REMEMBER: TEST UNITS 4 AND 5 ON FRIDAY 28TH

Review

TOPICS

Conditionals 1, 2, 3 Modals of obligation, lack of obligation and necessity

Modals of deduction and speculation in the past

Vocabulary Writing: For and against essay

CONDITIONAL TYPE 1 1 Choose the correct answer. 1 We form the first conditional like A / B. A: If or Unless + simple present + simple

future B: If or Unless + simple future + simple

present 2 This sentence is true / false: The first conditional shows that something will

happen as a result of present actions or events. 3 These two sentences have the same / a

different meaning: If we keep flying so much, we will dramatically

increase carbon emissions. We will dramatically increase carbon emissions

if we keep flying so much.

IF I DON’T GO TO SCHOOL TOMORROW ….

AFFIRMATIVE

What will you do if you don’t go to school tomorrow?

CONDITIONAL TYPE 2 1 Choose the correct answer. 1 We use the second conditional to talk about possible

or close / imaginary or unlikely events in the future.

2 The future events are more likely to happen in A / B. A: If he comes, I’ll be very pleased. B: If he came, I’d be very pleased. 3 I’d in second conditional sentences is short for I had / I

would. 4 If I was you is more / less formal than If I were you. 5 If only I had some money has the same meaning as A /

B. A: I wish I had some money. B: I used to have some money.

If I won a million dollars I ….

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

CONDITIONAL TYPE 3 1 Choose the correct answer. 1 The third conditional refers to events in the past / future. 2 Events described in the third conditional can still / never

happen. 3 This is how the third conditional is formed: If + past perfect + would(n’t) have + past participle If + simple past + would(n’t) + infinitive 4 These two sentences have the same / a different

meaning: If they hadn’t caught him, he would have changed history. He would have changed history if they hadn’t caught him. 5 These sentences express dreams / regrets about the

past: He wishes he had gone there before. If only I had tried harder.

If I had listened to mom….

AFFIRMATIVE

•I would have taken some time to rest on weekends.•__________________________________ how to cook. [to learn]•__________________________________ the children to do some chores. [to teach]•__________________________________ a trip to Europe last December. [to take]•__________________________________ my teeth after the meals. [to brush]•__________________________________ more time with my family. [to spend]What would you have done if you had listened to your mom?

MODALS OF OBLIGATION, LACK OF OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

1 Choose the correct answer. 1 Have to and must show that doing

something is compulsory / preferable, e.g.: I must go to the dentist – my tooth really

hurts. I have to do a test before I can get that

job. 2 Need to means it’s necessary /

possible, e.g.: He needs to get his hair cut – it looks

terrible.

MODALS OF OBLIGATION, LACK OF OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

3 To talk about things that are forbidden / unnecessary we use mustn’t, e.g.:

You mustn’t go diving without taking a course.

4 Had to is the past of have to / have to and must.

5 Don’t need to and mustn’t have the same / a different meaning, e.g.:

You don’t need to call them tomorrow. You mustn’t call them tomorrow.

MODALS OF DEDUCTION AND SPECULATION IN THE PAST

1 Choose the correct answer. 1 We use the form modal + have + past

participle to make guesses about past / future events, e.g.:

He must have understood. He can’t have gone. She might have missed the train. 2 We use must have in this sentence

because we have worked out that something definitely happened / probably happened.

Look – the fridge is empty – Tim must have come home.

MODALS OF DEDUCTION AND SPECULATION IN THE PAST

3 We use can’t have in this sentence because we have worked out that something definitely happened / didn’t happen.

No, Will’s phone isn’t here, so he can’t have come home yet.

4 We use could / may / might have + past participle to talk about what definitely happened / possibly happened, e.g.:

He may have gone out again before we got back. 5 In sentence A / B you are not sure about what

happened. A: He must have gone to the movies. B: He might have gone to the movies.

FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY:

Conclusion: summarize main points – state your opinionConnectors: to sum up – in conclusion – I personally believe that – in my

opinion

Paragraph 3

Disadvantages: on the other hand, Furthermore, moreover

Paragraph 2Advantages: on the one hand, to begin with, first,

second

Paragraph 1

General information about topic – rethoric question