EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Buildings:

•Saqqara, Zoser’s Pyramid•Pyramids of Giza

Saqqara:Zoser’s Pyramid Complex2680 BCImhotep1st generation of pyramids-juxtaposition of steps; no central axis/everything placed near perimeter wall; columns look doric (fluting convex); refined stone carving; 24 columns - 24 regions;

Giza: Pyramids of Chefren, Cheops and Mikerinos3rd dynasty; 2570-2500

-located on border of Cairo-no large symetrical axiis-regular geometric shapes specific to each building-compound restored by UNESCO

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Buildings:•The Megaron•Treasury of Atreus•Acropolis: (Parthenon, Propylaia, Erechteion, Temple of Athena Nike)

Megaron plan, Tiryns, late XIII century BC

Megaron Megaron plan, Tiryns, late XIII (13) century BC

• Architectural predecessor of the classical greek temple. • Considered the earliest architectural act• Constituted of an anteroom, an open 2 column porch, and a main hall • Built in stages: stage 1 rectangular room, stage 2: A famous megaron is in the large reception

hall of the king in the palace of Tiryns• rich and lavish• marble and terracotta decoration (floors & walls)

Mycene, Treasury of Atreus, 1300-1250

-tholos tomb (=beehive tomb)-built by substracting from the Earth-triangle releases a heavy load on the lintel part + lets light in

Mycene, Treasury of Atreus, 1300-1250

• A round space deeply underground used for funarial ceremonies. • Main gate; interesting how the pointed arch solves the problem of the roof: block of stone

then triangle that put the weight on each side, on the pilliars. Left open maybe to let light enter in the space.

• The classical shape of greek arch are the achievment of a very long process. • Decoration attached to what is left today: hypothesis of reco truction section/ground plan

(rect: actual tumb) • Inside; very smooth big blocks of stone

Athens, Acropolis, V century

-destroyed & renovated multiple times-on top of hill-imposing presence of Parthenon (dedicated to Athena)-other smaller temples dedicated to Athena

ATHENS: ACROPOLIS 5th century • The acropolis: located on the top of a hill in the center of Athens. What we see result of the

different stage of construction and deconstruction,• Acropolis originally a sanctuary: dedicated to the goods, very few number of athenians could

enter, only the citizen. Could enter twice a year 2000 or 3000.

Propylaia, 437-432, commissoned by Perikles, architect: Mnesikles

Propylaia, 437-432, commissoned by Perikles, architect: Mnesikles

• The acropolis is accessible through a system of ramps. • The citizens were reaching the acropolis in a prossetion through the propilia:. Structure of

Doric order• very symetrical: central corridor. C shape portical: sense of welcoming. • Building appears more imposing than it actually is because ramp underneath the portical:

size and imposing position. Coming from

Temple of Athena Nike,extricated from a Turkish bastion in 1835,425

Temple of aAthena Nike

• Ionic temple first example.• 4 column (tetra style), slender proportions

creating an elegant and refinement usually not encountered in a building of this height.

• Friezes decorated with engraved sculptures in an idealized classical style of the 5th century.

• Temple rather in good shape• Erected on the ruins of a previous temple.

ERECHTHEION 421 404/5

West side, tomb of Kekrops , maidens instead of columns

ERECHTHEION, tomb of Kekrops 421-404/5

• Magestic Doric presence. • Delicate and elegant forms that contrast with

the Parthenon.• Unusually has 2 porches. • 6 female shapped column seem to casually

support the porch weight on their heads. • building was lavishly decorated with wall

frescoes, gilded rosettes, and an array of colored features and low relief sculptures.

The Parthenon, from 447 to 432,architects: Iktinos and Callicrates

-one of 7 wonders-incarnates perfection (1st back-side-front)-each element stands orthogonally to the ground; placed inwards, platform is not flat, shaped according to curve-complexity of shape makes building look simple

The parthenon from 447 to 432,architects: Iktinos and Callicrates

• Use of optical science to make it look straight and imposing. If the column were actually straight, they would appear shrunken in the middle, the stylobate has an upward curvature.

• The columns also are made to incline inward to correct the natural appearance. They are not perpendicular to the ground. Said that they would meet at a distance of a 100 miles from the ground.

• Example of the combination of technical skills and theoretical knowledge. • Columns not shape perpendicularly to the ground• Function: to host the immense statue of athena • Culmination of the doric order

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

• Buildings: • Roman city plan• Colosseum• The Basilica• The Domus romanaThe imperial palaces (domus Augustana)• Roman Imperial tombs (Trajan, Augustus, Adrianum)• Tabularium• Forum of Augustus• Pantheon• Caracalla and Diocletian baths• Triumphal arches (Septimius Severus, Costantine)

Roman city plan

Roman cities

• Idea present in the hellenic city planning • Orthogonal grid acording to the cardinal

points • Two main street perpendicular intersecting at

the forum which was the center of the commerce.

• Designed to be practical • Fortifications around it for protection

Colosseum, Flavius’ theater, completed 80 AC617 by 511 feet

Colosseum, rome second ring

Colosseum Flavius’ theater, completed 80 AC

• Theater. • the ground floor half columns are doric in style, those

of the second floor are ionic and those of the upper floor Corinthian. Organized with the stable, less decorated at the bottom.

• Elyptical • Velarium to cover the Colosseum• Senator first row, free men, slaves and then women. • Social cohesion again. Circle of conviniency that keep

the society together.

basilica

Trier basilica, basilica of constantine

• Impressive size • optical illusion - both the windows of the apse as

well as the niches underneath become progressively smaller towards the middle, thus enhancing the impression of length.

• now nearly empty and austere inside, the Konstantin Basilika was originally embellished with colorful marble inlay, golden mosaics, and statues.

ROME BASILICA MAXENTIUM 307-312 AD

ROME BASILICA MAXENTIUM 307-312 AD

• Largest building at the time of construction • Taking from both roman bath and basilica • No columns to support the huge open space in

the central nave. • Entire thing being built with arches. • Built with a folded roof which deceases the

overall weight of the structure, decreasing the forces exerted on the outer arches.

Domus romana

• No windows all opening to the inside of the court.

• Same pattern no matter the size of the house, and the means of the owner.

• Taberna: shop, atrium, cubiculum, tablinum • Rain water collected in the impluvium.

Rome palatinum hill, imperial palaces 1 century AD•Domus Augustana •Flavian House

ROME, IMPERIAL PALACES1 century AD by emperor augustus

• Rome, imperial palaces: Augustus completed in the 31BC. Large vast area located on the top of the palatinun hill. Palace comes from Palatinium hill.

• combination of different buildings put together. Basically a citadel with The hypodrome attached t the palace, library, tablinum (pblic function performed)

• Domus augustus was the emperor luxurious residence, private area. • The expansion of the same sequence and space that exist on a smaller scale of the domus

romana.• private spectacle, public space function as well as private. • Walls covered with marble, frescos or stuck • Hypodrom: social cohesion: emperor connects to the people and vise-versa. The architecture

allows this. • Domus flavia and augustus: built by emperor domitian • Ooverlooking the circus maximus

Flavian palace (domus flavia) 92 AD

• Completed under Emperor Domitian in 92 AD• Used for purposes of state• Flavian house: the further addition• Has been built later but the sequence in the

interieur is still the same, organized according to the same axis.

• Well known for its grandeur.

Roman imperial tumb ( trajan augustus, adrianum)

Trajan column:

Trajan column 113 AD

• Famous for it’s spiral bas relief: trajan’s victorious campaign, act as a military propaganda (no blood)

• Enterior of the spiral column is hollow • Associated with empirial power, built to the

glory of the emperor trajan who was later on burried there.

• Viewer has difficulty reading the story: active participation

Hadrian tomb

• Hadrian built his own tomb instead of being buried in the augustus mausoleum

• Right bank of the tiber• Decorated cylinder with a garden on top• Conversion into a military fortress, then a catle

Augustus mausoleum

• Roman emperor have erected their own tomb: Augustus tomb on the map,

• juxtaposition of cylinders with cypress trees planted, cypres trees, Long and slender trees with a symmetrical root the only tree being used in a cemetery because of that.

• Fence to protect the holy ground • During the middle ages became a fort because

of its strong structure.

BASILICA JULIA 54-48 BCE, ROME

• House tribunal/ administrative office• Mostly foundations left, archeological site • stuck covered columns• Largest basilica of the forum • 3 naves, lower walls to let the light in the

central one.

ROME, TABULARIUM 78BC

• The city archives of Rome in which the documents of the city were located. Very imposing building.

• very powerful structure that made the hill to stand straight

• Bottom part large and tall fortified wall, • Second floor used of the Doric order, only decoration• Third floor no longer existant had a corynthian order

colonade. • Interior vault of concrete

Temple of mars the avenger

Rome, pantheon 125 AC

• Result of a compromise or change of program in the construction. Combination of elements that have been reorganized or redesigned

• use diff material according to the level. Gets lighter related to the position; less and less heavy for the construction as well as for the structure itself which then does not have to carry a very large weight

• The vaults in the roof: lacunae, creating a void, lighten the dome. And create a decorative pattern as well.

• Dome with opening: even lighter •

Bath of Caracalla 212-216 AC

Bath of Caracalla 212-216 AC

• Huge complex, with large frescoed vaults • Seats for more than 1600 persons• Public library within the complex• A complex water distribution system ensured

a constant flow of water from the Aqua Marcia aqueduct. Very modern system

Bath of Diocletianfrom 298 AC

Bath of Diocletianfrom 298 AC

• Grandest of the public baths largest, most somptious. • The frigidarium• The caldarium• the use of external buttresses for the cross vaults were considered by some to be the

first example of the scientific system of thrusts and counter-thrusts in architecture• the forms of the building were simple and give the impression of a vast amount of

open space.• "manipulation of space• The exterior walls of the bath were encrusted with stucco to give the impression of

stonework.• The interior parts of the bath were supported by vaulting ceilings and arches to

create curvilinear lines.• The structure of the roof is a excellent example of Classical design. Architects used

sloped forms to cover curved extrados (the outer surface of the arch) of the vaulted halls.[2]

Arch of constantine 3 AC

• Is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the palatine hill

• to commemorate Constantine I's victory • Modelled after the example of the

Arch of Septimius Severus on the Roman Forum.

• four columns of Corinthian order

Arch of Septimius Severus, II century

Arch of Septimius Severus, II century

• Relief narative representing the war• Propaganda• columns of composite order: volutes of the

ionic order with the leaves of the corynthian order.

Constantinople, Hagia Sophia,532-537Isidoros & Anthemisios

Constantinople, Hagia Sophia, 532-537 under Justinian,Architects: Isidoros of Miletus& Anthemisios of Tralles

Hagia Sophia, 532-537 under Justinian,

Architects: Isidoros of Miletus& Anthemisios of Tralles

• Once a church, then a mosque• Famous for it’s dome the arcade around the dome is unbroken with

40 arched windows to bring the light inside. • he dome is carried on four concave triangular

pendentives that serve to transition from the circular base of the dome to its rectangular base: pendentives never used before.

• hierarchy of dome-headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior, crowned by the main dome.

• A second interesting fact about the original structure of the dome was how the architects were able to place forty windows around the base of the dome. Hagia Sophia is famous for the mystical quality of light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave

• Lavish Mosaic and decorations

Carolingian empire, Palace of Aachen 790s charlemagne

• group of buildings with residential, political and religious purposes

• The Constantine Basilica in Trier, Germany was probably used as a model for Aachen's Council Hall

• Shape of a civil basilica with 3 apses • San Vitale Basilica in Ravenna was one of the

models for the Palatine Chapel• columns are topped by Corinthian capitals.

Ca 800 germany losch, carolingian monastery gatehouse

• This edifice borrowed its three arch-shaped passageways and its sectioning by means of Classically influenced half-columns from ancient architecture with the corynthian style columns

Germany, Corvey, Benedectine Abbey, 873-885

Germany, Corvey, Benedectine Abbey, 873-885

Lateran palaceRomeConstantine the Great in the 4th centuryretains its original plan:baroque

• famous medieval architectural drawing of a monastic compound dating from the early 9th century.

• only surviving major architectural drawing from the roughly 700-year period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 13th century.

• depicts an entire Benedictine monastic compound

• five parchments sewn together

St gall plan 9th century

Hildeshearly- 1001 and 1031Romanesque churcheim abbeydouble-choir basilica with two transepts and a square tower at each crossing.

San Vitale, Ravenna

The church has an octagonal plan. The building combines Roman elements: the dome, shape of doorways, and stepped towers; with Byzantine elements: polygonal apse, capitals, and narrow bricks. The church is most famous for its wealth of Byzantine mosaics,