review maps rf design program analysis rf system design physical inspection and testing confirming...
TRANSCRIPT
ESTeem RF System Design
• Review Maps• RF Design Program Analysis
RF System Design
• Physical Inspection and Testing• Confirming Results from RF System Design
On-Site Radio Site Survey
• Same Testing on Installed System
Site Commissioning
Steps to Successful Radio Network
• Wireless is being applied in many applications but few have a working knowledge of designing a successful wireless system
Each Radio Application is Unique
• Dizzying array ranges from vendors• Provide tools to personally review
specifications
Selecting A Wireless Vendor
RF Design Overview
RF Design Program
• Conservative model of expected radio results• Installed hardware generally higher signal strengths
• Allows for modification to system design prior to installation if problems are found• Change Antenna Type• Change Coax Cable Types
• Provides means of determining expected data errors
Presentation Overview
Earth
Antenna A Antenna B
Minimum Height (ft.)
Minimum Height (ft.)
Distance (miles)
Radio Horizon
Directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Bottom Reference Line for Height Clearance
Minimum Antenna Height Required to Clear the Radio Horizon
Fresnel Zone shows the ellipsoid spread of the radio waves
Area must be clear of obstructions or signal strength will be reduced
Blockage in 60% will induce significant signal losses
Use for frequencies above 900 MHz
Fresnel Zone
Effective Radiated Power (ERP) = Tx Power - Feedline Losses + Antenna Gain
Received Signal = Rx Power - Feedline losses + Antenna Gain
RF Basics - Effective Radiated Power
RF Basics - Fade Margin
Receiver Sensitivity is the minimum signal level in dB needed by the receiver to output received data.
Fade Margin in dB is the amount of received signal above the receiver’s minimum required useable Receiver Sensitivity.
Fade Margin is controlled by• Transmitter Power • Transmitter feedline attenuation• Transmitting antenna gain• Receiving antenna gain• Receiver feedline attenuation• Receiver Sensitivity
Minimum Receiver Sensitivity
Maximum Received Signal Strength
Fade Margin = Usable Range of Receiver
How much Fade Margin?
• Imperfect world and things are constantly changing.• Equipment ages• Antennas go out of alignment• Unexpected man-made noise/interference
• Basic rules of thumb for digital transceivers.• 10 dB - 10% link retries• 20 dB - 1% link retries• 30 dB - .1% link retries
• Link Listed Marginal <10dB• Over 10dB Fade Margin = Green• 1-10db Fade Margin = Yellow (Marginal)• Less than 1dB = Red (Site Not Operational)
RF Basics - Fade Margin
Draw a simple layout of the proposed system.
Determine Line-of-Sight (LOS) distances between each point to point radio path by:
• Site maps.• If Latitude and longitude are known use the “Distance
Between Two Points Calculator” in the RF Design Program.• Use a hand held GPS.• Google Earth®
Initial Site Work
Most Radio Systems are designed as a “Multiple” of Point to Point RF Paths
• Base to Remote• Base to Repeater• Repeater to Remote • Repeater to Repeater
Each Path Needs Evaluation
Initial Site Work
Sketch a site diagram and distances between site nodes. Note LOS blockages.
Initial Site Work
Pump Site #2
Control Room
Pump Site #1
Water Tank
Pump Site #3
LOS
LOSLOS
LOS
4 miles
5.5 mile
s
5 miles
3 miles
LOSLOS
Find the elevation of each node above sea level.
• Reference maps• Handheld GPS.• Google Earth®
Estimate installed antenna height at each node above ground level to achieve LOS to destination site.
Estimate feedline length from antenna to equipment cabinet.
Initial Site Work
Accurate site locations
Longitude and Latitude
Distance between locations
Side profile for Line of Sight (LOS) measurement
Google Earth
Antenna
Feedline Length
Equipment Cabinet
Terrain Height Above Sea Level
Height of Antenna Above Ground for
LOS Path
Initial Site Work
Calculate Elevation Differential between the lowest node and the remaining nodes.
Calculated the Adjusted Antenna Height.
• Site Elevation Differential + Antenna Height above ground.
Initial Site Work
Name Site Elev. Elev. Dif. Ant. Hgt. Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh.Control Room 560 80 20 100 30Pump Site #1 570 90 20 110 30Pump Site #2 820 340 20 360 30Water Tank 1100 620 120 740 130Pump Site #3 480 0 15 15 30
Site Information
Calculate Elevation Differential between lowest node and remaining nodes.
Adjusted Antenna Height = Elevation Differential + Antenna Height above ground.
Initial Site Work
Name Site Elev. Elev. Dif. Ant. Hgt. Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh. Ant. Type
Control Room 560 80 20 100 30 Omni-Dir.
Pump Site #1 570 90 20 110 30 Directional
Pump Site #2 820 340 20 360 30 Directional
Water Tank 1100 620 120 740 130 Omni-Dir.
Pump Site #3 480 0 15 15 30 Directional
Site Information
Pump Site #2
Control Room
Pump Site #1
Water Tank
Pump Site #3
4 miles
5.5
miles
5 miles
3 miles
LOS LOS
Site Layout Map and Information
Use the RF Site Design Program on each point-to-point RF path.
• In this example we will use the ESTeem 195Eg• 2.4 GHz Frequency • Use your Site Information Table data• Use Vendor information on transceiver selected
• The RF Site Design Program will provide ESTeem hardware recommended for operating frequency selected
• Enter data in the Data Entry Key Board
RF Site Design Program
Standard Enclosure Mounting
Lightning Arrestor
Ant
enn
a P
ort
Equ
ipm
ent P
ort
Directional Antennas
Omni-Directional Antenna
Coax CableESTeem
Model 195Eg
Power Supply
Model 195E Outdoor Pole Mount
Model 195Eg
Omni-Directional Antenna
Model 195E Outdoor Fixed Base Hardware
Diagram
Direct Pole MountPole Mounting Kit EST P/N AA195PM
Power Over Ethernet Cable
Ethernet CAT-5e Cable 300 ft. maximum
Weather Proof Boot
Weather Proof Front Cover
Antenna Feedline
External Antennas
Directional Antennas
Weather Proof Boot
Weather Proof Boot
To LAN Interface
PoE Power Supply EST P/N AA175
Ethernet Surge Protection
EST P/N AA166
Ethernet CAT 5e Cable
EST P/N: AA09.2
Unit Shown With Rubber Duct Antennas
Direct Mount Antennas
Remove Long Coax Cable Required
• Lower cost ($65-$500 Savings) • Lower signal loss• Increased Range and/or data rate
No Lightning Arrestor Needed
• Lower cost ($120 Savings)• Also removes loss in jumper cable
No Enclosure Needed
• Greatly reduced design and installation costs ($300 Savings)
Outdoor Mounting Benefits
Pump Site #2
Control Room
Water Tank
Pump Site #3
4 miles
5.5
miles
5 miles
3 miles
LOSLOS
Perform a RF Path Analysis from the Control Room to Pump Site #1.
Name Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh. Ant. Type
Control Room 100 30 Omni-Dir.
Pump Site #1 110 30 Direction
Pump Site #1
RF Path AnalysisControl Room to Pump Site #1
Name Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh. Ant. Type
Control Room 100 30 Omni-Dir.
Pump Site #1 110 30 Direction
Path Distance: 4 miles
RF Path AnalysisControl Room to Pump Site #1
• In this example we used the highest Rx Sensitivity of -89 dB for a RF data rate of 1Mbps. This will give a 12.6 dB Fade Margin for a 4 mile path length.• What would be the maximum data rate for this RF link?
RF Path Analysis Control Room to Pump Site #1
Peak Power vs Average Power
• Based upon type of modulation type• Maximum for peak power set by FCC/DOC
Modulation
• Average power and peak same in Direct Sequence • Maximum peaks in OFDM has lower average power
Average power used in RF Design Program
• Modulation type based upon data rate• Verify all RF data rates and power levels
RF Output Power Levels
Only available for wireless Ethernet products 195Eg, 195Ep, 195Ea and 195Ed
Enter site information same as RF Path Analysis
Fade margin results for each data rate
• Over 10dB Fade Margin = Green• 1-10db Fade Margin = Yellow (Marginal)• Less than 1dB Fade Margin = Red (Site Not Operational)
RF Data Rate Analysis #1
Maximum design data rate for application would be 9 Mbps
Maximum possible data rate is 18 Mbps
Actual Data Rates Could Be Higher in Normal Operation• 195E will not reserve 10dB in operation• 195E will maintain highest data rate possible
RF Data Rate Analysis #1
Same application using higher gain directional antenna
AA204Eg 19dB Parabolic directional antenna
Legal for use from single remote to omni-directional
RF Data Rate Analysis #2
Much higher RF Data Rates available with higher fade margin
Maximum design data rate for application would be 24 Mbps
Maximum possible data rate is 48 Mbps
RF Data Rate Analysis #2
Pump Site #2
Control Room
Pump Site #1
Water Tank
Pump Site #3
Name Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh. Ant. TypeControl Room 100 30 Omni-Dir.Pump Site #2 360 30 Directional
4 miles
5.5 mile
s
5 miles
LOSLOS
Perform a RF Path Analysis from the Control Room to Pump Site #2.
24 Mbps
3 miles
RF Path AnalysisControl Room to Pump Site #2
Path Distance: 5 miles
Name Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh. Ant. TypeControl Room 100 30 Omni-Dir.Pump Site #2 360 30 Directional
RF Path AnalysisControl Room to Pump Site #2
RF Path AnalysisControl Room to Pump Site #2
• Maximum design data rate for application would be 24 Mbps• Maximum possible data rate is 36 Mbps
Name Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh. Ant. TypeControl Room 100 30 Omni-Dir.Water Tank 740 130 Omni-Dir.
Perform a RF Path Analysis from the Control Room to Water Tank.
24 Mbps
24 Mbps
RF Path AnalysisControl Room to Water Tank
Pump Site #2
Control Room
Pump Site #1
Water Tank
Pump Site #3
5.5 mile
s
5 miles
LOSLOS
3 miles
4 miles
Path Distance: 3 miles
Name Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh. Ant. TypeControl Room 100 30 Omni-Dir.Water Tank 740 130 Omni-Dir.
RF Path AnalysisControl Room to Water Tank
RF Path AnalysisControl Room to Water Tank
Maximum design data rate for application would be 9 Mbps
Maximum possible data rate is 24 Mbps
Name Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh. Ant. TypeWater Tank 740 130 Omni-Dir.Pump Site #3 15 30 Directional
Site Information
Perform a RF Path Analysis from the Water Tank to Pump Site #3.
9 Mbps
Water Tank to Pump Site #3
24 Mbps
24 Mbps
Pump Site #2
Control Room
Pump Site #1
Water Tank
Pump Site #3
5.5 mile
s
5 miles
LOSLOS
3 miles
4 miles
Path Distance: 5.5 miles
Name Adj. Ant. Hgt. Feedline Lgh. Ant. TypeWater Tank 740 130 Omni-Dir.Pump Site #3 15 30 Directional
Site Information
RF Path AnalysisWater Tank to Pump Site #3
RF Path AnalysisWater Tank to Pump Site #3
• Maximum design data rate for application would be 24 Mbps• Maximum possible data rate is 36 Mbps
Pole MountingWater Tank to Pump Site #3
Problem areas◦ Fresnel Zone Warning
Increase height of the Pump Site #3 Antenna Need to increase from 15 ft. to 33 ft. to be above the minimum height
requirements for the Fresnel Zone. In this example I increased height to 40 ft. for a margin of error.
Two Directional Antennas
• AA204Eg is the highest gain antenna that the unit is type accepted for.• 19 dB gain
Cable Loss
• .6 dB because the unit is pole mounted.
Range
• 179 miles @ 1 Mbps @ 10 dB Fade Margin• 8 miles @ 54 Mbps @ 10 dB Fade Margin
Model 195Eg Maximum Range
Range
• 179 miles @ 1 Mbps @ 10 dB Fade Margin• Antenna Height = 4,010 ft at each end• Fresnel Zone (60%) = 185 feet• This would probably be usable only from mountain top to mountain top
• 8 miles @ 54 Mbps @ 10 dB Fade Margin• Antenna Height = 54 ft. at each end• This is a practical height
Model 195Eg Maximum Range
Two Omni-Directional Antennas
• AA20Eg• 6 dB gain
Cable Loss
• .6 dB because the unit is pole mounted
Range 6 dB with Fade Margin
1 Mbps = 9.0 miles @ minimum antenna height of 45 ft.
5.5 Mbps = 5.7 miles @ minimum antenna height of 36 ft.
11 Mbps = 4.0 miles @ minimum antenna height of 31 ft.
24 Mbps = 2.0 miles @ minimum antenna height of 26 ft.
54 Mbps = 0.4 miles @ minimum antenna height of 14 ft.
Model 195Eg Maximum Range
Education is Best Means to Confidence
• Reliability is only as good as the system design
Use the Tools
• Compare different vendor’s hardware• Review specifications and claims
Radio Applications Are Not Difficult
• Planning and evaluation are best keys to success
Conclusions
Site Surveys
Develop Testing Plan
• Customer’s RF Communication Desires• Gather Maps, Site Layout, etc.
On-site Radio Measurements
• Confirm RF Design Results• RF Signals & Noise• Determine Radio Paths
Gather Site Information
• Physical Site Inspection• Installation Information
What is an RF Site Survey
Layout The Site• Review Topographic Maps• Site Walk-down
Pre-Test Preparation• Lay out equipment• Reference Site
Site Testing
Test Results
• Site Survey Report
Procedure
Review Map
• Area Topography• Repeaters - Antenna types
Site Walk down
• Look for LOS blockages• Type of antenna mounting structure and height• Routing of feedlines• Environmental considerations
Site Layout
Install Antenna• Antenna placement• SWR measurement
Conduct Spectrum Analysis
Choose Frequency for Testing• Isolated frequency• Check for license availability
Quick Connect Test
Reference Site
Proceed To Most Questionable Remote First
• Furthest or least likely to communicate direct
Install and Test Antenna
Quick connect• Status light• If no connection, determine repeater site
Signal Strength
Data Transmission Testing
• Polling Test or Pings
Remote Sites
Status Menu in Model 195 Series
• Repeater Peer List• RF Data Rates
Spectrum Analyzer
• View Noise and Signal• Other Transmitters in Area
10dB above minimum signal strength for fade margin
Received Signal Strength
Conduct Test to All Communication Paths
• Remote to master• Remote to repeater• Repeater to master
Long Term Testing
• Overnight Polling Test
Data Transmission Testing
Master
Repeater
RemoteRemote
All Signal Strengths Above Fade Margin
• 10dB above Minimum for Spread Spectrum
Antenna Heights and Locations
Operating Frequency
Background Noise
Data Transmission Tests
• From every site• Overnight to farthest site
Testing Results
Test Results
RF System Layout
Accurate Bill of Material
Installation Instructions
Safety Concerns
Modem Program Commands
Reliable Operating Frequency and License Information.
Site Survey Report
Site Commissioning
• Equipment Installed• Same testing as site survey with installed hardware
• Long term Ping Test• Confirmed reliable operation• Equipment Commissioned
Site Commissioning