review modals should, could, and must with practice
TRANSCRIPT
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Modal Verb Overview
A Brief Review of Should, Could and Must
with Practice
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Modal Forms
Modal + base form helper or main verb
Simple I can go.Progressive He should be going.Perfect We would have
gone if…Perfect They might haveProgressive been going to go
when…
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Modals’ Functions• Expectation and Conclusion• Suggestion/Advice • Description • Habitual Activity • Requests/ Offers/ Permission/ Ability/
Possibility • Disbelief/ Inaccuracy • Frustration/ Annoyance • Unfulfilled / Unrealized Actions (with
perfect)
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Present Past
MayMightCould
May haveMight haveCould have
50 % CertaintyMust Must have
90 % Certainty
Overview Modal Meaning
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Present Past
Should Should HaveAdvice or Expectation
Couldn’t Couldn’t haveImpossibility
MustHave to
Had to
Necessary
Overview Modal Meaning
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Should
SHOULD/SHOULD HAVE
= ADVICE (GOOD IDEA)or
= EXPECTATION
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Practice: Should
Make a new sentence with the same meaning or comment on the sentence below.
I didn’t bring a sweater, and now I’m cold.
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Possible Sentences
I should have brought a sweater.
I should have checked the weather before I left the house.
I should ask Mr. C for his jacket.
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Practice: Should
Make a new sentence with the same meaning or comment on the sentence below.
I expect the bus will be here soon.
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Possible Sentences
I should look out for it.I should stand up.I should pay attention.I should get to work on
time.
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Practice: Should
Make a new sentence with the same meaning or comment on the sentence below.
If you study hard, I expect you can pass.
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Possible Sentences
I should study hard, so I pass the class.
I should pass the class so I must study hard.
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Practice: Should
Make a new sentence with the same meaning or comment on the sentence below.
The student didn’t study hard for the test, so he didn’t pass.
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Possible Sentence
He should have studied!
He should worked harder!
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Practice: Should
Make a new sentence with the same meaning or comment on the sentence below.
I took a shortcut going home, but I got lost.
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Possible Sentences
I should not have taken the shortcut.
I should have gone home the normal way.
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Must / Must Have
MUST/MUST HAVE= 90% GUESS
MUST HAVE= PAST TENSE FOR STRONG GUESSES
ONLYHAD TO
= PAST TENSE OF MUST(necessary, need to)
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meaning present past(guess) must must
have
(necessary)musthave to had toneed to
needed to
“must have” is only for past guesses (or inferences) !!!
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Practice: Must
Make statements about the following
situations using must.Example: Jim needs a loan to pay his tuition.- Jill’s father must not earn a lot of money.
- Jim must think that education is important.
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Make statements about the following situations using must.
You notice that there are a lot of advertisements and TV commercials in the United States for dog and cat food.
Practice: Must
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Americans must like dogs and cats.
Americans must buy special food for their dogs and cat food.
Americans must spend a lot of money on their pets.
Possible Sentences
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Make statements about the following situations using must.
You receive your telephone bill, and it lists two calls to Chicago. You don’t know anyone in Chicago.
Practice: Must
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Someone must have stolen your phone number.
Someone must be using your phone without permission.
Possible Sentences
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Make statements about the following situations using must.
A coffee shop near campus is always crowded day and night.
Practice: Must
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Students must like their coffee.Students must not have any
where else to go.This must be a popular place.
Possible Sentences
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Make statements about the following situations using must.
Most graduates of the Computer Science Department at State University get good jobs after graduation.
Practice: Must
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Computer Science must be a good job.
The State University must help students get jobs.
Possible Sentences
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Could (1)
POLITE REQUESTCould you open the window, please?
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Could (2)
PERMISSION
Could I borrow a dollar for a Coke?
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Could (3)
PAST ABILITY / INABILITY
I could swim 3 miles when I was younger.
I couldn’t drive until I was 17 years old.
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Could (4)
GUESSPresent: I didn’t see Chuck this
morning. He could be sick.
Present Continuous: I’ve been trying to reach Keiko for an hour.
She could be talking to her boyfriend.
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Could (5)
PAST POSSIBILITY THAT DIDN’T HAPPEN
Mariko could have gotten an “A” on the test, but she didn’t study.
Tom could have finished his essay, but he went to the movies instead.
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Could (6)
IMPOSSIBILITYPresent:A: Fred weighs 250 pounds.
B: He couldn’t weigh 250. He’s only 5´2´´ and wears a
medium.
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Could (6)
IMPOSSIBILITY
Past:A: I saw Henry at the disco
last night.B: You couldn’t have seen
him at the disco. I was studying with him at the library all night.
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Could Uses
1. POLITE REQUEST2. PERMISSION3. GUESS / INFERRENCE4. PAST ABILITY / INABILITY5. PAST POSSIBILITY THAT DIDN’T
HAPPEN6. PRESENT IMPOSSIBILITY7. PAST IMPOSSIBILITY
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Could with Possibility
COULD / COULD HAVE= POSSIBLE, BUT IT
DIDN’T HAPPEN
COULDN’T / COULDN’T HAVE= IMPOSSIBLE
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Meaning Present Past
Politeness / Permission
Can could
Ability Can could
Guess Could Could have
Possibility Could Could have
Impossibility Couldn’t Couldn’t have
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Modal Problems
1) Using the WRONG verb form with modal
We must to come to class on time.They can being late for class.I could was late for class.He should comes on time.
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Modal Problems
2) Using ENDING on modal
He musts come to class on time.
They coulded be late for class.
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Modal Problems
3) Using TWO modals together
He might can come to class on time.
They should could be on time for class.
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Modal Problems
4) Using don’t with modals
He don’t can come to class on time.
They don’t should be on late for class.
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Modal Problems
5) Using incorrect Past Part with modals
He can’t have went to class on time.
They should have was on time for class.
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Paraphrase Practice with Modals
Paraphrase each sentence using a modal.I’m not sure if they were going steady when I met them, but it’s possible.
They ...
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Possible Sentences
They could have been going steady when I met them.
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Paraphrase Practice with Modals
Paraphrase each sentence using a modal.They told everyone that they were happy, but we can only conclude that they were lying.
They ...
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Possible Sentences
They must not have been happy.
They should not have said they were happy.
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Paraphrase Practice with Modals
Paraphrase each sentence using a modal.It is unfortunate that they weren’t seeing a marriage counselor.
They ...
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Possible Sentences
They should have been seeing a marriage counselor.
They could have been seeing a marriage counselor.
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Paraphrase Practice with Modals
Paraphrase each sentence using a modal.I can’t believe they were expecting to settle this in one month!
They ...
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Paraphrase Practice with Modals
They should not have been expecting to settle this in one month!
They must have been crazy to think they could settle this in one month!
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