ReviewReview

Why was the French & Indian Why was the French & Indian War fought?War fought?

What were the primary causes of What were the primary causes of the American Revolution?the American Revolution?

What were the colonial What were the colonial responses to British actions such responses to British actions such as the Proclamation Act of 1763, as the Proclamation Act of 1763, Stamp Act, & Intolerable Acts?Stamp Act, & Intolerable Acts?

What was the importance of What was the importance of Thomas Paine’s Common Thomas Paine’s Common Sense?Sense?

StandardsStandards

USHC-1.4 Analyze how dissatisfactions with USHC-1.4 Analyze how dissatisfactions with the government under the Articles of the government under the Articles of Confederation were addressed with the Confederation were addressed with the writing of the Constitution of 1787, including writing of the Constitution of 1787, including the debates and compromises reached at the the debates and compromises reached at the Philadelphia Convention and the ratification Philadelphia Convention and the ratification of the Constitution.of the Constitution.

SHAPING A NEW SHAPING A NEW NATIONNATION

Articles of Confederation and Articles of Confederation and ConstitutionConstitution

Forming a RepublicForming a Republic Following the Revolutionary Following the Revolutionary

War, the Second Continental War, the Second Continental Congress met to form a Congress met to form a government. government.

However, the states were However, the states were reluctant to unite under a reluctant to unite under a strong central government. strong central government.

Most people’s allegiance was Most people’s allegiance was to the state, not the national to the state, not the national governmentgovernment

The delegates believed a The delegates believed a democracy placed too democracy placed too much power in the hands much power in the hands of uneducated masses, so of uneducated masses, so they favored a they favored a RepublicRepublic – – where citizens rule where citizens rule through elected through elected representatives.representatives.

Drafting a National Drafting a National ConstitutionConstitution

The members of the Second The members of the Second Continental Congress had to answer Continental Congress had to answer three main questions:three main questions: Representation by population or Representation by population or

state?state? Can Supreme Power be divided?Can Supreme Power be divided? Who gets the Western Lands?Who gets the Western Lands?

They answered these questions by They answered these questions by drafting the Articles of Confederation - drafting the Articles of Confederation - 17811781

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederationa “firm league of friendship”a “firm league of friendship”

The Articles of Confederation was The Articles of Confederation was formed and became the 1st official formed and became the 1st official government of the U.S.government of the U.S.

The The state governmentsstate governments would hold would hold supreme power in most cases supreme power in most cases granting power to the national govt. granting power to the national govt. in limited situations. in limited situations.

Representation determined by state, Representation determined by state, not population. Therefore each state not population. Therefore each state allowed was allowed ONE vote!!allowed was allowed ONE vote!!

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Strengths of Articles of Strengths of Articles of Confederation:Confederation:

-Land Ordinance of 1785- a -Land Ordinance of 1785- a system of surveying landsystem of surveying land

-The Northwest Land -The Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787 –Ordinance of 1787 –provided provided a system of dividing western a system of dividing western territories and set territories and set requirements for the requirements for the admission of new statesadmission of new states

P. 138P. 138

Weaknesses of Articles of Weaknesses of Articles of ConfederationConfederation

1.1. Weak national governmentWeak national government2.2. Nat’l govt. could not tax (weak Nat’l govt. could not tax (weak

economy)economy)3.3. No executive branch to enforce lawsNo executive branch to enforce laws4.4. No Judicial branch to interpret lawsNo Judicial branch to interpret laws5.5. States controlled tradeStates controlled trade6.6. Articles could not be amended Articles could not be amended

without consent of every statewithout consent of every state7.7. Unfair Representation (1 state = 1 Unfair Representation (1 state = 1

vote)vote)

Role of executive Role of executive ““The United States in Congress The United States in Congress

assembled shall have authority … to assembled shall have authority … to appoint such other committees and civil appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the managing the general affairs of the United States under their direction -- to United States under their direction -- to appoint one of their members to preside, appoint one of their members to preside, provided that no person be allowed to provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years;”one year in any term of three years;”

Shays’s Rebellion (proves Shays’s Rebellion (proves the Articles are too weak) the Articles are too weak)

(pg. 140)(pg. 140) 1786-87 Daniel Shays and a group 1786-87 Daniel Shays and a group

of 1200 angry farmers tried to of 1200 angry farmers tried to revolt against the government over revolt against the government over unfair taxesunfair taxes.. (they were farmers (they were farmers who were going to lose their farms who were going to lose their farms to creditors for not being able to to creditors for not being able to pay the high taxes to the state)pay the high taxes to the state)

The Rebellion showed the danger of The Rebellion showed the danger of the weak national government not the weak national government not having the power to stop a having the power to stop a rebellion.rebellion.

Shays’ Rebellion (1786) became a concern forShays’ Rebellion (1786) became a concern for

many national leaders because it:many national leaders because it:

(a) indicated there would be future conflicts over(a) indicated there would be future conflicts over

the spread of slaverythe spread of slavery

(b) exposed fundamental weaknesses in (b) exposed fundamental weaknesses in governmentgovernment

under the Articles of Confederationunder the Articles of Confederation

(c) pointed to the need for federal government(c) pointed to the need for federal government

regulation of interstate commerceregulation of interstate commerce

(d) showed that frontier settlements were(d) showed that frontier settlements were

vulnerable to raids by Native American vulnerable to raids by Native American IndiansIndians

Review QuestionReview QuestionThe Articles of Confederation proved The Articles of Confederation proved

ineffective as a national body of laws for ineffective as a national body of laws for which of the following reasons?which of the following reasons?

A. It gave too much power to the Congress A. It gave too much power to the Congress without providing for a commander of the without providing for a commander of the nation’s armed forcesnation’s armed forces

B. It did not give the federal government B. It did not give the federal government enough power to effectively leadenough power to effectively lead

C. It imposed taxes that led to a rebellion of C. It imposed taxes that led to a rebellion of farmers in New Englandfarmers in New England

D. It prevented individual states from having D. It prevented individual states from having their own constitutionstheir own constitutions

In response, the delegates In response, the delegates called a meeting (in called a meeting (in Philadelphia 1787) to Philadelphia 1787) to amendamend the Articles of Confederation. the Articles of Confederation. At the meeting they rejected At the meeting they rejected it all together and began it all together and began writing the writing the Constitution.Constitution.

THE CONSTITUTIONTHE CONSTITUTION James Madison – “Father of the James Madison – “Father of the

Constitution.”Constitution.” The main disputes were:The main disputes were:

1.1. Over Representation (large states Over Representation (large states vs. small states) vs. small states)

2.2. North vs. South over slaveryNorth vs. South over slavery

3.3. Division of powersDivision of powers

James MadisonJames Madison Father of Father of

the the ConstitutiConstitutionon

Fight Over Fight Over RepresentationRepresentation

Virginia Plan Virginia Plan (Favored large states(Favored large states))

1.1. 3 Separate Branches3 Separate Branches

2.2. Bicameral Congress (2 houses)Bicameral Congress (2 houses)

3.3. **Representation based on **Representation based on PopulationPopulation

4.4. Congress would legislate (make Congress would legislate (make laws)laws)

5.5. Executive Branch (1 person)Executive Branch (1 person)

New Jersey Plan New Jersey Plan (Favored small (Favored small states)states)

1.1. Unicameral Congress (1 Unicameral Congress (1 house)house)

2.2. **Equal Representation**Equal Representation

3.3. Exec. Branch with more than Exec. Branch with more than one personone person

4.4. Limit Congressional PowerLimit Congressional Power

Great Compromise- (The Great Compromise- (The Connecticut Compromise)Connecticut Compromise)

1.1. Bicameral Congress – 2 housesBicameral Congress – 2 houses

2.2. Representation:Representation: SenateSenate – Equal Representation – Equal Representation House of Rep. House of Rep. – Based on the – Based on the

population of the statepopulation of the state Executive branch would consist Executive branch would consist

of one personof one person

North vs. South over North vs. South over SlaverySlavery

1.1. Three-Fifths (3/5) CompromiseThree-Fifths (3/5) Compromise – – all Free people would be counted all Free people would be counted in the population and 3/5 of all in the population and 3/5 of all other persons would be countedother persons would be counted

2.2. Commerce and Slave tradeCommerce and Slave trade – – Congress regulates trade, but Congress regulates trade, but would not interfere with the would not interfere with the slave trade for 20 years.slave trade for 20 years.

FEDERALISMFEDERALISM

Delegates create a Federalist Delegates create a Federalist form of government with three form of government with three branchesbranches

FederalismFederalism – power divided – power divided between national and state between national and state governmentsgovernments

ENUMERATED or ENUMERATED or DELEGATED POWERSDELEGATED POWERS

Powers granted to the National Powers granted to the National Government by the ConstitutionGovernment by the Constitution

These powers include: These powers include: Control of Foreign AffairsControl of Foreign AffairsProviding National DefenseProviding National DefenseRegulating trade between statesRegulating trade between statesCoining moneyCoining money

RESERVED POWERSRESERVED POWERS Powers kept by the state. Powers kept by the state. These powers include:These powers include:

Providing and supervising Providing and supervising educationeducation

Establishing marriage lawsEstablishing marriage lawsRegulating trade within a stateRegulating trade within a state

CONCURRENT OR CONCURRENT OR SHARED POWERSSHARED POWERS

Both levels of government Both levels of government share such powers as:share such powers as:The right to taxThe right to taxRight to borrow money and pay Right to borrow money and pay

debtsdebtsPower to establish courtsPower to establish courts

Division of Government Division of Government PowersPowers

Separation of Powers Separation of Powers - 3 Branches - 3 Branches of Government (each having powers of Government (each having powers the others do not)the others do not)

1.1. Legislative Branch Legislative Branch – Makes the – Makes the laws.laws.

2.2. Executive Branch Executive Branch – Carries out and – Carries out and enforces the laws.enforces the laws.

3.3. Judicial Branch Judicial Branch – Interprets the laws.– Interprets the laws.

Checks and Balances Checks and Balances – A system – A system established by the delegates to established by the delegates to prevent one branch from prevent one branch from dominating the others.dominating the others.

Electoral College Electoral College – chosen by the – chosen by the state - officially elects the Pres.state - officially elects the Pres.

Checks and BalancesChecks and BalancesExamples:Examples: – – President has the power of veto but President has the power of veto but

Congress can override Congress can override – – Supreme Court declare laws of Congress Supreme Court declare laws of Congress

unconstitutionalunconstitutional -President appoints federal judges with -President appoints federal judges with

approval of Congressapproval of Congress -S. Court can declare executive orders -S. Court can declare executive orders

unconstitutionalunconstitutional -Congress can refuse judicial appointments-Congress can refuse judicial appointments -Senate can refuse to ratify a foreign treaty-Senate can refuse to ratify a foreign treaty

Ratification of the Ratification of the ConstitutionConstitution RatificationRatification – official approval (required 9 of – official approval (required 9 of

the 13 states)the 13 states) FederalistsFederalists – supporters of the Constitution – supporters of the Constitution

(favored a strong central govt.)(favored a strong central govt.) Examples: George Washington, James Madison, Examples: George Washington, James Madison,

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Anti-federalistsAnti-federalists – those that opposed the – those that opposed the

Constitution (believed a central govt. would Constitution (believed a central govt. would be too powerful and take rights away from be too powerful and take rights away from the people) Wanted a BILL OF RIGHTSthe people) Wanted a BILL OF RIGHTS Examples: Patrick Henry,Examples: Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, T. Samuel Adams, T.

JeffersonJefferson

RatificationRatification

The FederalistThe Federalist PapersPapers– a series of essays – a series of essays defending the Constitutiondefending the Constitution

The AntifederalistsThe Antifederalists also published essays also published essays demanding the Constitution include a demanding the Constitution include a Bill Bill Of RightsOf Rights protecting the rights of the protecting the rights of the peoplepeople

The Federalists promised to add a Bill Of The Federalists promised to add a Bill Of Rights which led to the states ratification Rights which led to the states ratification of the Constitution of the Constitution

FEDERALIST ANTI-FEDERALIST ANTI-FEDERALISTSFEDERALISTS

Bill of Rights (page 166)Bill of Rights (page 166)

11stst Amendment Amendment

Freedom of Freedom of religionreligion

Freedom of speechFreedom of speech Freedom of the Freedom of the

presspress Freedom of Freedom of

assemblyassembly Right of the people Right of the people

to petition the to petition the governmentgovernment

22ndnd Amendment Amendment

Right to bear Right to bear armsarms

33rdrd Amendment Amendment

Quartering Quartering troopstroops

44thth Amendment Amendment

Search and Search and seizure seizure

55thth Amendment Amendment

Rights of Rights of accused accused personspersons

66thth Amendment Amendment

Right to a Right to a speedy, speedy, public trialpublic trial

77thth Amendment Amendment

Trial by jury Trial by jury in civil casesin civil cases

88thth Amendment Amendment

No excessive bail or finesNo cruel or unusual punishments

99thth Amendment Amendment

Rights of Rights of the peoplethe people

1010thth Amendment Amendment

Powers of Powers of states and states and peoplepeople