review article foeniculum vulgare mill: a review of its botany, … · 2019. 7. 31. · review...

Review ArticleFoeniculum vulgare Mill A Review of Its BotanyPhytochemistry Pharmacology Contemporary Applicationand Toxicology

Shamkant B Badgujar Vainav V Patel and Atmaram H Bandivdekar

Department of Biochemistry National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health ICMR Jehangir Merwanji Street ParelMumbai Maharashtra 400 012 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Shamkant B Badgujar sham83badgujargmailcom

Received 11 February 2014 Revised 26 May 2014 Accepted 9 June 2014 Published 3 August 2014

Academic Editor Ronald E Baynes

Copyright copy 2014 Shamkant B Badgujar et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Foeniculum vulgare Mill commonly called fennel has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments relatedto digestive endocrine reproductive and respiratory systems Additionally it is also used as a galactagogue agent for lactatingmothers The review aims to gather the fragmented information available in the literature regarding morphology ethnomedicinalapplications phytochemistry pharmacology and toxicology of Foeniculum vulgare It also compiles available scientific evidencefor the ethnobotanical claims and to identify gaps required to be filled by future research Findings based on their traditionaluses and scientific evaluation indicates that Foeniculum vulgare remains to be the most widely used herbal plant It has been usedfor more than forty types of disorders Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds suchas volatile compounds flavonoids phenolic compounds fatty acids and amino acids Compiled data indicate their efficacy inseveral in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial antiviral anti-inflammatory antimutagenic antinoci-ceptive antipyretic antispasmodic antithrombotic apoptotic cardiovascular chemomodulatory antitumor hepatoprotectivehypoglycemic hypolipidemic and memory enhancing property Foeniculum vulgare has emerged as a good source of traditionalmedicine and it provides a noteworthy basis in pharmaceutical biology for the developmentformulation of new drugs and futureclinical uses

1 Introduction

Foeniculum vulgare is the oldest valid name within the genusFoeniculum for the plant designated byKarsten as FoeniculumFoeniculutn However according to the international rulesof nomenclature the binomial name Foeniculum vulgare wasnot validly published byHill in his reference [1] for the reasonthat he did not consistently adopt the binomial system ofnomenclature In accordance with the international rules asadopted at Cambridge the name Foeniculum vulgare mustbe accredited to Philip Miller who first validly publishedit in the eighth edition of his ldquoGardeners Dictionaryrdquo in1768 From then on the name of this plant is written asFoeniculum vulgare Mill It is a medicinal plant belongingto the Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family known and used byhumans since antiquity due to its flavor It was cultivated in

almost every country [2] It is universally known as Fenneland is known by more than 100 names (Table 1) It is atraditional and popular herb with a long history of use asa medicine A series of studies showed that F vulgare effec-tively controls numerous infectious disorders of bacterialfungal viral mycobacterium and protozoal origin [3ndash7] Ithas antioxidant antitumor chemopreventive cytoprotectivehepatoprotective hypoglycemic and oestrogenic activities[8ndash12] Some of the publications stated that F vulgare hasa special kind of memory-enhancing effect and can reducestress [13] Animal experiments and limited clinical trialssuggest that chronic use of F vulgare is not harmful Fennelmaybe consumed daily in the raw form as salads and snacksstewed boiled grilled or baked in several dishes and evenused in the preparation of herbal teas or spirits A dietwith desired quantity of fennel could bring potential health

Hindawi Publishing CorporationBioMed Research InternationalVolume 2014 Article ID 842674 32 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014842674

2 BioMed Research International

benefits due to its valuable nutritional composition withrespect to presence of essential fatty acids [14] In recent yearsincreased interests in improvement of agricultural yield offennel due to itsmedicinal properties and essential oil contenthas encouraged cultivation of the plant on large scale

Research on F vulgare with current technology has beenconducted all over the world All the available literature onF vulgare was compiled from electronic databases such asAcademic Journals (including high impact nonimpact andnonindexed journals) Ethnobotany Google Scholar Scopuslink PubMed Science Direct Web of Science and librarysearch A review of the literature from 2001 to 2005 showsonly 20 reports published on F vulgare which increasedto about 38 from 2006 to 2010 Briefly in these 10 yearsa total of 89 claims appeared in the literature on variousaspects of F vulgare It is important to note that about39 of reports (61 articles) were collected from recent threeyears that is 2011 to 2013 (Figure 1) Some of the earlierpublished reviews of this plant includedmedicinal propertiesand phytochemistry [15ndash20] but few of them appear in allthese reviews However there is a need for an inclusivereview that bridges the gaps between traditional uses offennel and its in vitro studies The present review attemptsto collate the available information on the botany nation-wise common vernacular names cultivation (propagation)nutritive value and traditionalcontemporary as well as alliedapplications phytochemistry pharmacology and toxicity ofF vulgare We hope that this review may provide scientificbasis that explains the ethnophytopharmacological role ofF vulgare in order to facilitate and guide future researchIn particular we aimed to answer the following questions(1) What information is available on the traditional usesbotany phytochemistry and toxicity of F vulgare (2) Whatpharmacological studies were performed on this plant andhow do they validate its traditional uses (3) What is thefuture for F vulgare

11 Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae division Tracheophytasubdivision Spermatophytina class Magnoliopsida orderApiales family Apiaceae genus Foeniculum species vulgareand botanical name Foeniculum vulgareMill

12 Botanical Description Fennel is an ancient seasonal herbThe fennel plant originated in the southern Mediterraneanregion and through naturalization and cultivation it growswild throughout the Northern Eastern and Western hemi-spheres specifically in Asia North America and EuropeIt is cultivated in fields and also grows wild The herb waswell-known to the ancient Egyptians Romans Indians andChinese The Romans grew it for its aromatic seeds andthe edible fleshy shoots are still a very common vegetablein southern Italy [21] Emperor Charlemagne was knownto have encouraged its cultivation in Central Europe It isan indispensable ingredient in modern French and Italiancooking All parts of the plant are aromatic and can be usedin many ways

F vulgare is an upright branching perennial herb(Figure 2(a)) with soft feathery almost hair-like foliage

Table 1 Vernacular names of Foeniculum vulgare

Regionlanguagesystem ofmedicine Local name

Alto Bolivia Hinojo

Arabic Bisbas razianaj

Aymara Kechua Inuju

Balikesir Turkey Arapsaci rezene malaturahullebe

Basque Mieloi

Bengali (Indian language) Mauri panmourıBosnia Komorac

Brazil Endro erva-doce funcho

Catalan Fenoll fonoll

Central Serbia Morac

Chinese Hui xiang xiao hui xiang

Czech Fenykl

Dalmatia (southern Croatia)Poland

Komorac koromac kumuracmorac moroc moraca Koperwloski

Danish Almindelig fennikel fennikel

Denmark Almindelig

Dutch Venkel

English Bitter fennel common fennelsweet fennel wild fennel

France FenouilleFrench Fenouil

Germany Fenchel fenchle bitterfenchelwilder fenchel dunkler fenchel

Guerrero Mexico HinojoGujarati (Indian language) Hariyal variyaliHaryana India Saunf

Hindi (Indian language) Badi badishep bari saunf badisaunf saunp saunf sonp sont

ItalyFinucchio finucchiellofinochietto finocchiellafenucciu fenucettu-sarvegu

Jammu and Kashmir India Saunf

JapaneseFenneru uikyou uikyoushouikya

Java Indonesia Adas

Jordan Shomar

Kallawaya Jinuchchu

KannadaBadi sopu badisepu sabbasigedodda sopu dodda jirige

Korea SohoehyangLaotian PhaksiLatin Foeniculum maratrumLoja Ecuador HinojoMajorcan area FonollMiddle Navarra Hinojo cenojo

BioMed Research International 3

Table 1 Continued


Marathi (Indian language) Badishep bad ısep shoapNepalese Madesi saufNorth Iran BadianNorth Portugal FunchoNorway FenikkelNorwegian FennikelPakistan Sonef saunfPeninsula Spain HinojoPersian RazianehPolish Fenkuł koper włoskiPortuguese FunchoRajasthan India SanufSanskrit (Indian language) Madhurika shatapushpaSlovenian Sladki komarcekSomali Region Ethiopia KamonSouth Europe FennelSouth Africa Vinkel fennel

Spanish Hinojo hinojo amargo fenollfiollo millua

Swedish FankalTamil (Indian language) Perun siragum shombu sohikireTelugu (Indian language) Peddajilakurra sopu

Thai Phak chi phak chi duen ha phakchi lom thian klaep yira

Uttarakhand India Badesoppu

growing upto 66 ft (2m) tall This plant looks similar todill It is typically grown in vegetable and herb gardens(Figure 2(f)) for its anise-flavored foliage and seeds both ofwhich are commonly harvested for use in cooking It is erectand cylindrical bright green and smooth as to seempolishedwithmultiple branched leaves (Figure 2(c)) cut into the finestof segments The leaves grow upto 40 cm long they are finelydissected with the ultimate segments filiform (threadlike)about 05mm wide The bright golden flowers producedin large flat terminal umbels with thirteen to twenty raysbloom in July and August (Figure 2(d))

Foliage Stem striate leaves 3-4 pinnate segments filiformupto 16 in (4 cm) long leaf bases sheathing It has a greensleek and slippery stemwith upright stiff branches andmuchdivided leaves in linear segments (Figure 2(b)) Rays are 5ndash30 numbers with 039ndash24 inches (1ndash6 cm) long Flowersare small yellow and found in large flat-topped umbels(Figure 2(d)) Fruits are oblong to ovoid with 012ndash02 inches(3ndash5mm) long and 15ndash20mm broad (Figure 2(e)) Thestylopodium persists on the fruit The fruits are elongatedand have strong ribs The most esteemed fennel seeds varyfrom three to five lines in length and are elliptical slightlycurved and somewhat obtuse at the ends (Figure 3(a))

0 50 100 150

4

25

30

59

27

33

31

91

EthnobotanyPhytopharmacology

Total

2011ndash13

2006ndash10

2001ndash05

Figure 1 Research papers in different aspects especially traditionalor ethnobotanical knowledge phytochemistry pharmacologicaland various biological activities of Foeniculum vulgare (Paperswere collected via electronic databases such as Academic JournalsEthnobotany Google Scholar PubMed and Science Direct)

They are greenish-yellow the colour of hay from which theterm fennel is derived Wild fruits are short dark colouredand blunt at their ends and have a less agreeable flavourand odour than those of sweet fennel Seeds ripen fromSeptember to October This plant can reproduce from crownor root fragments but freely reproduces from seed

13 Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of FennelFoeniculum vulgare is widely grown for its edible fruit orseeds These are sweet and dry a fully ripe specimen isan exquisite fruit The fruit is often dried for later use andthis dried fruit called fennel is a major item of commerceTable 2 lists the nutrient composition of fennel (USDA data)Fennels are one of the highest plant sources of potassiumsodium phosphorus and calcium According to USDA datafor the Mission variety fennels are richest in dietary fiberand vitamins relative to human needs They have smalleramounts of many other nutrients

Table 3 summarizes the chemical composition andthe nutritional value [14] of different parts of fennelnamely shoots leaves stems and inflorescence Leavesand stems show the highest moisture content (7636 and7746 g100 g resp) while inflorescence exhibits the lowestcontent (7131 g100 g) Carbohydrates are the most abundantmacronutrients in all the parts and range from 1844 to2282 g100 g Proteins reducing sugars and fats are theless abundant macronutrients proteins varied between108 g100 g in stems and 137 g100 g in inflorescences Theinflorescences and stems revealed the highest fat content(128 g100 g) and reducing sugar content (149 g100 g)respectively amongst all the parts of fennel On the basisof the proximate analysis it can be calculated that a freshportion of 100 g of these parts yields on average 94Kcal of


(a) (b) (d)

(e)(c) (f)

Figure 2 Foeniculum vulgareMill (a) in its natural habitat (b) stem (c) leaves (d) inflorescences and flowers (e) fruits and (f) populationof F vulgareMill

(a) (b)

Figure 3 Normal fennel seeds (a) and sugar coated and uncoated fennel seeds (b) used inmukhwas

energy The highest values were obtained for inflorescenceswhile leaves and stems gave the lowest energy contribution

About twenty-one fatty acids were identified and quanti-fied from the abovementioned parts of fennel (Table 3)Theseare caproic acid caprylic acid capric acid undecanoic acidlauric acid myristic acid myristoleic acid pentadecanoicacid palmitic acid heptadecanoic acid stearic acid oleicacid linoleic acid 120572-linolenic acid arachidic acid eicosanoicacid cis-1114-eicosadienoic acid cis-111417-eicosatrienoicacid + heneicosanoic acid behenic acid tricosanoic acidand lignoceric acid Thus Barros and his coworker concludepolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to be the main groupof fatty acids present in all the fennel parts On the otherhand Vardavas and his coworker reported monounsaturatedfatty acids (MUFA) as the main group of fatty acids infennel [22] Nevertheless unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) rangefrom 66 to 80 and predominate over saturated fatty acids[14] The highest concentration of n-3 fatty acids was foundin fennel leaves while the lowest concentration was found

in inflorescences The ratio of 1205966 to 1205963 fatty acids has animportant role in the human diet The highest levels of n-3fatty acids found in leaves contributed to its lowest ratio of1205966 to 1205963 fatty acids The lowest levels of n-3 fatty acids foundin inflorescences contributed to its highest ratio of 1205966 to 1205963fatty acids

Fennels have smaller amounts of many other nutrientsOn a weight basis fennels contain more calcium (49mg100 g) as compared with apples (714mg100 g) bananas(388mg100 g) dates (250mg100 g) grapes (1086mg100 g) orange (4025mg100 g) prunes (180mg100 g) rais-ins (400mg100 g) and strawberries (1401mg100 g) Phe-nolics are an important constituent of fruit quality becauseof their contribution to the taste colour and nutritionalproperties of fruit Amongst the phenolics analyzed in thefruit of this plant are neochlorogenic acid (140) chloro-genic acid (298) gallic acid (0169) chlorogenic acid(6873) caffeic acid (2960) p-coumaric acid (4325)ferulic acid-7-o-glucoside (5223) quercetin-7-o-glucoside


Table 2 Nutrients found in dried fennel (USDA USA)

Composition Quantity (Per 100 g)Proximates

Moisture 9021 gEnergy 31 kcalProtein 124 gTotal lipid (fat) 02 gCarbohydrate 73 gTotal dietary fiber 31 gSugars 393 g

MineralsCalcium Ca 49mgIron Fe 073mgMagnesium Mg 17mgPhosphorus P 50mgPotassium K 414mgSodium Na 52mgZinc Zn 02mg

VitaminsVitamin C 12mgThiamin B-1 001mgRiboflavin B-2 0032mgNiacin B-3 064mgVitamin B-6 0047mgFolate 27 120583gVitamin A 48 120583gVitamin E 058mgVitamin K 628 120583g

LipidsFatty acids total saturated 009 gFatty acids total monounsaturated 0068 gFatty acids total polyunsaturated 0169 g

Essential amino acidsLeucine 063 gIsoleucine 073 gPhenylalanine 045 gTryptophane 053 g

Nonessential amino acidGlycine 055 gProline 053 g

(3219) ferulic acid (3555) 15 dicaffeoylquinic acid(4095) hesperidin (0203) cinnamic acid (0131) ros-marinic acid (14998) quercetin (17097) and apigenin(12558) [23]

Thus as a typical seasonal fresh fruit fennels are animportant constituent of the regional diet of Europe and otherregions Different varieties of fennel parts are widely used inmany of the cooking dishes all over world (Table 4) Shootstender leaves and stems are chewed and sucked due to theirexquisite aniseed flavor All these parts are also commonlyused as vegetables They are added raw to salads stewedwith beans and chickpeas used to stuff fish for grilling

and placed in soups and bread bouillons Besides seasoningfennel is used to preserve food Flowering stems sugar andhoneymacerating in brandy produce a highly valorized spiritHerbal teas prepared with fresh tender or dried floweringstems are consumed chilled or hot depending on the seasonF vulgare is famous for its essential oil The characteristicanise odour of F vulgare which is due to its essential oilmakes it an excellent flavoring agent in baked goods meatand fish dishes ice-cream and alcoholic beverages Theculinary uses of fennel are so diversewidespread that it hasbeen exported from country to country for centuries [14]

2 Traditional and Contemporary Uses

Foeniculum vulgare has been extensively used in traditionalmedicine for a wide range of ailments Fennel is used invarious traditional systems of medicine like in the AyurvedaUnani Siddha in the Indian and Iranian traditional systemsof alternative and balancing medicine [20] Its stem fruitleaves seeds and whole plant itself are medicinally usedin different forms in the treatment of a variety of diseasedconditions The preparation methods uses and applicationof F vulgare are well documented in the common ethnob-otanical literature [24ndash32] Table 5 lists the ethnomedicinaluses of F vulgare for 43 different types of ailments in BoliviaBrazil Ecuador Ethiopia India Iran Italy Jordan MexicoPakistan Portugal Serbia South Africa Spain Turkey andUSA [28 29 33ndash44] It is used to treat simple ailments (egcoughcold cuts) to very complicated ailments (eg kidneyailments cancer) It also has a wide range of veterinary uses([45 46] see Table 4) F vulgare is used in many parts of theworld for the treatment of a number of diseases for exampleabdominal pains antiemetic aperitif arthritis cancer colicin children conjunctivitis constipation depurative diarrheadieresis emmenagogue fever flatulence gastralgia gastritisinsomnia irritable colon kidney ailments laxative leucor-rhoea liver pain mouth ulcer and stomachache (Table 5)

In addition to its medicinal uses aerial parts namelyleaf stem and fruitseed of F vulgare are extensively used asgalactagogues not only for increasing the quantity and qualityof milk but also for improving the milk flow of breastfeedingmothers [32 34 37 47] From ancient times fennel seedshave been used as an ingredient for removing any foul smellof the mouth [48] The natural light green dye obtained fromleaves is used in cosmetics for coloring of textileswoodenmaterials and as food colorant Yellow and brown color dyesare obtained by combining the flowers and leaves of fennel[49] In Portugal Italy Spain and India the stem fruitleaves seeds and whole plant are used as a vegetable [3 948 50 51] Sugar coated and uncoated fennel seeds are usedin mukhwas (Mouth freshener) (Figure 3(b)) In many partsof India and Pakistan roasted fennel seeds are consumed asmukhwas (Mouth freshener) Mukhwas is a colorful after-meal mouth freshener or digestive aid It can be made ofvarious seeds and nuts but often found with fennel seedsanise seeds coconut and sesame seeds They are sweet inflavor and highly aromatic due to the presence of sugar andthe addition of various essential oilsThe seeds can be savorycoated in sugar and brightly colored


Table 3 Nutrient content of different parts of Foeniculum vulgare

Composition ContentsLeaves Inflorescences Stems Shoots

Moisturea 7636 plusmn 033 7131 plusmn 401 7746 plusmn 103 7388 plusmn 083Asha 343 plusmn 004 323 plusmn 002 162 plusmn 012 239 plusmn 002Fata 061 plusmn 016 128 plusmn 028 045 plusmn 007 049 plusmn 005Proteina 116 plusmn 003 137 plusmn 005 108 plusmn 000 133 plusmn 004Carbohydratesa 1844 plusmn 006 2282 plusmn 306 1939 plusmn 065 2191 plusmn 055Fructosea 049 plusmn 005 110 plusmn 004 149 plusmn 004 151 plusmn 006Glucosea 076 plusmn 012 294 plusmn 011 343 plusmn 020 471 plusmn 015Sucrosea 004 plusmn 000 003 plusmn 000 nd 035 plusmn 006Reducing sugarsa 072 plusmn 004 120 plusmn 019 149 plusmn 029 114 plusmn 0101205963 fatty acidb 4372 plusmn 036 1769 plusmn 001 2304 plusmn 130 3696 plusmn 0511205966 fatty acidb 2325 plusmn 007 3894 plusmn 023 3822 plusmn 068 3999 plusmn 06812059661205963 053 plusmn 000 220 plusmn 001 166 plusmn 112 108 plusmn 003C60b 002 plusmn 000 041 plusmn 002 019 plusmn 001 006 plusmn 000C80b 008 plusmn 000 037 plusmn 001 048 plusmn 003 033 plusmn 000C100b 004 plusmn 000 009 plusmn 000 013 plusmn 001 006 plusmn 000C110b 025 plusmn 002 029 plusmn 001 004 plusmn 000 007 plusmn 000C120b 031 plusmn 002 043 plusmn 006 011 plusmn 001 021 plusmn 002C140b 143 plusmn 001 168 plusmn 010 049 plusmn 006 075 plusmn 003C141b 061 plusmn 004 028 plusmn 002 037 plusmn 004 017 plusmn 003C150b 017 plusmn 000 035 plusmn 003 041 plusmn 004 018 plusmn 000C160b 2015 plusmn 009 2389 plusmn 007 2543 plusmn 000 1278 plusmn 009C170b 074 plusmn 000 058 plusmn 002 061 plusmn 004 024 plusmn 002C180b 161 plusmn 008 262 plusmn 004 199 plusmn 006 153 plusmn 008C181n9cb 435 plusmn 037 505 plusmn 000 435 plusmn 052 255 plusmn 033C182n6cb 2325 plusmn 007 3894 plusmn 023 3822 plusmn 068 3999 plusmn 068C183n3b 4355 plusmn 040 1755 plusmn 00 2286 plusmn 131 3684 plusmn 052C200b 056 plusmn 000 178 plusmn 006 084 plusmn 003 106 plusmn 009C201cb nd 026 plusmn 003 006 plusmn 000 ndC202cb 008 plusmn 001 031 plusmn 001 014 plusmn 000 038 plusmn 007C203n3 + C210b 016 plusmn 002 015 plusmn 001 019 plusmn 000 012 plusmn 001C220b 077 plusmn 004 152 plusmn 004 120 plusmn 003 112 plusmn 002C230b 082 plusmn 013 189 plusmn 011 068 plusmn 001 036 plusmn 015C240b 103 plusmn 004 158 plusmn 002 121 plusmn 002 120 plusmn 008Total SFAb 2799 plusmn 002 3747 plusmn 025 3381 plusmn 006 1995 plusmn 012Total MUFAb 496 plusmn 040 559 plusmn 013 478 plusmn 057 272 plusmn 036Total PUFAb 6705 plusmn 042 5694 plusmn 012 6141 plusmn 062 7733 plusmn 024Energyc 8390 plusmn 134 10823 plusmn 1037 8591 plusmn 302 9737 plusmn 244aNutrients composition (g100 g) b1205963 and1205966 and fatty acid content (percent) and cenergetic value (Kcal100 g) of the different parts of fennel nd not detectedValues are expressed as mean plusmn SD 119899 = 3 experiments in each group [14]

3 Phytochemistry

Phytochemical research carried out on Foeniculum vulgarehas led to the isolation of fatty acids phenolic componentshydrocarbons volatile components and few other classesof secondary metabolites from its different parts (Figure 4)Mostly these phytochemicals are found in essential oil(Table 6) Some of the phytoconstituents of F vulgare werefind application as coloring and antiaging agents [49 50]They also have noteworthy biological and pharmacologicalactivities (Table 7)

31 Volatile Compounds Table 6 summarizes the volatilecompounds present in the essential oil of F vulgareThe aniseodor of F vulgare is due to its essential oil content It makesan excellent flavoring agent in various types of food and foodrelated productsThe essential oil of fennel has been reportedto contain more than 87 volatile compounds [51ndash57] Theaccumulation of these volatile compounds inside the plantis variable appearing practically in any of its parts namelyroots stem shoots flowers and fruits [58 59]Themolecularstructures of major volatile components of F vulgare seedessential oil have been illustrated in Figure 4


Table 4 Uses of Foeniculum vulgare as a food ingredient as reported in the literature

Sr number RegionNation Local name Part used and edible application References

1 Campania ItalyFinucchiofinucchiellofinochietto

Stem is used as an aromatizer for pickled olives [125]

2 Campania Italy Finocchiellafenucciu Seed is employed in preparation of salted meats [125]

3 Spain Hinojo Fenoll Tender leaves and stems raw as a snack are used insalads or stewed [126]

4 Spain Fiallo millauAerial part or seeds used for seasoning olives aspreservative for dry figs and for preparing herbal tea orliqueur

[126]

5Tras-os-Montes(NortheastPortuguese)

Fialho fionhoerva-doce

Shoots tender leaves and stems used in snacks saladssoups stews and spicesFlowering stems used in beverages spirits and spicesStems used as brochettes and herbal teasSeeds used as spices flavour for cakes biscuits andsweets and chestnuts

[14]

6Arrabida andAcor (CenterPortuguese)

Funcho erva-doce Seeds used as flavour for cakes and pastries and forcooking chestnuts [14]

7Alentejo andAlgarve (SouthPortuguese)

Funcho fialhofuncho-docefuncho-amargo

Shoots tender leaves and stems are fried with eggsused in omelettes used in fish stuff stewed withdifferent kinds of beans and chickpeas and used in fishand bread bouillons soups and saucesTender leafy stems are used in grilled fish and fishdishes in generalSeeds are used as spices flavour for cakes bread andbiscuits and chestnutsWhole plant used in olives brines figs preserves andfor aromatizing brandy

[14]

8 Jammu andKashmir India Saunf The fruits with other ingredients are given to the animal

if it stops taking food during diarrhea [46]

9 Liguria Italy Fenucettu-sarvegu Aerial parts of plant mixed with shoots of Clematis andRubus used as food integrator for sheep [45]

Guillen and Manzanos [60] investigated the yield andcomposition of the volatile components found in the pentaneextracts of leaves stems and seeds of F vulgare Theyidentified a total of 37 volatile compounds from pentaneextracts of above mentioned parts of fennel by using gaschromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spec-trometry (GC-MS) techniques In the supercritical CO

2(SC-

CO2) seed extracts of fennel a total of 28 compounds

were identified with major compounds being trans-anethole(686ndash750) fenchone (840ndash147) and methylchavicol(509ndash910)whereas only 19 compoundswere detected fromhydrodistilled oil of fennel [52] Fang et al [53] characterizes76 volatile components in the essential oil of F vulgare withthe help of three advanced techniques namely headspace sol-vent microextraction followed by gas chromatography-massspectrometry (HSME-GC-MS) solid phasemicroextraction-(SPME-) GC-MS and steam distillation- (SD-) GC-MSmethods In 2007 Tognolini et al investigated the chemicalcomposition of essential oil of fennel GCMS study revealeda total of 18 compounds present in it with anethole beingthe most abundant [55] A comparative profile of occurrenceof monoterpene hydrocarbons oxygenated monoterpenes

and phenylpropanoidswith respect to variousmaturity stages(immature premature mature and fully mature) of thefruit of F vulgare was reported by Telci et al [56] Theyconcluded that the content of essential oil decreases withincreasing maturity A total of 28 components of the essentialoil were identified accounting for 980 of the total oil Theprincipal compound in the essential oil was trans-anethole(722) followed by estragole (76) d-limonene (68)and fenchone that is 39 [61] Overall 60 compoundsrepresenting 901ndash987 of the essential oil were identifiedby GC and GCMS in the two cultivars of fennel namelyAurelio and Sparta cocultivars The major constituent ofthe essential oils is trans-anethole (598ndash904) In additionthe fennel essential oils also contains minor amounts ofvarious constituents as limonene (01ndash215) neophytadiene(0ndash106) (E)-phytol (01ndash60) exo-fenchyl acetate (03ndash38) estragole (01ndash25) and fenchone that is 01ndash31[62] In addition Zoubiri et al [57] summarized the compar-ative profile of volatile compounds found in different varietiesof fennel from different countries such as Estonia NorwayAustria Moldova and Turkey The chemical composition oftheAlgerian F vulgare seed oil was different as comparedwith


Table 5 Traditional and contemporary applications of Foeniculum vulgare

Sr number Ailmentuse Partpreparation used Locality References1 Mouth ulcer Tender leaves chewed and stuck on ulcer Basilicata Italy [33]2 Aperitif Tender parts-raw or boiled Rome Italy [32]

3 Gum disorder Fruit and seed used as a mouth wash for gumdisorder Central Serbia [35]

4 Insomnia Infusion of tea leaf Brazil [31]

5 Constipation Seeds decoction South Europe [127]

Seeds mixed with sugar Jammu andKashmir India [36]

6 Cancer Leaf and flower aqueous infusion drink Loja Ecuador [128]7 Conjunctivitis Leaf and flower aqueous infusion drink Loja Ecuador [128]8 Gastritis Leaf flower aqueous infusion drink Loja Ecuador [128]

9 Diuresis Root and seed decoction Miami FloridaUSA [42]

10 Abdominal painsEach plant part decoction Rome Italy [30]

Leaf and seeds infusion Northern BadiaJordan [39]

Leaves paste Manisa Turkey [43]11 Cold Fruits and floral tops decoction Rome Italy [30]12 Refreshing Rootswhole plant decoction Rome Italy [30]13 Swollen stomach Leaves decoction with a little honey Rome Italy [129]14 Hair grow Seed oil Middle Navarra [130]

15 Antiemetic Fruit simple powder NortheasternMajorcan area [47]

16Antihypertensiveand Anti-cholesterolemic

Leaf directly chewed north-easternMajorcan area [47]

17 Depurative Leaf and stem comestible Iberian PeninsulaSpain [40]

18 Hypnotic Seed leaf and stem infusion and edible North Iran [24]

19 Diarrhoea Seeds roots and fresh leaves Northern Portugal [28]Seeds grounded with Root tubers of Hemidesmusindicus and the paste taken with jaggery twice a dayfor three days

BhandaraMaharashtra India [131]

20 Kidney ailments Aerial part infusion Alto Bolivia [34]

Seed decoction GujranwalaPakistan [132]

21 Colic in children Leaf and fruit infusion Brazil [133]

22 Irritable colon Leaf and seeds infusion Northern BadiaJordan [39]

23 Gastralgia Leaf decoction southern Spain [29]

24 Purgative Seed infusion and edible GujranwalaPakistan [132]

25 Laxative Seed infusion and edible GujranwalaPakistan [132]

26 Liver pain Seed PernambucoNortheast Brazil [133]

27 Mosquitocidal Root boiled and drunk as tea Somali RegionEthiopia [41]

28 Arthritis Leaf an infusion made from the leaves is drunk South Africa [37]29 Fever Leaf an infusion made from the leaves is drunk South Africa [37]


Table 5 Continued

Sr number Ailmentuse Partpreparation used Locality References30 Fat deduction Green fruit is chewed to reduce fat South Africa [37]

31 Leucorrhoea

A mixture of its 100 g seed powder 200 g seedpowder of Papaver somniferum 100 g fruit powder ofCoriander sativum and 200 g of sugar is preparedand 50 g of this mixture is taken by the tribal ladiesearly in the morning

Rajasthan India [26]

32 Problem ofrepeated abortions

Mixture of its 50 g seed powder 50 g fruit powder ofTrapa natans and 50 g sugar is given daily topregnant ladies


33 Digestive system

Fruits decoction Basilicata Italy [33]Seed decoction (drink one tea cup after food) Balikesir Turkey [134]

Whole plant Western cape ofSouth Africa [135]

Fruit powder for digestive ailments Middle West andSouth Bosnia [136]

Seeds decoction South Europe [127]Seeds roots and fresh leaves Northern Portugal [28]Seed decoction Southern Spain [29]

34 Carminative

Tender parts raw or boiled Rome Italy [32]


Seeds decoction South Europe [127]Seed leaf and stem infusion and edible North Iran [24]Leaves andor fruits South Africa [27]

35 Diuretic



Seeds decoction South-Europe [127]Seeds roots and fresh leaves Northern Portugal [28]Leaf an infusion made from the leaves is drunk South Africa [37]

36 EmmenagogueAerial part raw with carrot Rome Italy [32]

Fruit simple powder North-easternMajorcan area [47]

Seed Haryana India [137]

37Milk stimulant inpregnant women(Galactagogue)

Leaf an infusion made from the leaves is drunk South Africa [37]Fruits as condiment or chewed Rome Italy [32]

Fruit simple powder north-easternMajorcan area [47]

Aerial part-infusion Alto Bolivia [34]

38 Gingival wound Fruit-paste Uttarakhand India [138]Whole plant decoction Andalusia Spain [29]

39 Eye blurry anditching

Aerial parts inhaled into eyes Balikesir Turkey [134]Seeds roots and leaves Northern Portugal [28]

Seed infusion edible GujranwalaPakistan [132]

Leaves andor fruits South Africa [27]

40 CoughWhole plant oral infusion Guerrero Mexico [44]Whole plant decoction Southern Spain [29]



Table 5 Continued

Sr number Ailmentuse Partpreparation used Locality References

41 Stomachache

Whole plant oral infusion Guerrero Mexico [44]Fruit Middle Navarra [130]Seed decoction is used against stomach ache Liguria Italy [45]Seed leaf and stem-infusion edible North Iran [24]

42 Stress removal Apical shoots is used as sedative for children Liguria Italy [45]Southern Punjab

Pakistan [25]

43 FlatulenceLeaf and fruit infusion Brazil [133]


Fresh fruit decoction North BengalIndia [38]

Turkish [51 56] Serbian [52] Indian [54] and Chinese [53]fennels The hexane extracts of fennel were analyzed by GC-MS and 78 compounds were identified from these extractsthe major compounds were identified as 13-benzenediol 1-methoxycyclohexene o-cymene sorbic acid 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one estragole limonene-10-ol and3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one [63] Diao et al [64] identifya total of 28 components by GC and GCMS from fenneloil representing 958 of the total amount Trans-Anethole(6853) a phenylpropanoid was found to be the maincomponent followed by estragole (1042) with limonene(624) fenchone (545) and others as minor components

32 Flavonoids Flavonoids are generally considered as animportant category of antioxidants in the human dietFlavonoids are abundant in the plants of Apiaceae family Ithas been reported that the presence of flavonol glycosidesin fennel species is related to its morphological hetero-geneity and variation Total flavonoid content of hydroal-coholic extracts is about 123 plusmn 018mgg Flavonoids likeeriodictyol-7-rutinoside quercetin-3-rutinoside and ros-marinic acid have been isolated from F vulgare [65]Amongst the flavonoids present in F vulgare the most preva-lent are quercetin-3-glucuronide isoquercitrin quercetin-3-arabinoside kaempferol-3-glucuronide and kaempferol-3-arabinoside and isorhamnetin glucoside [66] Quercetin-3-O-galactoside kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside have also been reported to occur in the aque-ous extract of F vulgare [67] The flavonoids like isorham-netin 3-O-120572-rhamnoside quercetin and kaempferol werealso isolated from the ethyl acetate extract whereas quercetin3-O-rutinoside kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and quercetin3-O-120573-glucoside were isolated from the methanol extractThese flavonoids exhibit remarkable antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity [68] Further quercetin rutin andisoquercitrin were reported to have the immunomodulatoryactivities [69]

33 Phenolic Compounds There has been a growing interestin phenolic components of fruits and vegetables which maypromote human health or lower the risk of disease Aqueous

extract of fennel fruits are rich in phenolic compoundsMany of them have antioxidant activities and hepatopro-tective properties The phenolic compounds present in Fvulgare are considered to be associated with the preventionof diseases possibly induced by oxidative stress such ascardiovascular diseases cancer and inflammation Thesephenolic compounds have received tremendous attentionamong nutritionists food scientists and consumers dueto their role in human health Fennel has been reportedto contain hydroxyl cinnamic acid derivatives flavonoidglycosides and flavonoid aglycones [67] The methanolicextract of fennel seeds contains rosmarinic acid chlorogenicacids as major phenolic compounds (149 and 68 resp)and quercetin and apigenin as themajor flavonoids (171 and125 resp) Also the total phenolic compounds in fennelmethanol extract were higher than the flavonoid compounds[23] F vulgare has been reported to contain phenolic acidslike 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid 13-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid 14-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid and 15-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid [65]Two compounds A and B were isolated and character-ized for the first time from the wild fennel and identi-fied as 34-dihydroxyphenethylalchohol-6-O-caffeoyl-120573-D-glucopyranoside and 3101584081015840-binaringenin respectively Thetotal phenolic and flavonoid contents ofwild fennel (24 and12 resp) were less as compared to cultivated fennel (31and 16 resp) [70]

4 Pharmacological Activities

Foeniculum vulgare is officially noted in Ayurvedic Pharma-copoeia as an important part of polyherbal formulations inthe treatment of different diseases and disorders A numberof biological-pharmacological studies have been undertakento evaluate the indigenous uses of F vulgare Few extracts of Fvulgare and isolated compounds have been evaluated for sev-eral activities namely antiaging antiallergic anticolitic anti-hirsutism anti-inflammatory antimicrobial and antiviralantimutagenic antinociceptive antipyretic antispasmodic


O OOHO O O O O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CHO

O O O

O

O

O

HO

OO

O

O

O

H

H

O

O OO

O

O

Scopoletin (1) Bergapten (2) Psoralen (3)

Fenchone (4) para-Anisaldehyde (5) (z)-9-Octadecenoic (6)

Dillapional (7) Imperatorin (8) Dillapiol (9)

Beta-myrcene (14)

5-Methoxypsoralen (15) para-Anisaldehyde (16)

Dianethole (19)trans-Anethole (18)Photoanethole (17)

Limonene (10) Terpineol (11) Fenchone (12) 18-Cineole (13)

H3

OCH3

CO

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

H3CO

(a)

Figure 4 Continued


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O

(E)-Phytol (20) Phenylpropanoid (21)

2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (24)

o-Cymene (23)24-Undecadienal (22)

Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)

3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (33)

Rosmarinic acid (35)

Isoquercetin (36)

1-Methoxycyclohexene (30) Estragole (31)

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3

34-Dihydroxyphenethylalchohol-6-O-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (34)

H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl

3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid (38)



13-O-Di-caffeoylquinic acid (41)



Quinic acid

CH3

Exo-fenchyl acetate (55) Dillapional (56)

CH3

H3C

H3C

cis-Miyabenol C (57)

3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)

Quercetin-3-glucuronide (52)Kaempferol-3-glucuronide (53)

Quercetin-3-O-glucoside (45)

Quercetin-3-O-galactoside (46)

Quercetin-3-O-arabinoside (47)

Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (48)

Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (49)

Kaempferol-3-O-arabinoside (50)

Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (51)

H3C

R1 = R3 = R4 = H R2 = caffeoyl


R1 = R2 = R3 = H R4 = caffeoylR3 = R4 = H = R1 = R2 = caffeoylR2 = R4 = H = R1 = R3 = caffeoylR2 = R3 = H = R1 = R4 = caffeoyl

R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = arabinose

R = OHR1 = glucose-rhamnose

R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose

R = HR1 = glucose-rhamnose

(c)Figure 4 Continued


O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C

Eriodictyol-7-rutinoside (58) Limonene-10-ol (59) Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside (60)

(d)

Figure 4 Chemical structures of various phytoconstituents isolated from Foeniculum vulgare

antistress antithrombotic anxiolytic apoptotic cardiovas-cular chemomodulatory action cytoprotection and antitu-mor cytotoxicity diuretic estrogenic properties expecto-rant galactogenic gastrointestinal effect hepatoprotectivehuman liver cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitory hypoglycemichypolipidemic memory-enhancing property nootropic andoculohypotensive activities [11 13 20 50 68 71ndash90] Table 8summarizes the pharmacological studies undertaken on Fvulgare and reported in the literature A brief review of thesame is as follows

41 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activities Foeniculum vul-gare has been used as an ethnic remedy for the cure ofnumerous infectious disorders of bacterial fungal viral andmycobacterial origin Several studies have been carried outin the past validating its antimicrobial antimycobacterialand antiviral potential (summarized in the Table 9) Duskoet al [91] investigated the antibacterial effect of the aqueousextract of 12 medicinal plants of Apiaceae family includingF vulgare An aqueous extract of the aerial part of Fvulgare inhibited the growth of Agrobacterium radiobacterpv tumefaciensErwinia carotovoraPseudomonas fluorescensand Pseudomonas glycinea (Table 9) An aqueous extract ofseed sample inhibited the growth of Enterococcus faecalisStaphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumo-nia Pseudomona aeruginosa Salmonella typhi Salmonellatyphimurium Shigella flexneri and Bacillus cereus with 13ndash22 22ndash24 14ndash24 20-21 21ndash24 11-12 14ndash18 17ndash18 and 24ndash26mm zone of inhibition respectively [3 4] Gulfraz et al[92] investigated the antibacterial effect of the essential oil aswell as ethanolic and methanolic fruit extracts of F vulgareagainst Bacillus cereus Bacillus megaterium Bacillus pumilus

Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coliKlebsiella pneumoniaMicro-coccus luteus Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas syringaeand Candida albicans According to the results reported byGulfraz et al [92] essential oil of F vulage had significantantimicrobial activities against some of microorganisms ascompared to the methanolic and ethanolic extracts Thediameters of growth inhibition zone ranged from 14 to 31mm(including the diameter of the disc 6mm) with the highestinhibition zone values observed against Bacillus megaterium(31mm) and Bacillus subtilis (29mm) Roby et al [23]investigated antimicrobial effect of the methanol ethanoldiethyl ether and hexane extracts of seed of F vulgare againsttwo species of Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli andSalmonella typhi) two species of Gram positive bacteria(Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) one species ofyeast (Candida albicans) and one species ofmold (Aspergillusflavus)Themethanolic extract showedmore effective antimi-crobial activity than the other extracts The results fromthe disc diffusion method followed by measurement ofminimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicated thatBacillus cereus and Aspergillus flavus were the most sensitivemicroorganisms tested showing the largest inhibition zonesand the lowest MIC values Least activity was exhibitedagainstEscherichia coli with the smallest inhibition zones andthe highest MIC value [23] Shrivastava and Bhargava [93]investigated the antibacterial effect of the crude chloroformand methanol extract of leaves and flowers of F vulgarealong with Raphanus sativus and Brassica nigrum againstEscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Methanol extractof flower of F vulgare showed significant activity againstEscherichia coli whereas crude and chloroform extractsfailed to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcusaureus (Table 9) Among different tested bacterial strains the


Table 6 Volatile compounds present in essential oil of Foeniculumvulgare

Sr number Compounds1 120572-Thujene2 18-Cineol3 120573-Ocimene4 Linalool5 Germacrene D6 Anisketone7 Apiol8 119899-Hexadecanoic acid9 Cubebene10 Benzene-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-119901-cymene11 136-Octatriene 37-dimethyl- (E)-3-carene12 2-Heptene13 3-Methyl-butanal14 120573-Pinene15 Camphene16 Hexanal17 120572-Pinene18 120573-Phellandrene19 120572-Phellanrrene20 120573-Myrcene21 4-Carene22 2-Heptanohe23 Limonene24 4-Methyl-bicyclo[310]hex-2-ene25 Eucalyptol26 120572-Pinene27 120574-Terpinene28 7-Dimethyl-137-octriene29 24-Dimethyl-benzenamine30 3-Carene31 Cathine32 2-Heptanol33 2-Propyn-1-ol34 26-Dimethyl-246-octatriene35 Fenchone36 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-benzene37 cis-Limonene oxide38 trans-Limonene oxide39 6-Methylene-bicyclo[310]hexane40 Sabinene hydrate41 Fenchyl acetate42 Camphor43 Benzaldehyde44 13-Butanediol45 Dicyclopropyl carbinol46 Fenchol47 1-Octanol48 5-Methyl-2-heptanol

Table 6 Continued

Sr number Compounds49 Tetradecyl-oxirane50 Estragole51 Trans-119901-28-menthadien-1-ol52 120573-Terpinol53 cis-p-28-Menthadien54 4-Methyl-1-(methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen55 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one56 Phenylmethyl-formic ester57 23-Cyclohexen-1-methanol58 Epi-bicyclosesquiphellardrene59 cis-119901-Menth-28-dienol60 14-Dimethoxy-benzene61 1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene62 124a588a-Hexadehyde-naphthalene63 4-Methyl-bicyclo[311]hept-3-en-2-ol64 trans-Anethole 7320 7327 667165 Allantoic acid66 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-phenol67 Mannoheptulose68 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-ol69 1-Undecanol70 Benzothiazole71 E-Pinane72 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol73 2-Methyl-bezenemethanol74 4-Methoxy-benzaldehyde75 16-Hexanediol76 2-Methoxycyclohexanone77 120573-Elemenone78 Mephenesin79 41015840-Methoxy-acetophenone80 2-Methyl-3-methylethyl-butanoic acid81 Folic acid82 1-(Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone83 1-Methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-benzene84 4-Fluorohistamine85 12-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene86 (E)-2-Hydroxy-4-cyano-stilbene87 1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone

methanolic fruit extract of F vulgare inhibited the growthof Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus pumilus with 1127 and1267mm zone of inhibition respectively [7]

Several studies indicating the antifungal effect of Fvulgare along with antibacterial effect are also reported inthe literature Martins et al [94] investigated the antibacterialand antifungal effects of three essential oils of Portugueseplants namely Foeniculum vulgareMentha spicata and Ros-marinus officinalis against Staphylococcus aureus Escherichiacoli Klebsiella pneumonia Pseudomona aeruginosa Staphy-lococcus epidermidis Candida albicans and phytopathogenic


Table 7 Biological activities of some phytoconstituents reported in different parts of Foeniculum vulgare

Sr number Biological activities Part useda Phytochemicals Reference

1 Oestrogenic SDEO Dianetholephotoanethole [71]

2 Hepatoprotective SDEO 120573-MyrceneLimonene [9]

3 Antithrombotic SDEO trans-Anethole [55]

4 Human liver cytochromeP450-3A4 inhibitory SD 5-Methoxypsoralen [83]

5 Antiradical scavenging FW

3-Caffeoylquinic acidquercetin-3-O-galactosidekaempferol-3-O-glucosidekaempferol-3-O-rutinoside

rosmarinic acid

[67]

AP34-Dihydroxyphenethyl-

alchohol-6-O-caffeoyl-120573-D-glucopyranoside3101584081015840-binaringenin

[70]

6 Antioxidant FT cis-Miyabenol C [139]7 Anticancer SDEO Anethole [110]

8 Antibacterial ST

Dillapiolpsoralenbergaptenscopoletinimperatorindillapional

[100]

9 Antimycobacterial ST LF

24-Undecadienallinoleic acidoleic acid

13-benzenediolundecanal

[63]

10 Repellent FT (z)-9-Octadecanoic acidfenchone [117]

11 Acaricidal SDEO para-Anisaldehyde [118]

12 Insecticidal SDEO 18-Cineoleterpineol [120]

aAP aerial part FT fruit LF leaf SD seed SDEO seed essential oil ST stem and FW fennel waste

molds Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum Essen-tial oil of F vulgare showed significant antifungal activityagainst the food spoilage fungi Aspergillus niger and Fusar-ium oxysporum and may have important applications asfood additives The MIC values of F vulgare essential oilwere 250120583gmL for Fusarium oxysporum and 750 120583gmLfor Aspergillus niger [94] The oils extracted from F vulgareexhibit varying levels of antifungal effects on the experi-mental mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata Fusariumoxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani [95] Essential oil of Fvulgare showed appreciable antifungal activity against strainsof pathogenic fungi namely Aspergillus niger Fusariumsolani and Rhizopus solani [96] Dichloromethane extractsand essential oils from F vulgare showed antifungal activityagainst Candida albicans It could be a potential candidatefor a new antifungal agent for candidiasis and other fungal

diseases [97] In an in vitro study aqueous and alcoholicseed extracts of F vulgare exhibited inhibitory effect againstAlternaria alternata Mucor rouxii and Aspergillus flavus[98] Interestingly aqueous seed extract of F vulgare showedstrongest antifungal activity as compared to reference fungi-cidal agent that is griseofulvin [99]

All of the above mentioned studies were carried outon the crude extracts and it is difficult to pinpoint theactive antimicrobial metabolite A phenylpropanoid deriva-tive called dillapional characterized from F vulgare stem wasfound to be an antimicrobial constituent with MIC values of125 250 and 125 against Bacillus subtilis Aspergillus nigerand Cladosporium cladosporioides respectively A coumarinderivative scopoletin was also isolated as a marginallyantimicrobial agent [100] The characterization of sevendifferent types of oxygenatedmonoterpenes frommethylene


Table8Detailsof

pharmacologicalbiologicalactivities

repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory

effectsagainstacuteand

subacuteinflammatorydiseases

and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the

pathologicalchangesn

oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso

fidiopathichirsutism

Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu

cedbiochemicalchangesin

vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits

Itexhibits17492116and2203

redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dGentamicinamoxicillin

andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig

b 119860119886Alternaria

alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm

PhytopathogenicmoldsPpP

seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus

solaniSaStaphylococcus

aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis

SfShigellaflexneriStfStre

ptococcusfaecalisShStreptococcush

aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm

onellatyphiandShsShigella

sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned


chloride crude extract of F vulgare [101] suggested thatthe crude extract containing monoterpenes could be a newmedicinal resource for antibacterial agents

A total of 78 compounds were identified from theactive antimycobacterial fraction of F vulgare with thehelp of gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS) Outof these twenty compounds were tested against one sensi-tive and three MDR strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosisusing the Alamar Blue microassay Compounds that showedsome degree of antimycobacterial activity against all strainstested were the following linoleic acid (MIC 100 120583gmL)oleic acid (MIC 100 120583gmL) 13-benzenediol (MIC 100ndash200120583gmL) undecanal (MIC 50ndash200120583gmL) and 24-undecadienal (MIC 25ndash50120583gmL) 24-Undecadienal wasthe most active compound against multidrug resistant Mtuberculosis speciesThus the dietary intake of F vulgaremaylower the risk ofM tuberculosis infection [63]

Orhan et al [5] studied the antiviral activity of theessential oil of fruit sample of F vulgare along with 12other Turkish medicinal plants against the DNA virusHerpessimplex type-1 (HSV-1) and the RNA virus parainfluenzatype-3 (PI-3) Most of the oils and compounds displayedstrong antiviral effects against HSV-1 ranging between 08and 0025 120583gmL However the samples tested were lesseffective against PI-3 with results ranging between 16 and02 120583gmL Only the essential oils of Anethum graveolensFoeniculum vulgare (fully mature) Mentha piperita Menthaspicata Ocimum minutiflorum Ocimum vulgaris and Sat-ureja cuneifolia inhibited this virus significantly

All these literature findings validated the traditional usesof Foeniculum vulgare in infectious disorders like abdomi-nal pains antiemetic arthritis conjunctivitis constipationdepurative diarrhea dieresis fever flatulence gastralgia gas-tritis insomnia irritable colon mouth ulcer stomachacherespiratory disorders skin diseases and so forth There isalways a need for new antimicrobial agents due to rapiddevelopment of resistance Bioactive metabolites of F vulgaremay be a potential source for new antimicrobial agents

42 Anti-Inflammatory Activity Oral administration ofmethanol extract of F vulgare fruit to rat and mice exhibitedinhibitory effects against acute and subacute inflammatorydiseases The anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extractwas evaluated by using three screening protocols namelycarrageenan-induced paw edema arachidonic acid-inducedear edema and formaldehyde-induced arthritis Theseare widely used for testing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs For acute inflammationmethanol extract (200mgkg)exhibits significant inhibition of paw edema (69) inducedby carrageenan injection as compared to the control groupof animals Methanol extract of F vulgare also inhibitsear-edema (70) induced by arachidonic acid in mice Thelevel of serum transaminase aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) significantlyincreases in the presence of methanolic extract of F vulgareon inflammation induced by formaldehyde as comparedto control group The assessment of the level of AST and

ALT provides a good and simple tool to measure the anti-inflammatory activity of the target compounds [102] Theseoverall results seem to suggest that F vulgare FME mayact on both the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways[79]

43 Antiallergic Activity Methanolic extract of F vulgarefruit showed significant inhibitory effect on DNFB- (24-dinitrofluorobenzene-) induced delayed type hypersensitiv-ity after oral administration of 200mgkg once a day for7 days The inhibitory effect on immunologically inducedswelling suggests the possible immunosuppressive propertiesof F vulgare [79]

44 Hepatoprotective Activity Essential oil of F vulgareseeds revealed a potent hepatoprotective effect against acutehepatotoxicity produced by carbon tetrachloride in ratsOral administration of F vulgare essential oil decreases thelevels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) alanineaminotransferase (ALT) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) andbilirubin as compared to the control group Ozbek et alsuggest that the constituents (d-limonene and 120573-myrcene) ofessential oil may have played a key role in the protection ofliver from CCl

4toxicity [9]

45 Anxiolytic Activity Anxiety is the unpleasant feeling offear and concern When anxiety becomes excessive it maybe considered as an anxiety disorder Anxiolytic fennel isa drug used for the treatment of anxiety and its relatedpsychological and physical symptoms Naga Kishore et al[89] investigated the anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract ofF vulgare fruit with the help of elevated plus maze rota rodopen field test and whole board models The 100 to 200mgdose of extract per kg of body weight of animal revealedsignificant activity when compared to reference anxiolyticdrug called diazepam (1mgkg) Thus fennel extract maypossess anxiolytic activity supporting its traditional claimabout anxiolytic activity reported in 19th edition of Pharma-cology and Pharmacotherapeutics by Sathodkar Bhandarkarand Rege

46 Antistress Activity Drug and food of natural originplay a significant role in public healthcare systems and arebeing investigated as remedies for a number of stress-relateddisorders [103]Thewhole plant extract of F vulgare exhibitednotable antistress effect against stress induced by forcefulswimming of test animals The key parameters that isurinary levels of vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA) and ascorbicacid in rats were used to evaluate antistress activity Theplant extract (50 100 and 200mgkg body weight) showeda significant improvement in urinary levels of VMA (119875 lt0001) and ascorbic acid excretion levels (119875 lt 0001) in testanimals when compared to the normal basal levels in controlgroup of animalsThus the extract of entire plant of F vulgareacts as an antistress agent [13]

47 Memory-Enhancing Property There are a number ofplants whose consumption is believed to enhance memory


and intelligence These were usually given to children as partof their food F vulgaris an ayurvedic rasayana (mixture)possessing multiple neuropharmacological activities Theantidepressant activity of fennel has been well documentedin ethnomedicine The whole plants extract (50 100 and200mgkg) of F vulgare exhibited memory-enhancing effectagainst scopolamine-induced amnesic rats This experimentwas evaluated by conditioned avoidance response (CAR)technique The CAR of rats administered with the extractincreased gradually to 95 over 7 to 12 days The acquisition(time to achieve 95 CAR) for rats administered with theextract was dose- and time-dependent compared to controlgroup which took 12 days for acquisition The percentavoidance was always higher in the extract-treated groupsas compared to control group Animals receiving 200mgkgbody weight of the extract took ten days while groups treatedwith 100 and 50mgkg doses of the extract required elevenand twelve days respectively to reach the point of acquisitionAdministration of scopolamine produced amnesia as seenfrom reduction in the observed CAR Amnesia was greaterin the control group than in extract-treated groups How-ever continued treatment with F vulgare produced betterretention and recovery in a dose-dependent manner thanthe vehicle-treated animals Recovery from scopolamine-induced amnesia in the extract-treated groups took 3ndash5 dayswhen compared to normal (control) group which took over6 days This overall progress suggests that F vulgare extractpossesses memory-enhancing property [13]

48 Nootropic Activity Alzheimerrsquos disease is a neurode-generative disorder associated with a decline in cognitiveabilities Dementia is one of the age-related mental problemsand a characteristic symptom of Alzheimerrsquos disease Thereis some evidence in favor of use of F vulgare for the treat-ment of cognitive disorders like dementia and Alzheimerrsquosdisease Methanol extract of the whole plant of F vul-gare administered for eight successive days ameliorated theamnesic effect of scopolamine and aging-induced memorydeficits inmiceThis extract increased step-down latency andacetylcholinesterase inhibition in mice significantly Thus Fvulgaremay be employed in treatment of cognitive disorderssuch as dementia and Alzheimerrsquos disease as a nootropic andanticholinesterase agent [80]

49 Antihirsutism Activity Idiopathic hirsutism is definedas the occurrence of excessive male pattern hair growth inwomen who have a normal ovulatory menstrual cycle andnormal levels of serum androgens It may be a disorder ofperipheral androgen metabolism Traditionally Foeniculumvulgare has been used as an estrogenic agent It has beenreputed to increase milk secretion promote menstruationfacilitate birth and increase libido On considering aboveaspect Javidnia and his research team evaluated the antihir-sutism activity of ethanolic extract of F vulgare seed againstidiopathic hirsutism by preparing cream containing 1 and 2of fennel extract The efficacy of treatment with the creamcontaining 2 fennel is better than the cream containing 1fennel and these two were more potent than placebo (control

group) The mean values of hair diameter reduction were78 183 and minus05 for patients receiving the creamscontaining 1 2 and 0 (placebo) respectively [78]

410 Estrogenic Properties Since the discovery of the estrusinducing effects of some plant products in 1926 consider-able effort has been devoted towards the characterizationof phytoestrogens including flavonoids isoflavonoids chal-cones coumestans stilbenes lignans saponins and essentialoils [16] F vulgare has estrogen-like activity In male ratstotal concentration of protein was found to be significantlydecreased in testes and in vasa deferentia whereas increasedin seminal vesicles and in prostate gland On the otherhand simultaneous decrease in the activities of acid andalkaline phosphatase in all these regions (except that alka-line phosphatase was unchanged in vasa) due to the oraladministration of acetone extract of F vulgare fruit wasobserved In female rats oral administration of the extract for10 days led to vaginal cornification and oestrus cycle [8] Totalconcentration of nucleic acids and protein as well as the organweights increased in both the tissues namely mammaryglands and oviducts due to the oral administration of acetoneextract (50 150 and 250120583g100 g body wt) of F vulgare seeds[104] Fennel oil was reported to exhibit estrogenic activitypromote menstruation and alleviate the symptoms of femaleclimacteric and increase libido [71] Administration of fenneloil (25 and 50 120583gmL final concentration in the organ bath)failed to exhibit any remarkable effect in uterine contrac-tion While 10 20 and 40 120583gml concentration of fennel oilrevealed significant inhibitory effect against prostaglandinE2 Fennel oil significantly reduces the frequency of uterinecontraction induced by prostaglandin E2 Thus the extractsof F vulgare have strong estrogenic activity [76]

411 Galactogenic Activity Foeniculum vulgare has been usedformillennia to increasemilk secretion [105]Thus F vulgarebelongs to galactagogue substance Structural similarity ofits main constituent anethole to dopamine seems to beresponsible for galactogenic activityDopamine acts to inhibitthe secretion of the milk-producing hormone prolactinAnethole might influence milk secretion by competing withdopamine at the appropriate receptor sites thereby inhibitingthe antisecretory action of dopamine on prolactin [71] It wasreported that anol (demethylated anethole) causes growthof the lobule-alveolar system in the mammary glands ofimmature female rabbits and induces menstruation in miceand other experimental animals Anol also gave positiveresults in the Jadassohn nipple test a test which involvesthe measurement of changes induced in the nipples ofguinea pigs subjected to the cutaneous application of sexhormones However further research suggests that the actualpharmacologically active agents responsible for galactogenicactivity are polymers of anethole such as dianethole andphotoanethole rather than anol or anethole itself [20 76]

412 Expectorant Activity F vulgare seeds stimulate theciliary motility of the respiratory apparatus and enhance the


external transport of extraneous corpuscles This action sug-gests a use for fennel in treating bronchial and bronchopul-monary afflictions and in particularly polluted environments[106] The volatile oil of F vulgare stimulates the contractionof the smooth muscles of the trachea an action that couldfacilitate the expectoration of mucus bacteria and othercorpuscles extraneous to the respiratory tracts [74]

413 Anticolitic Activity Essential oil of fennel regulates themotility of smooth muscles of the intestine while at thesame time reducing intestinal gas Alone or combined withother plant medicinals Foeniculum vulgare is indicated in thetreatment of spastic gastrointestinal disturbances in someforms of chronic colitis (which resist other treatments) indyspepsias from gastrointestinal atony in dyspepsias withthe sensation of heaviness in the stomach and so forthTheaddition of fennel to preparations containing anthraquinoniccomponents reduces the occurrence of abdominal pain oftenassociated with this type of laxative [73]

414 Antinociceptive Activity Antinociceptive means anysubstance that inhibits nociception which is a physiologicalprocess underlying the sensation of pain Briefly it reducesthe sensitivity to painful stimuli The various extracts ofaerial part of F vulgare namely hexane methylene chlorideethyl acetate and methanolic extract showed remarkableantinociceptive activity against acetic acid induced writhingin mice [68] The methanolic extract of the aerial parts ofF vulgare exhibited the highest antinociceptive activity at adose level of 2000mgkg while the activity exhibited by theethyl acetate extract was at dose level 800mgkgOn the otherhand n-hexane extract (700mgkg) and methylene chlorideextract (500mgkg) exhibited similar antinociceptive activi-ties being less than peripheral antinociceptive reference drug(acetyl salicylic acid) [68]

415 Diuretic Activity A diuretic is any substance thatpromotes the production of urine Briefly it is an agentthat promotes diuresis Diuretics work by promoting theexpulsion of urine (measured as the urine volume [UV]excreted) and urinary sodium (UNa) from the body and thishelps reduce the volume of blood circulating through thecardiovascular system Caceres et al [107] performed a studyin conscious animals and administered a powdered extractof the whole plant (F vulgare) which had no effect on UVor UNa The ethanolic extract of F vulgare fruit revealedexcellent diuretic activity and proves the earlier folk claimof F vulgare which was reported in the United State ofAmerica (Table 5) The fruit extract showed statistically ahighly significant diuretic effect F vulgare induced diuresis(500mgkg dose)was comparable to that of reference diureticagent urea (960mgkg dose) in mice with a urine outputthat was almost double that of the control group Thediuresis was not associated with changes in sodium andorpotassium excretion [108] In another part of the study theauthors showed that Foeniculum vulgare had little effect onthe noradrenalin contractile responses of aortic rings thus

suggesting that it worked mainly as a diuretic and natriureticwith little effect on arterial vascular tone [77]

416 Cardiovascular Activity An aqueous extract of F vul-gare leaves possesses potential cardiovascular action Thiseffect was investigated using pentobarbital-anaesthetisedmale albino Sprague-Dawley rats [75] An intravenousadministration of the lyophilized boiled water extract ofleaves produced a significant dose-related reduction in arte-rial blood pressure without affecting the heart rate or respi-ratory rate On the other hand the nonboiled aqueous extractshowed very little hypotensive activityThe hypotensive effectof the boiling water extract appeared not to be mediated viaadrenergicmuscarinic ganglionic or serotonergic receptorshowever histamine antagonists inhibited the hypotensiveeffect in a dose-related manner [75]

417 Oculohypotensive Activity The aqueous seed extract ofF vulgare demonstrated significant oculohypotensive activityusing water loading and steroid induced glaucoma modelThis extract exhibited 1749 2116 and 2203 reduction ofintraocular pressure in normotensive rabbits at 03 06and 12 (wv) concentrations respectively A maximummean difference of 3120 was observed between vehiclestreated and extracts treated eyes in water loading experi-mental animal model while a maximum mean intraocularpressure lowering of 3129 was observed in steroid inducedmodel of glaucoma Thus the aqueous extract of F vulgarerevealed oculohypotensive activity which was found to be asgood as that of reference standard antiglaucoma drugs calledtimolol [84]

418 Antithrombotic Activity Tognolini et al [55] providedevidence of potent inhibitory activity of essential oil of F vul-gare against platelet aggregation induced byADP arachidonicacid and collagen in guinea pig plasma Similar findingswere reported by Yoshioka and Tamada [109] for aggregationof rabbit platelets by an aromatic factor of fennel oil Theessential oil and anethole (a constituent of oil) of F vulgaretested in vitro in rat aorta with or without endotheliumdisplayed comparable NO-independent vasorelaxant activityat antiplatelet concentrations It supports the safety of Fvulgare that is free from cytotoxic effects Anethole and Fvulgare did not cause cytotoxicity when incubated for 30minupto 300 120583gmL in platelet viability test This concentrationwas largely compatible with those adopted in the functionalin vitro tests In vivo both F vulgare essential oil andanethole orally administered in a subacute treatment to mice(30mgkgday for 5 days) showed significant antithrom-botic activity preventing the paralysis induced by collagen-epinephrine intravenous injection (70 and 83 protectionresp)Thus essential oil and its main component anethole ofF vulgare showed a safe antithrombotic activity in guinea pigplasma that seems due to their broad spectrum antiplateletactivity clot destabilizing effect and vasorelaxant action [55]

419 Antimutagenic Effect Essential oil of F vulgare revealednoteworthy protective effects against genotoxicity in mice


induced by cyclophosphamide Genotoxicity and cytotoxicitywere assessed by using mice bone marrow chromosomalaberration micronucleus and sperm abnormality assaysrespectively Oral administration of essential oil (1 and2mLkg) significantly inhibited the frequencies of aberrantmetaphases chromosomal aberrations micronuclei forma-tion and cytotoxicity in mouse bone marrow cells inducedby cyclophosphamide and also produced a significant reduc-tion of abnormal sperm and antagonized the reduction ofcyclophosphamide induced superoxide dismutase catalaseand glutathione activities and inhibited increased malondi-aldehyde content in the liver Additionally F vulgare inhibitsthe oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide [90]

420 Gastrointestinal Effect Theaqueous extract of F vulgareshowed remarkable antiulcerogenic effect against ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats It was found that pretreatmentwith aqueous extract significantly reduced ethanol-inducedgastric damageThis effect of aqueous extract was highest andstatistically significant in 300mgkg group comparedwith thecontrol (119875 lt 0001) group of animal Additionally aqueousextract of F vulgare significantly reduced the whole bloodmalondialdehyde levels while significantly increased nitritenitrate ascorbic acid retinol and beta-carotene levels Thusaqueous extract of F vulgare fruit had clearly a protectiveeffect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesion in rats[81]

421 Chemomodulatory Action The chemopreventive effectof different doses of test diet of Foeniculum vulgare seeds wasexamined against 712-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene- (DMBA-) induced skin papillomagenesis and benzo(a)pyrene-[B(a)P-] induced forestomach papillomagenesis at the peri-initiational level in Swiss albino mice Fennel seeds exhibita significant reduction in the skin and the fore-stomachtumor incidence and tumor multiplicity as compared tothe control group Further biochemical assays showeda significant increase in the contentactivities of phase Ienzymes especially in the case of 6 test diet A concomitantincrease in the activities of the phase II enzymes wasobserved with all the doses of test diet under study Asignificant enhancement in the activities of antioxidantenzymes was observed especially at 4 and 6 test diets offennel These findings were indicative of chemopreventivepotential of fennel against carcinogenesis This is the firstreport showing chemopreventive potential of seeds of fennelagainst carcinogenesis [85]

422 Cytoprotection and Antitumor Activity Anethole is theprincipal active component of fennel seeds which has exhib-ited anticancer activity Al-Harbi et al studied the antitumoractivity of anethole against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma inducedin a tumor model in Swiss albino mice The study revealedthat anethole increased survival time reduced tumor weightand reduced the volume and body weight of the Ehrlichascites tumour-bearing mice It also produced a significantcytotoxic effect in the Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in the pawreduced the levels of nucleic acids and malondialdehyde and

increased glutathione concentrations [110] In vitro cytopro-tection activity of methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgarewas evaluated against normal human blood lymphocytes bymicronucleus assay and antitumor activity against B16F10melanoma cell line by Trypan blue exclusion assay for cellviability Lymphocyte culture treated with 70 methanolicextract of Foeniculum vulgare showed very less percentage ofmicronucleus that is 0006 as compared to standard drugdoxorubicin which showed 0018 micronucleus On theother hand 70methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare haspotent antitumor activity at the concentration of 200120583gmLThe results suggest that the Foeniculum vulgare could beconsidered as a natural resource of antitumor agents as wellas cytoprotective to normal cells [11]

423 Cytotoxicity Kaileh and his coworker investigated thecytotoxic effect of organic extracts of 24 selected Palestinianmedicinal plant species The plant selection was based onexisting ethnobotanic information and interviews with localhealers The extracts of the plants under investigation weretested for their potential antitumor (cytotoxic) effect on themurine fibrosarcoma L929sA cells and on the human breastcancer cells MDA-MB231 and MCF7 The extract from Fvulgare presented an IC (50) value at 24 h of 700 plusmn 28 and500plusmn17 120583gmL on L929sA andMCF7 cells respectivelyThenuclear transcription factor NFkappaB or NF120581B regulatesthe expression of various genes They further investigatedthe effect of nine promising plant extracts withheld fromthe first cell viability screening on NF120581B activation Thedichloromethane and methanol (1 1) extract of aerial part ofF vulgare revealed immunomodulatory NF120581B activities [82]Also Berrington and Lall investigated the in vitro cytotoxicityof acetone extracts of F vulgare and other eight medicinalplants against a noncancerous African green monkey kidney(Vero) cell line and an adenocarcinoma cervical cancer(HeLa) cell line [87]

424 Antipyretic Activity F vulgare extract showedantipyretic activity against hyperpyrexia in mice It wasinduced by SC administration of 2mL100 g of a 20aqueous suspension of brewerrsquos yeast As an antipyreticagent ethanolic extract of F vulgare fruit showed a moderateantipyretic activity that was statistically significant after 30and 90min (119875 lt 001) [108]

425 Hypolipidemic Activity The aqueous extract of F vul-gare revealed notable hypolipidemic and antiatherogenicactivity against Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemiain mice Aqueous extract causes significant reduction ofplasma lipid levels that is cholesterol triglycerides LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein-B decreased by 40 2361 and 61 respectively and increase in HDL-cholesteroland apolipoprotein A1 by 85 and 58 respectively [88]

426 Hypoglycemic Activity The essential oil of F vulgareexhibits potential hypoglycemic and antioxidant activityagainst streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats Essentialoil (30mgkg body weight) of F vulgare works in the


correction of hyperglycemia from 1625 plusmn 319mgdL to8197 plusmn 197mgdL with 119875 lt 005 and the activity of serumglutathione peroxidase from 5972 plusmn 278Ug Hb to 9960 plusmn638Ug Hb with 119875 lt 005 Also essential oil of fennelimproves the pathological changes noticed in their kidneyand pancreas as compared with the control group of animalThis can prove its effect as antidiabetic in folk Medicine Thismakes the possibility of its inclusion in antidiabetic drugindustry [12]

427 Antispasmodic Activity The antispasmodic activity of25 and 100mLL of alcoholic extract of Foeniculum vulgarealong with other Germanic medicinal plants namelyMelissaofficinalis Rosmarinus officinalisMentha piperitaMatricariachamomilla Carum carvi and Citrus aurantium were testedemploying the guinea pig ileum and using acetylcholine andhistamine as spasmogens An alcoholic extract of the fruits ofFoeniculum vulgare possesses antispasmodic activity whichinhibits the acetylcholine and histamine-induced guineapig ileal contractions in vitro An essential oil which isobtained from the fruits of Foeniculum vulgare 25 120583gmL and10 120583gmL respectively inhibited oxytocin and prostaglandin[72]

428 Apoptotic Activity The apoptotic activities of ethanolextracts from fruits of seven species of Apiaceae familynamely Eryngium planum Archangelica officinalis Pasti-naca sativa Heracleum sibiricum Carum carvi Foenicu-lum vulgare and Levisticum officinale against ML-1mdashhumanacute myeloblastic leukaemia J-4501mdashhuman acute Tcell leukaemia EOLmdashhuman eosinophilic leukaemia HL-60mdashhuman Caucasian promyelocytic leukaemia 1301mdashhuman T cell leukaemia lymphoblast C-8166mdashhuman Tcell leukaemia U-266B1mdashhuman myeloma WICLmdashhumanCaucasian normal B cell and H-9mdashhuman T cell wereinvestigated with the help of Trypan blue assay and AnnexinV fluos assay [86] The ethanol extract from fruit F vulgareshowed the highest mortality in Trypan blue test for J45cell linemdash4 of viable cells and for C8166 cell linemdash100of mortality However the cells of other lines showed thehighest viability HL60mdash60 EOLmdash48 and MLmdash1ndash42The normal cell line H9 and WICL showed 35 and 25of viable cells respectively C8166 cell line and J-45 cell lineshowed the highest level of the apoptotic cells detected byAnnexin V methodmdash100 and 93 respectively Howeverthe cells of two lines HL60 and EOL-1 showed the lowerlevels of apoptotic cellsmdash52 and 60 respectively Highpercentage of apoptotic cells was observed inH9 andWICLmdash76 and 93 respectively [86]

429 Human Liver Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitory ActivityThirteen compounds isolated from the methanolic extract offennel have been found to possess human liver cytochromeP450 3A4 inhibitory activity Among these compounds 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MoP) showed the strongest inhibitionwith an IC50 value of 183120583m and with a mixed type ofinhibition [83]

430 Antiaging Effects Rasul and his coworker developeda base and formulation containing 4 concentrated seedextract of F vulgare This formulation shows notable antiag-ing effect with supporting experimental data related to skinmoisture and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) The basewas insignificant while the formulation showed significanteffects on skin moisture and TEWL The texture parameterenergy showed a significant increase proving that the formu-lation possesses potential antiaging effects [50]

431 Bronchodilatory Effect Ethanol extract and essential oilfrom F vulgare exhibited bronchodilatory activity on con-tracted tracheal chains of guinea pig The potassium channelopening effect of fennel may contribute on its relaxant effecton guinea pig tracheal chains [111] Moreover anethole bearsa striking resemblance to the catecholamines epinephrinenorepinephrine and dopamine This structural similarityappears to be responsible for the various sympathomimeticactivities of F vulgare such as bronchodilatory effect [71]

432 Antioxidant Activities Naturally occurring antioxi-dants can be used to protect human beings from oxidativestress damage [112] Fennel was known as excellent source ofnatural antioxidants and contributed to the daily antioxidantdiet [113]Wild fennel was found to exhibit a free radical scav-enging activity with higher content phenolic and flavonoidthan medicinal and edible fennel and the aerial parts ofthe Italian fennel populations showed the highest DPPHscavenging activity [65] Phenolic compounds of fennelincluding caffeoylquinic acid rosmarinic acid eriodictyol-7-orutinoside quercetin-3-O-galactoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside showed antioxidant activities [67] The volatileoil showed strong antioxidant activity in comparison withbutyrated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytolueneEthanol and water extracts of fennel showed less antioxidantactivity compared with essential oil [114]

5 Environmental Application

Foeniculum vulgare that is fennel not only exhibited phar-macological activities but also revealed a few environmentalactivities These activities play a key role in the managementof nematode insect mosquitoes and some harmful larvae ofmalaria producing vector Thus the extracts of F vulgare andisolated biologically active compounds have been evaluatedfor their insecticidal repellent acaricidal larvicidal andnematicidal activity [115ndash119] A brief review on the differenttype of ecofriendly environmental activities as reported onthis plant is summarized below

51 Insecticidal Activities The fruit derived phytoconstitu-ents of F vulgare exhibited prominent insecticidal activi-ties against Sitophilus oryzae Callosobruchus chinensis andLasioderma serricorne This activity was examined usingdirect contact application and fumigation methods Thebiologically active constituents that is phenylpropenes (E)-anethole and estragole and the monoterpene (+)-fenchonewere characterized from Foeniculum fruit By using a filter


paper diffusion test estragole (0168mg cmminus2) caused 91mortality to S oryzae within 1 day after treatment whereas(+)-fenchone and (E)-anethole gave over 90 mortality at 2and 4 day after treatment respectively

After 2 days of treatment all test compounds (0021mg cmminus2 concentration) revealed potent insecticidal activityagainst C chinensis Whereas after 1 day of treatment (E)-anethole (0105mg cmminus2) gave 100mortality of L serricornewhereas 90 and 60 mortality at 4 day after treatment wasachieved with estragole and (+)-fenchone respectively In afumigation test the compounds were much more effectiveagainst adults of S oryzae C chinensis and L serricorne inclosed cups than in open ones indicating that the insecticidalactivity of test compounds was largely attributable to fumi-gant action As naturally occurring insect-control agents theF vulgare fruit-derived materials described could be usefulfor managing field populations of S oryzae C chinensis andL serricorne [116]

52 Acaricidal Activity Fennel oil shows significant acaricid-al activity againstDermatophagoides farinae andDermatoph-agoides pteronyssinus (+)-fenchone and p-anisaldehyde aremajor constituents of fruit oil of F vulgare P-anisaldehydewas the most toxic compound against D farinae and is muchmore effective compared with benzyl benzoate thymol andestragol [118]

53 Repellent Activity The methanolic extract of fruits ofF vulgare was spectroscopically characterized for the pres-ence of biologically active constituents called (+)-fenchoneand (E)-9-octadecenoic acid The repellent activity of theseconstituents was tested against hungry Aedes aegypti femaleswith the help of skin and patch tests and compared withthat of the commercial repellent agent called NN-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid In askin test with female mosquitoes (+)-fenchone and (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid (04mgcm2) exhibitedmoderate repellentactivity at 30min after treatment whereas DEET providedgt1 h of protection against adult mosquitoes at (02mgcm2)Thus (+)-Fenchone and (E)-9-octadecenoic acid are poten-tial mosquito repellent agents or lead compounds [117]

54 Larvicidal Activity Plant extracts and oils may act asalternatives to conventional pesticides for malaria vectorcontrol By considering this aspect Sedaghat et al [119] inves-tigated the larvicidal activity of essential oils of three plantsof Apiaceae family against malaria vector called Anophe-les stephensi The larvicidal activity was evaluated againstlaboratory-reared larvae by standard method of WHO TheF vulgare oil was the most effective against A stephensiwith LC(50) and LC(90) values of 2010 and 4451 ppmrespectively [119] Additionally the essential oil extracts fromleaves flowers and roots of F vulgare exhibit noticeablelarvicidal activity against fourth-instar larvae of themosquitoCulex pipiens molestus Terpineol and 18-cineole content of Fvulgare are the most effective phytoconstituent against Culexpipiens molestus bites offering complete protection for 16 and2 h respectively [120] Recently Zoubiri et al [57] reported

the larvicidal activity of essential oil of fennel seed againstCulex pipiensmosquitoThus F vulgare can serve as a naturallarvicidal agent

55 Nematicidal Activity Oka et al investigated the in vitronematicidal activity of essential oils extracted from 27 spicesand aromatic plants in pot experiments Twelve of thetwenty-seven essential oils immobilized more than 80 ofjuveniles of the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne javanica ata concentration of 1000 120583Lliter At this concentration mostof these oils also inhibited nematode hatching Essential oilsof Carum carvi Foeniculum vulgare Mentha rotundifoliaand Mentha spicata showed the highest nematicidal activityamong the in vitro tested oils In 3-liter pot experimentsnematicidal activity of the essential oils and their componentswas confirmed at 200 and 150mgkg respectivelyThe resultssuggest that the essential oils and theirmain componentsmayserve as nematicides [115]

6 Toxicity

The long history of ethnomedicinal application with noreports of any serious side effects suggests that F vulgarecould be considered as safe Inmost toxicity experiments car-ried out on F vulgare no sign of toxicity was observed Shahand his coworker in 1991 investigated the detailed toxicityaccount of ethanolic extract of fennel fruit in experimentalmice with respect to acute and 90 days longer term toxicity[121] In experimentation Shah and his coworker observedthe general symptoms of toxicity and mortality for only 24 hin acute toxicity Whereas in another part of toxicity theystudied the effect of fennel extract on mice with 90 dayslong term treatment Acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of Fvulgarewas assessed in 35mice by using three concentrationsnamely 05 1 and 3 gkg body weight In this investigation Fvulgare exhibited no signs of toxicity and no mortality wasobserved upto the dose level 3 gkg body weight In case oflonger term toxicity ethanolic extract of F vulgare (100mgkgbody weightday) was given in drinking water of animals(30 male and 30 female mice) All external morphologicalhaematological and spermatogenic changes in addition tobody and vital organ weights were recorded The extractcaused no significant chronic mortality as compared tocontrols during this investigation The treated male micegained significant weight during chronic treatment while aloss or no significant change in weight was noticed in thefemale mice treated with the same extract The extracts didnot show spermatotoxic effects Thus Shah and his coworkerconcluded that fennel extract is safe based on both acuteandor long term toxicity studies [121] Additionally the plantextract in doses of 05 1 and 3 gkg (orally) did not causeany deaths These doses do not show any type of toxicityagainst several parameters tested namely locomotor activitybizarre reactions sensitivity to sound social interaction tailposture aggressive behaviour ataxia paralysis convulsionstremors prostration exophthalmos pupil size defecationsalivation urination pattern of respiration nasal dischargecyanosis and piloerection Exceptionally only the 3 gkg dose


showed signs of reduced locomotor activity and piloerec-tion Otherwise all other parameters were negative [108]In another experiment of acute toxicity different solventextracts namely n-hexane methylene chloride ethyl acetateand methanol extracts of F vulgare upto 55 gkg concentra-tion did not revealed any kind of toxicity in mice LD50being 675 110 692 and 15 gkg for n-hexane methylenechloride ethyl acetate and methanol extracts respectively[68] The plant extract of F vulgare was administered orallyat a dose of 100 200 400 600 800 1000 and 2000mgkgof body weight of mice Each group of animals was undervisual observation for 10 days for the external behavior ofneurological toxicity created by plant extract Even the micereceiving highest dose of F vulgare extract did not show anymortality or toxicity demonstrating the safety profile of theplant extract [89]

The acute oral 50 LD50 for anethole in rats was foundto be 2090mgkg Repeated doses of one-third the LD50 ofanethole (695mgkg) given to rat caused mild liver lesionsIt would therefore appear that in normal therapeutic dosagesanethole would have minimal hepatotoxicity When anetholewas fed to rats daily for one year as 025 of the dietno hepatic damage was seen [122] The acute oral LD50 ofessential oil in rats is 1326mgkg [76] The use of F vulgareessential oil as a remedy for control of primary dysmenorrheaincreases concern about its potential teratogenicity due toits estrogen like activity Evaluation of teratogenicity ofessential oil using limb bud mesenchymal cells showed thatthe essential oil may have toxic effect on fetal cells butthere was no evidence of teratogenicity upto concentrationof 93mgmL of culture medium [123] The overall toxicitystudies carried out on F vulgare accounts for its safety at therecommended therapeutic doses

7 Conclusions

The available scientific research on Foeniculum vulgarehas shown that it is an important medicinal plant used ina wide range of ethnomedical treatments especially forabdominal pains antiemetic aperitif arthritis cancer colicin children conjunctivitis constipation depurative diarrheadieresis emmenagogue fever flatulence gastralgia gastritisinsomnia irritable colon kidney ailments as a laxativeleucorrhoea liver pain mouth ulcer and stomachache Thisplant has been in use for a long period of time withoutany documented serious adverse effects Studies carriedout in the past and present indicate that fennel possessesdiverse health benefits and are an important constituentof food Studies have shown that various extracts offennel possess a range of pharmacological actions such asantiaging antiallergic anticolitic antihirsutism anti-inflam-matory antimicrobial and antiviral antimutagenic antino-ciceptive antipyretic antispasmodic antistress antithromb-otic anxiolytic apoptotic cardiovascular chemomodulatoryaction cytoprotection and antitumor cytotoxicity diureticestrogenic properties expectorant galactogenic gastrointes-tinal effect hepatoprotective human liver cytochrome P4503A4 inhibitory hypoglycemic hypolipidemic memory-en-hancing property nootropic and oculohypotensive activity

supporting its traditional use However the most prominentand the well studied effects are the antimicrobial andantioxidant effects of essential oil of fennel in differentexperimental models The observed health benefits may becredited to the presence of the various phytochemicals likevolatile compounds flavonoids phenolic compounds fattyacids and amino acids

Fennel also contains mineral and trace elements likealuminum barium calcium cadmium cobalt chromiumcopper ironmagnesiummanganese nickel lead strontiumand zinc [124] fat soluble vitamins such as vitamins A Eand K water soluble vitamins like ascorbic acid thiamineriboflavin niacin and pyridoxine essential amino acidslike leucine isoleucine phenylalanine and tryptophane maycontribute to the myriad health beneficial effects at least inpart

Most of the pharmacological studies were conductedusing uncharacterized crude extracts of fennel It is difficultto reproduce the results of these studies and pinpoint thebioactive compounds Hence there is a need for chemi-cal standardization and bioactivity-guided identification ofbioactive compounds Among several classes of chemicalconstituents identified in fennel volatile components of fen-nel essential oil and phenolic compounds are assumed to bethe main bioactive compounds responsible for the majorityof its pharmacological effects However the vast traditionaluse and proven pharmacological activities of fennel indicatethat an immense scope still exists for its chemical explorationFuture studies should be focused on validating the mecha-nism of action responsible for the various beneficial effectsand also on understanding which plant based compounds areresponsible for the reported effectsThe required informationwhen available will enhance our knowledge and appreciationfor the use of fennel in our daily diet Also the outcomeof such chemical studies may further expand its existingtherapeutic potential

Thus there are many areas of research related to thisplant that need to be further explored to fully recognize itsbeneficial effects for society Factors such as geographical andseasonal variation play an important role in the authentica-tion of the chemical constituents responsible for the activitywhich also can be an area of interest Thus it is incumbenton researchers to fill the huge gap of insufficient knowledgeand create awareness among pharmacologists as well as inves-tigators towards providing better medicinal value derivedfrom this plant This can be fulfilled only by generatinginterest among the research community through writing ofcritical appraisals (paper) and extending the interdisciplinaryresearch area to focused studies on Foeniculum vulgare

Conflict of Interests

The authors confirm that this paperrsquos content has no conflictof interests

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Indian Council of MedicalResearch New Delhi for providing Centenary Postdoctoral


Research Fellowship to Dr Shamkant B Badgujar Theauthors are grateful to Professor V S Kanchi (LibrarianMoolji Jaitha College Jalgaon India) for his instructivesuggestion in the revised version of the paper The authorswould like to thank all the anonymous reviewers for theirconstructive comments and thoughtful implications on thepaper

References

[1] J HillTheBritish Herbal AnHistory of Plants and Trees Nativesof Britain Cultivated for Use or Raised for Beauty London UK1756

[2] B Muckensturm D Foechterlen J P Reduron P Danton andM Hildenbrand ldquoPhytochemical and chemotaxonomic studiesof Foeniculum vulgarerdquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecologyvol 25 no 4 pp 353ndash358 1997

[3] G J Kaur and D S Arora ldquoAntibacterial and phytochemicalscreening of Anethum graveolens Foeniculum vulgare andTrachyspermum ammirdquo BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 9 article 30 2009

[4] R Manonmani and V M Abdul Khadir ldquoAntibacterial screen-ing on Foeniculum vulgare Millrdquo International Journal ofPharma and Bio Sciences vol 2 no 4 pp 390ndash394 2011

[5] I E Orhan B Ozcelik M Kartal and Y Kan ldquoAntimicrobialand antiviral effects of essential oils from selected Umbelliferaeand Labiatae plants and individual essential oil componentsrdquoTurkish Journal of Biology vol 36 no 3 pp 239ndash246 2012

[6] P Morales A M Carvalho M C Sanchez-Mata M CamaraM Molina and I C F R Ferreira ldquoTocopherol compositionand antioxidant activity of Spanish wild vegetablesrdquo GeneticResources and Crop Evolution vol 59 no 5 pp 851ndash863 2012

[7] A Dua G Garg and R Mahajan ldquoPolyphenols flavonoidsand antimicrobial properties of methanolic extract of fennel(Foeniculum vulgare Miller)rdquo European Journal of ExperimentalBiology vol 3 no 4 pp 203ndash208 2013

[8] TMalini G Vanithakumari NMegala S Anusya KDevi andV Elango ldquoEffect of Foeniculum vulgare Mill seed extract onthe genital organs of male and female ratsrdquo Indian Journal ofPhysiology and Pharmacology vol 29 no 1 pp 21ndash26 1985

[9] H Ozbek S Ugras H Dulger et al ldquoHepatoprotective effect ofFoeniculum vulgare essential oilrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 3 pp317ndash319 2003

[10] M Oktay I Gulcin and O I Kufrevioglu ldquoDetermination ofin vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seedextractsrdquo LWT-Food Science and Technology vol 36 no 2 pp263ndash271 2003

[11] M Pradhan S Sribhuwaneswari D Karthikeyan et alldquoIn-vitro cytoprotection activity of Foeniculum vulgare andHelicteres isora in cultured human blood lymphocytes and anti-tumour activity against B16F10 melanoma cell linerdquo ResearchJournal of Pharmacy and Technology vol 1 no 4 pp 450ndash4522008

[12] N A El-Soud N El-Laithy G El-Saeed et al ldquoAntidia-betic activities of Foeniculum vulgare mill Essential oil instreptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsrdquo Macedonian Journal ofMedical Sciences vol 4 no 2 pp 139ndash146 2011

[13] S Koppula and H Kumar ldquoFoeniculum vulgare Mill (Umbel-liferae) attenuates stress and improves memory in wister ratsrdquoTropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 12 no 4 pp553ndash558 2013

[14] L Barros A M Carvalho and I C F R Ferreira ldquoThenutritional composition of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) shootsleaves stems and inflorescencesrdquo LWT Food Science and Tech-nology vol 43 no 5 pp 814ndash818 2010

[15] C Garg S A Khan S H Ansari A Suman and M GargldquoChemical composition therapeutic potential and perspectivesof Foeniculum vulgarerdquo Pharmacognosy Reviews vol 3 no 6pp 346ndash352 2009

[16] W He and B Huang ldquoA review of chemistry and bioactivitiesof a medicinal spice Foeniculum vulgarerdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 5 no 16 pp 3595ndash3600 2011

[17] M A Rather B A Dar S N Sofi B A Bhat and MA Qurishi ldquoFoeniculum vulgare a comprehensive review ofits traditional use phytochemistry pharmacology and safetyrdquoArabian Journal of Chemistry 2012

[18] N S Jamwal S Kumar and A C Rana ldquoPhytochemical andpharmacological review on Foeniculum Vulgarerdquo vol 4 pp327ndash341 2013

[19] S Grover C P Malik A Hora and H B Kushwaha ldquoBotanycultivation chemical constituents and genetic diversity in fen-nel (Foeniculum vulgareMill) a reviewrdquo International Journal ofLife Sciences vol 2 no 2 pp 128ndash139

[20] R Rahimi and M R S Ardekani ldquoMedicinal properties ofFoeniculum vulgare Mill in traditional Iranian medicine andmodern phytotherapyrdquo Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicinevol 19 no 1 pp 73ndash79 2013

[21] K H Krishnamurthy ldquoMedicinal plants Madhurika saunfor fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn)rdquo Journal of NewApproaches to Medicine and Health vol 19 no 1 pp 1ndash4 2011

[22] C I Vardavas D Majchrzak K H Wagner I Elmadfa and AKafatos ldquoLipid concentrations of wild edible greens in CreterdquoFood Chemistry vol 99 no 4 pp 822ndash834 2006

[23] M H H Roby M A Sarhan K A Selim and K I KhalelldquoAntioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil andextracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L) and chamomile(Matricaria chamomilla L)rdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol44 pp 437ndash445 2013

[24] A Ghorbani ldquoStudies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in theregion of Turkmen Sahra north of Iran (part 1) general resultsrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 1 pp 58ndash68 2005

[25] A Jabbar M A Raza Z Iqbal and M N Khan ldquoAn inventoryof the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the SouthernPunjab (Pakistan)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 108 no1 pp 152ndash154 2006

[26] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and A Nag ldquoUnrecorded eth-nomedicinal uses of biodiversity from Tadgarh-Raoli wildlifesanctuaryrdquoActa Botanica Yunnanica vol 29 no 3 pp 337ndash3442007

[27] V B E Wyk ldquoA review of Khoi-San and Cape Dutch medicalethnobotanyrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 119 no 3 pp331ndash341 2008

[28] J M Neves C Matos C Moutinho G Queiroz and L RGomes ldquoEthnopharmacological notes about ancient uses ofmedicinal plants in Tras-os-Montes (northern of Portugal)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 124 no 2 pp 270ndash283 2009

[29] G Benıtez M R Gonzalez-Tejero and J Molero-MesaldquoPharmaceutical ethnobotany in the western part of Granadaprovince (southern Spain) ethnopharmacological synthesisrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 129 no 1 pp 87ndash105 2010

[30] V Savo C Giulia G PMaria and R David ldquoFolk phytotherapyof the Amalfi Coast (Campania Southern Italy)rdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 135 no 2 pp 376ndash392 2011


[31] S G D Oliveira F R R de Moura F F Demarco P D SNascente F A B D Pino and R G Lund ldquoAn ethnomedicinalsurvey on phytotherapy with professionals and patients fromBasic Care Units in the Brazilian Unified Health SystemrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 140 no 2 pp 428ndash437 2012

[32] P M Guarrera and V Savo ldquoPerceived health properties of wildand cultivated food plants in local and popular traditions ofItaly a reviewrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 3pp 659ndash680 2013

[33] P M Guarrera G Forti and S Marignoli ldquoEthnobotanical andethnomedicinal uses of plants in the district of Acquapendente(Latium Central Italy)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 96no 3 pp 429ndash444 2005

[34] M J Macıa E Garcıa and P J Vidaurre ldquoAn ethnobotanicalsurvey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of laPaz and El Alto Boliviardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 97no 2 pp 337ndash350 2005

[35] S Jaric Z Popovic M Macukanovic-Jocic et al ldquoAn eth-nobotanical study on the usage of wild medicinal herbs fromKopaonikMountain (Central Serbia)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 111 no 1 pp 160ndash175 2007

[36] M Kumar Y Paul and V K Anand ldquoAn ethnobotanical studyof medicinal plants used by the locals in Kishtwar Jammu andKashmir IndiardquoEthnobotanical Leaflets vol 13 no 10 pp 1240ndash1256 2009

[37] F B Lewu and A J Afolayan ldquoEthnomedicine in South Africathe role of weedy speciesrdquo African Journal of Biotechnology vol8 no 6 pp 929ndash934 2009

[38] S Mitra and S K Mukherjee ldquoEthnomedicinal usages ofsome wild plants of North Bengal plain for gastro-intestinalproblemsrdquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge vol 9 no4 pp 705ndash712 2010

[39] M Alzweiri A A Sarhan KMansi M Hudaib and T AburjaildquoEthnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Jordanthe Northern Badia regionrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol137 no 1 pp 27ndash35 2011

[40] M I Calvo S Akerreta and R Y Cavero ldquoPharmaceuticalethnobotany in the Riverside of Navarra (Iberian Peninsula)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 135 no 1 pp 22ndash33 2011

[41] A Mesfin M Giday A Animut and T TeklehaymanotldquoEthnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Shinile DistrictSomali Region Ethiopia and in vivo evaluation of selected onesagainst Plasmodium bergheirdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 139 no 1 pp 221ndash227 2012

[42] R A Halberstein ldquoBotanical medicines for diuresis cross-cultural comparisonsrdquo Studies in Natural Products Chemistryvol 37 pp 1ndash41 2012

[43] G Bulut and E Tuzlaci ldquoAn ethnobotanical study of medicinalplants in Turgutlu (Manisa-Turkey)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 149 no 3 pp 633ndash647 2013

[44] M D C Juarez-Vazquez C Carranza-Alvarez A J Alonso-Castro et al ldquoEthnobotany of medicinal plants used in Xalpat-lahuac Guerrero Mexicordquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol148 no 2 pp 521ndash527 2013

[45] L Cornara A La Rocca S Marsili and M G MariottildquoTraditional uses of plants in the Eastern Riviera (LiguriaItaly)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 125 no 1 pp 16ndash302009

[46] R Sharma R K Manhas and R Magotra ldquoEthnoveterinaryremedies of diseases among milk yielding animals in KathuaJammu andKashmir Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol141 no 1 pp 265ndash272 2012

[47] E Carrio and J Valles ldquoEthnobotany of medicinal plants usedin Eastern Mallorca (Balearic Islands Mediterranean Sea)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 141 no 3 pp 1021ndash10402012

[48] K R Kirtikar and B D Basu Indian Medicinal Plants Vol I-IV Bishen Singh Mahendra Singh International Book Distrib-utors Dehra Dun India

[49] I Grae Naturersquos ColorsmdashDyes from Plants MacMillan NewYork NY USA 1974

[50] A Rasul N Akhtar B A Khan T Mahmood S Uz Zamanand H M Shoaib Khan ldquoFormulation development of a creamcontaining fennel extract in vivo evaluation for anti-agingeffectsrdquo Pharmazie vol 67 no 1 pp 54ndash58 2012

[51] A Akgul and A Bayrak ldquoComparative volatile oil compositionof various parts from Turkish bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgarevar vulgare)rdquo Food Chemistry vol 30 no 4 pp 319ndash323 1988

[52] B Damjanovic Z Lepojevic V Zivkovic and A Tolic ldquoExtrac-tion of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) seeds with supercrit-ical CO

2 comparison with hydrodistillationrdquo Food Chemistry

vol 92 no 1 pp 143ndash149 2005[53] L Fang M Qi T Li Q Shao and R Fu ldquoHeadspace solvent

microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry forthe analysis of volatile compounds from Foeniculum vulgareMillrdquo Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis vol41 no 3 pp 791ndash797 2006

[54] G Singh S Maurya M P de Lampasona and C CatalanldquoChemical constituents antifungal and antioxidative potentialof Foeniculum vulgare volatile oil and its acetone extractrdquo FoodControl vol 17 no 9 pp 745ndash752 2006

[55] M Tognolini V Ballabeni S Bertoni R Bruni M Impic-ciatore and E Barocelli ldquoProtective effect of Foeniculumvulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model ofthrombosisrdquo Pharmacological Research vol 56 no 3 pp 254ndash260 2007

[56] I Telci I Demirtas and A Sahin ldquoVariation in plant propertiesand essential oil composition of sweet fennel (FoeniculumvulgareMill) fruits during stages of maturityrdquo Industrial Cropsand Products vol 30 no 1 pp 126ndash130 2009

[57] S Zoubiri A Baaliouamer N Seba and N Chamouni ldquoChem-ical composition and larvicidal activity of Algerian Foeniculumvulgare seed essential oilrdquo Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2010

[58] M C Dıaz-Maroto M S Perez-Coello J Esteban and JSanz ldquoComparison of the volatile composition of wild fennelsamples (Foeniculum vulgareMill) fromCentral Spainrdquo Journalof Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 54 no 18 pp 6814ndash6818 2006

[59] M Gross E Lewinsohn Y Tadmor et al ldquoThe inheritanceof volatile phenylpropenes in bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgareMill var vulgare Apiaceae) chemotypes and their distributionwithin the plantrdquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 37no 4 pp 308ndash316 2009

[60] M D Guillen and M J Manzanos ldquoA study of several parts ofthe plant Foeniculum vulgare as a source of compounds withindustrial interestrdquo Food Research International vol 29 no 1pp 85ndash88 1996

[61] N N Zhaoa L Zhoub Z L Liua S S Duc and Z W DengdldquoEvaluation of the toxicity of the essential oils of some commonChinese spices gainst bostrychophilardquo Food Control vol 26 no2 pp 486ndash490 2012

[62] F Senatore F Oliviero E Scandolera et al ldquoChemical compo-sition antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of anethole-rich


oil from leaves of selected varieties of fennel [Foeniculum vul-gare Mill ssp vulgare var azoricum (Mill) Thell]rdquo Fitoterapiavol 90 pp 214ndash219 2013

[63] P C Esquivel-Ferrino J M J Favela-Hernandez E Garza-Gonzalez NWaksman M Y Rıos andM del Rayo Camacho-Corona ldquoAntimycobacterial activity of constituents fromFoeniculum Vulgare Var Dulce grown in Mexicordquo Moleculesvol 17 no 7 pp 8471ndash8482 2012

[64] W Diao Q Hu H Zhang and J Xu ldquoChemical compositionantibacterial activity and mechanism of action of essential oilfrom seeds of fennel (Foeniculum vulgareMill)rdquo Food Controlvol 35 no 1 pp 109ndash116 2014

[65] M Faudale F Viladomat J Bastida F Poli and C CodinaldquoAntioxidant activity and phenolic composition of wild edibleand medicinal fennel from different Mediterranean countriesrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 56 no 6 pp1912ndash1920 2008

[66] J Kunzemann and K Herrmann ldquoIsolation and identificationof flavon(ol)-O-glycosides in caraway (Carum carvi L) fennel(Foeniculum vulgare Mill) anise (Pimpinella anisum L) andcoriander (Coriandrum sativum L) and of flavon-C-glycosidesin anisemdashI Phenolics of spicesrdquo Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung vol 164 no 3 pp 194ndash200 1977

[67] I Parejo O Jauregui F Sanchez-Rabaneda F Viladomat JBastida and C Codina ldquoSeparation and characterization ofphenolic compounds in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) using liq-uid chromatography-negative electrospray ionization tandemmass spectrometryrdquo Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryvol 52 no 12 pp 3679ndash3687 2004

[68] M I Nassar E A Aboutabl Y A Makled E A ElKhrisyand A F Osman ldquoSecondary metabolites and pharmacologyof Foeniculum vulgare Mill Subsp Piperitumrdquo Revista Lati-noamericana de Quımica vol 38 no 2 pp 103ndash112 2010

[69] J Cherng W Chiang and L Chiang ldquoImmunomodulatoryactivities of common vegetables and spices of Umbelliferae andits related coumarins and flavonoidsrdquo Food Chemistry vol 106no 3 pp 944ndash950 2008

[70] M T M Ghanem H M A Radwan E M Mahdy Y MElkholy H D Hassanein and A A Shahat ldquoPhenolic com-pounds from Foeniculum vulgare (Subsp Piperitum) (Apiaceae)herb and evaluation of hepatoprotective antioxidant activityrdquoPharmacognosy Research vol 4 no 2 pp 104ndash108 2012

[71] M Albert-Puleo ldquoFennel and anise as estrogenic agentsrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 4 pp 337ndash344 1980

[72] H B Forster H Niklas and S Lutz ldquoAntispasmodic effects ofsome medicinal plantsrdquo Planta Medica vol 40 no 4 pp 309ndash319 1980

[73] I Chakurski M Matev A Koıchev I Angelova and G Ste-fanov ldquoTreatment of chronic colitis with an herbal combinationof Taraxacum officinale Hipericum perforatum Melissa offici-naliss Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum vulgarerdquo InternalDiseases vol 20 no 6 pp 51ndash54 1981

[74] M Reiter andW Brandt ldquoRelaxant effects on tracheal and ilealsmooth muscles of the guinea pigrdquo Arzneimittel-Forschung vol35 no 1A pp 408ndash414 1985

[75] A S Abdul-Ghani and R Amin ldquoThe vascular action ofaqueous extracts of Foeniculum vulgare leavesrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 24 no 2-3 pp 213ndash218 1988

[76] S N Ostad M Soodi M Shariffzadeh N Khorshidi andH Marzban ldquoThe effect of fennel essential oil on uterinecontraction as a model for dysmenorrhea pharmacology and

toxicology studyrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 76 no 3pp 299ndash304 2001

[77] S El Bardai B Lyoussi MWibo and N Morel ldquoPharmacolog-ical evidence of hypotensive activity ofMarrubium vulgare andFoeniculum vulgare in spontaneously hypertensive ratrdquo ClinicalandExperimentalHypertension vol 23 no 4 pp 329ndash343 2001

[78] K Javidnia L Dastgheib S M Samani and A Nasiri ldquoAntihir-sutism activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extracta double-blind placebo controlled studyrdquoPhytomedicine vol 10no 6-7 pp 455ndash458 2003

[79] E Choi and J Hwang ldquoAntiinflammatory analgesic and antiox-idant activities of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgarerdquo Fitoterapiavol 75 no 6 pp 557ndash565 2004

[80] H Joshi and M Parle ldquoCholinergic basis of memory-strengthening effect of Foeniculum vulgare Linnrdquo Journal ofMedicinal Food vol 9 no 3 pp 413ndash417 2006

[81] F M Birdane M Cemek Y O Birdane I Gulcin and EBuyukokuroglu ldquoBeneficial effects of vulgare ethanol-inducedacute gastric mucosal injury in ratrdquoWorld Journal of Gastroen-terology vol 13 no 4 pp 607ndash611 2007

[82] M Kaileh W Vanden Berghe E Boone T Essawi and GHaegeman ldquoScreening of indigenous Palestinian medicinalplants for potential anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activityrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 113 no 3 pp 510ndash516 2007

[83] Subehan S F Zaidi S Kadota and Y Tezuka ldquoInhibition onhuman liver cytochrome P450 3A4 by constituents of fennel(Foeniculum vulgare) identification and characterization of amechanism-based inactivatorrdquo Journal of Agricultural and FoodChemistry vol 55 no 25 pp 10162ndash10167 2007

[84] R Agarwal S K Gupta S S Agrawal S Srivastava and Sax-ena ldquoOculohypotensive effects of vulgare experimental modelsof glaucomardquo Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacologyvol 52 no 1 pp 77ndash83 2008

[85] B Singh and R K Kale ldquoChemomodulatory action of Foenicu-lum vulgare (Fennel) on skin and forestomach papillomage-nesis enzymes associated with xenobiotic metabolism andantioxidant status inmurinemodel systemrdquo Food and ChemicalToxicology vol 46 no 12 pp 3842ndash3850 2008

[86] A Bogucka-Kocka H D Smolarz and J Kocki ldquoApoptoticactivities of ethanol extracts from some Apiaceae on humanleukaemia cell linesrdquo Fitoterapia vol 79 no 7-8 pp 487ndash4972008

[87] D Berrington and N Lall ldquoAnticancer activity of certain herbsand spices on the cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cell linerdquoEvidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol2012 Article ID 564927 11 pages 2012

[88] F Oulmouden R Saıle N El Gnaoui H Benomar andM Lkhider ldquoHypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic effect ofaqueous extract of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) extract in anexperimental model of atherosclerosis induced by Triton WR-1339rdquo European Journal of Scientific Research vol 52 no 1 pp91ndash99 2011

[89] R Naga Kishore N Anjaneyulu M Naga Ganesh and NSravya ldquoEvaluation of anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extractof Foeniculum vulgare in mice modelrdquo International Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 584ndash586 2012

[90] P Tripathi R Tripathi R K Patel and S S Pancholi ldquoInvestiga-tion of antimutagenic potential of Foeniculum vulgare essentialoil on cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity and oxidativestress in micerdquo Drug and Chemical Toxicology vol 36 no 1 pp35ndash41 2013


[91] B L Dusko L Comic and S Solujic-Sukdolak ldquoAntibacterialactivity of some plants from family Apiaceae in relation toselected phytopathogenic bacteriardquo Kragujevac Journal of Sci-ence vol 28 pp 65ndash72 2006

[92] M Gulfraz S Mehmood N Minhas et al ldquoComposition andantimicrobial properties of essential oil of Foeniculum vulgarerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 7 no 24 pp 4364ndash43682008

[93] N Shrivastava and R Bhargava ldquoAntibacterial potential ofselected medicinal plants against Escherichia coli and Staphylo-coccus aureusrdquo Acta Biologica Indica vol 1 no 1 pp 133ndash1352012

[94] M R Martins M T Tinoco A S Almeida and J Cruz-Morais ldquoChemical composition antioxidant and antimicrobialproperties of three essential oils from Portuguese florardquo Journalof Pharmacognosy vol 3 no 3 pp 39ndash44 2012

[95] M M Ozcan J Chalchat D Arslan A Ates and A UnverldquoComparative essential oil composition and antifungal effectof bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare ssp piperitum) fruit oilsobtained during different vegetationrdquo Journal ofMedicinal Foodvol 9 no 4 pp 552ndash561 2006

[96] F Anwar M Ali A I Hussain and M Shahid ldquoAntioxidantand antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel(Foeniculum vulgare Mill) seeds from Pakistanrdquo Flavour andFragrance Journal vol 24 no 4 pp 170ndash176 2009

[97] S H Park and I Seong ldquoAntifungal effects of the extractsand essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare and Illicium verumagainst Candida albicansrdquo Korean Journal of Medical Mycologyvol 15 no 4 pp 157ndash164 2010

[98] N Thakur N Sareen B Shama and K Jagota ldquoStudies onin vitro antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill againstspoilage fungirdquoGlobal Journal of Bio-Science andBioTechnologyvol 2 no 3 pp 427ndash430 2013

[99] H A A Taie M M I Helal W A Helmy and H AmerldquoChemical composition and biological potentials of aqueousextracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L)rdquo Journal of AppliedSciences Research vol 9 no 3 pp 1759ndash1767 2013

[100] Y S Kwon W G Choi W J Kim et al ldquoAntimicrobialconstituents of Foeniculum vulgarerdquo Archives of PharmacalResearch vol 25 no 2 pp 154ndash157 2002

[101] A Zellagui N Gherraf A Elkhateeb et al ldquoChemical con-stituents from algerian foeniculum vulgare aerial parts andevaluation of antimicrobial activityrdquo Journal of the ChileanChemical Society vol 56 no 3 pp 759ndash763 2011

[102] H Kataoka S Horiyama M Yamaki et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand anti-allergic activities of hydroxylamine and related com-poundsrdquoBiological amp Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol 25 no 11 pp1436ndash1441 2002

[103] P Padma and R L Khosa ldquoAnti-stress agents from naturaloriginrdquo Journal of Natural Remedies vol 2 no 1 pp 21ndash27 2002

[104] K Devi G Vanithakumari S Anusya N Mekala T Maliniand V Elango ldquoEffect of Foeniculum vulgare seed extract onmammary glands and oviducts of ovariectomised ratsrdquo AncientScience of Life vol 5 no 2 pp 129ndash132 1985

[105] T K Lim Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants vol 5Springer New York NY USA 2013

[106] W Mueller-Limmroth and H H Froehlich ldquoEffect of vari-ous phytotherapeutic expectorants on mucociliary transportrdquoFortschritte der Medizin vol 98 no 3 pp 95ndash101 1980

[107] A Caceres L M Giron and A M Martinez ldquoDiureticactivity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in

Guatemalardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 19 no 3 pp233ndash245 1987

[108] M O Tanira A H Shah A Mohsin A M Ageel and SQureshi ldquoPharmacological and toxicological investigations onFoeniculum vulgare dried fruit extract in experimental animalsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 10 no 1 pp 33ndash36 1996

[109] M Yoshioka and T Tamada ldquoAromatic factors of anti-plateletaggregation in fennel oilrdquo Biogenic Amines vol 19 no 2 pp 89ndash96 2005

[110] M M Al-Harbi S Qureshi M Raza M M Ahmed A BGiangreco and A H Shah ldquoInfluence of anethole treatment onthe tumour induced by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in paw ofSwiss albino micerdquo European Journal of Cancer Prevention vol4 no 4 pp 307ndash318 1995

[111] M H Boskabady A Khatami and A Nazari ldquoPossible mecha-nism(s) for relaxant effects of Foeniculum vulgare on guinea pigtracheal chainsrdquo Pharmazie vol 59 no 7 pp 561ndash564 2004

[112] A Scalbert C Manach C Morand and C Remesy ldquoDietaryof polyphenols and the prevention of diseasesrdquo Reviews in FoodScience and Nutrition vol 45 no 4 pp 287ndash306 2005

[113] A A Shahat A Y Ibrahim S F Hendawy et al ldquoChemicalcomposition antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essen-tial oils from organically cultivated fennel cultivarsrdquoMoleculesvol 16 no 2 pp 1366ndash1377 2011

[114] M C Dıaz-Maroto I J Dıaz-Maroto Hidalgo E Sanchez-Palomo and M S Perez-Coello ldquoVolatile components andkey odorants of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) and thyme(Thymus vulgaris L) oil extracts obtained by simultaneousdistillation-extraction and supercritical fluid extractionrdquo Jour-nal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 53 no 13 pp 5385ndash5389 2005

[115] Y Oka S Nacar E Putievsky U Ravid Z Yaniv and Y SpiegelldquoNematicidal activity of essential oils and their componentsagainst the root-knot nematoderdquo Phytopathology vol 90 no 7pp 710ndash715 2000

[116] D H Kim and Y J Ahn ldquoContact and fumigant activi-ties of constituents of Foeniculum vulgare fruit against threecoleopteran stored-product insectsrdquo Pest Management Sciencevol 57 no 3 pp 301ndash306 2001

[117] D Kim S Kim K Chang and Y Ahn ldquoRepellent activity ofconstituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit againstAedesaegypti (diptera Culicidae)rdquo Journal of Agricultural and FoodChemistry vol 50 no 24 pp 6993ndash6996 2002

[118] H Lee ldquoAcaricidal activity of constituents identified in Foenicu-lum vulgare fruit oil against dermatophagoides spp (AcariPyroglyphidae)rdquo Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistryvol 52 no 10 pp 2887ndash2889 2004

[119] M M Sedaghat A Sanei Dehkordi M R Abai et alldquoLarvicidal activity of essential oils of apiaceae plants againstmalaria vectorAnopheles stephensirdquo Journal of Arthropod-BorneDiseases vol 5 no 2 pp 51ndash59 2011

[120] A F Traboulsi S El-Haj M Tueni K Taoubi N A Naderand A Mrad ldquoRepellency and toxicity of aromatic plantextracts against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (DipteraCulicidae)rdquo Pest Management Science vol 61 no 6 pp 597ndash604 2005

[121] A H Shah S Qureshi and A M Ageel ldquoToxicity studies inmice of ethanol extracts of Foeniculum vulgare fruit and Rutachalepensis aerial partsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 34no 2-3 pp 167ndash172 1991

[122] J M Taylor P M Jenner and W I Jones ldquoA comparison of thetoxicity of some allyl propenyl and propyl compounds in the


ratrdquoToxicology andApplied Pharmacology vol 6 no 4 pp 378ndash387 1964

[123] S N Ostad B Khakinegad andO Sabzevari ldquoEvaluation of theteratogenicity of fennel essential oil (FEO) on the rat embryolimb buds culturerdquo Toxicology in Vitro vol 18 no 5 pp 623ndash627 2004

[124] G Q Xue Q Liu Y Q Han H G Wei and T Dong ldquoDeter-mination of thirteen metal elements in the plant Foeniculumvulgare Mill by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometryrdquoGuang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi vol 26 no 10 pp 1935ndash1938 2006

[125] R Di Novella N Di Novella L De Martino E Manciniand V De Feo ldquoTraditional plant use in the National Park ofCilento and Vallo di Diano Campania Southern Italyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 145 no 1 pp 328ndash342 2013

[126] J Tardıo M Pardo-de-Santayana and R Morales ldquoEthnob-otanical review of wild edible plants in Spainrdquo Botanical Journalof the Linnean Society vol 152 no 1 pp 27ndash71 2006

[127] S Jaric M Mitrovic L Djurdjevic et al ldquoPhytotherapy inmedieval Serbian medicine according to the pharmacologicalmanuscripts of the Chilandar Medical Codex (15-16th cen-turies)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 601ndash619 2011

[128] V Tene O Malagon P V Finzi G Vidari C Armijos andT Zaragoza ldquoAn ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plantsused in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe Ecuadorrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 111 no 1 pp 63ndash81 2007

[129] P M Guarrera G Salerno and G Caneva ldquoFolk phytothera-peutical plants from Maratea area (Basilicata Italy)rdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 99 no 3 pp 367ndash378 2005

[130] R Y Cavero S Akerreta andM I Calvo ldquoPharmaceutical eth-nobotany in the Middle Navarra (Iberian Peninsula)rdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 844ndash855 2011

[131] R Gupta M G Vairale R R Deshmukh P R Chaudharyand S R Wate ldquoEthnomedicinal uses of some plants used byGond tribe of Bhandara district Maharashtrardquo Indian Journalof Traditional Knowledge vol 9 no 4 pp 713ndash717 2010

[132] A Mahmood A Mahmood R N Malik and Z K ShinwarildquoIndigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwaladistrict Pakistanrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 148 no2 pp 714ndash723 2013

[133] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007

[134] R Polat and F Satil ldquoAn ethnobotanical survey of medic-inal plants in Edremit Gulf (Balikesir Turkey)rdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 139 no 2 pp 626ndash641 2012

[135] L A Philander ldquoAn ethnobotany of Western Cape Rasta bushmedicinerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 138 no 2 pp578ndash594 2011

[136] B Saric-Kundalic C Dobes V Klatte-Asselmeyer and J SaukelldquoEthnobotanical study on medicinal use of wild and cultivatedplants in middle south and west Bosnia and HerzegovinardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 131 no 1 pp 33ndash55 2010

[137] D Kumar A Kumar and O Prakash ldquoPotential antifertil-ity agents from plants a comprehensive reviewrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 140 no 1 pp 1ndash32 2012

[138] P Bhat G Hegde and G R Hegde ldquoEthnomedicinal practicesin different communities of Uttara Kannada district of Kar-nataka for treatment of woundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 143 no 2 pp 501ndash514 2012

[139] S de Marino F Gala N Borbone et al ldquoPhenolic glycosidesfrom Foeniculum vulgare fruit and evaluation of antioxidativeactivityrdquo Phytochemistry vol 68 no 13 pp 1805ndash1812 2007

[140] RHMohamadAM El-BastawesyMGAbdel-Monemet alldquoAntioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of methanolic extractand volatile oil of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare)rdquo Journal ofMedicinal Food vol 14 no 9 pp 986ndash1001 2011

[141] M D R Camacho-Corona M A Ramırez-Cabrera OGonzalez-Santiago E Garza-Gonzalez I D P Palacios andJ Luna-Herrera ldquoActivity against drug resistant-tuberculosisstrains of plants used in Mexican traditional medicine totreat tuberculosis and other respiratory diseasesrdquo PhytotherapyResearch vol 22 no 1 pp 82ndash85 2008

[142] M B Stefanini R O Figueiredo L C Ming and A FJunior ldquoAntimicrobial activity of the essential oils of somespice herbsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2nd National CE ResearchConference Horticultural Report No 28 vol 597 pp 215ndash2162003 httpwwwactahortorgbooks597597 30htm

[143] P Lo Cantore N S Iacobellis A De Marco F Capasso and FSenatore ldquoAntibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum L andFoeniculum vulgare Miller var vulgare (miller) essential oilsrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 52 no 26 pp7862ndash7866 2004

[144] O Erturk T B Ozbucak and A Bayrak ldquoAntimicrobialactivities of some medicinal essential oilsrdquo Herba Polonica vol52 no 1-2 pp 58ndash66 2006

[145] M Araque L B Rojas and A Usubillaga ldquoAntimicrobialactivities of essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare miller againstmultiresistant gram negative Bacillus from nosocomial infec-tionsrdquo Ciencia vol 15 no 3 pp 366ndash370 2007

[146] K F Abed ldquoAntimicrobial activity of essential oils of somemedicinal plants from Saudi Arabiardquo Saudi Journal of BiologicalSciences vol 14 no 1 pp 53ndash60 2007

[147] A Grigore S Colceru-Mihul I Paraschiv et al ldquoChemicalanalysis and antimicrobial activity of indigenous medicinalspecies volatile oilsrdquo Romanian Biotechnological Letters vol 17no 5 pp 7620ndash7627 2012

[148] M Sajedi S Mirzaei and A Yazdinezhad ldquoEvaluation of thechemical composition and antimicrobial activity of differentfennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) ecotypes essential oils fromIranrdquo Research in Pharmaceutical Science vol 7 no 5 p S7192012

[149] S Purkayastha R Narain and P Dahiya ldquoEvaluation ofantimicrobial and phytochemical screening of Fennel Juniperand Kalonji essential oils against multi drug resistant clinicalisolatesrdquoAsian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no3 pp S1625ndashS1629 2012

[150] D R Saumendu T Apu S Dhrubajyoti K Arunav B Anupamand D Bidyut ldquoAntimicrobial potential of volatile oil isolatedfrom some traditional Indian spicesrdquo International ResearchJournal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 4 pp 162ndash163 2012

[151] M Kazem E Mousavi and H Kharestani ldquoChemical compo-sition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Varthemiapersica Foeniculum vulgare and Ferula lyciardquo Current Researchin Bacteriology vol 5 no 2 pp 42ndash52 2012

[152] J R SkrobonjaDNDelicMAKaramanMNMatavulj andM A Bogavac ldquoAntifungal properties of Foeniculum vulgareCarum carvi and Eucalyptus sp ssential oils against Candidaalbicans strainsrdquo Journal of Natural Science vol 124 pp 195ndash202 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of


StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of



Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of


Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


AddictionJournal of



BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Autoimmune Diseases


Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of


Pharmaceutics


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of


benefits due to its valuable nutritional composition withrespect to presence of essential fatty acids [14] In recent yearsincreased interests in improvement of agricultural yield offennel due to itsmedicinal properties and essential oil contenthas encouraged cultivation of the plant on large scale

Research on F vulgare with current technology has beenconducted all over the world All the available literature onF vulgare was compiled from electronic databases such asAcademic Journals (including high impact nonimpact andnonindexed journals) Ethnobotany Google Scholar Scopuslink PubMed Science Direct Web of Science and librarysearch A review of the literature from 2001 to 2005 showsonly 20 reports published on F vulgare which increasedto about 38 from 2006 to 2010 Briefly in these 10 yearsa total of 89 claims appeared in the literature on variousaspects of F vulgare It is important to note that about39 of reports (61 articles) were collected from recent threeyears that is 2011 to 2013 (Figure 1) Some of the earlierpublished reviews of this plant includedmedicinal propertiesand phytochemistry [15ndash20] but few of them appear in allthese reviews However there is a need for an inclusivereview that bridges the gaps between traditional uses offennel and its in vitro studies The present review attemptsto collate the available information on the botany nation-wise common vernacular names cultivation (propagation)nutritive value and traditionalcontemporary as well as alliedapplications phytochemistry pharmacology and toxicity ofF vulgare We hope that this review may provide scientificbasis that explains the ethnophytopharmacological role ofF vulgare in order to facilitate and guide future researchIn particular we aimed to answer the following questions(1) What information is available on the traditional usesbotany phytochemistry and toxicity of F vulgare (2) Whatpharmacological studies were performed on this plant andhow do they validate its traditional uses (3) What is thefuture for F vulgare

11 Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae division Tracheophytasubdivision Spermatophytina class Magnoliopsida orderApiales family Apiaceae genus Foeniculum species vulgareand botanical name Foeniculum vulgareMill

12 Botanical Description Fennel is an ancient seasonal herbThe fennel plant originated in the southern Mediterraneanregion and through naturalization and cultivation it growswild throughout the Northern Eastern and Western hemi-spheres specifically in Asia North America and EuropeIt is cultivated in fields and also grows wild The herb waswell-known to the ancient Egyptians Romans Indians andChinese The Romans grew it for its aromatic seeds andthe edible fleshy shoots are still a very common vegetablein southern Italy [21] Emperor Charlemagne was knownto have encouraged its cultivation in Central Europe It isan indispensable ingredient in modern French and Italiancooking All parts of the plant are aromatic and can be usedin many ways

F vulgare is an upright branching perennial herb(Figure 2(a)) with soft feathery almost hair-like foliage

Table 1 Vernacular names of Foeniculum vulgare


Alto Bolivia Hinojo

Arabic Bisbas razianaj

Aymara Kechua Inuju

Balikesir Turkey Arapsaci rezene malaturahullebe

Basque Mieloi

Bengali (Indian language) Mauri panmourıBosnia Komorac

Brazil Endro erva-doce funcho

Catalan Fenoll fonoll

Central Serbia Morac

Chinese Hui xiang xiao hui xiang

Czech Fenykl

Dalmatia (southern Croatia)Poland

Komorac koromac kumuracmorac moroc moraca Koperwloski

Danish Almindelig fennikel fennikel

Denmark Almindelig

Dutch Venkel

English Bitter fennel common fennelsweet fennel wild fennel

France FenouilleFrench Fenouil

Germany Fenchel fenchle bitterfenchelwilder fenchel dunkler fenchel

Guerrero Mexico HinojoGujarati (Indian language) Hariyal variyaliHaryana India Saunf

Hindi (Indian language) Badi badishep bari saunf badisaunf saunp saunf sonp sont

ItalyFinucchio finucchiellofinochietto finocchiellafenucciu fenucettu-sarvegu

Jammu and Kashmir India Saunf

JapaneseFenneru uikyou uikyoushouikya

Java Indonesia Adas

Jordan Shomar

Kallawaya Jinuchchu

KannadaBadi sopu badisepu sabbasigedodda sopu dodda jirige

Korea SohoehyangLaotian PhaksiLatin Foeniculum maratrumLoja Ecuador HinojoMajorcan area FonollMiddle Navarra Hinojo cenojo


Table 1 Continued









0 50 100 150

4

25

30

59

27

33

31

91


Total

2011ndash13

2006ndash10

2001ndash05






(a) (b) (d)

(e)(c) (f)


(a) (b)

























3 Phytochemistry











[126]




[14]






[14]





2(SC-


































Table 5 Continued


31 Leucorrhoea






33 Digestive system





34 Carminative




35 Diuretic



















Table 5 Continued


41 Stomachache



Pakistan [25]











O OOHO O O O O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CHO

O O O

O

O

O

HO

OO

O

O

O

H

H

O

O OO

O

O




Beta-myrcene (14)




H3

OCH3

CO

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

H3CO

(a)

Figure 4 Continued


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O




Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)



Isoquercetin (36)


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3


H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Table 1 Continued









0 50 100 150

4

25

30

59

27

33

31

91


Total

2011ndash13

2006ndash10

2001ndash05






(a) (b) (d)

(e)(c) (f)


(a) (b)

























3 Phytochemistry











[126]




[14]






[14]





2(SC-


































Table 5 Continued


31 Leucorrhoea






33 Digestive system





34 Carminative




35 Diuretic



















Table 5 Continued


41 Stomachache



Pakistan [25]











O OOHO O O O O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CHO

O O O

O

O

O

HO

OO

O

O

O

H

H

O

O OO

O

O




Beta-myrcene (14)




H3

OCH3

CO

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

H3CO

(a)

Figure 4 Continued


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O




Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)



Isoquercetin (36)


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3


H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


(a) (b) (d)

(e)(c) (f)


(a) (b)

























3 Phytochemistry











[126]




[14]






[14]





2(SC-


































Table 5 Continued


31 Leucorrhoea






33 Digestive system





34 Carminative




35 Diuretic



















Table 5 Continued


41 Stomachache



Pakistan [25]











O OOHO O O O O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CHO

O O O

O

O

O

HO

OO

O

O

O

H

H

O

O OO

O

O




Beta-myrcene (14)




H3

OCH3

CO

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

H3CO

(a)

Figure 4 Continued


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O




Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)



Isoquercetin (36)


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3


H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of




















3 Phytochemistry











[126]




[14]






[14]





2(SC-


































Table 5 Continued


31 Leucorrhoea






33 Digestive system





34 Carminative




35 Diuretic



















Table 5 Continued


41 Stomachache



Pakistan [25]











O OOHO O O O O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CHO

O O O

O

O

O

HO

OO

O

O

O

H

H

O

O OO

O

O




Beta-myrcene (14)




H3

OCH3

CO

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

H3CO

(a)

Figure 4 Continued


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O




Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)



Isoquercetin (36)


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3


H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of









[126]




[14]






[14]





2(SC-


































Table 5 Continued


31 Leucorrhoea






33 Digestive system





34 Carminative




35 Diuretic



















Table 5 Continued


41 Stomachache



Pakistan [25]











O OOHO O O O O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CHO

O O O

O

O

O

HO

OO

O

O

O

H

H

O

O OO

O

O




Beta-myrcene (14)




H3

OCH3

CO

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

H3CO

(a)

Figure 4 Continued


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O




Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)



Isoquercetin (36)


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3


H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of































Table 5 Continued


31 Leucorrhoea






33 Digestive system





34 Carminative




35 Diuretic



















Table 5 Continued


41 Stomachache



Pakistan [25]











O OOHO O O O O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CHO

O O O

O

O

O

HO

OO

O

O

O

H

H

O

O OO

O

O




Beta-myrcene (14)




H3

OCH3

CO

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

H3CO

(a)

Figure 4 Continued


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O




Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)



Isoquercetin (36)


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3


H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Table 5 Continued


41 Stomachache



Pakistan [25]











O OOHO O O O O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CHO

O O O

O

O

O

HO

OO

O

O

O

H

H

O

O OO

O

O




Beta-myrcene (14)




H3

OCH3

CO

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

H3CO

(a)

Figure 4 Continued


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O




Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)



Isoquercetin (36)


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3


H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


O OOHO O O O O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

CHO

O O O

O

O

O

HO

OO

O

O

O

H

H

O

O OO

O

O




Beta-myrcene (14)




H3

OCH3

CO

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

OCH3

H3CO

(a)

Figure 4 Continued


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O




Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)



Isoquercetin (36)


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3


H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


OH

O

H H

O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O

O

O O

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH O

OCOOH

O

O




Neophytadiene (25)

13-Benzenediol (26)

Anethole (28)

Methylchavicol (27)

Linoleic acid (29)

Sorbic acid (32)



Isoquercetin (36)


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3


H3C

H3C

H3CH3C

H3C

CH3Oleic acid (37)

(b)

Figure 4 Continued


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


O

1

2

3

45

6

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOHO

HOO

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

COOH

OH

O

O

R

O

O

R

OO

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OHH

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

OR1

OR2

OR3

OR1

R4O

Caffeoyl







Quinic acid

CH3


CH3

H3C

H3C


3998400 8998400-Binaringenin (44)

Undecanal (54)









H3C




R = OHR1 = glucose

R = OHR1 = glucose



R = OHR = H

R = HR1 = glucose

R = HR1 = arabinose




O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


O

O

O

O

O OHO

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H2C


(d)








Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of




Table 6 Continued













rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of










rosmarinic acid

[67]



[70]


8 Antibacterial ST


[100]




[63]









Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Table8Detailsof


repo

rted

from

Foenicu

lum

vulga

re

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Antiin

flammatory

Fruit

Methano

licEx

tract

200m

gkgoral

administratio

nInvivom

aleICR

miceBA

LBcmice

andSprague-Daw

leyrats

Inhibitory



and

type

IVallergicreactio

ns[79]

Hepatop

rotective

Seed

Essentialoil

04m

Lkg

Invivocarbo

ntetrachlorideind

uced

liver

injury

mod

elin

male

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Decreases

thelevelof

serum

enzymes

namely

aspartateam

inotransferase

(AST

)alaninea

minotransferase

(ALT

)alkalin

epho

sphatase

(ALP

)andbilirub

in

[9]

Hypoglycaem

icSeed

Essentialoil

30mgkg

Invivostre

ptozotocin

indu

ceddiabetic

rats

Ingestion

ofessentialoilto

diabetic

ratscorrectedtheh

yperglycem

iaand

thea

ctivity

ofserum

glutathion

eperoxidase

andalso

improved

the


oticed

intheir

kidn

eyandpancreas

[12]

Antihirsutism

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Creamsc

ontaining1

2

offenn

elextractand

placebo

45femalep

atientsa

ged16ndash53years

with

mild

tomod

erateformso


Cream

containing

2fenn

elisbette

rthan

thec

ream

containing

1fenn

elandthesetwowerem

orep

otentthan

placebo

[78]

Cytoprotectiv

eFruit

Methano

licextract

200120583

gmL

Normalhu

man

bloo

dlymph

ocyte

Provides

morec

ytop

rotectionfor

norm

alhu

man

lymph

ocytes

ascomparedwith

stand

ardsamplethat

isdo

xorubicin

[11]

Antitu

mor

Fruit

Methano

licextract

25to

200120583

gmL

B16F

10melanom

acellline

70methano

licextractsho

wsg

ood

antitum

oura

ctivity

atthe

concentrationof

200120583

gmL

[11]

Antioxidant

Seed

Ethano

land

water

extract

100120583

gof

ethano

land

water

extract

Invitro

not

stated

775and991

inhibitio

nof

peroxidatio

nin

linoleica

cidsyste

m

respectiv

ely

[10]

Oestro

genic

Seed

Aceton

eextract

Not

stated

Invivofem

aler

ats

Weighto

fmam

maryglands

increases

also

increasesthe

weighto

fovidu

ct

endo

metriu

mm

yometriu

mcervix

andvagina

[8]

Vascular

effects

Leaf

Aqueou

sextracts

01to04m

Linjection

Invivopentobarbita

l-anaesthetise

dSprague-Daw

leyrats

Sign

ificant

dose-related

redu

ctionin

arteria

lblood

pressurew

ithou

taffectin

gtheh

eartrateor

respira

tory

rate

[75]

Antistress

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100

and200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Sign

ificant

inhibitio

nof

thes

tress

indu


vanillylm

andelic

acid

andascorbic

acid

[13]


Table8Con

tinued

Activ

ityPlantp

artu

sed

Dosageformty

peof

extract

Con

centratio

ndo

sages

Teste

dlivingsyste

morgancelltypeo

fstu

dyRe

sults

References

Mem

ory-enhancing

Fruit

Aqueou

sextracts

50100and

200m

gkg

Invivoscopo

lamine-indu

cedam

nesic

rats

Thes

ignificantreductio

nisachieved

inam

nesia

inextract-treated

grou

psas

comparedwith

thec

ontro

lgroup

ofanim

als

[13]

Chem

opreventive

Seed

Testdietof

fenn

el4

and6

testdietso

fFenn

el

In-vivoDMBA

-indu

cedskin

and

B(a)P-indu

cedforesto

mach

papillo

magenesisin

Swiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

redu

ctionin

thes

kinand

theforestomachtumor

incidencea

ndtumor

multip

licity

ascomparedto

the

controlgroup

ofanim

al

[85]

Oculohypo

tensive

Seed

Aqueou

sextract

03

06and

12

(wv)

Invivorabbits


redu

ctionof

intraocularp

ressure

(IOP)

inno

rmotensiv

erabbitsat03

06

and

12(w

v)con

centratio

nsof

extract

[84]

Anticarcino

genic

Seed

Methano

licextract

100m

gkg

InvivoSwiss

albino

mice

Sign

ificant

increase

inmalon

dialdehyde

levelsandthe

significantd

ecreaseincatalase

activ

ityandglutathion

econ

tent

inliver

and

tumor

tissueinmiceb

earin

gEh

rlich

ascitesc

arcino

ma

[140]

Antiaging

Seed

Fenn

elextract

Form

ulationcontaining

4extract

Malev

olun

teersw

ithmeanageo

f48

years

Form

ulationshow

edsig

nificanteffects

onskin

moistu

reandtransepiderm

alwater

loss

[50]

Apop

totic

Fruit

Ethano

lextract

100to

300120583

gmL

Nineh

uman

celllin

esM

L-1J-4501

HL-601301U-266B1W

ICLC-

8166

EOLandH-9mdashhu

man

Tcell

Highestmortalityin

Trypan

blue

test

forJ45

celllin

e4

ofviablecells

and

forC

8166

celllin

e100

ofmortality

[86]

Antiulcerogenic

Aeria

lparts

Aqueou

sextract

75150300

mgkg

Invivoethanolindu

cedgastric

lesio

nsin

Sprague-Daw

leyrats

Pretreatmentw

ithextracts

significantly

redu

cedethano

lind

uced

gastr

icdamage

[81]

Cytotoxic

Root

(groun

dpart)

Dichlorom

ethane

and

methano

l(11)

extract

700120583

gmL

Murinefi

brosarcomaL

929sAcells

and

ontheh

uman

breastcancer

cells

MDA-

MB2

31andMCF

7

Cytotoxica

ctivity

may

actvia

inhibitio

nof

theN

FkBpathway

[82]

Antim

ycob

acteria

lAe

rialp

arts

Chloroform

hexane

methano

land

aqueou

sextracts

100to

200120583

gmL

Invitro

Mtub

erculosis

H37Rv

(27294)

Hexanee

xtractisactiv

eagainstpan

sensitive

strainof

Mtub

erculosis

H37RV

[141]


Table9Antibacteria

lantim

ycob

acteria

lantifun

galandantiv

iralstudies

carriedou

tonFoenicu

lum

vulga

re

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

1SD

Essentialoil

SaEnterococcussp

PaEc

and

Salm

onellasp

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d05Mac

Farla

ndrsquosStandard

(15times108C

FUm

L)10120583Ldisk

[142]

2FT

Essentialoil

Ec

Bmand

27ph

ytop

atho

genic

bacterialspecies

Agard

iffusionmetho

dRifampicin

16mgmL

[143]

3AP

Aqueou

sethano

landethyl-a

cetate

extracts

ArtErcPfan

dPg

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

d

Chloramph

enicol

streptom

ycinand

tetracyclin

e15mgperd

isc

[91]

4SD

Essentialoil

EaStSaSte

Ec

Paand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

andcefazolin

15120583Ldisk

[144]

5FL

FT

Essentialoil

AaFoand

Rs

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

10and40

ppm

[95]

6FL

LFTW

Essentialoil

BacillispPa

Ac

inetobacterspand

Af

Agard

iffusionmetho

dFleroxacin

30252015and10120583Lperw

ell

[145]

7SD

STLFR

TEssentialoil

SaB

sE

cPa

CaC

tM

sM

c

andMx

Agard

ilutio

nmetho

dNS

NM

[146]

8SD

Essentialoil

Ec

Bs

AnFsan

dRh

sFilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxycillin

and

flumequine

300120583

gdisc

[96]

9FT

Essentialoiland

ethano

licand

methano

licextracts

Bc

BmBpB

s

Ec

KpM

lPp

PsandCa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dCefop

erazon

esulbactam

ofloxacinand

netilmicin

30mgmL

[92]

10SD

Aqueou

sorganic

extracts

EfSaE

cK

p

PaSatStand

Sf

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dCh

loramph

enicol

gentam

icinand

ampicillin

NM

[3]

11SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSaB

s

Anand

Ca

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eAmpicillinandmicon

azole

nitrate

10120583Ldisk

[113]

12SD

Ethano

lmethano

landaqueou

sextracts

Ec

KpPvE

a

SatB

can

dSa

Agarw

ellanddisc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

NM

[4]

13SD

Essentialoil

Ec

PaSa

Caan

dAn

Cylin

der-plated

iffusion

metho

dNS

025

to20

[147]


Table9Con

tinued

Srnum

ber

Partused

aTy

peof

extract

Activ

estrains

bMetho

dRe

ferences

tand

ard

Effectiv

econ

centratio

nRe

ference

14FT

Essentialoils

SaB

cPaEcand

Ca

Disc

papera

ndbroth

microdilutio

nmetho

dsNS

NM

[148]

15SD

Methano

lethano

ldiethyletherand

hexane

extract

Ec

SatB

cSa

Caan

dAsf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

techniqu

eNS

75101251520120583gdisk

[23]

16LFFL

Crud

echloroform

andmethano

lextract

EcandSa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dNS

NM

[93]

17FT

Essentialoil

HSV

-1andPI-3

Usin

gMadin-D

arby

bovine

kidn

eyandVe

rocelllin

esAc

yclovir

0025to

08120583

gmL

[5]

18LF

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pPa

Se

CaandPm

Anan

dFo

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho


andnysta

tin5120583

Ldisk

[94]

19STLF

Hexanee

xtract

Mt

96-w

ellsterilem

icrotiter

platea

ssay

NS

200120583

gmL

[63]

20SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cK

pand

Pa

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dIm

ipenem

50120583Lwell

[149]

21SD

Essentialoil

SaE

cScan

dStf

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dAmoxicillin

1050100120583

LmL

[150]

22SD

Essentialoil

SaB

sB

mBc

SlShSat

Sd

Ss

ShsSb

EcandPa

Filterp

aper

disc

diffu

sion

metho

dStreptom

ycin

1120583gmL

[151]

23FT

Essentialoil

Ca

Agarw

ellandfilterp

aper

disc

diffu

sionmetho

dFlucon

azolea

ndnystatin

25120583Lwelland

15120583Ldisc

[152]

24SD

Methano

licextract

Ec

PaSaand

Bp

Agard

iffusionmetho

dCh

loramph

enicoland

ampicillin

NM

[7]

25SD

Aqueou

sand

alcoho

licextracts

AaM

ran

dAf

Agarw

elldiffu

sionmetho

dNS

NM

[98]

a AP

aeria

lpartFL

flow

erFT

fruitLF

leafRT

roo

tSD

seedST

stemand

TWtwig


alternateAf

Alcaligenes

faecalis

AsfA

spergillu

sflavusA

nAspergillus

nigerArtAg

robacte

rium

radiobacterp

vtumefa

ciensB

cB

acillus

cereusB

mBa

cillusm

egateriumB

pBa

cillus

pumilu

sBs

Bacillussubtilis

CaC

andida

albicansC

tC

andida

tropicalisE

aEn

terobacter

aerogenesErcE

rwinia

carotovoraE

cE

scheric

hiacoli

EfEn

terococcus

faecalis

FoFu

sariu

moxysporumFs

Fusariu

msolaniK

pK

lebsiella

pneumoniaM

cM

ycobacteriu

mchelo

naeMlM

icrococcusluteusMrM

ucor

roux

iiMsM

ycobacteriu

msm

egmatis

MtM

ycobacteriu

mtuberculosisH37Rv

ATCC

27294Mx

Mycobacteriu

mxenopiPaP

seud

omonaa

eruginosaPfP

seud

omonasflu

orescensPgPseud

omonasgly

cineaPm


seud

omonasputid

aPsP

seud

omonassyrin

gaePv

Proteus

vulga

ris

Rs

RhizoctoniasolaniR

hs

Rhizopus


aureusSbShigella

boydii

Sc

Staphylococcus

coagulaseSdShigella

dysenteriaeSe

Salm

onellaenteritidis

Se

Staphylococcus

epidermidis



aemolyticu

sSlSarcinaluteaSs

ShigellashigaSt

Salm

onellatyphim

uriumSat

Salm


sonn

eiHSV

-1herpes

simplex

virus1

asar

epresentativeo

fDNAvirusesa

ndPI-3parainfl

uenza-3virus(PI-3)a

srepresentativeo

fRNAviruses

NSno

references

tand

ardem

ployed

andNMn

otmentio

ned










4toxicity [9]



















































6 Toxicity





7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments




References







































































































































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of

review article foeniculum vulgare mill: a review of its botany, … · 2019. 7. 31. · review...

Documents