 and
“Aerobiology to Astrobiology” in 2010. Frankland (1991) reviewed “Aerobiology in
medicine”. Talde (1994) edited the book “Advances in Mycology and Aerobiology”.
Klich (2002) has published the book “Identification of common Aspergillus Species”.
Tiwari et. al. (2011) published book “Atmospheric Fungal diversity of Chhattisgarh”.
The present investigation deals with the Atmospheric studies of bioaerosols of
Nawapara (Rajim), District- Raipur with special reference to fungal spores by using
gravity petriplates method (containing PDA medium) during July 2008 to June 2009.
Raipur is capital of newly formed Chhattisgarh state. It is geographically
located approximately in central part of India at 21- 14‟ North latitude and 81- 37‟ in
East latitude, situated at a height of 298.60 meters above mean sea level.
Nawapara (Rajim), District-Raipur is located 45 kilometers southeast of
Raipur on the bank of the Mahanadi river, it was ones an important urban center of
Chhattisgarh state. It is geographically located at 20o 58‟ North latitude and 81
0 50‟ in
East latitude, situated at height of 297.80 meters above the sea level and situated in
the middle east of Chhattisgarh. The climate of Nawapara (Rajim) are characterized
by the rainy season (July-October), winter season (November-February) and summer
season (March-June). This area is known as the “Prayag” of Chhattisgarh because it is
situated at the meeting point of the Mahanadi, Pairy and Sondur rivers. The ancient
Rajivlochan temple and Lord Kuleshwar temple is also here. Cultural and heritage
department of Chhattisgarh organize here „Kumbh‟ every year.
The climate of Chhattisgarh is extremely varied ranging main temperature to
tropical with sharply distinct seasonal cycle and provides rich vegetation, which is
very suitable for the multiplication and survival of bioaerosols. Fungal spores
contribute a major portion of bioaerosols and are often well adapted in the course of
evolution, than any other group of organism. The studies of atmospheric bioaerosols
have been assuming great significance in the field of research in plant pathology,
disease forecasting, allergology, biodeterioration and biometrology.