reversed on some counts and remanded-wigood v wells fargo--hamp loan mod denied to homeowner-seventh...

8/2/2019 REVERSED ON SOME COUNTS AND REMANDED-WIGOOD V WELLS FARGO--HAMP LOAN MOD DENIED TO HOMEOWN…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/reversed-on-some-counts-and-remanded-wigood-v-wells-fargo-hamp-loan-mod-denied 1/235

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Barn? 11#1:82 Jmb~cngz? :8 Klinj? 42-46-8418 Tafnr? 1



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Lg z`n

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kmx xnk~rlgf zm cmjlk| `nx imag t~xr~agz zm z`n knjnxai

Barn? 11#1:82 Jmb~cngz? :1 Klinj? 42-46-8418 Tafnr? 6>



8 Gm' 11#1:82

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jnbilgn lg z`n gazlmg“r `m~rlgf caxenz lg 8440' Lg 844<)

Vniir Kaxfm lrr~nj Vlfmj a km~x#cmgz` ’zxlai– imag

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lzr xnq~lxncngzr'

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z`n LBKA' Vn bmgbi~jn zàz r`n àr mg km~x bm~gzr'

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Gm' 11#1:82 2

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z`n bialc r`mvlgf zàz z`n tinajnx lr ngzlzinj zm xnilnk'–




: Gm' 11#1:82

Knj' X' Bl{' T' 0(a,(8,' Z`n bmctialgz vlii r~x{l{n a

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tialgz `nx zxlai imag cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngz vlz` Vniir

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bm~xz ca| airm bmgrljnx t~hilb jmb~cngzr agj xntmxzr

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Abz) T'I' 114#2:2) 188 Rzaz' 26;>' Z`n bngznxtlnbn mk z`n

Abz var z`n Zxm~hinj Arrnz Xnilnk Txmfxac (ZAXT,)

v`lb` xnq~lxnj z`n Rnbxnzax| mk z`n Zxnar~x|) acmgf

cag| mz`nx j~zlnr agj tmvnxr) zm ’lctincngz a tiag zàz

rnner zm caplcln arrlrzagbn kmx `mcnmvgnxr agj ' ' '

ngbm~xafn z`n rnx{lbnxr mk z`n ~gjnxi|lgf cmxzfafnr ' ' '

zm zaen aj{agzafn mk ' ' ' a{aliahin txmfxacr zm clglcln

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z`n Rnbxnzax| z`n a~z`mxlz| zm ’~rn imag f~axagznnr agjbxnjlz ngàgbncngzr zm kablilzazn imag cmjlklbazlmgr zm

txn{ngz a{mljahin kmxnbimr~xnr'– Lj'

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lgj~bn ingjnxr zm xnklgagbn cmxzfafnr vlz` cmxn

ka{mxahin lgznxnrz xaznr agj z`nxnh| aiimv `mcnmvgnxr

zm a{mlj kmxnbimr~xn' Z`n Rnbxnzax| gnfmzlaznj Rnx{lbnx

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imag rnx{lbnxr) lgbi~jlgf Vniir Kaxfm' ^gjnx z`n znxcr

mk z`n RTAr) rnx{lbnxr afxnnj zm ljngzlk| `mcnmvgnxr

v`m vnxn lg jnka~iz mx vm~ij ileni| rmmg hn lg jnka~iz

mg z`nlx cmxzfafn ta|cngzr) agj zm cmjlk| z`n imagr




; Gm' 11#1:82

Z`n mxjnx mk mtnxazlmgr lg z`n vaznxkaii cnz`mj lr? (1, batlzai#1

ln abbx~nj lgznxnrz agj nrbxmv aj{agbnr zm z`lxj taxzlnr5(8, xnj~bn z`n agg~ai lgznxnrz xazn zm ar imv ar 8 tnxbngz5

(2, npzngj z`n znxc ~t zm :4 |naxr agj xnacmxzln z`n imag5

(bmgzlg~nj''',

mk z`mrn nilflhin ~gjnx z`n txmfxac' Lg npbàgfn) rnx{lbnxr

vm~ij xnbnl{n a *1)444 ta|cngz kmx nab` tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg) aimgf vlz` mz`nx lgbngzl{nr' Z`n RTAr

rzaznj zàz rnx{lbnxr ’ràii tnxkmxc z`n imag cmjlklba#

zlmg ' ' ' jnrbxlhnj lg ' ' ' z`n Txmfxac f~ljnilgnr agj

txmbnj~xnr lrr~nj h| z`n Zxnar~x| ' ' ' agj ' ' ' ag| r~ttin#

cngzai jmb~cngzazlmg) lgrzx~bzlmgr) h~iinzlgr) inzznxr)

jlxnbzl{nr) mx mz`nx bmcc~glbazlmgr ' ' ' lrr~nj h| z`n

Zxnar~x|'– Lg r~b` r~ttincngzai f~ljnilgnr) Zxnar~x|

jlxnbznj rnx{lbnxr zm jnznxclgn nab` hmxxmvnx“r nilflhlilz|

kmx a cmjlklbazlmg h| kmiimvlgf vàz acm~gznj zm a

z`xnn#rznt txmbnrr?

Klxrz) z`n hmxxmvnx àj zm cnnz bnxzalg z`xnr`mij xn#

q~lxncngzr) lgbi~jlgf zàz z`n imag mxlflgaznj mg mx

hnkmxn Oag~ax| 1) 844<5 lz var rnb~xnj h| z`n hmxxmvnx“r

txlcax| xnrljngbn5 z`n cmxzfafn ta|cngzr vnxn cmxn

zàg 21 tnxbngz mk z`n hmxxmvnx“r cmgzì| lgbmcn5 agj)

kmx a mgn#~glz `mcn) z`n b~xxngz ~gtalj txlgbltai

haiagbn var gm fxnaznx zàg *68<)6>4'

Rnbmgj) z`n rnx{lbnx baib~iaznj a cmjlklbazlmg ~rlgf a

’vaznxkaii– cnz`mj) atti|lgf ng~cnxaznj bàgfnr lg

a rtnblklnj mxjnx ~gzli z`n hmxxmvnx“r cmgzì| cmxzfafn

ta|cngz xazlm jxmttnj ’ar bimrn ar tmrrlhin zm 21

tnxbngz'–1




Gm' 11#1:82 6

('''bmgzlg~nj,1

agj (:, lk gnbnrrax|) kmxhnax xnta|cngz mk txlgbltai ~gzli z`n

imag lr talj mkk agj val{n lgznxnrz mg z`n jnknxxnj acm~gz'^'R' Jnt“z mk z`n Zxnar~x|) @mcn Akkmxjahin Cmjlklbazlmg

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znx ’R~ttincngzai Jlxnbzl{n 4<#41–,'

Z`lxj) z`n rnx{lbnx attilnj a Gnz Txnrngz [ai~n (GT[,

znrz zm arrnrr v`nz`nx z`n cmjlklnj cmxzfafn“r {ai~n zm

z`n rnx{lbnx vm~ij hn fxnaznx zàg z`n xnz~xg mg z`n

cmxzfafn lk ~gcmjlklnj' Z`n GT[ znrz lr ’nrrngzlaii| ag

abbm~gzlgf baib~iazlmg zm jnznxclgn v`nz`nx lz lr cmxn

txmklzahin zm cmjlk| z`n imag mx aiimv z`n imag zm fm

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mk z`n cmjlklnj cmxzfafn vm~ij hn imvnx zàg z`n

rnx{lbnx“r nptnbznj xnz~xg akznx kmxnbimr~xn ‚ z`n rnx{lbnx

var gmz mhilfnj zm mkknx a cmjlklbazlmg' Lk z`n GT[ var

tmrlzl{n) `mvn{nx) z`n Zxnar~x| jlxnbzl{nr ralj zàz ’z`n

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Jlxnbzl{n 4<#41'

H' Z`n Zxlai Tnxlmj Tiag

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rzafnr' Akznx jnznxclglgf a hmxxmvnx var nilflhin) z`n

rnx{lbnx lctincngznj a Zxlai Tnxlmj Tiag (ZTT, ~gjnx

z`n gnv imag xnta|cngz znxcr lz kmxc~iaznj ~rlgf z`n

vaznxkaii cnz`mj' Z`n zxlai tnxlmj ~gjnx z`n ZTT iarznj




0 Gm' 11#1:82

Zxnar~x| bàgfnj z`lr tmilb| lg 8414) `mvn{nx) zm aiimv8

rnx{lbnxr zm mkknx a zxlai cmjlklbazlmg mgi| akznx xn{lnvlgfa hmxxmvnx“r jmb~cngznj klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg' Z`n xnarmg

kmx z`n bàgfn var zàz imag rnx{lbnxr vnxn bmg{nxzlgf zxlai

(bmgzlg~nj''',

z`xnn mx cmxn cmgz`r) j~xlgf v`lb` zlcn z`n ingjnx

’c~rz rnx{lbn z`n cmxzfafn imag ' ' ' lg z`n racn caggnx

ar lz vm~ij rnx{lbn a imag lg kmxhnaxagbn'– R~ttin#

cngzai Jlxnbzl{n 4<#41' Akznx z`n zxlai tnxlmj) lk z`n hmx#

xmvnx bmctilnj vlz` aii znxcr mk z`n ZTT Afxnncngz ‚ lg#

bi~jlgf caelgf aii xnq~lxnj ta|cngzr agj txm{ljlgf

aii xnq~lxnj jmb~cngzazlmg ‚ agj lk z`n hmxxmvnx“r xnt#

xnrngzazlmgr xncalgnj zx~n agj bmxxnbz) z`n rnx{lbnx àj

zm mkknx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' Rnn R~ttincngzai

Jlxnbzl{n 4<#41 (’Lk z`n hmxxmvnx bmctilnr vlz` z`n znxcr

agj bmgjlzlmgr mk z`n Zxlai Tnxlmj Tiag) z`n imag cmjlklba#

zlmg vlii hnbmcn nkknbzl{n mg z`n klxrz ja| mk z`n cmgz`

kmiimvlgf z`n zxlai tnxlmj ' ' ' '–,'

Zxnar~x| cmjlklnj lzr jlxnbzl{nr mg z`n zlclgf mk z`n

{nxlklbazlmg txmbnrr lg a va| zàz akknbzr z`lr barn' ^gjnx

z`n mxlflgai f~ljnilgnr zàz vnxn lg nkknbz v`ng Vlfmj

attilnj kmx a cmjlklbazlmg) a rnx{lbnx bm~ij lglzlazn a

ZTT harnj mg a hmxxmvnx“r ~gjmb~cngznj xntxnrngza#

zlmgr ahm~z `nx klgagbnr' Rnn R~ttincngzai Jlxnbzl{n4<#41 (’Rnx{lbnxr ca| ~rn xnbngz {nxhai UrlbS klgagblai

lgkmxcazlmg zm txntaxn agj mkknx a Zxlai Tnxlmj Tiag'

Rnx{lbnxr axn gmz xnq~lxnj zm {nxlk| klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg

txlmx zm z`n nkknbzl{n jazn mk z`n zxlai tnxlmj'–,' Z`mrn

f~ljnilgnr vnxn taxz mk a jnblrlmg zm xmii m~z @ACT {nx|

q~lbei|'8




Gm' 11#1:82 <

('''bmgzlg~nj,8

cmjlklbazlmgr zm tnxcagngz mgnr az a xazn kax hnimv Zxnar~x|“r

nptnbzazlmgr' Zxnar~x| mxlflgaii| txmonbznj zàz 2 zm : cliilmg

`mcnmvgnxr vm~ij xnbnl{n tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmgr ~gjnx

@ACT' \nz mgn |nax lgzm z`n txmfxac) mgi| 164)444 hmx#xmvnxr àj xnbnl{nj tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmgr ‚ knvnx zàg

1> tnxbngz mk z`n 1': cliilmg `mcnmvgnxr v`m àj hnng

mkknxnj zxlai tiagr'

B' Tialgzlkk“r Imag

Lg Rntznchnx 8446) Vlfmj mhzalgnj a `mcn cmxzfafn

imag kmx *680)>44 kxmc Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn) v`lb` iaznx

cnxfnj lgzm Vniir Kaxfm' (Kmx rlctilblz|) vn xnknx mgi|

zm Vniir Kaxfm `nxn', Klgjlgf `nxrnik lg klgagblai jlrzxnrr)

Vlfmj r~hclzznj a vxlzzng xnq~nrz zm Vniir Kaxfm kmx

a @ACT cmjlklbazlmg lg Atxli 844<' Az zàz zlcn) Zxna#

r~x|“r mxlflgai f~ljnilgnr vnxn rzlii lg kmxbn) rm Vniir

Kaxfm bm~ij b`mmrn v`nz`nx (A, zm mkknx Vlfmj a zxlaicmjlklbazlmg harnj mg ~g{nxlklnj mxai xntxnrngzazlmgr) mx

(H, zm xnq~lxn `nx zm txm{ljn jmb~cngzax| txmmk mk `nx

klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg hnkmxn bmccngblgf z`n zxlai tiag'

Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm zmme mtzlmg (H,' Mgi|

akznx Vlfmj txm{ljnj aii xnq~lxnj klgagblai jmb~cngza#

zlmg jlj Vniir Kaxfm) lg clj#Ca| 844<) jnznxclgn zàz

Vlfmj var nilflhin kmx @ACT agj rngj `nx a ZTT Afxnn#

cngz' Z`n ZTT rzaznj? ’L ~gjnxrzagj zàz akznx L rlfg agj

xnz~xg zvm bmtlnr mk z`lr Tiag zm z`n Ingjnx) z`n Ingjnx

vlii rngj cn a rlfgnj bmt| mk z`lr Tiag lk L q~ailk| kmx

z`n Utnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmgS Mkknx mx vlii rngj cn vxlz#

zng gmzlbn zàz L jm gmz q~ailk| kmx z`n Mkknx'– ZTT » 8'




14 Gm' 11#1:82

Mg Ca| 80) 844<) Vlfmj rlfgnj zvm bmtlnr mk z`n ZTT

Afxnncngz agj xnz~xgnj z`nc zm z`n hage) aimgf vlz`

ajjlzlmgai jmb~cngzr agj z`n klxrz mk km~x cmjlklnj

zxlai tnxlmj ta|cngzr' Vniir Kaxfm z`ng npnb~znj z`n

ZTT Afxnncngz agj rngz a bmt| zm Vlfmj lg naxi|

O~gn 844<' Z`n zxlai znxc xag kxmc O~i| 1) 844< zm Gm{nc#

hnx 1) 844<' Z`n ZTT Afxnncngz txm{ljnj? ’Lk L ac lg

bmctilagbn vlz` z`lr Imag Zxlai Tnxlmj agj c| xntxn#

rngzazlmgr lg Rnbzlmg 1 bmgzlg~n zm hn zx~n lg aii caznxlai

xnrtnbzr) z`ng z`n Ingjnx vlii txm{ljn cn vlz` a Utnxca#

gngzS Imag Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz'– ZTT » 1'

Vlfmj zlcni| cajn) agj Vniir Kaxfm abbntznj) aii km~x

ta|cngzr j~n ~gjnx z`n zxlai tiag' Mg z`n tinajlgfr) vn

c~rz arr~cn zàz r`n bmctilnj vlz` aii mz`nx mhilfa#

zlmgr ~gjnx z`n ZTT Afxnncngz' Gn{nxz`ninrr) Vniir

Kaxfm jnbilgnj zm mkknx Vlfmj a tnxcagngz @ACT cmjlkl#

bazlmg) lgkmxclgf `nx mgi| zàz lz var ’~gahin zm fnz |m~

zm a cmjlklnj ta|cngz acm~gz zàz |m~ bm~ij akkmxj tnx

z`n lg{nrzmx f~ljnilgnr mg |m~x cmxzfafn'– Akznx z`nnptlxazlmg mk z`n ZTT) Vniir Kaxfm vaxgnj Vlfmj zàz

r`n mvnj z`n m~zrzagjlgf haiagbn agj iazn knnr agj) lg a

r~hrnq~ngz inzznx) zàz r`n var lg jnka~iz mg `nx `mcn

cmxzfafn imag' M{nx z`n gnpz knv cmgz`r) Vlfmj txm#

znrznj Vniir Kaxfm“r jnblrlmg lg a g~chnx mk znint`mgn

bmg{nxrazlmgr) h~z zm gm a{ali' J~xlgf zàz zlcn) r`n

bmgzlg~nj zm caen cmxzfafn ta|cngzr lg z`n xnj~bnj

acm~gz j~n ~gjnx z`n ZTT) n{ng akznx z`n zxlai znxc

ngjnj mg Gm{nchnx 1) 844<' Lg z`n cnagzlcn) Vniir

Kaxfm rngz Vlfmj cmgzì| gmzlbnr z`xnaznglgf zm kmxn#bimrn lk r`n kalinj zm ta| z`n abb~c~iazlgf acm~gz mk

jnilgq~ngb| harnj mg z`n mxlflgai imag znxcr'




Gm' 11#1:82 11

Vniir Kaxfm airm arrnxznj kmx z`n klxrz zlcn lg mxai axf~cngz2

zàz Vlfmj aj gn{nx abz~aii| hnng q~ailklnj kmx imag cmjlklba#

zlmg' Z`n arrnxzlmg c~rz hn jlrxnfaxjnj hnba~rn lz txnrngzra kabz~ai q~nrzlmg zàz baggmz hn xnrmi{nj lg jnbljlgf a

X~in 18(h,(;, cmzlmg' N'f' ) Cmxxlrmg {' \ZH Lgz“i) Lgb' ) ;:< K'2j

>22) >20 (6z` Blx' 8411,'

Abbmxjlgf zm Vlfmj) Vniir Kaxfm lctxmtnxi|

xn#n{ai~aznj `nx kmx @ACT akznx lz àj aixnaj| jnznx#

clgnj zàz r`n var q~ailklnj agj mkknxnj `nx a zxlai

cmjlklbazlmg) agj zàz lz nxxmgnm~ri| jnznxclgnj zàz

r`n var lgnilflhin kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg h| clr#

baib~iazlgf `nx txmtnxz| zapnr' Vniir Kaxfm xnrtmgjr

zàz Zxnar~x| f~ljnilgnr z`ng lg kmxbn aiimvnj z`n

rnx{lbnx zm {nxlk|) akznx lglzlazlgf a zxlai cmjlklbazlmg)

zàz z`n hmxxmvnx razlrklnj aii fm{nxgcngz agj lg{nrzmx

bxlznxla kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg) agj zàz Vlfmj

jlj gmz' Lg z`n bm~xrn mk z`lr txmbnnjlgf) `mvn{nx)

Vniir Kaxfm àr gmz ljngzlklnj z`n rtnblklb bxlznxla zàz

Vlfmj kalinj zm razlrk|) npbntz zm ra| zàz lz bm~ij gmz

bxakz a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg tiag kmx `nx zàz vm~ij

hn bmgrlrzngz vlz` lzr lg{nrzmx f~ljnilgnr' Hnba~rn vn

axn xn{lnvlgf a X~in 18(h,(;, jlrclrrai) vn jlrxnfaxj

Vniir Kaxfm“r nkkmxz zm bmgzxajlbz z`n bmctialgz'2

J' Txmbnj~xai @lrzmx|

Mg Atxli 1>) 8414) Vlfmj klinj a biarr abzlmg bmctialgz

lg z`n Gmxz`nxg Jlrzxlbz mk Liilgmlr mg hnàik mk aii `mcn#

mvgnxr lg z`n ^glznj Rzaznr v`m àj ngznxnj lgzm ZTT

Afxnncngzr vlz` Vniir Kaxfm) bmctilnj vlz` aii znxcr)




18 Gm' 11#1:82

agj vnxn gn{nxz`ninrr jnglnj tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmgr'

Vlfmj“r bmctialgz bmgzalgr rn{ng bm~gzr? (L, hxnab`

mk bmgzxabz (agj hxnab` mk lctilnj bm{ngagzr, kmx

{lmiazlgf z`n ZTT5 (LL, txmclrrmx| nrzmttni) airm harnj mg

xntxnrngzazlmgr cajn lg z`n ZTT5 (LLL, hxnab` mk z`n

Rnx{lbnx Taxzlbltazlmg Afxnncngz5 (L[, gnfilfngz `lxlgf

agj r~tnx{lrlmg5 ([, kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg mx

bmgbnaicngz5 ([L, gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg mx bmg#

bnaicngz5 agj ([LL, {lmiazlmg mk z`n LBKA'

Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz jlrclrrnj Bm~gzr L) LL) L[) agj [L

hnba~rn nab` z`nmx| mk ilahlilz| var ’txnclrnj mg

Vniir Kaxfm“r mhilfazlmgr– ~gjnx @ACT) v`lb` jmnr gmz

txm{ljn hmxxmvnxr a txl{azn knjnxai xlf`z mk abzlmg

afalgrz rnx{lbnxr zm ngkmxbn lz' Lg z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz“r {lnv)

Vlfmj“r bmccmg#iav bialcr kmx hxnab` mk bmgzxabz)

txmclrrmx| nrzmttni) gnfilfngz lxlgf agj r~tnx{lrlmg) agj

kxa~j vnxn ’gmz r~kklblngzi| lgjntngjngz zm rzazn ' ' '

rntaxazn rzazn iav ba~rnUrS mk abzlmg'– Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz

jlrclrrnj Bm~gz LLL hnba~rn a hmxxmvnx iaber rzagjlgfzm r~n ar ag lgzngjnj z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblax| mk z`n

Rnx{lbnx Taxzlbltazlmg Afxnncngz' Bm~gz [L var jlr#

clrrnj hnba~rn z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz bmgbi~jnj zàz

Vlfmj bm~ij gmz xnarmgahi| à{n xnilnj mg Vniir Kaxfm“r

xntxnrngzazlmg lg z`n ZTT zàz r`n vm~ij xnbnl{n a tnxca#

gngz cmjlklbazlmg rm imgf ar r`n cajn aii km~x zxlai ta|#

cngzr agj `nx klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg xncalgnj zx~n

agj abb~xazn) rlgbn nirnv`nxn z`n ZTT xnq~lxnj Vlfmj

zm cnnz aii mk @ACT“r xnq~lxncngzr kmx tnxcagngz cmjlkl#

bazlmg' Klgaii|) z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz jlrclrrnj Bm~gz [LL hnba~rn Vlfmj àj gmz tia~rlhi| aiinfnj zàz Vniir

Kaxfm abznj vlz` lgzngz zm jnbnl{n `nx) v`lb` z`n bm~xz




Gm' 11#1:82 12

Vn à{n ljngzlklnj cmxn zàg 04 mz`nx knjnxai barnr lg v`lb`:

cmxzfafmxr hxm~f`z @ACT#xniaznj bialcr' Z`n infai z`nmxlnr

xnilnj mg h| z`nrn tialgzlkkr klz lgzm z`xnn fxm~tr' Klxrz) rmcn

`mcnmvgnxr zxlnj zm arrnxz xlf`zr axlrlgf ~gjnx @ACT lzrnik'

Bm~xzr à{n ~glkmxci| xnonbznj z`nrn bialcr hnba~rn @ACT

jmnr gmz bxnazn a txl{azn knjnxai xlf`z mk abzlmg kmx hmxxmvnxr

afalgrz rnx{lbnxr' Rnn) n'f' ) Rlcmg {' Hage mk Ac') G'A' ) Gm' 14#b{#

44244#FCG#IXI) 8414 VI 8;4<:2;) az /14 (J' Gn{' O~gn 82)8414, (jlrclrrlgf bialc hnba~rn @ACT ’jmnr gmz txm{ljn

hmxxmvnxr vlz` a txl{azn ba~rn mk abzlmg afalgrz ingjnxr

kmx kalilgf zm bmgrljnx z`nlx attilbazlmg kmx imag cmjlklbazlmg)

mx n{ng zm c mjlk| ag nilflhin imag–,'

Lg z`n rnbmgj fxm~t) tialgzlkkr bialcnj zm hn z`lxj#taxz|

hngnklblaxlnr mk z`nlx imag rnx{lbnxr“ RTAr vlz` z`n glznj Rzaznr'

Cmrz h~z gmz aii bm~xzr jlrclrrnj z`nrn bàiingfnr ar vnii)

`mijlgf zàz hmxxmvnxr vnxn gmz lgzngjnj z`lxj#taxz| hngnklbla#

xlnr mk z`n RTAr' Bmctaxn [liia {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A' )

Gm' 14B[01 JCR (V[F,) 8414 VI <2>;04) az /8#2 (R'J' Bai'Cax' 1>) 8414, (fxagzlgf cmzlmg zm jlrclrr bialcr mk tialgzlkk

t~xr~lgf z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblax| z`nmx|,) agj Nrbmhnjm {'

(bmgzlg~nj''',

bmgbi~jnj var a xnq~lxnj nincngz ~gjnx z`n LBKA'

Vlfmj attnair z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz“r jnblrlmg ar zm aii

bialcr h~z Bm~gz LLL'

Vn klxrz npaclgn v`nz`nx Vlfmj àr ajnq~azni| tinj

{lahin bialcr ~gjnx Liilgmlr iav) agj vn bmgbi~jn zàz r`n

àr jmgn rm kmx hxnab` mk bmgzxabz) txmclrrmx| nrzmttni)

kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg) agj {lmiazlmg mk z`n LBKA'

Vn z`ng bmgrljnx v`nz`nx knjnxai iav txnbi~jnr Vlfmj

kxmc t~xr~lgf `nx rzazn#iav bialcr) agj vn `mij zàzlz jmnr gmz':




1: Gm' 11#1:82

('''bmgzlg~nj,:

Bm~gzx|vljn @mcn Imagr) Lgb') Gm' 4< b{1>>6 HZC (HIC,) 844<

VI :<01;10) az /8#2 (R'J' Bai' Jnb' 1>) 844<, (racn,) vlz`

Ractrmg {' Vniir Kaxfm @mcn Cmxzf') Lgb' ) Gm' B[ 14#4002; JJT

(RRp,) 8414 VI >2<682;) az /2 (B'J' Bai' G m{' 1<) 8414, (’@nxn)

z`n bm~xz lr tnxr~ajnj zàz Tialgzlkk ‚ ag lgjl{lj~ai kablgf

kmxnbimr~xn mk `nx `mcn ‚ àr cajn a r~hrzagzlai r`mvlgf

zàz r`n lr ag lgzngjnj hngnklblax| mk z`n @ACT) a knjnxaiafxnncngz ngznxnj lgzm h| Jnkngjagzr'–,' Z`n bm~xzr jng|lgf

cmzlmgr zm jlrclrr ca| à{n hnng inj arzxa| h| Bm~gz| mk

Ragza Biaxa {' Arzxa ^RA) Lgb' ) >00 K'2j 1826 (<z` Blx' 844<,)

v`lb` var xn{nxrnj h| z`n R~txncn Bm~xz' Rnn Arzxa ^RA) Lgb'

{' Ragza Biaxa Bm~gz| ) 121 R' Bz' 12:8 (8411,' Lg Arzxa ) z`n R~#

txncn Bm~xz `nij zàz `naiz` baxn kablilzlnr bm{nxnj h|

¦ 2:4H mk z`n T~hilb @naiz` Rnx{lbnr Abz bm~ij gmz r~n

ar z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblaxlnr mk jx~f txlbn#bnlilgf bmgzxabzr

hnzvnng tàxcabn~zlbai cag~kabz~xnxr agj z`n fm{nxgcngz

hnba~rn Bmgfxnrr jlj gmz bxnazn a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg

~gjnx z`n Abz' Lj ' az 12:>' @nxn) zmm) Bmgfxnrr jlj gmz bxnazn atxl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg zm ngkmxbn z`n @ACT f~ljnilgnr) agj

rlgbn Arzxa ) jlrzxlbz bm~xzr à{n bmxxnbzi| attilnj z`n Bm~xz“r

jnblrlmg zm kmxnbimrn bialcr h| `mcnmvgnxr rnnelgf @ACT

cmjlklbazlmgr ar z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblaxlnr mk RTAr' Rnn) n'f )

Hm|j {' ^'R' Hage) G'A' np xni' Rarbm Aacnr Cmxzf' Imag Zx~rz)

Rnxlnr 8442#1) 606 K' R~tt' 8j 6:6) 6>6 (G'J' Lii' 8411,'

Vlfmj lr lg z`n z`lxj fxm~t) harlgf bialcr jlxnbzi| mg z`n

ZTT Afxnncngzr z`ncrni{nr' Z`nrn tialgzlkkr a{mlj Arzxa

hnba~rn z`n| bialc xlf`zr gmz ar z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblaxlnr h~z

ar taxzlnr lg jlxnbz txl{lz| vlz` z`nlx ingjnxr mx imag rnx{lbnxr'Lg z`nrn z`lxj#fngnxazlmg barnr) jlrzxlbz bm~xzr à{n rtilz'

Lgbi~jlgf klxrz# agj rnbmgj#fngnxazlmg barnr) ahm~z >4 mk z`n

(bmgzlg~nj''',




Gm' 11#1:82 1>

('''bmgzlg~nj,:

bm~xzr fxagznj cmzlmgr zm jlrclrr lg k~ii' Rnn) n'f' ) Gajag {'

@mcnrainr) Lgb') Gm' B[ K 11#1101 IOM REM) 8411 VI 2>0:812

(N'J' Bai' A~f' 18) 8411,5 [lja {' MgnVnrz Hage) K'R'H' ) Gm'

14#<06#AB) 8414 VI >1:0:62 (J' Mx' Jnb' 12) 8414,' Lg 24 mx rm

barnr) bm~xzr jnglnj z`n cmzlmgr lg k~ii mx lg taxz) aiimvlgf

bialcr harnj mg bmgzxabz) zmxz) agj-mx rzazn bmgr~cnx kxa~j

rzaz~znr zm fm kmxvaxj' Rnn) n'f' ) Aiing {' BlzlCmxzfafn) Lgb' ) Gm'

BBH#14#86:4) 8411 VI 2:8>;;> (J' Cj' A~f' :) 8411,5 Hmrq~n {'

Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A' ) 6;8 K' R~tt' 8j 2:8 (J' Carr' 8411,' Kmx

taxzlb~iaxi| lgrzx~bzl{n jlrb~rrlmgr mk rmcn mk z`n lrr~nr

lg{mi{nj lg z`nrn barnr) bmctaxn Lg xn Hage mk Acnxlba @mcn

Akkmxjahin Cmjlklbazlmg Txmfxac (@ACT, Bmgzxabz Ilzlfazlmg ) Gm'

14#cj#481<2#XV_) 8411 VI 8;26888) az /2#; (J' Carr' O~i| ;)

8411, (c~izl#jlrzxlbz ilzlfazlmg, (jng|lgf jnkngjagz“r cmzlmg zm

jlrclrr bialcr kmx hxnab` mk bmgzxabz agj {lmiazlmg mk rzazn

bmgr~cnx txmznbzlmg rzaz~znr,) vlz` Hm~xjnial {' O'T' Cmxfag

B`arn ) Gm' 2?14B[;64#@N@) 8411 VI 124;211) az /2#; (N'J' [a'

Atx' 1) 8411, (jlrclrrlgf bialcr kmx hxnab` mk bmgzxabz,' Rnn

fngnxaii| Om`g X' B`linr + Cazz`nv Z' Clzb`nii) @act? AgM{nx{lnv mk z`n Txmfxac agj Xnbngz Ilzlfazlmg Zxngjr ) ;> Bmgr~cnx

Klg' I' Q' Xnt' 1<:) 1<> (8411, (npaclglgf z`n ’b~xxngz ilzlfazlmg

zxngjr lg z`lr xnbngz rtazn mk @ACT#xniaznj iavr~lzr–,'

LL' Rzazn#Iav Bialcr

A' Hxnab` mk Bmgzxabz

Az z`n naxz mk Vlfmj“r bmctialgz lr nx bialc kmx hxnab`

mk bmgzxabz' Z`n xnq~lxnj nincngzr mk a hxnab` mk bmgzxabz

bialc lg Liilgmlr axn z`n rzagjaxj mgnr mk bmccmg iav?

’(1, mkknx agj abbntzagbn) (8, bmgrljnxazlmg) (2, jnklglzn

agj bnxzalg znxcr) (:, tnxkmxcagbn h| z`n tialgzlkk mk aii

xnq~lxnj bmgjlzlmgr) (>, hxnab`) agj (;, jacafnr'– Arrmbla#




1; Gm' 11#1:82

Taxafxat` 1 txm{ljnj?>

Lk L ac lg bmctilagbn vlz` z`lr Imag Zxlai Tnxlmj agj c|

xntxnrngzazlmgr lg Rnbzlmg 1 bmgzlg~n zm hn zx~n lg aii

caznxlai xnrtnbzr) z`ng z`n Ingjnx vlii txm{ljn cn vlz`

a Imag Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz) ar rnz kmxz` lg Rnbzlmg 2)

zàz vm~ij acngj agj r~ttincngz (1, z`n Cmxzfafn mg

z`n Txmtnxz|) agj (8, z`n Gmzn rnb~xnj h| z`n Cmxzfafn'

Rnbzlmg 2 rzaznj?

Lk L bmcti| vlz` z`n xnq~lxncngzr lg Rnbzlmg 8 agj c|

xntxnrngzazlmgr lg Rnbzlmg 1 bmgzlg~n zm hn zx~n lg aii

caznxlai xnrtnbzr) z`n Ingjnx vlii rngj cn a Cmjlklbazlmg

Afxnncngz kmx c| rlfgaz~xn v`lb` vlii cmjlk| c| ImagJmb~cngzr ar gnbnrrax| zm xnkinbz z`lr gnv ta|cngz

acm~gz agj v al{n ag| ~gtalj iazn bàxfnr abbx~nj zm jazn'

zlmg Hngnklz Rnx{lbnr) Lgb' {' Baxncaxe XP) Lgb' ) :<2 K'2j 0:1)

0:< (6z` Blx' 8446,) q~mzlgf CB Haijvlg Klg' Bm' {' JlCaf#

flm) Xmraxlm + [nxaoa) IIB ) 0:> G'N'8j 88) 24 (Lii' Att' 844;,'

Lg zvm jlkknxngz txm{lrlmgr mk z`n ZTT Afxnncngz)

taxafxat` 1 agj rnbzlmg 2) Vniir Kaxfm txmclrnj zm mkknx

Vlfmj a tnxcagngz imag cmjlklbazlmg lk zvm bmgjlzlmgr

vnxn razlrklnj? (1, r`n bmctilnj vlz` z`n znxcr mk z`n

ZTT h| caelgf zlcni| ta|cngzr agj jlrbimr~xnr5 agj

(8, `nx xntxnrngzazlmgr xncalgnj zx~n agj abb~xazn'>

Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz r`n cnz hmz` bmgjlzlmgr agj abbntznj

z`n mkknx) h~z zàz Vniir Kaxfm xnk~rnj zm txm{ljn a tnxca#

gngz cmjlklbazlmg' Z`nrn aiinfazlmgr rzazn a bialc kmx

hxnab` mk bmgzxabz' Vniir Kaxfm mkknxr z`xnn z`nmxlnr)

`mvn{nx) zm axf~n zàz z`n ZTT var gmz ag ngkmxbnahin

bmgzxabz? (1, z`n ZTT bmgzalgnj gm {ailj mkknx5 (8, bmgrljnx#




Gm' 11#1:82 16

azlmg var ahrngz5 agj (2, z`n ZTT iabenj binax agj

jnklglzn znxcr' Vn xnonbz nab` z`nmx|'

1' [ailj Mkknx

Lg Liilgmlr) z`n ’znrz kmx ag mkknx lr v`nz`nx lz lgj~bnr a

xnarmgahin hnilnk lg z`n xnbltlngz zàz `n bag) h|

abbntzlgf) hlgj z`n rngjnx'– Hmmcnx {' AZ+Z Bmxt' ) 24< K'2j

:4:) :1> (6z` Blx' 8448,) q~mzlgf CbBaxz| {' [nxrmg AiirznniTxnrr Bm' ) :11 G'N'8j <2;) <:2 (Lii' Att' 1<04,5 rnn airm

Xnrzazncngz (Rnbmgj, mk Bmgzxabzr ¦ 8: (1<01, (’Ag mkknx

lr z`n caglknrzazlmg mk vliilgfgnrr zm ngznx lgzm a haxfalg)

rm cajn ar zm o~rzlk| agmz`nx tnxrmg lg ~gjnxrzagjlgf

zàz `lr arrngz zm zàz haxfalg lr lg{lznj agj vlii bmgbi~jn

lz'–,' Zm jnznxclgn v`nz`nx z`n ZTT cajn a jnklglzn

(z`m~f` bmgjlzlmgai, mkknx mk tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg) vn

npaclgn z`n iagf~afn mk z`n afxnncngz lzrnik agj z`n

r~xxm~gjlgf blxb~crzagbnr' Rnn Xnrzazncngz (Rnbmgj, mk

Bmgzxabzr ¦ 8;) bczr' a + b (1<01,) blzlgf X'N' Bx~ccnx +Bm' {' G~{nng ) 1:6 K'8j 2) > (6z` Blx' 1<:>,'

Vniir Kaxfm bmgzngjr zàz z`n ZTT var gmz ag ngkmxbn#

ahin mkknx zm tnxcagngzi| cmjlk| Vlfmj“r cmxzfafn

hnba~rn lz var bmgjlzlmgnj mg Vniir Kaxfm“r k~xz`nx

xn{lnv mk `nx klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg zm ngr~xn r`n

q~ailklnj ~gjnx @ACT' ^gjnx bmgzxabz iav txlgbltinr)

v`ng ’rmcn k~xz`nx abz mk z`n t~xtmxznj mkknxmx lr gnbnr#

rax|) z`n t~xtmxznj mkknxnn àr gm tmvnx zm bxnazn bmg#

zxabz~ai xniazlmgr) agj z`nxn lr ar |nz gm mtnxazl{n mkknx'–

1 Omrnt` C' Tnxliim) Bmxhlg mg Bmgzxabzr ¦ 1'11) az 21 (xn{' nj'

1<<2, (`nxnlgakznx ’Bmxhlg mg Bmgzxabzr (xn{' nj',–,) blzlgf




10 Gm' 11#1:82

Hage mk Hngzmg {' Bmfjlii ) :>: G'N'8j 1184) 118>#8; (Lii' Att'

1<02,' Z`~r) ’a tnxrmg bag txn{ngz `lr r~hclrrlmg

kxmc hnlgf zxnaznj ar ag mkknx h| U~rlgfS r~lzahin

iagf~afn bmgjlzlmglgf z`n kmxcazlmg mk a bmgzxabz mg

rmcn k~xz`nx rznt) r~b` ar attxm{ai h| bmxtmxazn `naj#

q~axznxr'– Axb`lznbz~xai Cnzai R|rzncr) Lgb' {' Bmgrmiljaznj

R|rzncr) Lgb' ) >0 K'2j 1886) 1824 (6z` Blx' 1<<>, (Liilgmlr

iav,' Vniir Kaxfm bmgzngjr zàz z`n ZTT jlj o~rz zàz h|

caelgf a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg nptxnrri| bmgzlgfngz

mg z`n hage zaelgf rmcn iaznx abzlmg'

Zàz lr gmz a xnarmgahin xnajlgf mk z`n ZTT' Bnxzalgi|)

v`ng z`n txmclrmx bmgjlzlmgr a txmclrn mg `lr mvg

k~z~xn abzlmg mx attxm{ai) z`nxn lr gm hlgjlgf mkknx' H~z

v`ng z`n txmclrn lr bmgjlzlmgnj mg z`n tnxkmxcagbn

mk rmcn abz h| z`n txmclrnn mx a z`lxj taxz|) z`nxn bag hn

a {ailj mkknx' Rnn 1 Xlbàxj A' Imxj) Vliilrzmg mg Bmgzxabzr

¦ :?86 (:z` nj' 8411, (`nxnlgakznx ’Vliilrzmg mg Bmgzxabzr–,

(’UAS bmgjlzlmg mk r~hrnq~ngz attxm{ai h| z`n txmclrmx

lg z`n txmclrmx“r rmin jlrbxnzlmg fl{nr xlrn zm gm mhilfa#zlmg' ' ' ' @mvn{nx) z`n cnxn kabz zàz ag mkknx mx afxnn#

cngz lr r~honbz zm n{ngzr gmz vlz`lg z`n txmclrmx“r

bmgzxmi ' ' ' vlii gmz xngjnx z`n afxnncngz lii~rmx|'–,5

bmctaxn CbBaxz| ) :11 G'N'8j az <:8 (’Ag mkknx lr ag abz

mg z`n taxz mk mgn tnxrmg fl{lgf agmz`nx tnxrmg z`n infai

tmvnx mk bxnazlgf z`n mhilfazlmg baiinj a bmgzxabz'–,) vlz`

[liiafn mk Rm~z` Niflg {' Varzn Cagafncngz mk Liilgmlr) Lgb' )

014 G'N'8j ;>0) ;68 (Lii' Att' 844:, (’A caglknrzazlmg mk

vliilgfgnrr zm ngznx lgzm a haxfalg lr gmz ag mkknx lk

z`n tnxrmg zm v`mc lz lr ajjxnrrnj egmvr mx àr xnarmg

zm egmv zàz z`n tnxrmg caelgf lz jmnr gmz lgzngj

zm bmgbi~jn a haxfalg ~gzli `n àr cajn a k~xz`nx cagl#




Gm' 11#1:82 1<

knrzazlmg mk arrngz'–,) q~mzlgf Xnrzazncngz (Rnbmgj, mk

Bmgzxabzr ¦ 8; (1<01,'

@nxn z`n ZTT rtniinj m~z zvm bmgjlzlmgr txnbnjngz

zm Vniir Kaxfm“r mhilfazlmg zm mkknx a tnxcagngz cmjlklba#

zlmg? Vlfmj àj zm bmcti| vlz` z`n xnq~lxncngzr mk z`n

zxlai tiag) agj `nx klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg àj zm xncalg

zx~n agj abb~xazn' H~z z`nrn vnxn bmgjlzlmgr zm hn

razlrklnj h| z`n txmclrnn (Vlfmj, xaz`nx zàg bmgjl#

zlmgr xnq~lxlgf k~xz`nx caglknrzazlmg mk arrngz h| z`ntxmclrmx (Vniir Kaxfm,' Z`nrn bmgjlzlmgr vnxn z`nxn#

kmxn bmgrlrzngz vlz` zxnazlgf z`n ZTT ar ag mkknx kmx tnxca#

gngz cmjlklbazlmg'

Vniir Kaxfm lgrlrzr zàz lzr mhilfazlmg zm cmjlk|

Vlfmj“r cmxzfafn var airm bmgzlgfngz mg lzr jnznxclga#

zlmg) akznx z`n zxlai tnxlmj hnfag) zàz r`n q~ailklnj ~gjnx

@ACT f~ljnilgnr' Zàz z`nmx| bmgkilbzr vlz` z`n tialg

znxcr mk z`n ZTT' Az z`n hnflgglgf) v`ng Vlfmj

xnbnl{nj z`n ~grlfgnj ZTT) r`n aj zm k~xglr` Vniir Kaxfm

vlz` ’jmb~cngzr zm tnxclz {nxlklbazlmg mk ' ' ' U`nxS

lgbmcn ' ' ' zm jnznxclgn v`nz`nx Ur`nS q~ailkUlnjS kmx

z`n mkknx'– ZTT » 8' Z`n ZTT z`ng txm{ljnj? ’L ~gjnxrzagj

zàz akznx L rlfg agj xnz~xg zvm bmtlnr mk z`lr Tiag zm

z`n Ingjnx) z`n Ingjnx vlii rngj cn a rlfgnj bmt| mk

z`lr Tiag lk L q~ailk| kmx z`n Mkknx mx vlii rngj cn

vxlzzng gmzlbn zàz L jm gmz q~ailk| kmx z`n mkknx'– ZTT » 8

(nctàrlr ajjnj,' Vlfmj rlfgnj zvm bmtlnr mk z`n Tiag

mg Ca| 8<) 844<) agj xnz~xgnj z`nc aimgf vlz` ajjl#

zlmgai klgagblai jmb~cngzazlmg zm Vniir Kaxfm'

^gjnx z`n znxcr mk z`n ZTT Afxnncngz) z`ng) zàz

cmcngz var Vniir Kaxfm“r mttmxz~glz| zm jnznxclgn




84 Gm' 11#1:82

v`nz`nx Vlfmj q~ailklnj' Lk r`n jlj gmz) lz bm~ij à{n

agj r`m~ij à{n jnglnj `nx a cmjlklbazlmg mg zàz harlr'

Lgrznaj) Vniir Kaxfm bm~gznxrlfgnj mg O~gn :) 844< agj

calinj a bmt| zm Vlfmj vlz` a inzznx bmgfxaz~iazlgf `nx

mg `nx attxm{ai kmx a zxlai cmjlklbazlmg' Lg rm jmlgf)

Vniir Kaxfm bmcc~glbaznj zm Vlfmj zàz r`n q~ailklnj

kmx @ACT agj vm~ij xnbnl{n a tnxcagngz ’Imag Cmjlkl#

bazlmg Afxnncngz– akznx z`n zxlai tnxlmj) txm{ljnj r`n

var ’lg bmctilagbn vlz` z`lr Imag Zxlai Tnxlmj agj

U`nxS xntxnrngzazlmgr ' ' ' bmgzlg~nUjS zm hn zx~n lg aii

caznxlai xnrtnbzr'– ZTT » 1'

Lg cmxn ahrzxabz znxcr) z`ng) v`ng Vniir Kaxfm

npnb~znj z`n ZTT) lzr znxcr lgbi~jnj a ~gliaznxai mkknx

zm cmjlk| Vlfmj“r imag bmgjlzlmgnj mg `nx bmctilagbn

vlz` z`n rzaznj znxcr mk z`n haxfalg' ’Z`n znrz kmx ag

mkknx lr v`nz`nx lz lgj~bnr a xnarmgahin hnilnk lg z`n

UmkknxnnS zàz `n bag) h| abbntzlgf) hlgj z`n UmkknxmxS'–

Axb`lznbz~xai Cnzai R|rzncr ) >0 K'2j az 188<) blzlgf

CbBaxz| ) :11 G'N'8j az <:25 rnn airm 1 Vliilrzmg mgBmgzxabzr ¦ :'14 (mkknx nplrznj lk z`n t~xtmxznj mkknxnn

’xnarmgahi| Ubm~ijS à{n r~ttmrnj zàz h| abzlgf lg

abbmxjagbn vlz` lz a bmgzxabz bm~ij hn bmgbi~jnj–,' @nxn

a xnarmgahin tnxrmg lg Vlfmj“r tmrlzlmg vm~ij

xnaj z`n ZTT ar a jnklglzn mkknx zm txm{ljn a tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg zàz r`n bm~ij abbntz rm imgf ar r`n

razlrklnj z`n bmgjlzlmgr'

Z`lr lr rm gmzvlz`rzagjlgf z`n q~ailk|lgf iagf~afn

lg rnbzlmg 8 mk z`n ZTT' Ag abegmvinjfcngz lg zàz

rnbzlmg txm{ljnj? ’L ~gjnxrzagj zàz z`n Tiag lr gmz a

cmjlklbazlmg mk z`n Imag Jmb~cngzr agj zàz z`n Imag




Gm' 11#1:82 81

Z`n lccnjlazni| txnbnjlgf taxafxat` mk z`n ZTT bmgzalgr;

a r~hrzagzlaii| rlcliax abegmvinjfcngz? ’Lk txlmx zm z`n Cmjlkl#

bazlmg Nkknbzl{n Jazn) (l, z`n Ingjnx jmnr gmz txm{ljn cn a

k~ii| npnb~znj bmt| mk z`lr Tiag agj z`n Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnn#

cngz5 (ll, L à{n gmz cajn z`n Zxlai Tnxlmj ta|cngzr

xnq~lxnj ~gjnx Rnbzlmg 8 mk z`lr Tiag5 mx (lll, z`n Ingjnx jnznx#clgnr zàz c| xntxnrngzazlmgr lg Rnbzlmg 1 axn gm imgfnx zx~n

agj bmxxnbz) z`n Imag Jmb~cngzr vlii gmz hn cmjlklnj agj

z`n Tiag vlii znxclgazn'– ZTT ¦ 8'K'

Jmb~cngzr vlii gmz hn cmjlklnj ~ginrr agj ~gzli

(l, L cnnz aii mk z`n bmgjlzlmgr xnq~lxnj kmx cmjlklbazlmg)

(ll, L xnbnl{n a k~ii| npnb~znj bmt| mk z`n Cmjlklbazlmg

Afxnncngz) agj (lll, z`n Cmjlklbazlmg Nkknbzl{n Jazn àr

tarrnj'– ZTT ¦ 8'F' Abbmxjlgf zm Vniir Kaxfm) z`lr txm#;

{lrlmg cnagz zàz aii mk lzr mhilfazlmgr zm Vlfmj

znxclgaznj lk Vniir Kaxfm lzrnik b`mrn gmz zm jnil{nx ’a

k~ii| npnb~znj ZTT agj ‐Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz“ h|

Gm{nchnx 1) 844<'– Lg mz`nx vmxjr) Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr

zàz lzr mhilfazlmg zm rngj Vlfmj a tnxcagngz Cmjlklba#

zlmg Afxnncngz var zxlffnxnj mgi| lk agj v`ng lz

abz~aii| rngz Vlfmj a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz'

Vniir Kaxfm“r txmtmrnj xnajlgf mk rnbzlmg 8 vm~ij

g~iilk| mz`nx nptxnrr txm{lrlmgr mk z`n ZTT Afxnncngz'

Rtnblklbaii|) lz vm~ij g~iilk| Vniir Kaxfm“r mhilfazlmg

zm ’rngj UVlfmjS a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz– lk r`n

’bmctiUlnjS vlz` z`n xnq~lxncngzr– mk z`n ZTT agj lk

`nx ’xntxnrngzazlmgr ' ' ' bmgzlg~n zm hn zx~n lg aii cazn#

xlai xnrtnbzr'– ZTT ¦ 2' ^gjnx Vniir Kaxfm“r z`nmx|) lzbm~ij rlcti| xnk~rn zm rngj z`n Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz

kmx ag| xnarmg vàzrmn{nx ‚ lgznxnrz xaznr vngz ~t) z`n




88 Gm' 11#1:82

nbmgmc| rm~xnj) lz o~rz jljg“z ilen Vlfmj ‚ agj z`nxn

vm~ij rzlii hn gm hxnab`' ^gjnx z`lr xnajlgf) a hmxxmvnx

v`m jlj aii z`n ZTT xnq~lxnj mk `nx vm~ij hn ngzlzinj zm

a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mgi| v`ng z`n hage npnxblrnj

lzr ~ghxljinj jlrbxnzlmg zm t~z a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnn#

cngz lg z`n cali' Lg r`mxz) Vniir Kaxfm“r lgznxtxnzazlmg

mk z`n q~ailk|lgf iagf~afn lg rnbzlmg 8 z~xgr ag mz`nx#

vlrn rzxalf`zkmxvaxj mkknx lgzm ag lii~rlmg'

Z`n cmxn gaz~xai lgznxtxnzazlmg lr zm xnaj z`n txm{l#rlmg ar ra|lgf zàz gm tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg nplrznj

’~ginrr agj ~gzli– Vlfmj (l, cnz aii bmgjlzlmgr) (ll, Vniir

Kaxfm npnb~znj z`n Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz) agj

(lll, z`n nkknbzl{n cmjlklbazlmg jazn tarrnj' Hnkmxn z`nrn

bmgjlzlmgr vnxn cnz) z`n imag jmb~cngzr xncalgnj

~gcmjlklnj agj lg kmxbn) h~z ~gjnx taxafxat` 1 agj

rnbzlmg 2 mk z`n ZTT) Vniir Kaxfm rzlii àj ag mhilfa#

zlmg zm mkknx Vlfmj a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mgbn r`n

razlrklnj aii `nx mhilfazlmgr ~gjnx z`n afxnncngz'

Z`lr lgznxtxnzazlmg kmiimvr kxmc z`n tialg agj mxjlgax|cnaglgf mk z`n bmgzxabz iagf~afn rzazlgf zàz ’z`n Tiag

lr gmz a cmjlklbazlmg ' ' ' ~ginrr agj ~gzli– z`n bmgjlzlmgr

txnbnjngz vnxn k~ikliinj' ZTT ¦ 8'F' Agj) ~gilen Vniir

Kaxfm“r xnajlgf) lz fl{nr k~ii nkknbz zm aii mk z`n ZTT“r

txm{lrlmgr' Rnn Cb@ngx| Ra{lgfr Hage {' A~zmvmxer mk

Va~bmgja) Lgb' ) <8: G'N'8j 11<6) 184> (Lii' Att' 8414, (’Lk

tmrrlhin vn c~rz lgznxtxnz a bmgzxabz lg a caggnx zàz

fl{nr nkknbz zm aii mk z`n bmgzxabz“r txm{lrlmgr'–,) blzlgf Hage

mk Acnxlba Gaz“i Zx~rz + Ra{lgfr Arr“g {' Rb`~irmg ) 61:

G'N'8j 84) 8: (Lii' Att' 1<<<,' Mgbn Vniir Kaxfm rlfgnj

z`n ZTT Afxnncngz agj xnz~xgnj lz zm Vlfmj) ag mhonb#

zl{ni| xnarmgahin tnxrmg vm~ij bmgrzx~n lz ar ag mkknx




Gm' 11#1:82 82

zm txm{ljn a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngz lk r`n

k~ikliinj lzr bmgjlzlmgr'

8' Bmgrljnxazlmg

^gjnx Liilgmlr iav) ’bmgrljnxazlmg bmgrlrzr mk rmcn

jnzxlcngz zm z`n mkknxmx) rmcn hngnklz zm z`n mkknxnn) mx

rmcn haxfalgnj#kmx npbàgfn hnzvnng z`nc'– J~car {'

Lgklglz| Hxmajbarzlgf Bmxt' ) :1; K'2j ;61) ;6< g'< (6z` Blx'844>,) q~mzlgf Jm|in {' @mi| Bxmrr @mrtlzai ) 640 G'N'8j

11:4) 11:> (Lii' 1<<<,' ’Lk a jnhzmx jmnr rmcnz`lgf cmxn

mx jlkknxngz lg bàxabznx kxmc zàz v`lb` lz var

infaii| hm~gj zm jm) lz vlii bmgrzlz~zn bmgrljnxazlmg kmx

z`n txmclrn'– 2 Vliilrzmg mg Bmgzxabzr ) ¦ 6?86'

@nxn z`n ZTT bmgzalgnj r~kklblngz bmgrljnxazlmg

hnba~rn) ~gjnx lzr znxcr) Vlfmj (z`n txmclrnn, lgb~xxnj

bmfglahin infai jnzxlcngzr' H| rlfglgf lz) Vlfmj afxnnj

zm mtng gnv nrbxmv abbm~gzr) zm ~gjnxfm bxnjlz bm~g#

rnilgf (lk arenj,) agj zm txm{ljn agj {m~b` kmx z`n zx~z`

mk `nx klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg' Vlfmj“r bmctialgz aiinfnr

zàz r`n jlj cmxn zàg rlcti| afxnn zm ta| a jlrbm~gznj

acm~gz lg razlrkabzlmg mk a txlmx jnhz' Lg npbàgfn kmx

Vniir Kaxfm“r bmgjlzlmgai txmclrn zm cmjlk| `nx `mcn

cmxzfafn) r`n ~gjnxzmme c~izltin mhilfazlmgr ahm{n agj

hn|mgj `nx nplrzlgf infai j~z| zm caen cmxzfafn ta|#

cngzr' Z`lr var ajnq~azn bmgrljnxazlmg) ar a g~chnx

mk jlrzxlbz bm~xzr ajo~jlbazlgf z`lxj#fngnxazlmg @ACT

barnr à{n xnbmfglnj' Rnn) n'f' ) Lg xn Hage mk Acnxlba @mcn

Akkmxjahin Cmjlklbazlmg Txmfxac (@ACT, Bmgzxabz Ilzlfazlmg )

Gm' 14#cj#481<2#XV_) 8411 VI 8;26888) az /: (J' Carr'

O~i| ;) 8411, (c ~izl#jlrzxlbz ilzlfazlmg, (’Z`n xnq~lxncngzr




8: Gm' 11#1:82

Z`n ZTT rzaznj zàz lzr cmgzì| ta|cngz rb`nj~in ’lr ag6

nrzlcazn mk z`n ta|cngz zàz vlii hn xnq~lxnj ~gjnx z`n cmjl#

klnj imag znxcr) v`lb` vlii hn klgailnj lg abbmxjagbn vlz`

Rnbzlmg 2 hnimv'– ZTT ¦ 8' Rnbzlmg 2 txm{ljnj? ’L ~gjnxrzagj

zàz mgbn Ingjnx lr ahin zm jnznxclgn z`n klgai acm~gzr mk

~gtalj lgznxnrz agj ag| mz`nx jnilgq~ngz acm~gzr ' ' ' agj akznxjnj~bzlgf ' ' ' ag| xncalglgf cmgn| `nij az z`n ngj mk z`n

Zxlai Tnxlmj ' ' ' z`n Ingjnx vlii jnznxclgn z`n gnv ta|cngz

acm~gz'– ZTT ¦ 2'

mk z`n ZTT aii bmgrzlz~zn gnv infai jnzxlcngzr'–,5 Agragniil

{' OT Cmxfag Bàrn Hage) G'A' ) Gm' B 14#420<8 V@A) 8411

VI 112::>1) az /: (G'J' Bai' Cax' 80) 8411, (racn,'

2' Jnklglzn agj Bnxzalg Znxcr

A bmgzxabz lr ngkmxbnahin ~gjnx Liilgmlr iav lk kxmc lzr

tialg znxcr lz lr arbnxzalgahin vàz nab` taxz| àr

afxnnj zm jm' Abajnc| B`lbafm T~hilr`nxr {' B`nn{nx ) >60G'N'8j <01) <02 (Lii' 1<<1,' ’A bmgzxabz ca| hn ngkmxbnj

n{ng z`m~f` rmcn bmgzxabz znxcr ca| hn clrrlgf mx

inkz zm hn afxnnj ~tmg) h~z lk z`n nrrngzlai znxcr axn rm

~gbnxzalg zàz z`nxn lr gm harlr kmx jnbljlgf v`nz`nx

z`n afxnncngz àr hnng entz mx hxmeng) z`nxn lr gm bmg#

zxabz'– Lj' az <0:' Vniir Kaxfm bmgzngjr zàz z`n ZTT lr

~gngkmxbnahin hnba~rn lz jlj gmz rtnblk| z`n npabz znxcr

mk z`n tnxcagngz imag cmjlklbazlmg) lgbi~jlgf z`n

lgznxnrz xazn) z`n txlgbltai haiagbn) imag j~xazlmg) agj

z`n zmzai cmgzì| ta|cngz' Hnba~rn z`n ZTT aiimvnj6

z`n ingjnx zm jnznxclgn z`n txnblrn bmgzm~xr mk z`n tnxca#

gngz cmjlklbazlmg az a iaznx jazn) Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr)




Gm' 11#1:82 8>

lz xnkinbznj gm ’cnnzlgf mk z`n clgjr– ar zm z`n

tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg“r nrrngzlai znxcr) rm zàz lz var

ag ~gngkmxbnahin ’afxnncngz zm afxnn'–

Lz lr zx~n zàz Vlfmj“r zxlai tnxlmj znxcr vnxn ag ’nrzl#

cazn– mk z`n znxcr mk z`n tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg agj

zàz Vniir Kaxfm àj rmcn ilclznj jlrbxnzlmg zm cmjlk|

tnxcagngz znxcr harnj mg lzr jnznxclgazlmg mk z`n

’klgai acm~gzr mk ~gtalj lgznxnrz agj mz`nx jnilgq~ngz

acm~gzr'– ZTT ¦¦ 8) 2' H~z z`lr àxji| caenr z`n ZTT acnxn ’afxnncngz zm afxnn'– Z`lr bm~xz) atti|lgf Liilgmlr

iav) àr nptialgnj zàz a bmgzxabz vlz` mtng znxcr bag

hn ngkmxbnj?

Lg mxjnx kmx r~b` a bmgzxabz zm hn ngkmxbnahin)

`mvn{nx) lz lr gnbnrrax| zàz z`n znxcr zm hn afxnnj

~tmg lg z`n k~z~xn bag hn jnznxclgnj ’lgjntngj#

ngz mk a taxz|“r cnxn ‐vlr`) vlii) agj jnrlxn“ ' ' ')

nlz`nx h| {lxz~n mk z`n afxnncngz lzrnik mx h| bmc#

cnxblai txabzlbn mx mz`nx ~rafn mx b~rzmc'–

^glznj Rzaznr {' Mxx Bmgrzx~bzlmg Bm' ) >;4 K'8j 6;>) 6;< (6z`

Blx' 1<66,) q~mzlgf 1 Axz`~x Ilgzmg Bmxhlg) Bmxhlg mg

Bmgzxabzr ¦ <>) az :48 (1<;4 nj', (`nxnlgakznx ’Bmxhlg

mg Bmgzxabzr (1<;4 nj',–, (lgznxgai q~mzazlmg caxer mclz#

znj,' Txmknrrmx Bmxhlg“r zxnazlrn bmgzlg~nr? ’Z`lr ca|

hn z`n barn) n{ng z`m~f` z`n jnznxclgazlmg lr inkz zm mgn

mk z`n bmgzxabzlgf taxzlnr) lk `n lr xnq~lxnj zm caen lz

‐lg fmmj kalz`“ lg abbmxjagbn vlz` rmcn nplrzlgf

rzagjaxj mx vlz` kabzr batahin mk mhonbzl{n txmmk'– 1 Bmxhlg

mg Bmgzxabzr ¦ <>) az :48 (1<;4 nj','

Lg z`lr barn) @ACT f~ljnilgnr txm{ljnj txnblrni|

z`lr ’nplrzlgf rzagjaxj– h| v`lb` z`n ~izlcazn znxcr mk




8; Gm' 11#1:82

Vlfmj“r tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg vnxn zm hn rnz' V`ng

mgn taxz| zm a bmgzxabz àr jlrbxnzlmg zm rnz mtng znxcr

lg a bmgzxabz) zàz taxz| c~rz jm rm ’xnarmgahi| agj

gmz axhlzxaxli| mx lg a caggnx lgbmgrlrzngz vlz` z`n xna#

rmgahin nptnbzazlmgr mk z`n taxzlnr'– Bxmcnngr) @miimcag)

Rlhnxz) Lgb' {' AH [mi{m ) 2:< K'2j 26;) 2<> (6z` Blx' 8442,

(atti|lgf Liilgmlr iav,' Lg lzr txmfxac jlxnbzl{nr)

z`n Jntaxzcngz mk z`n Zxnar~x| rnz kmxz` z`n npabz cnbà#

glrcr kmx jnznxclglgf hmxxmvnx nilflhlilz| agj kmx bai#

b~iazlgf cmjlklbazlmg znxcr ‚ gacni|) z`n vaznxkaii

cnz`mj agj z`n GT[ znrz' Z`nrn @ACT f~ljnilgnr ~g#

q~nrzlmgahi| lgkmxcnj z`n xnarmgahin nptnbzazlmgr mk

z`n taxzlnr zm Vlfmj“r ZTT Afxnncngz) v`lb` lr

abz~aii| ngzlzinj ’@mcn Akkmxjahin Cmjlklbazlmg Txmfxac

Imag Zxlai Tnxlmj'– Lg Vlfmj“r xnarmgahin xnajlgf mk

z`n afxnncngz) lk r`n ’q~ailkUlnjS kmx z`n Mkknx– (cnaglgf)

mk bm~xrn) zàz r`n q~ailklnj ~gjnx @ACT, agj bmctilnj

vlz` z`n znxcr mk z`n ZTT) Vniir Kaxfm vm~ij mkknx `nx

a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' ZTT » 8' Zm baib~iaznVlfmj“r zxlai cmjlklbazlmg znxcr) Vniir Kaxfm var mhil#

faznj zm ~rn z`n GT[ znrz agj z`n vaznxkaii cnz`mj zm

zx| zm hxlgf `nx cmgzì| ta|cngzr jmvg zm 21 tnxbngz

mk `nx fxmrr lgbmcn' Aiz`m~f` z`n zxlai znxcr vnxn o~rz

ag ’nrzlcazn– mk z`n tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg znxcr)

z`n ZTT kalxi| lctilnj zàz ag| jn{lazlmg kxmc z`nc lg

z`n tnxcagngz mkknx vm~ij airm hn harnj mg Vniir

Kaxfm“r attilbazlmg mk z`n nrzahilr`nj @ACT bxlznxla

agj kmxc~iar'

Vniir Kaxfm) mk bm~xrn) àr gmz mkknxnj Vlfmj ag|tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg) inz aimgn mgn zàz lr bmgrlrzngz

vlz` @ACT txmfxac f~ljnilgnr' Z`~r) n{ng vlz`m~z




Gm' 11#1:82 86

xnknxngbn zm z`n @ACT cmjlklbazlmg x~inr) Vlfmj“r

bmctialgz aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm hxnab`nj lzr txmclrn

zm txm{ljn `nx vlz` a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mgbn r`n

k~ikliinj z`n ZTT“r bmgjlzlmgr' Aiz`m~f` Vniir Kaxfm

ca| à{n àj rmcn ilclznj jlrbxnzlmg zm rnz z`n txnblrn

znxcr mk ag mkknxnj tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg) lz var bnx#

zalgi| xnq~lxnj zm mkknx rmcn rmxz mk fmmj#kalz` tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg zm Vlfmj bmgrlrzngz vlz` @ACT f~ljn#

ilgnr' Lz àr mkknxnj gmgn' Rnn Bmxhlg mg Bmgzxabzr ¦ :'1) az

>28 (xn{' nj', (’V`nxn z`n taxzlnr lgzngj zm bmgzxabz

h~z jnknx afxnncngz mg bnxzalg nrrngzlai znxcr ~gzli

iaznx) z`n fat bag hn b~xnj lk mgn mk z`n taxzlnr mkknxr zm

abbntz ag| xnarmgahin txmtmrai zàz z`n mz`nx ca|

caen' Z`n mz`nx“r kali~xn zm caen ag| txmtmrai lr a binax

lgjlbazlmg zàz z`n clrrlgf znxc lr gmz z`n ba~rn mk z`n

bmgzxabz kali~xn'–,' Vn c~rz arr~cn az z`n tinajlgfr

rzafn zàz Vlfmj cnz nab` mk z`n ZTT“r bmgjlzlmgr) agj

lz lr ~gjlrt~znj zàz Vniir Kaxfm mkknxnj gm tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg az aii' Z`n znxcr mk z`n ZTT axn binax agjjnklglzn ngm~f` zm r~ttmxz Vlfmj“r hxnab` mk bmgzxabz

z`nmx|' Abbmxj) n'f' ) Hni|na {' Ilzzmg Imag Rnx{lblgf ) IIT )

Gm' 14#14<21#JOB) 8411 VI 800:<;:) az /0 (J' Carr' O~i| 1>)

8411, (’Az a clglc~c) z`ng) z`n ZTT bmgzalgr aii

nrrngzlai agj caznxlai znxcr gnbnrrax| zm fm{nxg z`n

zxlai tnxlmj xnta|cngzr agj z`n taxzlnr“ xniaznj mhilfa#

zlmgr'–,) q~mzlgf Hmrq~n {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A' ) 6;8

K' R~tt' 8j 2:8) 2>8 (J' Carr' 8411,' Vlfmj“r bmctialgz

r~kklblngzi| tinj nab` nincngz mk a hxnab` mk bmgzxabz

bialc ~gjnx Liilgmlr iav' Z`n xnin{agz jmb~cngzr jm gmz~gjnxclgn `nx bialc ar a cazznx mk iav'




80 Gm' 11#1:82

H' Txmclrrmx| Nrzmttni

Vlfmj airm arrnxzr a bialc kmx txmclrrmx| nrzmttni)

v`lb` lr ag aiznxgazl{n cnagr mk mhzalglgf bmgzxabz~ai

xnilnk ~gjnx Liilgmlr iav' Rnn Txngzlbn {' ^JB Aj{lrmx|

Rnx{lbnr) Lgb' ) ;:0 G'N'8j 1:;) 1>4 (Lii' Att' 1<<>,) blzlgf

Q~aen Bmgrzx~bzlmg) Lgb' {' Acnxlbag Alxilgnr) Lgb' )

>;> G'N'8j <<4 (Lii' 1<<4,' Txmclrrmx| nrzmttni caenr

a txmclrn hlgjlgf v`nxn ’aii z`n mz`nx nincngzr mk a bmg#

zxabz nplrz) h~z bmgrljnxazlmg lr iabelgf'– J~car {' Lgklglz|Hxmajbarzlgf Bmxt' ) :1; K'2j ;61) ;66 (6z` Blx' 844>,) blzlgf

Hage mk Caxlmg {' Xmhnxz ’B`lbe– Kxlz) Lgb' ) 211 G'N'8j

120 (Lii' 1<6:,' Z`n jmbzxlgn lr ’bmccmgi| nptialgnj

ar txmcmzlgf z`n racn t~xtmrnr ar z`n zmxz mk clrxnt#

xnrngzazlmg? t~glr`lgf mx jnznxxlgf z`mrn v`m clrinaj

mz`nxr zm z`nlx jnzxlcngz agj bmctngrazlgf z`mrn v`m

axn clrinj'– A{nx| Eaz) V`ng R`m~ij ag Mkknx Rzlbe= Z`n

Nbmgmclbr mk Txmclrrmx| Nrzmttni lg Txnilclgax| Gnfmzlazlmgr )

14> \ain I'O' 18:<) 18>: (1<<;,' Zm nrzahilr` z`n nincngzr

mk txmclrrmx| nrzmttni) ’z`n tialgzlkk c~rz txm{n zàz(1, jnkngjagz cajn ag ~gachlf~m~r txmclrn zm

tialgzlkk) (8, tialgzlkk xnilnj mg r~b` txmclrn) (2, tialgzlkk“r

xnilagbn var nptnbznj agj kmxnrnnahin h| jnkngjagzr) agj

(:, tialgzlkk xnilnj mg z`n txmclrn zm lzr jnzxlcngz'–

Gnvzmg Zxabzmx Rainr) Lgb' {' E~hmza Zxabzmx Bmxt') <4;

G'N'8j >84) >82#8: (Lii' 844<,'

Vlfmj àr ajnq~azni| aiinfnj `nx bialc mk txmclr#

rmx| nrzmttni' R`n arrnxzr zàz Vniir Kaxfm cajn ag

~gachlf~m~r txmclrn zàz lk r`n cajn zlcni| ta|cngzragj abb~xazn xntxnrngzazlmgr j~xlgf z`n zxlai tnxlmj) r`n

vm~ij xnbnl{n ag mkknx kmx a tnxcagngz imag cmjlklba#




Gm' 11#1:82 8<

Hnba~rn Vlfmj àr r~bbnrrk~ii| tinj a hxnab` mk bmgzxabz0

bialc) lgbi~jlgf bmgrljnxazlmg) az z`lr rzafn mk z`n ilzlfazlmg

z`nxn lr ’gm fat lg z`n xncnjlai r|rznc kmx txmclrrmx|

nrzmttni zm klii'– J~car ) :1; K'2j az ;66) q~mzlgf Aii#Znb`

Zninbmc Lgb' {' Acva| Bmxt' ) 16: K'2j 0;8) 0;< (6z` Blx' 1<<<,'

Mgn mx cmxn mk Vniir Kaxfm“r bmgzxabz jnkngrnr ca| xncalg

lg jlrt~zn kmx z`n xncalgjnx mk z`n ilzlfazlmg' Kmx z`lr xnarmg)

Vlfmj ca| txnrnx{n `nx txmclrrmx| nrzmttni bialc ar agaiznxgazl{n lg z`n n{ngz z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz mx a o~x| iaznx bmg#

bi~jnr ar a kabz~ai cazznx zàz ag ngkmxbnahin bmgzxabz jlj

gmz nplrz'

zlmg baib~iaznj ~rlgf z`n xnq~lxnj @ACT cnz`mjmimf|'

R`n airm aiinfnr zàz r`n xnilnj mg zàz txmclrn zm `nx

jnzxlcngz h| kmxnfmlgf z`n mttmxz~glz| zm ~rn mz`nx

xncnjlnr zm ra{n `nx `mcn (r~b` ar xnrzx~bz~xlgf `nx

jnhz lg hagex~tzb|,) agj h| jn{mzlgf `nx xnrm~xbnr zm

caelgf z`n imvnx cmgzì| ta|cngzr ~gjnx z`n ZTT

Afxnncngz xaz`nx zàg azznctzlgf zm rnii `nx `mcn mx

rlcti| jnka~izlgf' A imrz mttmxz~glz| bag bmgrzlz~zn a

r~kklblngz jnzxlcngz zm r~ttmxz a txmclrrmx| nrzmttni

bialc' Rnn Vmmj {' Clj#[aiin| Lgb' ) <:8 K'8j :8>) :80 (6z`

Blx' 1<<1, (gmzlgf zàz a ’kmxnfmgn ' ' ' mttmxz~glz|– vm~ij

hn ’xnilagbn ngm~f` zm r~ttmxz a bialc mk txmclrrmx|

nrzmttni–, (atti|lgf Lgjlaga iav,' Vlfmj“r bmctialgz

z`nxnkmxn aiinfnj a r~kklblngzi| binax txmclrn) n{ljngbn

mk `nx mvg xnilagbn) agj ag nptiagazlmg mk z`n lgo~x| zàz

xnr~iznj' R`n airm bmgzngjr zàz Vniir Kaxfm m~f`z zm

à{n agzlbltaznj `nx bmctilagbn vlz` z`n znxcr mk lzr

txmclrn' Z`lr var ngm~f` zm txnrngz a kablaii| tia~rlhin

bialc mk txmclrrmx| nrzmttni'

0




24 Gm' 11#1:82

Z`n Zxnar~x| jlxnbzl{nr xnq~lxn rnx{lbnxr zm à{n ’ajnq~azn<

rzakklgf) xnrm~xbnr) agj kablilzlnr kmx xnbnl{lgf agj txmbnrrlgf

@ACT jmb~cngzr– agj zm ’ngr~xn zàz ' ' ' lgq~lxlnr agj

bmctialgzr axn txm{ljnj kalx bmgrljnxazlmg) agj zlcni| agj

attxmtxlazn xnrtmgrnr agj xnrmi~zlmg'– R~ttincngzai Jlxnbzl{n

4<#41' Ajjlzlmgaii|) lg z`n Rnx{lbnx Taxzlbltazlmg Afxnncngzlz npnb~znj vlz` z`n fm{nxgcngz) Vniir Kaxfm afxnnj zm ’~rn

q~ailklnj lgjl{lj~air vlz` r~lzahin zxalglgf) nj~bazlmg) nptnxl#

ngbn agj reliir zm tnxkmxc z`n rnx{lbnr'–

B' Gnfilfngz @lxlgf agj R~tnx{lrlmg

Vlfmj“r gnpz bialc lr zàz Vniir Kaxfm jnilhnxazni|

`lxnj ~gq~ailklnj b~rzmcnx rnx{lbn nctim|nnr agj

xnk~rnj zm zxalg z`nc zm lctincngz @ACT nkknbzl{ni| ’rm

zàz hmxxmvnxr vm~ij hnbmcn zmm kx~rzxaznj zm t~xr~n

z`nlx cmjlklbazlmgr'– Bmcti' » <;' Vlfmj airm aiinfnr

zàz Vniir Kaxfm ajmtznj tmilblnr jnrlfgnj zm rahmzafn

z`n @ACT cmjlklbazlmg txmbnrr) r~b` ar a x~in ilclzlgf

hmxxmvnxr zm mgi| mgn znint`mgn baii vlz` ag| fl{ngnctim|nn) nkknbzl{ni| xnq~lxlgf hmxxmvnxr zm rzaxz kxmc

rbxazb` vlz` ag ~gkaclilax afngz lg ag| kmiimv#~t baii'<

Z`n nbmgmclb imrr jmbzxlgn kmxnbimrnr Vlfmj“r xnbm{nx|

mg z`lr gnfilfngbn bialc' Egmvg ar z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn

lg Liilgmlr) z`lr jmbzxlgn haxr xnbm{nx| lg zmxz kmx t~xni|

nbmgmclb imrrnr axlrlgf m~z mk a kali~xn zm tnxkmxc bmg#

zxabz~ai mhilfazlmgr' Rnn Cmmxcag Cag~kabz~xlgf Bm' {'

Gaz“i Zage Bm' ) :2> G'N'8j ::2) ::0#:< (Lii' 1<08,' Z`n

Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn txnbi~jnr ilahlilz| kmx gnfilfngz

`lxlgf agj r~tnx{lrlmg lg barnr v`nxn) lg z`n bm~xrn mk

tnxkmxclgf a bmgzxabz hnzvnng z`n jnkngjagz agj z`n




Gm' 11#1:82 21

tialgzlkk) z`n jnkngjagz“r nctim|nnr gnfilfngzi| ba~rn

z`n tialgzlkk zm r~kknx rmcn t~xni| nbmgmclb kmxc mk axc'

Rnn) n'f' ) Kxnnjmc Cmxzf' Bmxt' {' H~xgàc Cmxzf') Lgb' ) 684

K' R~tt' 8j <60) 1448 (G'J' Lii' 8414, (tialgzlkk“r ’gnfilfngz

xnzngzlmg agj r~tnx{lrlmg bialcr {lmiazn Cmmxcag hn#

ba~rn z`n| xniazn zm UlzrS bmgzxabz~ai agj bmccnxblai

xniazlmgr`lt– vlz` jnkngjagz,5 Rmxaggm {' Gnv \mxe Ilkn

Lgr' Bm' ) Gm' <; B 6008) 1<<< VI 14::42) az /1; (G'J' Lii'

Knh' 8:) 1<<<, (Tialgzlkkr“ gnfilfngz r~tnx{lrlmg bialcr

’baggmz r~x{l{n Cmmxcag zm z`n npzngz zàz z`n| xniazn

zm ' ' ' Uz`nS abzlmgr Umk z`n jnkngjagz“r afngzS lg rniilgf

z`n lgr~xagbn bmgzxabzr agj agg~lzlnr Uzm tialg#

zlkkrS' Z`mrn abzr ‚ agj z`n xniaznj j~z| zm r~tnx{lrn

z`nc ‚ attnax zm à{n axlrng ~gjnx z`n bmgzxabz'–,5

Om`grmg Txmj~bzr Bm' {' F~axjrcaxe) Lgb' ) Gm' <6 B ;:4;) 1<<0

VI 148;06) az /0 (G'J' Lii' Knh' 86) 1<<0, (nbmgmclb

imrr jmbzxlgn haxxnj gnfilfngz `lxlgf agj r~tnx{lrlmg

bialcr afalgrz rnb~xlz| klxc v`mrn f~axjr rzmin kxmc

z`n tialgzlkk hnba~rn gm Liilgmlr barn iav lctmrnj’rtnblklb j~zlnr ~tmg txm{ljnxr mk rnb~xlz| rnx{lbnr

zm nctim| `mgnrz tnxrmggni agj zm ~rn xnarmgahin baxn

zm r~tnx{lrn z`nc–,'

Z`nxn axn a g~chnx mk npbntzlmgr zm z`n Cmmxcag jmb#

zxlgn) nab` xmmznj lg z`n fngnxai x~in zàz ’UvS`nxn a

j~z| axlrnr m~zrljn mk z`n bmgzxabz) z`n nbmgmclb imrr

jmbzxlgn jmnr gmz txm`lhlz xnbm{nx| lg zmxz kmx z`n

gnfilfngz hxnab` mk zàz j~z|'– Bmgfxnfazlmg mk z`n

Tarrlmg) @mi| Bxmrr Txm{lgbn {' Zm~b`n Xmrr + Bm' ) ;2;

G'N'8j >42) >1: (Lii' 1<<:,' Zm jnznxclgn v`nz`nx z`n

Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn haxr zmxz bialcr) z`n en| q~nrzlmg lr

v`nz`nx z`n jnkngjagz“r j~z| axmrn h| mtnxazlmg mk




28 Gm' 11#1:82

bmgzxabz mx nplrznj lgjntngjngz mk z`n bmgzxabz' Rnn

Bazaiag {' FCAB Cmxzf' Bmxt' ) ;8< K'2j ;6;) ;<2 (6z`

Blx' 8411, (’Z`nrn npbntzlmgr Uzm z`n nbmgmclb imrr jmb#

zxlgnS a{n lg bmccmg z`n nplrzngbn mk ag npzxa#bmgzxabz~ai

j~z| hnzvnng z`n taxzlnr) fl{lgf xlrn zm a ba~rn mk abzlmg

lg zmxz rntaxazn kxmc mgn harnj mg z`n bmgzxabz lzrnik'–,5

821: Ilgbmig Taxe Vnrz Bmgjmclgl~c Arr“g {' Cagg) Flg)

Nhni + Kxalnx) Izj' ) >>> G'N'8j 2:;) 2>1 (Lii' 1<<4, (’z`n

bmgbntz mk j~z| lr az z`n `naxz mk jlrzlgbzlmg jxavg h|

z`n nbmgmclb imrr x~in–,' Lk) kmx npactin) ag axb`lznbz

h~gfinr a bmgrzx~bzlmg jnrlfg) z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn

haxr z`n affxln{nj mvgnx“r r~lz kmx gnfilfngbn' Rnn lj'

Z`n r`mjj| vmxecagr`lt lr a hxnab` mk z`n jnrlfg bmg#

zxabz xaz`nx zàg a kali~xn zm mhrnx{n rmcn lgjntngjngz

j~z| mk baxn mvnj zm z`n vmxij az iaxfn'

Zm z`n npzngz Vniir Kaxfm àj a j~z| zm rnx{lbn

Vlfmj“r `mcn imag xnrtmgrlhi| agj vlz` bmctnzngz

tnxrmggni) zàz j~z| ncnxfnj rmini| m~z mk lzr bmgzxabz~ai

mhilfazlmgr' Ar vn xnbngzi| gmznj) a cmxzfafn bmgzxabzlzrnik ’baggmz fl{n xlrn zm ag npzxa#bmgzxabz~ai j~z|

vlz`m~z rmcn r`mvlgf mk a klj~blax| xniazlmgr`lt hn#

zvnng z`n taxzlnr)– agj gm r~b` xniazlmgr`lt nplrznj `nxn'

Bazaiag ) ;8< K'2j az ;<2 (atti|lgf Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn,'

Aiz`m~f` Vlfmj àr a infaii| {lahin bialc zàz z`n

ZTT Afxnncngz hm~gj Vniir Kaxfm zm mkknx `nx a tnxca#

gngz cmjlklbazlmg) Vniir Kaxfm mvnj `nx gm lgjntngjngz

j~z| zm nctim| q~ailklnj tnmtin agj zm r~tnx{lrn

z`nc attxmtxlazni| lg rnx{lblgf nx mcn imag' Bk' Om`grmg

Txmj~bzr Bm' ) 1<<0 VI 148;06) az /< (’Z`n cag~kabz~xnx

mk a jnknbzl{n txmj~bz zàz rlcti| jmnr gmz vmxe

txmtnxi| jmnr gmz mvn a j~z| lg zmxz zm z`n t~xbàrnx mk




Gm' 11#1:82 22

z`n txmj~bz zm ~rn xnarmgahin baxn lg txmj~blgf z`n

txmj~bz' Xaz`nx) z`n t~xbàrnx“r xncnj| ilnr lg hxnab`

mk bmgzxabz mx hxnab` mk vaxxagz|' ' ' ' UJnkngjagzS àj

gm mhilfazlmg zm ~rn xnarmgahin baxn lg tnxkmxclgf

lzr j~zlnr) kmx lzr mgi| mhilfazlmgr axmrn ~gjnx z`n bmg#

zxabz lzrnik'–,' Vlfmj“r xlf`zr `nxn axn bmgzxabz~ai

lg gaz~xn' Lk Vniir Kaxfm kalinj zm `mgmx z`nlx afxnn#

cngz ‚ v`nz`nx h| `lxlgf lgbmctnzngzr mx rlcti|

z`xm~f` haij xnk~rair zm tnxkmxc ‚ bmgzxabz iav txm#

{ljnr `nx xncnjlnr'

Vlfmj axf~nr zàz z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn jmnr gmz hax

`nx gnfilfngz `lxlgf agj r~tnx{lrlmg bialcr hnba~rn

r`n rnner nq~lzahin xnilnk agj z`nxnkmxn `nx arrnxznj

àxc fmnr hn|mgj t~xn nbmgmclb lgo~x|' H~z z`lr

z`nmx| arr~cnr zàz z`nxn lr rmcn gnbnrrax| bmggnbzlmg

hnzvnng z`n gaz~xn mk z`n imrr aiinfnj agj z`n attxm#

txlazn kmxc mk xnilnk' Z`lr lr gmz rm' T~xni| nbmgmclb

imrrnr ca| rmcnzlcnr hn hnrz xncnjlnj z`xm~f` lg#

o~gbzl{n xnilnk ‚ v`ng) kmx lgrzagbn) rtnblklb tnxkmxcagbnmk a bmgzxabz lr xnq~lxnj zm caen z`n tialgzlkk v`min) mx

v`ng z`n xlre mk ~gjnx#bmctngrazlmg lr {nx| `lf`' Rnn

Agz`mg| Z' Exmgcag) Rtnblklb Tnxkmxcagbn ) :> ^' B`l' I'

Xn{' 2>1) 2;8 (1<60, (z`nmxllgf zàz rtnblklb tnxkmxcagbn

lr avaxjnj v`nxn a bm~xz ’baggmz mhzalg) az xnarmgahin

bmrz) ngm~f` lgkmxcazlmg ahm~z r~hrzlz~znr zm tnxclz lz

zm baib~iazn ag avaxj mk cmgn| jacafnr vlz`m~z

lctmrlgf ag ~gabbntzahi| `lf` xlre mk ~gjnxbmctngra#

zlmg mg z`n lgo~xnj txmclrnn–,' Bmg{nxrni|) lz lr xm~zlgn

kmx zmxz tialgzlkkr v`m à{n lgb~xxnj gmg#nbmgmclbimrrnr (r~b` ar t`|rlbai lgo~x|, zm rnne agj xnbnl{n cmgn#

zax| jacafnr' Vlfmj àr r~kknxnj gm lgo~x| zm tnxrmg




2: Gm' 11#1:82

mx txmtnxz|' Z`n àxc r`n aiinfnr lr zàz Vniir Kaxfm

jlj gmz xnrzx~bz~xn z`n znxcr mk `nx cmxzfafn agj

z`nxnh| ba~rnj `nx zm jnka~iz' Z`lr lr a t~xni| nbmgmclb

lgo~x| lk n{nx vn rav mgn' Vlfmj“r bialc kmx gnfilfngz

`lxlgf agj r~tnx{lrlmg var txmtnxi| jlrclrrnj'

J' Kxa~j Bialcr

Liilgmlr bm~xzr nptxnrri| xnbmfgln ag npbntzlmg zm z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn ’v`nxn z`n tialgzlkk“r jacafnr axn

txmplcazni| ba~rnj h| a jnkngjagz“r lgzngzlmgai) kairn

xntxnrngzazlmg) l'n ') kxa~j'– Bazaiag ) ;8< K'2j az ;<2) q~mzlgf

Klxrz Cljvnrz Hage) G'A' {' Rznvaxz Zlzin F~axagz| Bm' )

0:2 G'N'8j 286) 222 (Lii' 844;,5 rnn airm Rznlg {' J“Aclbm )

Gm' 0; B <4<<) 1<06 VI :<2:) az /2 (G'J' Lii' O~gn >) 1<06,

(atti|lgf kxa~j npbntzlmg zm Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn kmx bialc

mk kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz,' Hnba~rn mk z`lr npbntzlmg)

z`n nbmgmclb imrr jmbzxlgn jmnr gmz hax Vlfmj“r bialc

kmx kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg' R`n àr ajnq~azni|tinj z`n nincngzr mk kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg h~z

gmz kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz'

1' Kxa~j~ingz Clrxntxnrngzazlmg

Z`n nincngzr mk a bialc mk kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngza#

zlmg lg Liilgmlr axn?

(1, UaS kairn rzazncngz mk caznxlai kabz (8, egmvg mx

hniln{nj zm hn kairn h| z`n taxz| caelgf lz5 (2, lgzngz zm

lgj~bn z`n mz`nx taxz| zm abz5 (:, abzlmg h| z`n mz`nx

taxz| lg xnilagbn mg z`n zx~z` mk z`n rzazncngz5 agj




Gm' 11#1:82 2>

(>, jacafn zm z`n mz`nx taxz| xnr~izlgf kxmc

zàz xnilagbn'

Jimmfazb` {' Hxlgbaz ) <84 G'N'8j 11;1) 11;; (Lii' Att' 844<,)

q~mzlgf Rm~inr {' Fngnxai Cmzmxr Bmxt' ) :48 G'N'8j ><<)

;41 (Lii' 1<04,' ^gjnx z`n `nlf`zngnj knjnxai tinajlgf

rzagjaxj mk X~in <(h, mk z`n Knjnxai X~inr mk Bl{li Txm#

bnj~xn) a tialgzlkk ’aiinflgf kxa~j ' ' ' c~rz rzazn vlz`

taxzlb~iaxlz| z`n blxb~crzagbnr bmgrzlz~zlgf kxa~j'– Rnn

Hmxrniilgm {' Fmijcag Rab`r Fxm~t) Lgb' ) :66 K'2j >48) >46(6z` Blx' 8446, (’Z`lr `nlf`zngnj tinajlgf xnq~lxncngz

lr a xnrtmgrn zm z`n fxnaz àxc zm z`n xnt~zazlmg mk a

h~rlgnrr klxc mx mz`nx ngznxtxlrn a kxa~j bialc bag jm'–,

(lgznxgai q~mzazlmg caxer mclzznj,' Vn à{n r~c#

caxlnj z`n taxzlb~iaxlz| xnq~lxncngz ar baiilgf kmx z`n

klxrz taxafxat` mk ag| gnvrtatnx rzmx|? ’z`n v`m)

vàz) v`ng) v`nxn) agj `mv'– N'f' ) Vlgj| Blz| Cnzai

Kahxlbazmxr + R~tti|) Lgb' {' BLZ Znb`gmimf| Klgagblgf

Rnx{lbnr) Lgb' ) >2; K'2j ;;2) ;;0 (6z` Blx' 8440,'

Vlfmj“r bmctialgz razlrklnr zàz rzagjaxj' R`n ljngzlklnrz`n egmvlgf clrxntxnrngzazlmg ar Vniir Kaxfm“r rzazn#

cngz lg z`n ZTT zàz lz vm~ij mkknx `nx a tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg lk r`n bmctilnj vlz` z`n znxcr agj bmgjl#

zlmgr mk z`n ZTT' R`n airm aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm

lgzngjnj zàz r`n vm~ij abz lg xnilagbn mg txmclrnr lz

cajn lg z`n ZTT agj zàz r`n xnarmgahi| jlj rm zm `nx

jnzxlcngz' Kxa~j~ingz lgzngz ca| hn aiinfnj fngnxaii|)

rnn Knj' X' Bl{' T' <(h,) rm z`n mgi| nincngz rnxlm~ri|

az lrr~n mg z`n tinajlgfr lr xnarmgahin xnilagbn'

Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz `nij zàz ’Vlfmj bm~ij gmz xna#

rmgahi| à{n xnilnj mg– z`n ZTT“r txmclrn mk a




2; Gm' 11#1:82

tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg hnba~rn z`lr ’vm~ij à{n xn#

q~lxnj `nx zm lfgmxn z`n xncalgjnx mk z`n bmgzxabz v`lb`

xnq~lxnj `nx zm cnnz aii mk @ACT“r xnq~lxncngzr'– Vn

jlrafxnn' ^gjnx Liilgmlr iav) o~rzlklahin xnilagbn nplrzr

v`ng lz var ’xnarmgahin kmx tialgzlkk zm abbntz jn#

kngjagz“r rzazncngzr vlz`m~z ag lgjntngjngz lgq~lx| mx

lg{nrzlfazlmg'– LgQ~mzn Bmxt' {' Bmin ) Gm' <<#b{#;828) 8444

VI 1888811) az /2 (G'J' Lii' A~f' 8:) 8444,5 rnn Znacrznxr

Imbai 808 Tngrlmg Zx~rz K~gj {' Agfnimr ) 02< K'8j 2;;)

261 (6z` Blx' 1<00, (’z`n bx~blai q~nrzlmg lr v`nz`nx

z`n tialgzlkk“r bmgj~bz var rm ~gxnarmgahin ~gjnx z`n

blxb~crzagbnr agj ‐lg ilf`z mk z`n lgkmxcazlmg mtng zm

`lc) zàz z`n iav ca| txmtnxi| ra| zàz z`lr imrr lr `lr

mvg xnrtmgrlhlilz|“–,) q~mzlgf B`lbafm Zlzin + Zx~rz Bm' {'

Klxrz Axilgfzmg Gaz“i Hage ) :>: G'N'8j 682) 68< (Lii' Att'

1<02,' Ar nptialgnj ahm{n) z`n ZTT ar a v`min r~ttmxzr

Vlfmj“r xnajlgf mk lz zm xnq~lxn Vniir Kaxfm zm mkknx `nx

a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mgbn lz jnznxclgnj r`n var

q~ailklnj agj rngz `nx ag npnb~znj bmt|) agj r`nrazlrklnj z`n bmgjlzlmgr txnbnjngz' Harnj mg z`n

tinajlgfr) vn baggmz ra| zàz `nx aiinfnj xnilagbn mg

Vniir Kaxfm“r txmclrn var mhonbzl{ni| ~gxnarmgahin'

Vlfmj“r kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialc az klxrz

rnncr {~ignxahin mg mz`nx fxm~gjr) `mvn{nx) rlgbn lz

xntxnrngzr a bialc mk txmclrrmx| kxa~j ‚ zàz lr) a ’kairn

rzazncngz mk lgzngz xnfaxjlgf k~z~xn bmgj~bz)– ar mttmrnj

zm a kairn rzazncngz mk nplrzlgf mx tarz kabz ' Arrmblazlmg

Hngnklz Rnx{lbnr) Lgb' ) :<2 K'2j az 0>2' Txmclrrmx| kxa~j

lr ’fngnxaii| gmz abzlmgahin– lg Liilgmlr ’~ginrr z`n

tialgzlkk airm txm{nr zàz z`n abz var a taxz mk a rb`ncn

zm jnkxa~j'– Lj' ) blzlgf Hxajin| Xnai Nrzazn Zx~rz {' Jmiag




Gm' 11#1:82 26

Arrmblaznr) Izj' ) ;:4 G'N'8j <) 18#12 (Lii' Att' 1<<:,' H~z

z`lr ’rb`ncn npbntzlmg– lr hxmaj ‚ rm hxmaj lz ’zngjr zm

ngf~ik agj jn{m~x– z`n x~in' Rzacazaelr Lgj~rzxlnr) Lgb' {'

Elgf ) >84 G'N'8j 664) 668 (Lii' Att' 1<06,' Zm lg{men

z`n rb`ncn npbntzlmg) z`n tialgzlkk c~rz aiinfn agj z`ng

txm{n zàz) az z`n zlcn z`n txmclrn var cajn) z`n jnkng#

jagz jlj gmz lgzngj zm k~iklii lz' Hmvnx {' Omgnr ) <60

K'8j 144:) 1411 (6z` Blx' 1<<8, (’Lg mxjnx zm r~x{l{n z`n

tinajlgf rzafn) a bialcagz c~rz hn ahin zm tmlgz

zm rtnblklb) mhonbzl{n caglknrzazlmgr mk kxa~j~ingz lg#

zngz ‚ a rb`ncn mx jn{lbn' Lk `n baggmz) lz lr lg nkknbz

txnr~cnj zàz `n baggmz txm{n kabzr az zxlai ngzlzilgf `lc

zm xnilnk'–,) q~mzlgf @mii|cazlb Bmxt' {' @mii| R|rzncr) Lgb' )

;84 K' R~tt' 12;;) 12;< (G'J' Lii' 1<0>,' R~b` n{ljngbn

vm~ij lgbi~jn a ’a tazznxg mk kxa~j~ingz rzazncngzr) mx

mgn taxzlb~iaxi| nfxnflm~r kxa~j~ingz rzazncngz'– HTL

Ngnxf| @mijlgfr) Lgb' {' LNB (Cmgzfmcnx|,) IIB ) ;;:

K'2j 121) 12; (6z` Blx' 8411, (lgznxgai blzazlmgr mclzznj,'

Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz r`n var a {lbzlc mk a rb`ncn zmjnkxa~j? lg `nx bmctialgz) r`n abb~rnr Vniir Kaxfm mk

jnilhnxazni| lctincngzlgf a ’r|rznc jnrlfgnj zm vxmgf#

k~ii| jntxl{n lzr nilflhin @ACT hmxxmvnxr mk ag mttmx#

z~glz| zm cmjlk| z`nlx cmxzfafnr'– Bmcti' » 0' V`nz`nx

r`n àr aiinfnj ’rtnblklb) mhonbzl{n caglknrzazlmgr– mk

z`lr rb`ncn lr a bimrnx q~nrzlmg) h~z vn z`lge lz ileni|

zàz Liilgmlr bm~xzr vm~ij ra| |nr'

Z`n rb`ncn aiinfnj `nxn jmnr gmz xnrz rmini| mg Vniir

Kaxfm“r rlgfin hxmeng txmclrn zm Vlfmj' R`n bialcrzàz z`m~ragjr mk @ACT#nilflhin `mcnmvgnxr hnbacn

{lbzlcr mk Vniir Kaxfm“r ’lgzngzlmgai agj r|rzncazlb




20 Gm' 11#1:82

kali~xn zm mkknx tnxcagngz imag cmjlklbazlmgr– akznx

kairni| zniilgf z`nc lz vm~ij' Bmcti' » 1' Liilgmlr bm~xzr

à{n km~gj ar knv ar zvm hxmeng txmclrnr ngm~f`

zm nrzahilr` a rb`ncn zm jnkxa~j' Rnn) n'f' ) Fngnxai Ninb#

zxlb Bxnjlz A~zm Inarn) Lgb' {' Oage~rel ) >28 G'N'8j

2;1) 201#02 (Lii' Att' 1<00, (klgjlgf zàz tialgzlkkr tinj

kxa~j~ingz rb`ncn h| aiinflgf zàz a~zm jnainxr`lt

kairni| txmclrnj zàz (1, z`n ’`mijlgf afxnncngz– npnb~znj

vlz` tialgzlkkr vm~ij hn bagbniinj mgbn z`nlx rmg rlfgnj

a inarn kmx z`n {n`lbin5 agj (8, z`n rmg bm~ij bagbni `lr

inarn lk `n var iaznx zxagrknxxnj m{nxrnar,5 Rzacazaelr

Lgj~rzxlnr ) >84 G'N'8j az 668#6: (`mijlgf zàz tialgzlkk

txmtnxi| tinj a rb`ncn zm jnkxa~j h| aiinflgf zàz jn#

kngjagz hxmen `lr txmclrnr zm (1, caen fmmj mg a bmg#

zxabz kmx z`n t~xbàrn mk nq~ltcngz5 agj (8, ngznx lgzm

ag nctim|cngz bmgzxabz kmx kl{n |naxr vlz` a bm{ngagz

gmz zm bmctnzn,' H~z rnn Jm`nxz| {' Ea`g ) ;08 G'N'8j

1;2 (Lii' Att' 1<<6, (`mijlgf zàz tialgzlkk jlj gmz tinaj

rb`ncn zm jnkxa~j h| aiinflgf zàz jnkngjagz“r hxmengtxmclrnr zàz (1, tialgzlkk vm~ij hn txnrljngz mk bmctag|)

(8, mvg ;> tnxbngz mk z`n rzmbe) agj (2, naxg a rtnblklnj

cmgzì| raiax|,' Lg agmz`nx barn) z`n Liilgmlr R~txncn

Bm~xz km~gj zàz a rlgfin kairn txmclrn cajn zm z`n

t~hilb az iaxfn razlrklnj z`n rb`ncn npbntzlmg zm z`n

fngnxai x~in afalgrz txmclrrmx| kxa~j' Rnn Rznlghnxf {'

B`lbafm Cnjlbai Rb`mmi ) 261 G'N'8j ;2:) ;:1 (Lii' 1<66,

(klgjlgf a rb`ncn zm jnkxa~j aiinfnj afalgrz a cnjlbai

rb`mmi zàz txmclrnj lg lzr bazaimf zm n{ai~azn agj

ajclz attilbagzr harnj mg cnxlz v`ng lg kabz z`nrb`mmi lgzngjnj zm caen jnblrlmgr harnj mg cmgnzax|

bmgzxlh~zlmgr,' Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm cajn




Gm' 11#1:82 2<

agj hxmen txmclrnr mk tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmgr zm `nx

agj zm z`m~ragjr mk mz`nx tmzngzlai biarr cnchnxr ar

vnii' Lk zx~n) r~b` a vljnrtxnaj tazznxg mk jnbntzlmg

bm~ij xnarmgahi| hn bmgrljnxnj a rb`ncn ~gjnx Liilgmlr

iav agj z`~r abzlmgahin ar txmclrrmx| kxa~j' Rnn

@TL @naiz` Baxn Rnx{lbnr {' Cm~gz [nxgmg @mrtlzai)

Lgb' ) >:> G'N'8j ;68) ;08 (Lii' 1<0<,5 Rznlghnxf ) 261 G'N'8j

az ;:1'

8' Kxa~j~ingz Bmgbnaicngz

Z`n `nlf`zngnj tinajlgf rzagjaxj mk X~in <(h, airm

attilnr zm kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz bialcr' Zm tinaj z`lr

zmxz txmtnxi|) lg ajjlzlmg zm cnnzlgf z`n nincngzr mk

kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg) a tialgzlkk c~rz aiinfn

zàz z`n jnkngjagz lgzngzlmgaii| mclzznj mx bmgbnainj a

caznxlai kabz zàz lz var ~gjnx a j~z| zm jlrbimrn zm z`n

tialgzlkk' Vnljgnx {' Eaxilg ) <28 G'N'8j ;48) ;4> (Lii' Att'

8414,' A j~z| zm jlrbimrn vm~ij axlrn lk ’tialgzlkk agjjnkngjagz axn lg a klj~blax| mx bmgkljngzlai xniazlmgr`lt–

mx lg a ’rlz~azlmg v`nxn tialgzlkk tiabnr zx~rz agj bmgkl#

jngbn lg jnkngjagz) z`nxnh| tiablgf jnkngjagz lg a tmrl#

zlmg mk lgki~ngbn agj r~tnxlmxlz| m{nx tialgzlkk'– Bmgglbe

{' R~~el Cmzmx Bm' ) ;6> G'N'8j >0:) ><2 (Lii' 1<<;,'

Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm egmvlgfi| bmgbnainj

zàz lz vm~ij (1, xntmxz `nx zm bxnjlz xazlgf afngblnr ar

hnlgf lg jnka~iz mg `nx cmxzfafn5 agj (8, xnn{ai~azn

`nx nilflhlilz| kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg lg bmgzxa#

{ngzlmg mk @ACT jlxnbzl{nr' Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz jlr#

clrrnj z`lr kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz bialc j~n zm ’z`n

ahrngbn mk ag| klj~blax| mx mz`nx j~z| zm rtnae– mg z`n




:4 Gm' 11#1:82

taxz mk Vniir Kaxfm ar a cmxzfafnn' Rnn Fxaàc {' Cljiagj

Cmxzf' Bm' ) :4; K' R~tt' 8j <:0) <>2 (G'J' Lii' 844>, (’A

cmxzfafmx#cmxzfafnn xniazlmgr`lt jmnr gmz bxnazn a

klj~blax| xniazlmgr`lt ar a cazznx mk iav'–,) q~mzlgf

Znab`nxr Lgr' + Agg~lz| Arr“g mk Acnxlba {' IaRaiin Gaz“i

Hage ) ;<1 G'N'8j 001) 000 (Lii' Att' 1<<0,' Lg z`n jlrzxlbz

bm~xz) Vlfmj attaxngzi| bmgbnjnj zàz Vniir Kaxfm var

gmz a klj~blax| ~gjnx Liilgmlr iav) h~z r`n axf~nj zàz

r`n tiabnj a rtnblai zx~rz agj bmgkljngbn lg z`n hage ar

`nx @ACT rnx{lbnx' Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz xnonbznj z`lr

z`nmx| mg z`n fxm~gj zàz ag| rtnblai zx~rz xniazlmg#

r`lt hnzvnng Vlfmj agj Vniir Kaxfm nplrznj rmini|

z`xm~f` z`n ingjnx“r taxzlbltazlmg lg @ACT) v`lb` jmnr

gmz txm{ljn z`n hmxxmvnx vlz` a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg'

Kmx zvm xnarmgr) vn akklxc z`n jlrclrrai mk z`n kxa~j~#

ingz bmgbnaicngz bialc' Klxrz) Vlfmj“r rtnblai zx~rz axf~#

cngz lr val{nj? lg z`lr attnai) Vlfmj xalrnj z`n lrr~n

mgi| lg `nx xnti| hxlnk) agj axf~cngzr xalrnj kmx z`n

klxrz zlcn lg a xnti| hxlnk axn val{nj' Taj~ia {' Inlchab );>; K'2j ><>) ;4> (6z` Blx' 8411,' Rnbmgj) n{ng lk vn m{nx#

immenj z`n val{nx) vn vm~ij afxnn vlz` z`n jlrzxlbz

bm~xz zàz gm rtnblai zx~rz xniazlmgr`lt nplrznj `nxn' Vniir

Kaxfm“r taxzlbltazlmg lg @ACT lr gmz r~kklblngz zm bxnazn

a rtnblai zx~rz xniazlmgr`lt vlz` Vlfmj agj z`n xm~fì|

8>4)444 mz`nx `mcnmvgnxr vlz` v`mc lz ngznxnj ZTT

Afxnncngzr' Z`n Liilgmlr Attniiazn Bm~xz àr xnbngzi|

rzaznj zàz z`n rzagjaxj kmx ljngzlk|lgf a rtnblai zx~rz

xniazlmgr`lt lr ’npzxncni| rlcliax zm zàz mk a klj~blax|

xniazlmgr`lt'– Hngrmg {' Rzakkmxj ) <:1 G'N'8j 20;) :42 (Lii'

Att' 8414,'




Gm' 11#1:82 :1

Abbmxjlgfi|) rzazn agj knjnxai bm~xzr lg Liilgmlr à{n

xaxni| km~gj a rtnblai zx~rz xniazlmgr`lt zm nplrz lg z`n

ahrngbn mk a cmxn kmxcai klj~blax| mgn' Rnn) n'f' ) Fm Kmx

Lz) Lgb' {' Alxbxakz Rainr Bmxt' ) Gm' 48 B ;1>0) 8442 VI

81>4:;44) az /8 (G'J' Lii' O~gn 86) 8442, (klgjlgf gm bmg#

kljngzlai xniazlmgr`lt lg rain mk alxtiagn hnba~rn ’z`n

taxzlnr“ xniazlmgr`lt jlj gmz tmrrnrr r~kklblngz lgjlbla

mk jlrtaxlz| lg nptnxlngbn mx egmvinjfn r~b` zàz jn#

kngjagzr bm~ij hn ralj zm à{n falgnj lgki~ngbn agj

r~tnxlmxlz| m{nx z`n tialgzlkk)– rlgbn ’a rilf`zi| jmclgagz

h~rlgnrr tmrlzlmg jmnr gmz mtnxazn zm z~xg a kmxcai)

bmgzxabz~ai xniazlmgr`lt lgzm a bmgkljngzlai mx klj~blax|

xniazlmgr`lt–,5 Hngrmg ) <:1 G'N'8j az :42 (jnbilglgf zm

klgj rtnblai zx~rz xniazlmgr`lt hnzvnng mtzlmgr zxajnxr

v`m àj kmxcnj omlgz {ngz~xnr hnba~rn z`n tialgzlkkr

aiinflgf kxa~j bm~ij gmz r`mv ’zàz z`n| zx~rznj jnkng#

jagz– mx zàz z`n jnkngjagz var lg ’a tmrlzlmg mk lgki~ngbn

agj r~tnxlmxlz|–,5 Caxzlg {' Rzazn Kaxc C~z~ai A~zm' Lgr'

Bm' ) 040 G'N'8j :6) >8 (Lii' Att' 844:, (klgjlgf zàz`mijnxr mk a~zmcmhlin lgr~xagbn tmilb| jlj gmz à{n a

rtnblai zx~rz xniazlmgr`lt vlz` z`nlx lgr~xnx hnba~rn

’UzS`nxn axn gm aiinfazlmgr mk a `lrzmx| mk jnailgfr mx

imgf#rzagjlgf xniazlmgr`lt hnzvnng z`n taxzlnr) mx zàz

tialgzlkkr àj ngzx~rznj z`n àgjilgf mk z`nlx lgr~xagbn

akkalxr zm Rzazn Kaxc lg z`n tarz) mx zàz Rzazn Kaxc var lg

a tmrlzlmg mk r~b` r~tnxlmxlz| agj lgki~ngbn h| xnarmg mk

kxlngjr`lt) afngb|) mx nptnxlngbn–,5 Cliinx {' Vliilac

B`n{xminz-FNM) Lgb') 6;8 G'N'8j 1) 12#1: (Lii' Att' 8441,

(`mijlgf zàz z`n ’axcr ingfz` zxagrabzlmg– hnzvnng abax jnainx agj a txmrtnbzl{n b~rzmcnx ’jlj gmz fl{n xlrn

zm a bmgkljngzlai xniazlmgr`lt r~kklblngz zm lctmrn a




:8 Gm' 11#1:82

fngnxai j~z| mk jlrbimr~xn ~gjnx z`n kalxi| xlfmxm~r

txlgbltinr mk bmccmg iav– hnba~rn ’z`lr jnainx#b~r#

zmcnx xniazlmgr`lt jlj gmz tmrrnrr r~kklblngz lgjlbla

mk jlrtaxlz| lg nptnxlngbn mx egmvinjfn r~b` zàz

z`n jnainx bm~ij hn ralj zm à{n falgnj lgki~ngbn agj

r~tnxlmxlz| m{nx z`n t~xbàrnx'–,' H~z rnn Rb`xafnx {' Gmxz`

Bmcc~glz| Hage ) 6;6 G'N'8j 26;) 20; (Lii' Att' 8448,

(klgjlgf) jnrtlzn ahrngbn mk klj~blax| xniazlmgr`lt) zàz

rtnblai zx~rz xniazlmgr`lt nplrznj hnzvnng z`n tialgzlkk)

ag lg{nrzmx lg a xnai nrzazn {ngz~xn) agj z`n jnkngjagz

hage v`m àj lgj~bnj z`n tialgzlkk zm lg{nrz) ’hnba~rn

jnkngjagzr“ r~tnxlmx egmvinjfn agj nptnxlngbn mk Uz`n

jn{nimtnxr“ txmhincazlbS klgagblai `lrzmx|) ar vnii ar

z`n rzaz~r mk z`n ' ' ' jn{nimtcngz txmonbz) lgbi~jlgf z`n

gnbnrrlz| mk a kxnr` f~axagzmx) tiabnj jnkngjagzr lg

a tmrlzlmg mk lgki~ngbn m{nx– z`n tialgzlkk,'

Z`n rtnblai xniazlmgr`lt z`xnr`mij lr a `lf` mgn? ’z`n

jnkngjagz c~rz hn ‐binaxi| jmclgagz) nlz`nx hnba~rn

mk r~tnxlmx egmvinjfn mk z`n cazznx jnxl{nj kxmc ' ' 'm{nxcarznxlgf lgki~ngbn mg z`n mgn rljn) mx kxmc vnae#

gnrr) jntngjngbn) mx zx~rz o~rzlklahi| xntmrnj mg z`n

mz`nx rljn'“– Cliinx ) 6;8 G'N'8j az 12 (lgznxgai q~mzazlmg

caxer mclzznj,) q~mzlgf Clzb`nii {' Gmxcag Oacnr Bmg#

rzx~bzlmg Bm' ) ;0: G'N'8j 068) 06< (Lii' Att' 1<<6,' Ar

z`n Clzb`nii bm~xz nptialgnj?

Kabzmxr zm hn bmgrljnxnj lg jnznxclglgf z`n nplrzngbn

mk a bmgkljngzlai xniazlmgr`lt lgbi~jn z`n jnfxnn

mk elgr`lt mk z`n taxzlnr5 ag| jlrtaxlz| lg afn) `naiz`)agj cngzai bmgjlzlmg5 jlkknxngbnr lg nj~bazlmg agj

h~rlgnrr nptnxlngbn hnzvnng z`n taxzlnr5 agj z`n




Gm' 11#1:82 :2

npzngz zm v`lb` z`n aiinfnji| rnx{lngz taxz| ng#

zx~rznj z`n àgjilgf mk `nx h~rlgnrr akkalxr zm z`n

jmclgagz taxz|) agj v`nz`nx z`n jmclgagz taxz|

abbntznj r~b` ngzx~rzcngz'

;0: G'N'8j az 06<' Lg r`mxz) z`n jnkngjagz abb~rnj mk

kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz c~rz npnxblrn ’m{nxv`niclgf

lgki~ngbn– m{nx z`n tialgzlkk' Cliinx ) 6;8 G'N'8j az 1:'

Lg ilf`z mk z`n vnlf`z mk Liilgmlr a~z`mxlz|) Vniir

Kaxfm“r xmin ar a @ACT rnx{lbnx var gmz r~kklblngz zm klgj

a rtnblai zx~rz xniazlmgr`lt vlz` Vlfmj vlz` xnrtnbz

zm gnfmzlazlgf ag| cmjlklbazlmg' R`n bialcr zàz ’@ACT

xnq~lxnr rnx{lbnxr zm txm{ljn hmxxmvnxr vlz` lgkmxca#

zlmg zm `nit z`nc ‐~gjnxrzagj z`n cmjlklbazlmg znxcr“

agj zm ‐clglcln tmzngzlai hmxxmvnx bmgk~rlmg)“– agj

zàz r`n ’xnilnj mg Vniir Kaxfm zm bmg{n| abb~xazn lgkmx#

cazlmg ahm~z z`n Txmfxac'– Xnti| Hx' az 22' Zàz ca|

hn rm) h~z ar|ccnzxlb lgkmxcazlmg aimgn jmnr gmz r`mv

z`n jnfxnn mk jmclgagbn gnnjnj zm nrzahilr` a rtnblai

zx~rz xniazlmgr`lt' Rnn Cliinx) 6;8 G'N'8j az 12#1:' Mz`nx#

vlrn) {lxz~aii| ag| cmxzfafn ingjnx vm~ij à{n a

rtnblai zx~rz xniazlmgr`lt vlz` lzr hmxxmvnxr) xnfaxjinrr

mk @ACT taxzlbltazlmg ‚ a txmtmrlzlmg Liilgmlr bm~xzr

à{n binaxi| xnonbznj' Rnn) n'f' ) lj' ) 6;8 G'N'8j az 1:

(’Ilen z`n bmg{ngzlmgai cmxzfafmx#cmxzfafnn xniazlmg#

r`lt zàz z`n Clzb`nii bm~xz km~gj zm kaii r`mxz mk a bmgkl#

jngzlai xniazlmgr`lt) z`lr jnainx#b~rzmcnx xniazlmgr`lt

jlj gmz tmrrnrr r~kklblngz lgjlbla mk jlrtaxlz| lg np#

tnxlngbn mx egmvinjfn r~b` zàz z`n jnainx bm~ij hn

ralj zm à{n falgnj lgki~ngbn agj r~tnxlmxlz| m{nx z`n

t~xbàrnx'–,5 Clzb`nii ) ;0: G'N'8j az 06< (’Ar a cazznx




:: Gm' 11#1:82

Liilgmlr xnbmfglnr zàz a cmxzfafnn mvnr a klj~blax| j~z|14

zm a cmxzfafmx lg rmcn gaxxmv artnbzr mk z`n xniazlmgr`lt) r~b`

ar v`ng z`n cmxzfafmx xnzalgr bmgzxmi mk hmxxmvnj cmgn| zm

ta| nptngrnr ar ag afngz kmx z`n cmxzfafmx) r~b` ar zlzin

lgr~xagbn bmrzr) ar lg Oagnr {' Klxrz Knjnxai Ra{lgfr agj Imag

Arr“g mk Hnxv|g ) 218 G'N'8j ;4>) ;14#11 (Lii' 1<6:,' Rnn airm

Mxcag {' Bàxinr Rb`vah + Bm' ) ;00 G'N'8j ;84) ;81 (Lii' 1<<6,'Vlfmj“r bialc jmnr gmz lctilbazn z`mrn artnbzr mk z`n xnia#

zlmgr`lt v`nxn z`n cmxzfafnn abzr ar ag afngz kmx z`n

cmxzfafmx#txlgbltai agj ar a klj~blax| j~z| zm z`n cmxzfafmx'

mk iav) a bmg{ngzlmgai cmxzfafmx#cmxzfafnn xniazlmg#

r`lt rzagjlgf aimgn jmnr gmz fl{n xlrn zm a klj~blax| mx

bmgkljngzlai xniazlmgr`lt'–,' Z`n @ACT cmjlklbazlmg14

lr ag axc“r#ingfz` zxagrabzlmg hnzvnng rnx{lbnx agj

hmxxmvnx) gm inrr zàg lr a `mcn cmxzfafn imag lzrnik' H|

hnbmclgf Vlfmj“r @ACT rnx{lbnx) Vniir Kaxfm jlj

gmz arr~cn rlfglklbagz ajjlzlmgai xnrtmgrlhlilz| kmx àg#

jilgf Vlfmj“r h~rlgnrr akkalxr' Ilen z`n mxlflgai cmxz#

fafmx#cmxzfafnn xniazlmgr`lt lzrnik) z`n xnin{agz artnbzr

mk z`n @ACT rnx{lbnx#hmxxmvnx xniazlmgr`lt jm gmz

hnax z`n klj~blax|#ilen àiicaxer mk a rtnblai zx~rz xnia#

zlmgr`lt ~gjnx Liilgmlr iav' Vn akklxc z`n jlrclrrai

mk Vlfmj“r kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz bialc'

N' Gnfilfngz Clrxntxnrngzazlmg mx Bmgbnaicngz

Lg z`n aiznxgazl{n zm `nx kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngza#

zlmg agj bmgbnaicngz bialcr) Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz Vniir

Kaxfm gnfilfngzi| mx baxninrri| (xaz`nx zàg lgzngzlmgaii|,clrxntxnrngznj mx mclzznj caznxlai kabzr' Gnfilfngz




Gm' 11#1:82 :>

Z`nxn lr a jnaxz` mk Liilgmlr barn iav mg gnfilfngz bmgbnai#11

cngz) agj vn bag ljngzlk| gm barnr zàz abz~aii| rnz kmxz` z`n

nincngzr mk z`n zmxz' Mgn rzazn attniiazn o~jfn àr jnglnj zàz

lz lr a jlrzlgbz ba~rn mk abzlmg) az inarz lg z`n bmgznpz mk bmgzxabzmx

ilahlilz|' Rnn Cmmxn {' N{nxnzz Rgmjfxarr) Lgb') :40 G'N'8j 11;;)

1168 (Lii' Att' 1<04, (Rzm~jnx) O') bmgb~xxlgf lg taxz agj jlr#

rngzlgf lg taxz, (’lz lr mh{lm~r zàz cnxni| gnfilfngz bmgbnai#

cngz) vlz`m~z rmcn z|tn mk kxa~j mx lgzngz zm jnbnl{n) lr gmz

ngm~f` zm caen z`n bmgzxabzmx ilahin–,' Gn{nxz`ninrr) z`n

Liilgmlr bm~xzr jm attnax zm abbntz lz) az inarz lg z`nmx|) n{ng

lk lzr bmgzm~xr xncalg gnh~im~r' Rnn lj' az 1164 (caomxlz| mtlg#

lmg,' Vn arr~cn z`n nincngzr mk gnfilfngz bmgbnaicngz

axn nq~l{aingz zm z`mrn mk a gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg

bialc) cnaglgf z`n jnkngjagz c~rz a{n gnfilfngzi| ‚ h~z gmz

lgzngzlmgaii| ‚ kalinj zm jlrbimrn a caznxlai kabz) agj zàz `nairm c~rz à{n mvnj rmcn j~z| zm z`n tialgzlkk zm jlrbimrn

lz (v`lb` lr airm a xnq~lxncngz mk z`n kxa~j~ingz bmgbnai#

cngz zmxz,'

clrxntxnrngzazlmg lg{mi{nr z`n racn nincngzr ar kxa~j~#

ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg) npbntz zàz (1, z`n jnkngjagz

gnnj gmz à{n egmvg zàz z`n rzazncngz var kairn)

h~z c~rz cnxni| à{n hnng gnfilfngz lg kalilgf zm

arbnxzalg z`n zx~z` mk `lr rzazncngz 5 agj (8, z`n jnkngjagz

c~rz à{n mvnj z`n tialgzlkk a j~z| zm txm{ljn abb~xazn

lgkmxcazlmg' Rnn Emtin| Fxm~t [') I'T' {' R`nxljag Njfn#

vaznx Txmtnxzlnr) Izj' ) 06; G'N'8j 810) 880 (Lii' Att' 8446,'11

V`nz`nx mx gmz Vlfmj àr r~bbnrrk~ii| tinj z`nnincngzr mk gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg agj bmgbnai#

cngz) z`lr bialc lr airm haxxnj h| z`n nbmgmclb imrr jmb#

zxlgn' Ag| j~z| Vniir Kaxfm ca| à{n àj zm txm{ljn

abb~xazn lgkmxcazlmg zm Vlfmj axmrn jlxnbzi| kxmc z`nlx




:; Gm' 11#1:82

Z`n racn agai|rlr mk bm~xrn vm~ij atti| zm Vlfmj“r bialc18

kmx kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz) v`lb` airm xnq~lxnr z`n nplrzngbn

mk a j~z| zm jlrbimrn' H~z xnbaii zàz z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn

ajclzr ag npbntzlmg kmx bialcr aiinflgf kxa~j' Z`lr npbnt#

zlmg ra{nr z`n kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz bialc h~z gmz z`n gnfil#

fngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg mx bmgbnaicngz bialc' Rnn) n'f' )Mxlp Bxnjlz Aiilagbn) Lgb' {' Za|imx Cab`lgn Vmxer) Lgb' ) 18> K'2j

:;0) :6>#66 (6z` Blx' 1<<6, (atti|lgf Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn zm

hax bialc kmx gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg,'

bmccnxblai agj bmgzxabz~ai xniazlmgr`lt' Vlfmj lr xlf`z

zàz @ACT xnq~lxnr rnx{lbnxr zm `nit hmxxmvnxr ~gjnx#

rzagj z`n cmjlklbazlmg znxcr' H~z z`lr mhilfazlmg lr gmz

mvnj zm z`n fngnxai t~hilb ‚ mgi| zm cmxzfafmxr lg z`n

@ACT cmjlklbazlmg txmbnrr' Lk Vniir Kaxfm àj r~b`

mhilfazlmgr zm Vlfmj) z`ng) lz var mgi| hnba~rn lz

npnb~znj a ZTT afxnncngz vlz` `nx ~gjnx @ACT' Ag|

jlrbimr~xn j~zlnr mvnj `nxn axn bmgzxabz~ai mgnr

agj z`nxnkmxn jm gmz rm~gj lg z`n zmxzr mk gnfilfngz

clrxntxnrngzazlmg mx gnfilfngz bmgbnaicngz' Vn akklxc

z`n jlrclrrai mk z`nrn bialcr) agj txmbnnj zm Vlfmj“r

klgai ba~rn mk abzlmg'18

K' Z`n Liilgmlr Bmgr~cnx Kxa~j agj Jnbntzl{n H~rlgnrr

Txabzlbnr Abz (LBKA,

Z`n LBKA txmznbzr bmgr~cnxr afalgrz ’~gkalx mx jnbnt#

zl{n abzr mx txabzlbnr)– lgbi~jlgf ’kxa~j)– ’kairn txmclrn)–

agj z`n ’clrxntxnrngzazlmg mx z`n bmgbnaicngz) r~ttxnr#rlmg mx mclrrlmg mk ag| caznxlai kabz'– 01> LIBR >4>-8'

Z`n Abz lr ’ilhnxaii| bmgrzx~nj zm nkknbz~azn lzr t~xtmrn'–




Gm' 11#1:82 :6

Xmhlgrmg {' Zm|mza Cmzmx Bxnjlz Bmxt') 66> G'N'8j <>1)

<;4 (Lii' 8448,' Z`n nincngzr mk a bialc ~gjnx z`n LBKA

axn? ’(1, a jnbntzl{n mx ~gkalx abz mx txabzlbn h| z`n jn#

kngjagz5 (8, z`n jnkngjagz“r lgzngz zàz z`n tialgzlkk xni|

mg z`n jnbntzl{n mx ~gkalx txabzlbn5 agj (2, z`n ~gkalx mx

jnbntzl{n txabzlbn mbb~xxnj j~xlgf a bm~xrn mk bmgj~bz

lg{mi{lgf zxajn mx bmccnxbn'– Rlnfni {' R`nii Mli Bm' ) ;18

K'2j <28) <2: (6z` Blx' 8414,) blzlgf Xmhlgrmg ) 66> G'N'8j

az <;4' Lg ajjlzlmg) ’a tialgzlkk c~rz jncmgrzxazn zàz

z`n jnkngjagz“r bmgj~bz lr z`n txmplcazn ba~rn mk z`n

lgo~x|'– Lj' az <2>'

Vlfmj abb~rnr Vniir Kaxfm mk txabzlbnr zàz axn hmz`

jnbntzl{n agj ~gkalx' Lg `nx bmctialgz) Vlfmj lg#

bmxtmxaznr h| xnknxngbn `nx bmccmg#iav kxa~j bialcr)

aiinflgf zàz Vniir Kaxfm“r clrxntxnrngzazlmg agj bmgbnai#

cngz mk caznxlai kabzr bmgrzlz~znj jnbntzl{n h~rl#

gnrr txabzlbnr' Bmcti' »» 182#8>' R`n airm aiinfnr zàz

Vniir Kaxfm jlr`mgnrzi| agj lgnkknbz~aii| lctincngznj

@ACT) agj zàz z`lr bmgj~bz bmgrzlz~znj ’~gkalx) lc#cmxai) ~grbx~t~im~r h~rlgnrr txabzlbnr'– Bmcti' » 18;'

Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r LBKA bialc mg

zvm fxm~gjr? klxrz) hnba~rn Vlfmj jlj gmz aiinfn zàz

Vniir Kaxfm abznj vlz` ag lgzngz zm jnbnl{n `nx5 agj

rnbmgj) hnba~rn Vlfmj jlj gmz tia~rlhi| tinaj zàz

Vniir Kaxfm“r bmgj~bz ba~rnj `nx ag| abz~ai tnb~glax|

lgo~x|' Mg hmz` tmlgzr) vn jlrafxnn'

Klxrz) ’lgzngz zm jnbnl{n– lr gmz a xnq~lxnj nincngz mk a

bialc ~gjnx z`n LBKA) v`lb` txm{ljnr xnjxnrr ’gmz mgi|

kmx jnbntzl{n h~rlgnrr txabzlbnr) h~z airm kmx h~rlgnrr

txabzlbnr zàz) v`lin gmz jnbntzl{n) axn ~gkalx'– Hm|j {'




:0 Gm' 11#1:82

Abbmxj B`mv {' Anflr Cmxzf' Bmxt') 80; K' R~tt' 8j <>;) <;212

(G'J' Lii' 8442, (’Zm razlrk| Uz`n LBKA“rS lgzngz xnq~lxncngz)

tialgzlkk gnnj gmz r`mv zàz jnkngjagz lgzngjnj zm jnbnl{n

z`n tialgzlkk) h~z mgi| zàz z`n jnkngjagz lgzngjnj z`n tialgzlkk

zm xni| mg z`n (lgzngzlmgaii| mx ~glgzngzlmgaii|, jnbntzl{n

lgkmxcazlmg fl{ng'–,5 Batlbblmgl {' Hxnggag Gatnx{liin) Lgb' ) 6<1

G'N'8j >>2) >>0 (Lii' Att' 8442, (’A jnkngjagz gnnj gmz à{n

lgzngjnj zm jnbnl{n z`n tialgzlkk5 lggmbngz clrxntxnrngzazlmgrmx mclrrlmgr lgzngjnj zm lgj~bn z`n tialgzlkk“r xnilagbn axn

abzlmgahin ~gjnx Uz`n LBKAS'–,5 Fxm{n {' @~kkcag ) ;2: G'N'8j

(bmgzlg~nj''',

^'R' Hage) G'A' np xni' Rarbm Aacnr Cmxzf' Imag Zx~rz Rnxlnr

8442#1 ) 606 K' R~tt' 8j 6:6) 6>1 (G'J' Lii' 8411, (`mijlgf

zàz a imag rnx{lbnx“r aiinfnj kali~xn zm bmgrljnx z`n tialg#

zlkk“r nilflhlilz| kmx a @ACT cmjlklbazlmg var a r~k#

klblngz txnjlbazn kmx ag LBKA bialc,5 rnn 01> LIBR >4>-8

(’U^Sgkalx mx jnbntzl{n abzr mx txabzlbnr ' ' ' axn `nxnh|

jnbiaxnj ~giavk~i ' ' ' '–, (nctàrlr ajjnj,5 Rlnfni )

;18 K'2j az <2:#2> (’A tialgzlkk ca| aiinfn zàz bmgj~bz

lr ~gkalx ~gjnx LBKA vlz`m~z aiinflgf zàz z`n bmgj~bz lr

jnbntzl{n'–,) blzlgf Ra~gjnxr {' Clb`lfag A{n' Gaz“i Hage )

;;8 G'N'8j ;48) ;40 (Lii' Att' 1<<;,' Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz

Vniir Kaxfm ngfafnj lg hmz` jnbntzl{n (kxa~j~ingz, agj

~gkalx h~rlgnrr txabzlbnr' Cmxnm{nx) n{ng lk r`n àj

aiinfnj mgi| jnbntzl{n txabzlbnr) tinajlgf lgzngz vm~ij

rzlii hn ~ggnbnrrax|) rlgbn a ’bialc kmx ‐jnbntzl{n“

h~rlgnrr txabzlbnr ~gjnx z`n Bmgr~cnx Kxa~j Abz jmnr

gmz xnq~lxn txmmk mk lgzngz zm jnbnl{n'– Rlnfni {' R`nii Mli

Bm' ) :04 K' R~tt' 8j 142:) 14:: g'> (G'J' Lii' 8446,) akk“j )

;18 K'2j <28' Lz lr ngm~f` zm aiinfn zàz z`n jnkngjagz12




Gm' 11#1:82 :<

('''bmgzlg~nj,12

110:) 1100 (Lii' Att' 1<<:, (’Bm~xzr mk z`lr Rzazn à{n bmgrlr#

zngzi| `nij zàz Uz`n LBKAS attilnr zm lggmbngz clrxntxnrngza#

zlmgr'–,5 J~xag {' Inriln Mijrcmhlin) Lgb' ) ><: G'N'8j 12>>) 12;1(Lii' Att' 1<<8, (’Z`n Bmgr~cnx Kxa~j Abz nilclgaznj z`n

xnq~lxncngz mk rblngznx ) agj lggmbngz clrxntxnrngzazlmgr

axn abzlmgahin ar rzaz~zmx| kxa~j'–,'

bmcclzznj a jnbntzl{n mx ~gkalx abz agj lgzngjnj zàz

z`n tialgzlkk xni| mg zàz abz) agj Vlfmj àr jmgn rm'

Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz airm bmgbi~jnj zàz Vlfmj jlj gmz

ljngzlk| ag| ’abz~ai tnb~glax| imrr– zàz r`n r~kknxnj'

Hnba~rn Vlfmj“r xnj~bnj zxlai tiag ta|cngzr vnxn inrr

zàg z`n acm~gz r`n var infaii| mhilfnj zm ta| Vniir

Kaxfm ~gjnx z`n znxcr mk `nx mxlflgai imag jmb~cngzr)

z`n bm~xz xnarmgnj zàz Vlfmj var hnzznx mkk zàg r`n

vm~ij à{n hnng vlz`m~z z`n ZTT' Z`lr xnarmglgf m{nx#immer Vlfmj“r aiinfazlmgr zàz r`n lgb~xxnj bmrzr agj knnr)

imrz mz`nx mttmxz~glzlnr zm ra{n `nx `mcn) r~kknxnj a

gnfazl{n lctabz zm `nx bxnjlz) gn{nx xnbnl{nj a Cmjlkl#

bazlmg Afxnncngz) agj imrz `nx ahlilz| zm xnbnl{n lgbng#

zl{n ta|cngzr j~xlgf z`n klxrz kl{n |naxr mk z`n cmjlklba#

zlmg' Txlmx zm ngznxlgf z`n zxlai tiag) Vlfmj airm

bm~ij à{n zaeng z`n taz` mk ’nkklblngz hxnab`– agj jn#

ka~iznj lccnjlazni| xaz`nx zàg npnb~zlgf z`n ZTT agj

caelgf zxlai ta|cngzr' H| z`n zlcn Vlfmj xnailnj

r`n vm~ij gmz xnbnl{n z`n tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg r`n hniln{nj r`n àj hnng txmclrnj) iazn knnr àj cm~gznj

agj r`n km~gj `nxrnik lg jnka~iz mg `nx imag agj vlz`

knvnx mtzlmgr zàg v`ng z`n zxlai tnxlmj hnfag' V`nz`nx

ag| mk z`nrn aiznxgazl{nr clf`z à{n ra{nj `nx `mcn) mx




>4 Gm' 11#1:82

Lg a g~chnx mk z`lxj#fngnxazlmg @ACT barnr) jlrzxlbz bm~xzr1:

à{n km~gj zàz tialgzlkkr r~bbnrrk~ii| tinj bialcr ~gjnx mz`nx

rzaznr“ agaimfm~r bmgr~cnx kxa~j rzaz~znr' Rnn) n'f' ) Aiing {'

BlzlCmxzfafn) Lgb' ) Gm' BBH#14#86:4) 8411 VI 2:8>;;>) az /14

(J' Cj' A~f' :) 8411, (’Z`n tialgzlkkr à{n aiinfnj zàz

BlzlCmxzfafn“r clrinajlgf inzznxr inj zm z`n kmiimvlgf

jacafnr? jacafn zm Cxr' Aiing“r bxnjlz rbmxn) ncmzlmgai

jacafnr) agj kmxfmgn aiznxgazl{n infai xncnjlnr zm ra{n z`nlx

`mcn' Abbmxjlgfi|) az z`lr rzafn) z`n tialgzlkkr à{n rzaznj

r~kklblngzi| ag abz~ai lgo~x| mx imrr ar a xnr~iz mk a txm`lhlznj

txabzlbn ~gjnx Uz`n Cax|iagj Bmgr~cnx Txmznbzlmg AbzS'–,5

Rzaflear {' Rapmg Cmxzf' Rnx{lbnr) Lgb' ) 6<> K' R~tt' 8j 18<) 126

(J' Carr' 8411, (’Z`n bmctialgz airm aiinfnr rn{nxai lgo~xlnr

xnr~izlgf kxmc jnkngjagz“r aiinfnji| jnbntzl{n xntxnrngza#zlmgr ahm~z tialgzlkk“r @ACT nilflhlilz|) lgbi~jlgf lgbxnarnj

lgznxnrz mg z`n jnhz) a gnfazl{n lctabz mg tialgzlkk“r bxnjlz

(bmgzlg~nj''',

az inarz b~z `nx imrrnr) lr lctmrrlhin zm jnznxclgn kxmc

z`n tinajlgfr' @nx aiinfazlmgr axn az inarz tia~rlhin' R`n

àr aiinfnj tnb~glax| lgo~x| ba~rnj h| Vniir Kaxfm“r

jnbntzlmg agj r~bbnrrk~ii| tinj z`n nincngzr mk ag LBKA

{lmiazlmg' Abbmxj Hm|j ) 606 K' R~tt' 8j az 6>: (aiinfazlmgr

mk ’jacafn zm U`mcnmvgnx“rS bxnjlz– agj ’z`n lgahlilz|

‐zm kalxi| gnfmzlazn a t iag zm rza| lg U`lrS `mcn“ – r~kkl#

blngzi| tinj nbmgmclb jacafnr ~gjnx z`n LBKA,5 Lg xn

Hage mk Acnxlba @mcn Akkmxjahin Cmjlklbazlmg (@ACT,

Bmgzxabz Ilzlfazlmg ) Gm' 14#cj#481<2#XV_) 8411 VI

8;26888) az />#; (J' Carr' O~i| ;) 8411, (c~izl#jlrzxlbz

ilzlfazlmg, (jng|lgf cmzlmg zm jlrclrr bialcr ~gjnx

km~xznng rzaznr) bmgr~cnx txmznbzlmg abzr) lgbi~jlgf z`n

LBKA,'1:




Gm' 11#1:82 >1

('''bmgzlg~nj,1:

`lrzmx|) agj z`n imrr mk mz`nx nbmgmclb hngnklzr mk z`n imagcmjlklbazlmg' Zàz lr ngm~f` zm r~rzalg a bialc mk lgo~x| ~gjnx

Uz`n Carrab`~rnzzr Bmgr~cnx Txmznbzlmg AbzS'–, (lgznxgai

blzazlmg mclzznj,'

LLL' Txnnctzlmg agj z`n ’Ngj#X~g– Z`nmx|

Vn à{n gmv jnznxclgnj zàz Vlfmj àr tia~rlhi|

rzaznj km~x bialcr axlrlgf ~gjnx rzazn iav? hxnab`

mk bmgzxabz) txmclrrmx| nrzmttni) kxa~j~ingz clrxntxn#

rngzazlmg) agj {lmiazlmg mk z`n LBKA' Vn gnpz npaclgn

v`nz`nx knjnxai iav txnnctzr mx mz`nxvlrn jlrtiabnr

z`nc' ’Txnnctzlmg bag zaen mg z`xnn jlkknxngz kmxcr?

nptxnrr txnnctzlmg) klnij txnnctzlmg) agj bmgkilbz txn#

nctzlmg'– A~p Rahin Ilq~lj Txmj~bzr {' C~xt`| ) >8; K'2j1480) 1422 (6z` Blx' 8440,' Vniir Kaxfm bmgbnjnr zàz

Vlfmj“r bialcr axn gmz nptxnrri| txnnctznj) h~z axf~nr

kmx hmz` klnij txnnctzlmg agj bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg' Vniir

Kaxfm airm aj{agbnr z`n gm{ni z`nmx| zàz Vlfmj“r

bialcr axn jlrtiabnj hnba~rn z`n| azznctz ag ’ngj#x~g–

mg z`n iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg ~gjnx @ACT

lzrnik' Vn xnonbz z`lr ’ngj#x~g– z`nmx|) aimgf vlz` Vniir

Kaxfm“r kmxcai txnnctzlmg axf~cngzr' Knjnxai iav jmnr

gmz jlrtiabn Vlfmj“r rzazn#iav bialcr'

A' Klnij Txnnctzlmg

Lg aii txnnctzlmg barnr) ’vn rzaxz vlz` z`n arr~ctzlmg

zàz z`n `lrzmxlb tmilbn tmvnxr mk z`n Rzaznr vnxn gmz zm

hn r~tnxrnjnj h| z`n Knjnxai Abz ~ginrr zàz var z`n




>8 Gm' 11#1:82

binax agj caglknrz t~xtmrn mk Bmgfxnrr'– V|nz` {' In{lgn )

>>> ^'R' >>>) >;> (844<, (lgznxgai q~mzazlmg caxer mclz#

znj,) q~mzlgf Cnjzxmglb) Lgb' {' Im`x ) >10 ^'R' :64) :0>

(1<<;,' ^gjnx z`n jmbzxlgn mk klnij txnnctzlmg) `mvn{nx)

a rzazn iav lr txnnctznj ’lk knjnxai iav rm z`mxm~fì|

mbb~tlnr a inflriazl{n klnij ‐ar zm caen xnarmgahin z`n

lgknxngbn zàz Bmgfxnrr inkz gm xmmc kmx z`n Rzaznr zm

r~ttincngz lz'“– Bltmiimgn {' Ilffnzz Fxm~t) Lgb' ) >4>

^'R' >4:) >1; (1<<8, (lgznxgai q~mzazlmg caxer mclzznj,)

q~mzlgf Kljnilz| Knjnxai Ra{lgfr + Imag Arr“g {' Jn ia B~nrza )

:>0 ^'R' 1:1) 1>2 (1<08,'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz z`n @mcn Mvgnxr Imag Abz

(@MIA, mbb~tlnr z`n xnin{agz klnij' Ngabznj zm txm{ljn

ncnxfngb| xnilnk kxmc carrl{n `mcn imag jnka~izr

j~xlgf z`n Fxnaz Jntxnrrlmg) @MIA ’nctmvnxnj vàz

lr gmv z`n Mkklbn mk Z`xlkz R~tnx{lrlmg UMZRS lg z`n Zxna#

r~x| Jntaxzcngz zm a~z`mxln z`n bxnazlmg mk knjnxai

ra{lgfr agj imag arrmblazlmgr) zm xnf~iazn z`nc) agj h|

lzr xnf~iazlmgr zm txnnctz bmgkilbzlgf rzazn iav'– Lg xnMbvng Imag Rnx{lblgf) IIB Cmxzf' Rnx{lblgf Ilzlfazlmg )

:<1 K'2j ;20) ;:8 (6z` Blx' 8446,' Lg mgn mk lzr xnf~iazlmgr)

MZR aggm~gbnj zàz lz ’`nxnh| mbb~tlnr z`n ngzlxn klnij

mk ingjlgf xnf~iazlmg kmx knjnxai ra{lgfr arrmblazlmgr'–

18 B'K'X' ¦ >;4'8(a,' Lg z`n racn rnbzlmg) `mvn{nx) z`n

xnf~iazlmg bmgzalgr z`n kmiimvlgf ra{lgf bia~rn? rzazn

zmxz) bmgzxabz) agj bmccnxblai iavr axn ’gmz txnnctznj

zm z`n npzngz zàz z`n| mgi| lgbljngzaii| akknbz z`n

ingjlgf mtnxazlmgr mk Knjnxai ra{lgfr arrmblazlmgr mx axn

mz`nxvlrn bmgrlrzngz vlz` z`n t~xtmrnr mk taxafxat` (a, mk

z`lr rnbzlmg'– 18 B'K'X' ¦ >;4'8(b,' Xnaj zmfnz`nx) z`nrn

txm{lrlmgr cnag zàz rzazn iavr zàz nrzahilr` ilbngrlgf)




Gm' 11#1:82 >2

Xnf~iazlmgr) ar c~b` ar rzaz~znr) ca| à{n txnnctzl{n1>

kmxbn' Rnn V|nz ) >>> ^'R' az >6; (’Z`lr Bm~xz àr xnbmfglnj

zàz ag afngb| xnf~iazlmg vlz` z`n kmxbn mk iav bag txn#nctzbmgkilbzlgf rzazn xnq~lxncngzr'–,5 Jn ia B~nrza ) :>0 ^'R' az 1>2

(’Knjnxai xnf~iazlmgr à{n gm inrr txn#nctzl{n nkknbz zàg

knjnxai rzaz~znr'–,'

xnflrzxazlmg) mx mz`nx xnq~lxncngzr rtnblklb zm klgagblai

lgrzlz~zlmgr baggmz hn attilnj zm gazlmgai hager) v`lin

iavr mk fngnxai attilbahlilz| r~x{l{n txnnctzlmg rm

imgf ar z`n| jm gmz nkknbzl{ni| lctmrn rzagjaxjr zàz

bmgkilbz vlz` knjnxai mgnr' Bk' Vazznxr {' Vab`m{la Hage)

G'A' ) >>4 ^'R' 1) 11 (8446, (’Knjnxaii| bàxznxnj hager

axn r~honbz zm rzazn iavr mk fngnxai attilbazlmg lg z`nlx

jali| h~rlgnrr zm z`n npzngz r~b` iavr jm gmz bmgkilbz vlz`

z`n inzznx mx z`n fngnxai t~xtmrnr mk Uknjnxai hagelgf

iavS'–, (agai|lgf txnnctzlmg ~gjnx z`n Gazlmgai Hage

Abz) v`lb` lr attilnj agaimfm~ri| zm @MIA,'1>

Axf~lgf kmx klnij txnnctzlmg) Vniir Kaxfm bmgzngjr

zàz @MIA agj z`n bmxxnrtmgjlgf MZR xnf~iazlmgr

jlrtiabn rzazn bmccmg#iav r~lzr zàz nkknbzl{ni| lc#

tmrn ag| rzagjaxjr kmx z`n txmbnrrlgf agj rnx{lblgf mk

cmxzfafn imagr) v`nz`nx z`n| bmgkilbz vlz` knjnxai

tmilb| mx gmz' Z`lr axf~cngz lr jlxnbzi| az mjjr vlz` z`n

ra{lgf bia~rn mk 18 B'K'X' ¦ >;4'8(b,) agj lgbmgrlrzngz

vlz` m~x jnblrlmg lg Mbvng' Z`nxn vn gmznj zàz @MIAfa{n MZR z`n ’npbi~rl{n a~z`mxlz| zm xnf~iazn z`n

ra{lgfr agj imag lgj~rzx| lg z`n rngrn mk klplgf knnr

(lgbi~jlgf tngaizlnr,) rnzzlgf ilbngrlgf xnq~lxncngzr)

txnrbxlhlgf bnxzalg znxcr lg cmxzfafnr) nrzahilr`lgf

xnq~lxncngzr kmx jlrbimr~xn mk bxnjlz lgkmxcazlmg zm




>: Gm' 11#1:82

b~rzmcnxr) agj rnzzlgf rzagjaxjr kmx txmbnrrlgf agj

rnx{lblgf cmxzfafnr'– :<1 K'2j az ;:2' Jnrtlzn lzr xnf#

~iazmx| a~z`mxlz|) `mvn{nx) MZR ’àr gm tmvnx zm ajo~jl#

bazn jlrt~znr hnzvnng Ura{lgfr agj imag arrmblazlmgrS

agj z`nlx b~rzmcnxr)– agj ’@MIA bxnaznr gm txl{azn

xlf`z zm r~n zm ngkmxbn z`n txm{lrlmgr mk z`n rzaz~zn mx

z`n MZR“r xnf~iazlmgr'– Lj' ’Afalgrz z`lr habefxm~gj mk

ilclznj xncnjlai a~z`mxlz|)– vn `nij zàz @MIA agj

z`n MZR xnf~iazlmgr jlj gmz txnnctz r~lzr h| ’tnx#

rmgr àxcnj h| z`n vxmgfk~i abzr mk ra{lgfr agj imag

arrmblazlmgr– rnnelgf ’harlb rzazn bmccmg#iav#z|tn

xncnjlnr)– agj vn aiimvnj rzazn#iav bialcr ilen z`mrn

lg z`lr barn ‚ hxnab` mk bmgzxabz) kxa~j) agj {lmiazlmg mk

bmgr~cnx txmznbzlmg rzaz~znr ‚ zm fm kmxvaxj' Lj' Rmcn

knjnxai rzaz~znr jm xnbnl{n r~b` vljn hnxz`r ar zm

jlrtiabn {lxz~aii| aii rzazn iavr lg z`n gnlf`hmx`mmj' (Z`n

Gazlmgai Iahmx Xniazlmgr Abz agj NXLRA axn z`n hnrz

npactinr', R~b` iavr axn ’npbntzlmgai)– z`m~f`) agj

@MIA lr gmz mgn mk z`nc' Lj' az ;::' Mbvng z`~r rzagjrkmx z`n txlgbltin zàz @MIA txnnctzr fngnxaii|

attilbahin rzazn iavr mgi| v`ng z`n| ’bm~ij lgznxknxn

vlz` knjnxai xnf~iazlmg– ‚ zàz lr) z`mrn zàz abz~aii|

bmgkilbz vlz` z`n xnf~iazmx| txmfxac' Lj' az ;:;' Vn

jnbilgn zm jlrz~xh z`lr `mijlgf) v`lb` kmxnbimrnr

Vniir Kaxfm“r axf~cngz kmx klnij txnnctzlmg'

H' Bmgkilbz Txnnctzlmg

Z`n R~txncn Bm~xz àr ’km~gj lctilnj bmgkilbztxn#nctzlmg v`nxn– nlz`nx (1, ’lz lr lctmrrlhin kmx a

txl{azn taxz| zm bmcti| vlz` hmz` rzazn agj knjnxai xn#




Gm' 11#1:82 >>

Lg Vniir Kaxfm“r hxlnk) z`lr axf~cngz attnaxr lg z`n rnbzlmg1;

mg klnij txnnctzlmg' Hnba~rn lg r~hrzagbn lz lr ag axf~cngz

kmx bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg) vn ajjxnrr lz `nxn'

q~lxncngzr)– mx (8, ’v`nxn rzazn iav rzagjr ar ag

mhrzabin zm z`n abbmctilr`cngz agj npnb~zlmg mk z`n

k~ii t~xtmrnr agj mhonbzl{nr mk Bmgfxnrr'– Kxnlf`zilgnx

Bmxt' {' C|xlbe ) >1: 'R' 804) 806 (1<<>, (lgznxgai q~mzazlmg

caxer mclzznj,' Vniir Kaxfm jmnr gmz bmgzngj zàz

lz vm~ij hn lctmrrlhin) vlz`m~z {lmiazlgf knjnxai iav)

kmx lz zm bmcti| vlz` z`n rzazn#iav j~zlnr Vlfmj“r r~lz

rnner zm lctmrn' Lgrznaj) lz lg{menr z`n rnbmgj rtnblnr

mk bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg) v`lb` lr egmvg ar ’mhrzabin–

txnnctzlmg' Vniir Kaxfm ra|r zàz ngznxzalglgf Vlfmj“r

rzazn#iav bialcr `nxn vm~ij ~gjnxclgn z`n t~xtmrnr

mk Bmgfxnrr lg zvm va|r? Klxrz) lz vm~ij ’r~hrzagzlaii|

lgznxknxn vlz` Vniir Kaxfm“r ahlilz| zm rnx{lbn xnrljngzlai

cmxzfafn imagr– lg abbmxjagbn vlz` @MIA agj MZR

xnf~iazlmgr' Rnbmgj) lz vm~ij ’kx~rzxazn Bmgfxnrrlmgai1;

mhonbzl{nr lg ngabzlgf Uz`n 8440 AbzS ' ' ' zm rzahliln z`n

nbmgmc| agj txm{ljn a txmfxac zm clzlfazn ‐a{mljahin“

kmxnbimr~xnr'–

Z`n klxrz axf~cngz kmx mhrzabin txnnctzlmg) ilen VniirKaxfm“r z`nmx| mk klnij txnnctzlmg) lr lgbmgrlrzngz vlz`

Mbvng' Z`nxn vn `nij zàz z`n tialgzlkk#cmxzfafmxr“

’bmg{ngzlmgai– rzazn iav bialcr afalgrz a knjnxai ra{lgfr

agj imag arrmblazlmg kmx hxnab` mk bmgzxabz) kxa~j) agj

jnbntzl{n h~rlgnrr txabzlbnr bmctincngznj xaz`nx zàg

bmgkilbznj vlz` @MIA?

R~ttmrn ag R + I rlfgr a cmxzfafn afxnncngz vlz`

a `mcnmvgnx zàz rtnblklnr ag agg~ai lgznxnrz xazn mk




>; Gm' 11#1:82

; tnxbngz agj a |nax iaznx hliir z`n `mcnmvgnx az a

xazn mk 14 tnxbngz agj v`ng z`n `mcnmvgnx xnk~rnr

zm ta| lgrzlz~znr kmxnbimr~xn txmbnnjlgfr' Lz vm~ij

hn r~xtxlrlgf kmx a knjnxai xnf~iazlmg zm kmxhlj z`n

`mcnmvgnx“r rzazn zm fl{n z`n `mcnmvgnx a jnkngrn

harnj mg z`n cmxzfafnn“r hxnab` mk bmgzxabz' Mx lk

z`n cmxzfafnn ' ' ' kxa~j~ingzi| xntxnrngzr zm z`n

cmxzfafmx zàz lz vlii kmxfl{n a jnka~iz) agj z`ng

kmxnbimrnr) lz vm~ij hn r~xtxlrlgf kmx a knjnxai xnf~ia#

zlmg zm hax a r~lz kmx kxa~j' ' ' ' Ngkmxbncngz mk rzazn

iav lg nlz`nx mk z`n cmxzfafn#rnx{lblgf npactinr

ahm{n vm~ij bmctincngz xaz`nx zàg r~hrzlz~zn kmx

z`n knjnxai xnf~iazmx| rb`ncn'

Mbvng) :<1 K'2j az ;:2#::' Lg m~x azznctz zm ~gzagfin lg

zàz barn z`n bmctialgz“r ’faiilca~kx|– mk aiinfnj ’re~ii#

j~ffnx|)– vn jlrzlgf~lr`nj bialcr arrnxzlgf ’bmg{ng#

zlmgai– clrxntxnrngzazlmg mx hxnab` mk bmgzxabz (v`lb`

vnxn gmz txnnctznj, kxmc z`mrn zàz vm~ij à{n nkknb#

zl{ni| lctmrnj rzazn#iav x~inr fm{nxglgf cmxzfafn rnx#{lblgf agj z`nxnh| ’lgznxknxnUjS vlz` knjnxai xnf~iazlmg

mk jlrbimr~xn) knnr) agj bxnjlz znxcr– (v`lb` vnxn txn#

nctznj,' Lj' az ;::#:;' Z`~r a bialc ~gjnx Bmggnbzlb~z“r

bmgr~cnx txmznbzlmg rzaz~zn aiinflgf ’npmxhlzagz agj

~r~xlm~r cmxzfafnr– var txnnctznj) v`lin ’rzxalf`z

kxa~j bialcr– axlrlgf ~gjnx hmz` rzazn bmccmg#iav agj

bmgr~cnx kxa~j rzaz~znr vnxn gmz txnnctznj' Lj' az ;:6

(lgznxgai q~mzazlmg caxe mclzznj,'

Vniir Kaxfm attnaxr zm bmgbnjn) ar lz c~rz lg ilf`z mk

Mbvng ) zàz @MIA jmnr gmz txnnctz Vlfmj“r hxnab`

mk bmgzxabz bialc mx nx bmccmg#iav kxa~j~ingz xntxnrng#




Gm' 11#1:82 >6

zazlmg bialc' Vniir Kaxfm gn{nxz`ninrr calgzalgr zàz

bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg txlgbltinr hax Vlfmj“r LBKA bialcr)

azznctzlgf zm jlrzlgf~lr` Mbvng h| axf~lgf zàz z`nrn

bialcr ’vm~ij gnbnrraxli| nrzahilr` gnv rzagjaxjr kmx

rnx{lbnxr“ b~rzmcnx xniazlmg tmilblnr'– Z`n axf~cngz

lr gmz tnxr~arl{n' Z`n flrz mk Vlfmj“r LBKA bialcr

lr zàz Vniir Kaxfm kalinj zm jlrbimrn zàz lz var fmlgf

zm xnn{ai~azn `nx nilflhlilz| kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklba#

zlmg ‚ bmgzxax| zm z`n znxcr mk hmz` `nx ZTT agj @ACT

txmfxac f~ljnilgnr ‚ agj zàz lz jnbnl{nj `nx lgzm

hniln{lgf lz vm~ij cmjlk| `nx cmxzfafn' Aiimvlgf z`nrn

bialcr zm txmbnnj afalgrz Vniir Kaxfm vm~ij gmz bxnazn

rzazn#iav j~zlnr kmx rnx{lblgf `mcn cmxzfafnr) inz aimgn

mgnr zàz ’abz~aii| bmgkilbz– vlz` @MIA ’mx knjnxai

rzagjaxjr txmc~ifaznj z`nxn~gjnx'– Rnn Fnlnx {'

Acnxlbag @mgja Cmzmx Bm' ) >8< ^'R' 0;1) 0;< (8444,' Lg

Mbvng ) vn km~gj zàz z`n ’rzxalf`z kxa~j bialcr– axlrlgf

~gjnx {axlm~r rzazn bmgr~cnx txmznbzlmg rzaz~znr vnxn

gmz r~honbz zm bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg ~gjnx @MIA':<1 K'2j az ;::#:>) ;:6' @nxn) zmm) Vlfmj“r LBKA

bialcr ’rm~gjU S ilen bmg{ngzlmgai kxa~j bàxfnUrS)– z`n

txmrnb~zlmg mk v`lb` attnaxr tnxknbzi| bmgrlrzngz vlz`

knjnxai cmxzfafn x~inr' Lj' az ;:>' @MIA jmnr gmz

txnnctz z`nc'

Vniir Kaxfm“r rnbmgj bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg z`nmx| lr zàz

a klgjlgf mk ilahlilz| lg Vlfmj“r r~lz vm~ij kx~rzxazn

Bmgfxnrrlmgai mhonbzl{nr lg ngabzlgf z`n 8440 Abz zàz

a~z`mxlnj @ACT' Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz bialcr

ilen Vlfmj“r vm~ij fngnxazn r~b` kxlbzlmg lg z`xnn

va|r? Klxrz) z`n| vm~ij kmxbn rnx{lbnxr zm cmjlk| cmxz#




>0 Gm' 11#1:82

fafnr lg {lmiazlmg mk hmz` Zxnar~x| jlxnbzl{nr agj z`n

rnx{lbnxr“ bmgzxabz~ai mhilfazlmgr zm z`n fm{nxgcngz'

Rnbmgj) z`n| vm~ij lg{lzn cag| ~gbmmxjlgaznj iav#

r~lzr) nptmrlgf rnx{lbnxr zm {ax|lgf rzagjaxjr mk bmg#

j~bz' Z`lxj) z`n| vm~ij jlrbm~xafn rnx{lbnxr kxmc taxzlbl#

tazlgf lg @ACT' Z`n axf~cngzr axn gmz tnxr~arl{n'

Z`n klxrz z`nmx| lr lgattilbahin hnba~rn gmgn mk Vlfmj“r

bialcr) az inarz ar r`n àr kxacnj z`nc) vm~ij lctmrn

mg Vniir Kaxfm ag| j~zlnr zàz fm hn|mgj lzr nplrzlgfmhilfazlmgr ~gjnx @ACT' Ar Vlfmj t~zr lz) ’lk Vniir

Kaxfm kmiimvnj z`n inzznx mk z`n Txmfxac lz vm~ij gmz

à{n hxnab`nj lzr bmgzxabzr) abznj gnfilfngzi| mx kxa~j~#

ingzi|) mx {lmiaznj z`n LBKA'– Z`n v`min z`x~rz mk z`lr

r~lz lr zàz Vniir Kaxfm kalinj zm jm vàz lz afxnnj zm jm

agj vàz @ACT xnq~lxnj lz zm jm' Z`n hxnab` mk bmgzxabz

agj kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialcr aiinfn zàz

z`n ZTT Afxnncngz xnq~lxnj Vniir Kaxfm zm mkknx Vlfmj

a cmjlklbazlmg lk r`n q~ailklnj ~gjnx @ACT ‚ agj zàz

r`n jlj agj lz jljg“z'

Mgn Vniir Kaxfm jnkngrn) acmgf mz`nxr) vlii hn zàz

Vlfmj var gmz abz~aii| q~ailklnj) h~z zàz txnrngzr a

kabz~ai jlrt~zn zàz baggmz hn xnrmi{nj gmv' Ilenvlrn)

z`n LBKA bialc aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm kalinj zm

jlrbimrn zàz lz vm~ij gmz kmiimv @ACT f~ljnilgnr'

Afalg) lz vm~ij hn a bmctinzn jnkngrn zàz Vniir Kaxfm

jlj kmiimv @ACT f~ljnilgnr ar z`n| vnxn lgbmxtmxaznj

lgzm z`n znxcr mk Vlfmj“r ZTT) h~z zàz airm txnrngzr

a kabz~ai lrr~n' Kmx nab` mk z`nrn bialcr) z`n rzazn#iav

j~z| aiinfnji| hxnab`nj lr lctmxznj kxmc agj jnilclznj

h| knjnxai rzagjaxjr nrzahilr`nj lg @ACT“r txmfxac




Gm' 11#1:82 ><

f~ljnilgnr' V`nxn knjnxai iav r~ttilnr z`n rzagjaxj mk

baxn lctmrnj h| rzazn iav) lz lr àxj zm rnn `mv z`n|

bm~ij bmgkilbz' Rnn) n'f' ) Haznr {' Jmv Afxmrblngbnr IIB ) >::

^'R' :21) ::0 (844>, (’a rzazn ba~rn mk abzlmg zàz rnner

zm ngkmxbn a knjnxai xnq~lxncngz ‐jmnr gmz lctmrn a

xnq~lxncngz zàz lr jlkknxngz kxmc) mx lg ajjlzlmg zm)

xnq~lxncngzr ~gjnx knjnxai iav'“–, (lgznxgai q~mzazlmg

caxer mclzznj,) q~mzlgf Im`x ) >10 'R' az >12 (M“Bmggmx) O')

bmgb~xxlgf lg taxz agj jlrrngzlgf lg taxz,5 Im`x ) >10

^'R' az :<> (caomxlz| mtlglmg, (’Gmz`lgf ' ' ' jnglnr

Kimxlja z`n xlf`z zm txm{ljn a zxajlzlmgai jacafnr

xncnj| kmx {lmiazlmgr mk bmccmg#iav j~zlnr v`ng z`mrn

j~zlnr taxaiini knjnxai xnq~lxncngzr'–,5 Ha~rb` {' Rzx|enx

Bmxt' ) ;24 K'2j >:;) >>; (6z` Blx' 8414, (`mijlgf zàz

z`n Kmmj) Jx~f) agj Bmrcnzlb Abz jlj gmz txnnctz z`n

tialgzlkk“r zmxz bialcr afalgrz cnjlbai jn{lbn cag~#

kabz~xnx hnba~rn z`n rzazn zmxz j~z| aiinfnji| hxnab`nj

var taxaiini zm KJA xnf~iazlmgr txmc~ifaznj ~gjnx

z`n Abz5 ’bialcr axn gmz ' ' ' txnnctznj h| knjnxai iav zmz`n npzngz z`n| axn harnj mg jnkngjagzr“ {lmiazlmgr mk

knjnxai iav–,'

Kmx z`n racn xnarmg) vn jm gmz kmxnrnn ag| tmrrlhlilz|

zàz tnxclzzlgf r~lzr r~b` ar Vlfmj“r vlii nptmrn

cmxzfafn rnx{lbnxr zm c~izltin agj {axlnj rzagjaxjr mk

bmgj~bz' Rm imgf ar rzazn iavr jm gmz lctmrn r~hrzagzl{n

j~zlnr zàz fm hn|mgj @ACT“r xnq~lxncngzr) imag

rnx{lbnxr gnnj mgi| bmcti| vlz` z`n knjnxai txmfxac zm

a{mlj lgb~xxlgf rzazn#iav ilahlilz|' Z`lr lr gmz a barn lg

v`lb` z`n knjnxai xnq~lxncngzr ina{n c~b` xmmc kmx

lgznxtxnzazlmg) h~z zm z`n npzngz Vlfmj“r barn `lgfnr mg




;4 Gm' 11#1:82

bmgrzx~lgf Zxnar~x| jlxnbzl{nr) z`n| ’txnrngz q~nrzlmgr

mk iav kmx z`n bm~xz zm jnbljn) gmz q~nrzlmgr mk kabz kmx

a o~x| zm jnbljn'– Rnn Ha~rb ) ;24 K'2j az >>;'

Ar kmx lzr bmgzngzlmg zàz z`n tmzngzlai nptmr~xn zm

rzazn ilahlilz| ca| jlrbm~xafn rnx{lbnxr kxmc tax#

zlbltazlgf lg @ACT) Vniir Kaxfm ca| hn xlf`z' H~z zàz

lr àxji| ag axf~cngz kmx bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg' ’UZS`n

t~xtmrn mk Bmgfxnrr lr z`n ~izlcazn zm~b`rzmgn lg n{nx|

txn#nctzlmg barn'– V|nz ) >>> ^'R' az >;>) q~mzlgf Im`x )>10 ^'R' az :0>' ’Hnba~rn z`n Rzaznr axn lgjntngjngz

rm{nxnlfgr lg m~x knjnxai r|rznc) vn à{n imgf txnr~cnj

zàz Bmgfxnrr jmnr gmz ba{ailnxi| txn#nctz rzazn#iav

ba~rnr mk abzlmg'– Haznr ) >:: ^'R' az ::<) airm q~mzlgf Im`x )

>10 ^'R' az :0>' Vn bag xnarmgahi| arr~cn zàz mgn t~x#

tmrn mk Bmgfxnrr lg ngabzlgf z`n 8440 Abz var zm

ngr~xn cmxzfafn rnx{lbnxr taxzlbltaznj lg z`n kmxn#

bimr~xn clzlfazlmg txmfxacr lz nctmvnxnj Zxnar~x| zm

rnz ~t' H~z agmz`nx fmai var r~xni| zm txn{ngz z`nrn

hager kxmc `mmjvlgelgf hmxxmvnxr lg z`n txmbnrr' Gmz`#lgf lg z`n 8440 Abz r~ffnrzr zàz Bmgfxnrr rav rnx{lbnx

taxzlbltazlmg ar z`n Abz“r taxacm~gz t~xtmrn zàz vm~ij

zx~ct ag| bmgbnxgr ahm~z v`nz`nx rnx{lbnxr vnxn

abz~aii| bmcti|lgf vlz` z`n txmfxac agj vlz` z`nlx

bmgzxabz~ai mhilfazlmgr' Rnn Xmjxlf~n {' ^glznj Rzaznr )

:04 ^'R' >88) >8>#8; (1<06, (’gm inflriazlmg t~xr~nr lzr

t~xtmrnr az aii bmrzr–,' Z`nxn lr gm lgjlbazlmg zàz

Bmgfxnrr cnagz zm kmxnbimrn r~lzr afalgrz rnx{lbnxr kmx

{lmiazlgf rzazn iavr zàz lctmrn mhilfazlmgr taxaiini

zm z`mrn nrzahilr`nj lg a knjnxai txmfxac'

Lg ajjlzlmg) Zxnar~x|“r mvg @ACT jlxnbzl{n rzaznr

zàz rnx{lbnxr c~rz lctincngz z`n txmfxac lg bmc#




Gm' 11#1:82 ;1

tilagbn vlz` rzazn bmccmg iav agj rzaz~znr' Rnn R~t#

tincngzai Jlxnbzl{n 4<#41 (’Nab` rnx{lbnx ' ' ' c~rz hn

avaxn mk) agj lg k~ii bmctilagbn vlz`) aii knjnxai rzazn)

agj imbai iavr (lgbi~jlgf rzaz~znr) xnf~iazlmgr) mxjlgagbnr)

ajclglrzxazl{n x~inr agj mxjnxr zàz à{n z`n nkknbz mk

iav) agj o~jlblai x~ilgfr agj mtlglmgr, ' ' ' '–,' Z`lr vm~ij

hn ag mjj txm{lrlmg lk Zxnar~x| àj agzlbltaznj zàz

@ACT vm~ij txnnctz rzazn#iav bialcr) nrtnblaii| mgnr

zàz clxxmx lzr mvg jlxnbzl{nr' Lg z`lr bmgznpz) z`n

afngb|“r mvg zablz {lnv mk lzr txmfxac“r iabe mk txnnct#

zl{n kmxbn lr ngzlzinj zm rmcn vnlf`z' Rnn V|nz ) >>> ^'R'

az >66 (afngblnr ’à{n a ~glq~n ~gjnxrzagjlgf mk z`n

rzaz~znr z`n| ajclglrznx agj ag azzngjagz ahlilz| zm

caen lgkmxcnj jnznxclgazlmgr ahm~z `mv rzazn xnq~lxn#

cngzr ca| tmrn ag ‐mhrzabin zm z`n abbmctilr`cngz

agj npnb~zlmg mk z`n k~ii t~xtmrnr agj mhonbzl{nr mk Bmg#

fxnrr“–,) q~mzlgf @lgnr {' Ja{ljmvlz ) 218 'R' >8) ;6 (1<:1,5

Fnlnx ) >8< ^'R' az 002 (tiablgf ’rmcn vnlf`z– mg afngb|“r

lgznxtxnzazlmg mk lzr mvg xnf~iazlmg“r mhonbzl{nr agjlzr bmgbi~rlmg ’zàz a zmxz r~lz ' ' ' vm~ij ‐rzagj ar ag

mhrzabin zm z`n abbmctilr`cngz agj npnb~zlmg“ mk z`mrn

mhonbzl{nr–, (lgznxgai blzazlmgr agj q~mzazlmg caxer

mclzznj,'

B' Z`n ’Ngj#X~g– Z`nmx|

Klgaii|) Vniir Kaxfm lgrlrzr zàz Vlfmj“r barn baggmz

fm kmxvaxj hnba~rn `nx aiinfazlmgr axn ’@ACT bialcr

lg jlrf~lrn– agj ag ’lctnxclrrlhin ngj#x~g axm~gj z`niabe mk a txl{azn abzlmg lg Uz`n 8440 AbzS agj @ACT'–

Z`lr ’ngj#x~g– z`nmx| var z`n txlcax| harlr mg v`lb`




;8 Gm' 11#1:82

z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r bmctialgz' Zàz

bm~xz nptialgnj zàz ’ ‐z`n kabzr agj aiinfazlmgr ar

tinajnj lg z`lr barn axn txnclrnj b`lnki| mg z`n znxcr

agj txmbnj~xnr rnz kmxz` {la @ACT agj axn gmz

r~kklblngzi| lgjntngjngz zm rzazn a rntaxazn rzazn iav

ba~rn mk abzlmg'“– Vlfmj ) 8411 VI 8>4>41) az /:) q~mzlgf

[lja {' Mgn Vnrz Hage) K'R'H' ) Gm' 14#<06#AB) 8414 VI

>1:0:62) az /2#: (J' Mx' Jnb' 12) 8414,' Vniir Kaxfm àr

jn{nimtnj z`n racn z`nmx| hnkmxn z`lr bm~xz) axf~lgf?

’Lk Bmgfxnrr àj lgzngjnj bm~xzr zm hn ajo~jlbazlgf

v`nz`nx a hmxxmvnx q~ailklnj kmx a imag cmjlklbazlmg

~gjnx Uz`n 8440 AbzS mx @ACT) lz vm~ij à{n txm{ljnj

a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg ‚ h~z lz b`mrn gmz zm jm rm'–

Z`n ngj#x~g z`nmx| lr h~liz mg z`n gm{ni arr~ctzlmg

zàz v`nxn Bmgfxnrr jmnr gmz bxnazn a txl{azn xlf`z mk

abzlmg kmx {lmiazlmg mk a knjnxai iav) gm xlf`z mk abzlmg

ca| nplrz ~gjnx rzazn iav) nlz`nx' Vniir Kaxfm agj z`n

jlrzxlbz bm~xz attnax zm à{n bmgkiaznj zvm jlrzlgbz

ilgnr mk barnr ‚ mgn lg{mi{lgf z`n nplrzngbn mk a knjnxaitxl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg) rnn Zm~b`n Xmrr + Bm' {' Xnjlgfzmg )

::8 ^'R' >;4 (1<6<,) agj z`n mz`nx ahm~z knjnxai txnnct#

zlmg mk rzazn iav' Vniir Kaxfm lg{menr Zm~b`n Xmrr kmx

z`n txmtmrlzlmg zàz ’v`ng Bmgfxnrr vlr`nj zm txm{ljn

a txl{azn jacafn xncnj|) lz egnv `mv zm jm rm agj jlj

rm nptxnrri|'– Attniinn“r Hx' az 1>) q~mzlgf Zm~b`n Xmrr )

::8 ^'R' az >68' Lk z`lr barn lg{mi{nj v`nz`nx zm xnbmf#

gln a knjnxai xlf`z mk abzlmg ~gjnx @ACT) Zm~b`n Xmrr

agj lzr txmfng| vm~ij bnxzalgi| vnlf` lg ka{mx mk

o~jlblai ba~zlmg' Rnn Eaxaàilmr {' Gaz“i Knjnxazlmg mk

Knjnxai Nctim|nnr) Imbai 18;2 ) :0< ^'R' >86) >22 (1<0<, (’Lz

lr airm ag ‐nincngzai bagmg“ mk rzaz~zmx| bmgrzx~bzlmg




Gm' 11#1:82 ;2

zàz v`nxn a rzaz~zn nptxnrri| txm{ljnr a xncnj|)

bm~xzr c~rz hn nrtnblaii| xni~bzagz zm txm{ljn ajjlzlmgai

xncnjlnr U~gjnx knjnxai iavS'–,) q~mzlgf Zxagracnxlba

Cmxzf' Aj{lrmxr) Lgb' {' Invlr ) ::: ^'R' 11) 1< (1<6<,' Z`n

lrr~n `nxn) `mvn{nx) lr gmz v`nz`nx knjnxai iav lzrnik

txm{ljnr txl{azn xncnjlnr) h~z v`nz`nx lz jlrtiabnr

xncnjlnr mz`nxvlrn a{aliahin ~gjnx rzazn iav' Z`n

ahrngbn mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg kxmc a knjnxai

rzaz~zn txm{ljnr gm xnarmg zm jlrclrr a bialc ~gjnx a

rzazn iav o~rz hnba~rn lz xnknxr zm mx lgbmxtmxaznr rmcn

nincngz mk z`n knjnxai iav' Rnn ) n'f' ) Haznr ) >:: ^'R' az ::0

(’aiz`m~f` Uz`n Knjnxai Lgrnbzlbljn) K~gflbljn) agj

Xmjngzlbljn AbzS jmnr gmz txm{ljn a knjnxai xncnj| zm

kaxcnxr agj mz`nxr v`m axn lgo~xnj ar a xnr~iz mk a cag~#

kabz~xnx“r {lmiazlmg mk KLKXA“r iahnilgf xnq~lxncngzr)

gmz`lgf lg Uz`n rzaz~znS txnbi~jnr Rzaznr kxmc txm#

{ljlgf r~b` a xncnj|–,' Zm klgj mz`nxvlrn vm~ij xnq~lxn

ajmtzlgf z`n gm{ni txnr~ctzlmg zàz v`nxn Bmgfxnrr

txm{ljnr gm xncnj| ~gjnx knjnxai iav) rzazn iav ca| gmzakkmxj mgn lg lzr rznaj'

Zm attxnblazn z`n gm{niz| mk Vniir Kaxfm“r axf~cngz)

bmgrljnx z`n cag| barnr lg v`lb` z`n R~txncn Bm~xz

àr bmgkxmgznj lrr~nr mk r~honbz cazznx o~xlrjlbzlmg txn#

rngznj h| rzazn bmccmg#iav bialcr zàz lgbmxtmxazn

knjnxai rzagjaxjr mk bmgj~bz) vlz`m~z rm c~b` ar a tnnt

ahm~z v`nz`nx rzazn iav ca| jm rm vlz`m~z hnlgf txn#

nctznj' Rnn) n'f' ) Fxahin + Rmgr Cnzai Txmj~bzr) Lgb' {' Jax~n

Ngflgnnxlgf + Ckf' ) >:> 'R' 240) 218) 211) 21> (844>, (q~lnz

zlzin abzlmg hxm~f`z ~gjnx rzazn iav ’z~xgUnjS mg r~hrzag#

zlai q~nrzlmgU S mk knjnxai iav– hnba~rn ’z`n lgznxtxnza#

zlmg mk z`n gmzlbn rzaz~zn lg z`n knjnxai zap iav– var




;: Gm' 11#1:82

ag ’nrrngzlai nincngz mk Utialgzlkk“rS q~lnz zlzin bialc,5

Cnxxnii Jmv Tàxcabn~zlbair) Lgb' {' Z`mctrmg ) :60 ^'R'

04:) 04>#46 (1<0;, ({lmiazlmg mk knjnxai iahnilgf xnq~lxn#

cngzr lg z`n Knjnxai Kmmj) Jx~f) agj Bmrcnzlb Abz

bxnaznj a xnh~zzahin txnr~ctzlmg mk gnfilfngbn agj txmp#

lcazn ba~rn ~gjnx rzazn zmxz iav,5 Cmmxn {' B`nratnaen

+ M`lm X|' ) 8<1 ^'R' 84>) 81:#1> (1<2:, (Engz~be|

vmxenx“r bmctngrazlmg rzaz~zn txm{ljnj zàz nctim|nx

xalixmaj“r {lmiazlmg mk Knjnxai Raknz| Attilagbn Abzr

vm~ij bmgrzlz~zn gnfilfngbn tnx rn ~gjnx rzazn iav,'

Mk bm~xrn) z`nrn vnii#egmvg barnr fxattinj vlz` ag

lrr~n jlkknxngz kxmc z`n mgn hnkmxn z`lr bm~xz? v`nz`nx

z`n txnrngbn mk a knjnxai lrr~n lg a rzazn#bxnaznj ba~rn

mk abzlmg fl{nr xlrn zm knjnxai q~nrzlmg o~xlrjlbzlmg ~gjnx

80 ^'R'B' ¦ 1221' Lg gmgn mk z`nrn barnr àr z`n

R~txncn Bm~xz n{ng r~ffnrznj zàz z`n ahrngbn mk a

txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg ~gjnx a knjnxai rzaz~zn vm~ij

txn{ngz rzazn iav kxmc txm{ljlgf a ba~rn mk abzlmg harnj

lg v`min mx lg taxz mg {lmiazlmgr mk z`n knjnxai iav'V`ng z`n lrr~n lr v`nz`nx ’axlrlgf ~gjnx– o~xlrjlbzlmg lr

a{aliahin) Bmgfxnrrlmgai rlingbn cazznxr a fxnaz jnai) kmx

m~x o~xlrjlbzlmg ~gjnx ¦ 1221 lr jnznxclgnj h| Bmgfxnrr'

Rnn Cnxxnii Jmv ) :60 ^'R' az 018 (rzazlgf zàz lz vm~ij

’~gjnxclgn ' ' ' bmgfxnrrlmgai lgzngz zm ' ' ' npnxblrn knj#

nxai#q~nrzlmg o~xlrjlbzlmg agj txm{ljn xncnjlnr kmx {lmia#

zlmgr mk UaS knjnxai rzaz~zn– zàz bmgzalgr gm txl{azn xlf`z

mk abzlmg) ’rmini| hnba~rn z`n {lmiazlmg mk z`n knjnxai

rzaz~zn– lr ag nincngz mk rzazn iav bialc,'

V`ng z`n knjnxai bm~xz“r o~xlrjlbzlmg m{nx rzazn#iav

bialcr lr harnj mg jl{nxrlz| mk blzlngr`lt) `mvn{nx) z`n




Gm' 11#1:82 ;>

ahrngbn mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg lg a knjnxai rzaz~zn

abz~aii| vnlf`r afalgrz txnnctzlmg' Rnn) n'f' ) V|nz ) >>>

^'R' az >6: (’Bmgfxnrr jlj gmz txm{ljn a knjnxai xncnj|

kmx bmgr~cnxr àxcnj h| ~grakn mx lgnkknbzl{n jx~fr lg

z`n 1<20 rzaz~zn mx lg ag| r~hrnq~ngz acngjcngz' N{l#

jngzi|) lz jnznxclgnj zàz vljni| a{aliahin rzazn xlf`zr

mk abzlmg txm{ljnj attxmtxlazn xnilnk kmx lgo~xnj bmg#

r~cnxr'–,' Vn xnailn zàz Vniir Kaxfm jmnr gmz rz|in

lzr ’ngj#x~g– z`nmx| ar a txnnctzlmg axf~cngz' H~z lg

z`n ahrngbn mk ag| mz`nx jmbzxlgai km~gjazlmg kmx lz) vn

rnn gm mz`nx va| zm biarrlk| lz' Ar O~jfn @lhhinx vxmzn

lg mgn mk z`n @ACT barnr lg v`lb` bialcr ~gjnx

Liilgmlr iav r~x{l{nj a cmzlmg zm jlrclrr)

UZ`nxn lr gmS fngnxai x~in zàz v`nxn a rzazn bmccmg

iav z`nmx| txm{ljnr kmx ilahlilz| kmx bmgj~bz zàz lr

airm {lmiazl{n mk knjnxai iav) a r~lz ~gjnx z`n rzazn

bmccmg iav lr txm`lhlznj rm imgf ar z`n knjnxai

iav jmnr gmz txm{ljn kmx a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg'

Lgjnnj) lz rnncr z`n mgi| o~rzlklbazlmg kmx r~b` ax~in vm~ij hn knjnxai txnnctzlmg mk rzazn iav'

Kinzb`nx {' MgnVnrz Hage) KRH ) Gm' 14 B :;08) 8411 VI

8;:0;4;) az /: (G'J' Lii' O~gn 24) 8411,5 rnn airm Hmrq~n )

6;8 K' R~tt' 8j az 2>1 (’Z`n kabz zàz a ZTT àr a xniazlmg#

r`lt zm a knjnxai rzaz~zn agj xnf~iazlmgr jmnr gmz

xnq~lxn z`n jlrclrrai mk ag| rzazn#iav bialcr zàz axlrn

~gjnx a ZTT'–,' Lg r`mxz) a rzazn#iav bialc“r lgbmxtmxa#

zlmg mk knjnxai iav àr gn{nx hnng xnfaxjnj ar jlrahilgf)

v`nz`nx z`n knjnxai iav àr a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg mx

gmz' Rnn Fxahin + Rmgr ) >:> ^'R' az 210#1< (’Z`n {lmiazlmg

mk knjnxai rzaz~znr agj xnf~iazlmgr lr bmccmgi| fl{ng




;; Gm' 11#1:82

Bmctaxn Bàg {' Blz| mk Gnv \mxe ) 1 K'2j <;) 142 (8j Blx' 1<<2,

16

(`mijlgf zàz JHA bmgknxr gm txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg,) vlz`

CbJaglni {' ^gl{nxrlz| mk B`lbafm ) >:0 K'8j ;0<) ;<> (6z` Blx'

1<66, (klgjlgf txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg lg z`n JHA,'

gnfilfngbn tnx rn nkknbz lg rzazn zmxz txmbnnjlgfr'–,) q~mzlgf

Xnrzazncngz (Z`lxj, mk Zmxzr ¦ 1:) Xntmxznxr“ Gmzn) bcz' a )

t' 1<> (Zngz' Jxakz Gm' 1) Cax' 80) 8441,5 Cnxxnii Jmv )

:60 ^'R' az 01; (’{lmiazlmg mk z`n knjnxai rzagjaxj ar

ag nincngz mk rzazn zmxz xnbm{nx| jlj gmz k~gjacngzaii|

bàgfn z`n rzazn zmxz gaz~xn mk z`n abzlmg–,5 V' Ennzmg) J'

Jmhhr) X' Ennzmg) + J' Mvng) Txmrrnx agj Ennzmg mg Iav

mk Zmxzr ¦ 2;) t' 881) g'< (>z` nj' 1<0:, (’z`n hxnab` mk

a knjnxai rzaz~zn ca| r~ttmxz a gnfilfngbn tnx rn bialc

ar a cazznx mk rzazn iav–,'

Vniir Kaxfm àr zxlnj zm klgj rmcn r~ttmxz kmx lzr

ngj#x~g z`nmx| lg zvm Rnbmgj Blxb~lz barnr lg{mi{lgf

{nx| jlkknxngz rzaz~znr' Lg Fxmb`mvrel {' T`mnglp Bmgrzx~b#

zlmg ) 210 K'2j 04 (8j Blx' 8442,) a bmgrzx~bzlmg bmgzxabz

hnzvnng z`n Blz| mk Gnv \mxe agj rmcn fngnxai bmgzxab#

zmxr xnq~lxnj z`n iazznx zm ta| z`nlx iahmxnxr lg ab#

bmxjagbn vlz` z`n Ja{lr#Habmg Abz (JHA,) a knjnxai iav

zàz abbmxjr gm txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg) az inarz ~gjnx

Rnbmgj Blxb~lz txnbnjngz' Z`n bmgzxabzmxr jlj gmz jm rm)16

agj z`nlx iahmxnxr r~nj z`nc ~gjnx Gnv \mxe bmccmg

iav kmx hxnab` mk bmgzxabz ar z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblaxlnr'

Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz fxagznj z`n bmgzxabzmxr“ cmzlmg zm

jlrclrr' A jl{ljnj tagni mk z`n Rnbmgj Blxb~lz akklxcnj)

xnarmglgf zàz ’gm txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg nplrzr ~gjnx–

z`n JHA agj zàz ’z`n tialgzlkkr“ nkkmxzr zm hxlgf z`nlx




Gm' 11#1:82 ;6

bialcr ar rzazn bmccmg#iav bialcr axn binaxi| ag lctnx#

clrrlhin ‐ngj x~g“ axm~gj z`n JHA'– Lj' az 0; (nctàrlr

ajjnj,' Z`n caomxlz|“r mgi| niahmxazlmg mk z`lr z`nmx|

var z`n kmiimvlgf?

Az hmzzmc) z`n tialgzlkkr“ rzazn#iav bialcr axn lgjlxnbz

azznctzr az txl{azni| ngkmxblgf z`n txn{alilgf

vafn rb`nj~inr bmgzalgnj lg z`n JHA' Zm aiimv a

z`lxj#taxz| txl{azn bmgzxabz abzlmg alcnj az ngkmxblgf

z`mrn vafn rb`nj~inr vm~ij hn ’lgbmgrlrzngz vlz`z`n ~gjnxi|lgf t~xtmrn mk z`n inflriazl{n rb`ncn

agj vm~ij lgznxknxn vlz` z`n lctincngzazlmg mk zàz

rb`ncn zm z`n racn npzngz ar vm~ij a ba~rn mk abzlmg

jlxnbzi| ~gjnx z`n rzaz~zn'– Ja{lr {' ^glznj Alx Ilgnr)

Lgb' ) >6> K' R~tt' ;66) ;04 (N'J'G'\' 1<02,'

Fxmb`mvrel ) 210 K'2j az 0;'

O~jfn I|gb` jlrrngznj) bxlzlbllgf z`n caomxlz|“r

xnilagbn mg z`n ’txmtmrlzlmgU S zàz z`n tialgzlkkr ca|

gmz caen ag ‐ngj#x~g“ axm~gj z`n ahrngbn mk a txl{aznxlf`z mk abzlmg– lg z`n JHA'

Zàz) L xnrtnbzk~ii| r~hclz) lr a rimfag) gmz ag axf~#

cngz' Agj lz lr ag nxxmgnm~r rimfag az zàz' ' ' '

' ' ' Z`n caomxlz| kalir zm blzn ag| abz~ai n{ljngbn) lg

z`n iagf~afn mx inflriazl{n `lrzmx| mk z`n JHA) zàz

Bmgfxnrr lgzngjnj zm txn{ngz rzazn iav bmgzxabz r~lzr

harnj mg bmgzxabz~ai txmclrnr zm ta| JHA txn{alilgf

vafnr ‚ txmclrnr zàz Bmgfxnrr rtnblklbaii| xn#

q~lxnj zm hn vxlzzng lgzm bmgzxabzr zàz lz c~rz à{narr~cnj vm~ij hn ngkmxbnahin) ilen ag| mz`nx bmg#

zxabzr) ~gjnx rzazn iav' ' ' '




;0 Gm' 11#1:82

Ar lz àttngr) rm jlj z`n Gnv \mxe Bm~xz mk Attnair) v`lb`10

~gaglcm~ri| ngjmxrnj O~jfn I|gb`“r lgznxtxnzazlmg mk Gnv

\mxe bmccmg iav agj `nij zàz ’v`ng a bmgzxabzmx àr

txmclrnj zm ta| lzr vmxenxr z`n txn{alilgf vafnr xnq~lxnj h|

z`n ^glznj Rzaznr @m~rlgf Abz) z`n vmxenxr ca| r~n ~gjnx

rzazn iav zm ngkmxbn z`n txmclrn– ar a z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblax|'

Bmp {' GAT Bmgrzx~bzlmg Bm' ) 0<1 G'N'8j 861) 862 (G'\' 8440,' Z`n

bm~xz jlrclrrnj z`n ngj#x~g z`nmx| lg Fxmb`mvrel ar ’kiavnj–?

’Vn afxnn vlz` O~jfn I|gb` ' ' ' ' Zm ra| zàz Bmgfxnrr) lg

ngabzlgf z`n JHA) jlj gmz lgzngj zm bxnazn a knjnxai xlf`z mk

abzlmg lr gmz zm ra| zàz Bmgfxnrr lgzngjnj zm txm`lhlz) mx

txnnctz) rzazn bialcr'– Z`lr xalrnr a k~xz`nx t~in vlz`

xnrtnbz zm z`n ngj#x~g z`nmx|' Lk a rzazn bm~xz ‚ mx inflriaz~xn)

kmx zàz cazznx ‚ nptxnrri| bxnaznr a rzazn#iav xncnj| kmx a

{lmiazlmg mk a knjnxai iav zàz iaber a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg)

jm knjnxai bm~xzr à{n z`n a~z`mxlz| zm ahxmfazn lz ~gjnx z`n

R~txncab| Bia~rn= Lk z`n ngj#x~g z`nmx| vnxn a rtnblnr mkknjnxai txnnctzlmg) z`n agrvnx vm~ij binaxi| hn |nr' Rnn) n'f' )

Xmrn {' Axeagrar Rzazn Tmilbn ) :6< ^'R' 1) 2 (1<0;, (tnx b~xlac,

(bmgzlg~nj''',

' ' ' Lk Gnv \mxe iav txm{ljnr a xlf`z mx xncnj|) ag|

tialgzlkk àr ag ahrmi~zn xlf`z zm lg{men lz) ~ginrr z`n

Gnv \mxe iav lr bmgzxax| zm mx txn#nctznj h|

knjnxai iav' H~z z`n caomxlz| jmnr gmz n{ng caen a

tarr az jncmgrzxazlgf zàz z`n JHA jlrtiabnr rzazn

bmgzxabz iav) mx zàz Gnv \mxe“r vliilgfgnrr zm

ngkmxbn bmgzxabz~ai txmclrnr zm ta| z`n txn{alilgf

vafn lr bmgzxax| zm) xaz`nx zàg r~ttmxzl{n mk) z`n

knjnxai tmilb| nchmjlnj lg z`n JHA'

Lj' az <4#<1 (I|gb`) O') jlrrngzlgf lg taxz,' Vn z`lge O~jfn

I|gb` àr z`n hnzznx mk z`lr axf~cngz' Z`n ngj#x~g10




Gm' 11#1:82 ;<

('''bmgzlg~nj,10

(’Z`nxn bag hn gm jlrt~zn zàz z`n R~txncab| Bia~rn lg{ail#

jaznr aii rzazn iavr zàz bmgkilbz mx lgznxknxn vlz` ag Abz mk

Bmgfxnrr'–,5 Flhhmgr {' Mfjng ) 88 ^'R' (< V`naz', 1) 811 (108:,

(’Lg n{nx| r~b` barn) z`n abz mk Bmgfxnrr) mx z`n zxnaz|) lr

r~txncn5 agj z`n iav mk z`n Rzazn) z`m~f` ngabznj lg z`n

npnxblrn mk tmvnxr gmz bmgzxm{nxznj) c~rz |lnij zm lz'–,' H~z z`n

lgznxtia| hnzvnng z`n Rnbmgj Blxb~lz agj z`n Gnv \mxe Bm~xz

mk Attnair lg Fxmb`mvrel agj Bmp r~ffnrzr zàz rmcn mz`nxinfai txlgbltin var az vmxe' Z`n bmgk~rlmg k~xz`nx bmg{lgbnr

~r zàz z`n ngj#x~g z`nmx| ilnr lg a jmbzxlgai gm#cag“r iagj)

agj lzr ajmtzlmg vm~ij ~trnz a bngz~x| mx zvm mk txnnctzlmg

agj axlrlgf#~gjnx o~xlrjlbzlmgai txnbnjngzr' Rnn) n'f' ) F~ii| {'

Klxrz Gazlmgai Hage ) 8<< ^'R' 14<) 11> (1<2;, (’Gmz n{nx| q~nr#

zlmg mk knjnxai iav ncnxflgf lg a r~lz lr txmmk zàz a knjnxai

iav lr z`n harlr mk z`n r~lz'–,5 rnn airm Rclz` {' Eagrar Blz| Zlzin +

Zx~rz Bm' ) 8>> ^'R' 104) 81> (1<81, (@micnr) O') jlrrngzlgf, (’Z`n

cnxn ajmtzlmg h| a Rzazn iav mk a ^glznj Rzaznr iav ar a

bxlznxlmg mx znrz) v`ng z`n iav mk z`n ^glznj Rzaznr àr gm kmxbn

txmtxlm {lfmxn ) jmnr gmz ba~rn a barn ~gjnx z`n Rzazn iav zm hnairm a barn ~gjnx z`n iav mk z`n glznj Rzaznr) agj rm lz ar hnng

jnbljnj h| z`lr Bm~xz afalg agj afalg'–,'

z`nmx|) ar lz lr jnrbxlhnj h| z`n caomxlz|) hnaxr a

rzxlelgf xnrnchiagbn zm mhrzabin txnnctzlmg) vlz` lzr

xnknxngbn zm z`n rzazn iav“r ’lgbmgrlrzngUb|S vlz` z`n

~gjnxi|lgf t~xtmrn mk z`n UknjnxaiS xnf~iazmx| rb`ncn'–

Lj' az 0;' \nz) ar O~jfn I|gb` tmlgznj m~z) z`nxn lr gm

n{ljngbn zàz Bmgfxnrrlmgai lgzngz ‚ z`n zm~b`rzmgn mk

ag| txnnctzlmg lgq~lx| ‚ var zm txnnctz rzazn iav

vlz` z`n JHA' Lz rnncr zm ~r zàz z`n Fxmb`mvrel

ngj#x~g z`nmx| lr xnaii| o~rz ag ’ngj#x~g– axm~gj vnii#




64 Gm' 11#1:82

Zm z`n npzngz z`n R~txncn Bm~xz“r blzazlmg mk Fxmb`mvrel lg1<

Arzxa ^RA) Lgb' {' Ragza Biaxa Bm~gz| ) 121 R' Bz' 12:8 (8411,)

bmggmznr ag ngjmxrncngz) vn z`lge lz lr ilclznj zm z`n

z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblax| bmgznpz' Rnn Arzxa ) 121 R' Bz' az 12:0

(blzlgf Fxmb`mvrel ar mijlgf zàz ’v`ng a fm{nxgcngz bmgzxabz

bmgklxcr a rzaz~zmx| mhilfazlmg) ‐a z`lxj#taxz| txl{azn bmgzxabz

abzlmg Uzm ngkmxbn zàz mhilfazlmgS vm~ij hn lgbmgrlrzngz vlz` ' ' '

z`n inflriazl{n rb`ncn ' ' ' zm z`n racn npzngz ar vm~ij a ba~rn

mk abzlmg jlxnbzi| ~gjnx z`n rzaz~zn“ –,' Lg ag| z`lxj#taxz|

hngnklblax| barn) a ’gmgtaxz| hnbmcnr infaii| ngzlzinj zm a hngnklz txmclrnj lg a bmgzxabz ' ' ' mgi| lk z`n bmgzxabzlgf

taxzlnr rm lgzngj'– Lj' Lg Arzxa ) z`n ahrngbn mk a txl{azn xlf`z

mk abzlmg lg z`n knjnxai txmfxac var lctmxzagz hnba~rn

lz r`mvnj zàz Bmgfxnrr jlj gmz lgzngj tialgzlkkr zm hn

z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblaxlnr' Rnn lj' Lg z`lr barn) `mvn{nx)

z`n q~nrzlmg lr gmz v`nz`nx @ACT cmxzfafmxr vnxn lgzngjnj

z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblaxlnr mk z`n knjnxai bmgzxabzr v lz` rnx{lbnxr

h~z v`nz`nx Bmgfxnrr lgzngjnj zm txnbi~jn z`nc kxmc

ngkmxblgf bmgzxabzr zm v`lb` z`n| z`ncrni{nr vnxn taxzlnr'

Zàz lr a txnnctzlmg q~nrzlmg gmz ajjxnrrnj lg Arzxa ) v`lb`

cngzlmgr txnnctzlmg mgi| mgbn) lg a kmmzgmzn jnailgfvlz` a znxzlax| lrr~n mg v`lb` z`n Bm~xz zmme gm tmrlzlmg'

Lj' az 12:< g'>'

nrzahilr`nj txnnctzlmg jmbzxlgn) agj vn jnbilgn zm

ajmtz lz'1<

Vniir Kaxfm airm blznr Hxmjnx {' Bahin{lrlmg R|rzncr Bmxt' )

:10 K'2j 106 (8j Blx' 844>,) v`lb` bmgzalgr a hxlnk agj

zntlj xnknxngbn zm Fxmb`mvrel ' Z`n barn lg{mi{nj a bahin

znin{lrlmg txm{ljnx zàz npzngjnj a jlrbm~gznj xazn

zm bnxzalg b~rzmcnxr vlz`m~z mkknxlgf mx jlrbimrlgf lz zm

mz`nxr ‚ a txabzlbn z`n tialgzlkk aiinfnj zm {lmiazn hmz`




Gm' 11#1:82 61

z`n knjnxai Bmgr~cnx Txmznbzlmg agj Bmctnzlzlmg Abz

(BTBA, agj a Gnv \mxe rzazn rzaz~zn' Gnlz`nx iav) `mv#

n{nx) txm{ljnj kmx a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg) rm z`n

tialgzlkk r~nj kmx bmccmg#iav hxnab` mk bmgzxabz agj

kxa~j agj kmx jnbntzl{n txabzlbnr ~gjnx z`n Gnv \mxe

Fngnxai H~rlgnrr Iav' Z`n Rnbmgj Blxb~lz akklxcnj z`n

jlrclrrai mk z`n tialgzlkk“r hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc mg

z`n fxm~gj zàz ’z`n bmgzxabz iagf~afn ' ' ' ~gachlf~m~ri|

kmxnbimrnUjS `lr bialcr'– Hxmjnx ) :10 K'2j az 1<6' Z`n

bm~xz jlj gmz xni| mg Fxmb`mvrel ) h~z gmznj zàz z`n

jlrzxlbz bm~xz àj nchxabnj lzr ngj#x~g z`nmx| lg ag

’aiznxgazl{n fxm~gj mk jnblrlmg'– Hxmjnx ) :10 K'2j az 1<0

(nctàrlr ajjnj,' Z`n tagni vxmzn?

@mvn{nx gaxxmv mx hxmaj z`n txmtnx lgznxtxnzazlmg

mk m~x `mijlgf lg Fxmb`mvrel ca| hn) zàz barn rzagjr

az inarz kmx z`n txmtmrlzlmg zàz a knjnxai bm~xz

r`m~ij gmz rzxalg zm klgj lg a bmgzxabz a rzazn#iav xlf`z

mk abzlmg kmx {lmiazlmg mk a knjnxai iav ~gjnx v`lb`

gm txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg nplrzr'

Hxmjnx) :10 K'2j az 1<0' @nxn) `mvn{nx) vn à{n km~gj

zàz Vlfmj àr aiinfnj a hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc

~gjnx z`n tialg iagf~afn mk z`n ZTT afxnncngz) vlz` gm

’rzxalglgf– xnq~lxnj zm xnab` z`lr bmgbi~rlmg' Z`~r) n{ng

lk Hxmjnx àj ngjmxrnj Fxmb`mvrel“r ngj#x~g z`nmx|) agj

n{ng lk lz àj jmgn rm lg lzr `mijlgf xaz`nx zàg lg jlbza)

lz vm~ij gmz atti| zm Vlfmj“r hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc'

Z`n ngj#x~g z`nmx| cajn a rnbmgj attnaxagbn lg

Hxmjnx j~xlgf z`n bm~xz“r jlrb~rrlmg mk z`n tialgzlkk“rjnbntzl{n txabzlbnr bialcr ~gjnx z`n Gnv \mxe Fngnxai

H~rlgnrr Iav) aiz`m~f` z`n bm~xz jlj gmz baii lz zàz mx




68 Gm' 11#1:82

n{ng blzn Fxmb`mvrel' Lgrznaj) z`n bm~xz ~rnj z`n znxc

’blxb~c{ngzlmg)– `mijlgf zàz z`n tialgzlkk var gmz

aiimvnj zm ’blxb~c{ngz z`n iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk

abzlmg kmx {lmiazlmg mk– z`n BTBA h| aiinflgf zàz

gmg#~glkmxc xaznr vnxn jnbntzl{n ~gjnx rzazn iav' Lj' az

1<<' Kxmc Bmgfxnrr“r mclrrlmg mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg

lg z`n BTBA) z`n bm~xz lgknxxnj zàz lz lgzngjnj zm kmxn#

bimrn rzazn xncnjlnr ar vnii) agj jnbilgnj zm ’azzxlh~znU S

zm z`n Gnv \mxe inflriaz~xn ag lgzngz zm z`vaxz Bmgfxnrr“r

lgzngzlmgr'– Lj'

Vn klgj zàz lgknxngbn jlkklb~iz zm xnbmgblin vlz` barnr

ilen Haznr ) >:: ^'R' az ::0) agj V|nz ) >>> ^'R' az >6:) h~z lz

cazznxr ilzzin rlgbn z`lr taxz mk Hxmjnx“r `mijlgf lr narli|

jlrzlgf~lràhin' Hxmjnx jnaiz vlz` a jlkknxngz knjnxai

iav aizmfnz`nx agj nptxnrri| bmgklgnj lzr `mijlgf zm

atti| mgi| zm z`n BTBA' Hxmjnx ) :10 K'2j az 1<<' K~xz`nx#

cmxn) Vlfmj“r LBKA bialcr jm gmz aiinfn zàz Vniir

Kaxfm ngfafnj lg ~gkalx mx jnbntzl{n h~rlgnrr txabzlbnr

h| {lmiazlgf @ACT f~ljnilgnr' Xaz`nx) r`n bmgzngjrzàz Vniir Kaxfm“r clrxntxnrngzazlmg agj mclrrlmg mk

caznxlai kabzr clrinj `nx zm hniln{n r`n vm~ij xnbnl{n a

tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg ~gjnx @ACT agj zàz lz lctin#

cngznj lzr @ACT bmctilagbn txmbnj~xnr lg a va| jn#

rlfgnj zm z`vaxz hmxxmvnxr“ inflzlcazn nptnbzazlmgr' Z`n

tialgzlkk lg Hxmjnx ) lg bmgzxarz) aiinfnj zàz Bahin{lrlmg“r

{lmiazlmg mk z`n BTBA“r ~glkmxc xazn xnq~lxncngz

var lzrnik a jnbntzl{n txabzlbn' Lg `lr xnti| hxlnk zm z`n

Rnbmgj Blxb~lz) `n xnklgnj `lr axf~cngz aimgf z`n ilgnr

mk Vlfmj“r' Z`n bm~xz lgjlbaznj zàz z`lr ’r~hzinx axf~#

cngz– var cmxn tarrahin h~z jnbilgnj zm bmgrljnx lz

hnba~rn lz var val{nj' Lj' az 848' Vlfmj àr cajn




Gm' 11#1:82 62

z`lr axf~cngz aii aimgf) agj rm `nx LBKA bialcr axn gmz

lgbmgrlrzngz vlz` Hxmjnx'

L[' Bmgbi~rlmg

Vn txnjlbz zàz z`n Liilgmlr bm~xzr vm~ij klgj rmcn

mk Vlfmj“r bialcr abzlmgahin ~gjnx z`n iavr mk z`nlx

rzazn) agj vn bag klgj gm harlr lg z`n iav mk knjnxai txn#

nctzlmg zàz vm~ij hax z`mrn bialcr' Z`n o~jfcngz mkz`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz lr z`nxnkmxn XN[NXRNJ ar zm Bm~gzr L) LL)

agj [LL) agj z`n kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialc mk

Bm~gz [) agj AKKLXCNJ ar zm Bm~gzr L[) [L) agj z`n

kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz bialc mk Bm~gz [' Z`n barn lr

XNCAGJNJ kmx k~xz`nx txmbnnjlgfr mg z`n r~x{l{lgf

bm~gzr'

XLTTIN ) Blxb~lz O~jfn ) bmgb~xxlgf' L ac {nx| tinarnj

zm omlg z`n npbniingz mtlglmg mk z`n bm~xz vxlzzng h|

O~jfn @aclizmg' L vxlzn rntaxazni| mgi| zm gmzn zàz) lg

c| {lnv) m~x zare mk ajo~jlbazlgf z`lr cazznx vm~ij

à{n hnng arrlrznj rlfglklbagzi| lk z`n ^glznj Rzaznr àj

ngznxnj z`lr barn ar ag aclb~r b~xlan'

Z`n Ncnxfngb| Nbmgmclb Rzahlilazlmg Abz) T'I' 114#

2:2) 188 Rzaz' 26;>) agj z`n txmfxacr lctincngznj ~gjnx




6: Gm' 11#1:82

lzr a~z`mxlz| axn mk {lzai lctmxzagbn zm z`n nbmgmclb

`naiz` mk z`n Bm~gzx|' Txmimgfnj ilzlfazlmg lr àxji| a

bazai|rz zm z`n nkknbzl{n ajclglrzxazlmg mk z`nrn txm#

fxacr' Ar z`n mtlglmg kmx z`n bm~xz jnzalir vlz` fxnaz baxn)

z`n txmfxac az lrr~n `nxn àr hnng z`n r~honbz mk cag|

barnr lg z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xzr' Nkklblngz agj abb~xazn xnrmi~#

zlmg lg z`lr bm~xz lr lctmxzagz zm z`n nkknbzl{n ajclglrzxa#

zlmg mk z`n inflriazl{n txmfxac agj) lg zàz xnrtnbz) z`n

{lnvr mk z`n npnb~zl{n jntaxzcngz bàxfnj vlz` z`n

ajclglrzxazlmg mk z`n rzaz~zn ~gjm~hznji| vm~ij à{n

hnng mk fxnaz arrlrzagbn'

L àrzng zm ajj zàz) lg r~ffnrzlgf zàz z`n taxzlblta#

zlmg mk z`n ^glznj Rzaznr vm~ij à{n hnng `nitk~i zm ~r)

L jm gmz cnag zm bxlzlbln lg z`n inarz z`n nkkmxzr mk

bm~grni kmx z`n txl{azn taxzlnr hnkmxn ~r' Z`n tnxrtnbzl{n

hxm~f`z zm a barn r~b` ar z`lr h| z`n Fm{nxgcngz lr

rlcti| jlkknxngz' Lz lr ~glq~ni| q~ailklnj zm nptxnrr z`n

t~xtmrn agj z`n mtnxazlmg mk z`n rzaz~zn agj zm xntxn#

rngz z`n t~hilb lgznxnrz'

L airm c~rz q~ailk| c| {lnv lg agmz`nx xnrtnbz' Kxmc

c| {agzafn tmlgz) L ac gmz txl{|) mk bm~xrn) zm z`n

c|xlaj mk bmgrljnxazlmgr zàz c~rz fm{nxg z`n aiimbazlmg

mk infai xnrm~xbnr lg a Fm{nxgcngz v`mrn infai zaingz lr

bnxzalgi| gmz ~gjnx#~rnj' Lgjnnj) z`n jncagjr mg z`mrn

xnrm~xbnr axn m{nxv`niclgf' Lz ca| vnii hn zàz z`n

taxzlbltazlmg mk z`n Fm{nxgcngz lg a barn r~b` ar z`lr

mgn lr rlcti| gmz tmrrlhin lg z`n xnai vmxij mk ilclznj

xnrm~xbnr lg v`lb` vn il{n'

L gmzn zàz lz lr tmrrlhin kmx z`n bm~xz zm lg{lzn z`n Fm{#

nxgcngz“r taxzlbltazlmg ar ag aclb~r lg barnr mk r~b`




Gm' 11#1:82 6>

t~hilb lctmxzagbn' Lgjnnj) vn jm rm vlz` rmcn xnf#

~iaxlz|' Z`nxn axn) `mvn{nx) bmrzr zm txmbnnjlgf lg

zàz caggnx' Z`n gnnj kmx r~b` taxzlbltazlmg mkzng

hnbmcnr attaxngz mgi| akznx z`nxn àr hnng rlfglklbagz

o~jlblai rbx~zlg| mk z`n barn' R~b` rbx~zlg| lr tmrrlhin)

az inarz lg z`lr blxb~lz) mgi| r`mxzi| hnkmxn mxai axf~cngz'

Ar a txabzlbai cazznx) rnnelgf z`n taxzlbltazlmg mk z`n

Fm{nxgcngz az zàz tmlgz lg z`n ilkn mk ag attniiazn

barn lgn{lzahi| lgbxnarnr) mkzng rlfglklbagzi|) z`n niatrnj

zlcn hnkmxn klgai ajo~jlbazlmg'

Lg z`lr barn) z`lr iarz bmgrljnxazlmg o~rzlklnr z`n

jnblrlmg zm txmbnnj vlz`m~z k~xz`nx jnia|' Txmctz xnr#

mi~zlmg mk z`lr cazznx lr gnbnrrax| gmz mgi| kmx z`n fmmj

mk z`n ilzlfagzr h~z kmx z`n fmmj mk z`n Bm~gzx|' Ar z`n

q~ailz| mk c| bmiinaf~n“r mtlglmg xnkinbzr) cmxnm{nx)

z`nxn lr gm xnarmg kmx k~xz`nx jnia|' Gn{nxz`ninrr) z`n

rai~zax| txabzlbn mk z`n Fm{nxgcngz“r taxzlbltazlgf lg

txl{azn ilzlfazlmg mk t~hilb lctmxzagbn c~rz xncalg

ail{n agj vnii lg z`n zxajlzlmg mk z`n bm~xz'

2#6#18




Gm' 11#1:82

^GLZNJ RZAZNR BM^XZ MK ATTNAIR

KMX Z@N RN[NGZ@ BLXB^LZ

IMXL VLFMJ

Tialgzlkk#Attniiagz)

{'

VNIIR KAXFM HAGE) G'A' j-h-a

VNIIR KAXFM @MCN CMXZFAFN k-e-a

VAB@M[LA CMXZFAFN) KRH)

Jnkngjagz#Attniinn'

Mg Attnai kxmc z`n ^glznj Rzaznr Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz

Kmx z`n Gmxz`nxg Jlrzxlbz mk Liilgmlr)

Barn Gm' 1?14#b{#82:0

Z`n @mgmxahin Hiagb`n C' Cagglgf) ^glznj Rzaznr Jlrzxlbz O~jfn'

XNTI\ HXLNK MK

TIALGZLKK#ATTNIIAGZ IMXL VLFMJ

Oa| Njnirmg

Rzn{ng Innii Vmmjxmv (bm~grni mk xnbmxj,

Xakn| Haiahaglag

Lxlga Ria{lga

Njnirmg CbF~lxn) IIB

2>4 G' IaRaiin Rzxnnz) R~lzn 1244

B`lbafm) Liilgmlr ;4;>:

Zni? (218, >0<#;264Kap? (218, >0<#;260

Azzmxgn|r kmx Tialgzlkk#Attniiagz

Imxl Vlfmj

Barn? 11#1:82 Jmb~cngz? 22 Klinj? 14-16-8411 Tafnr? :>



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ZAHIN MK BMGZNGZRZAHIN MK A^Z@MXLZLNR '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''{

AXF^CNGZ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1

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Vniir Kaxfm“r bmctilagbn vlz` lzr ZTTr' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8

1' Bmctialglgf zm Kxnjjln Cab''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8

8' Kaggln Can“r 1#044 @MTN @mzilgn''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2

2' Bmctialglgf zm z`n MBB ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>

H' Gmgn mk Vniir Kaxfm“r barnr r~ttmxz z`n ajmtzlmg mk ag ’ngj x~g– x~in

zàz vm~ij hax aii rzazn iav bialcr harnj mg bmgj~bz xniaznj zm z`n

@ACT'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>

1' Rzaz~znr txm{ljlgf cnaglgfk~i aiznxgazl{n xncnjlnr'''''''''''''''''''';

8' Barnr txm{ljlgf a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg mgi| kmx bnxzalg

{lmiazlmgr'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0

2' Barnr v`nxn z`n knjnxai rzaz~zn txm{ljnr a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg zàz xnq~lxnr z`n npà~rzlmg mk rtnblklb txmbnj~xnr''''''''''''0

:' Barnr v`nxn z`n bm~xz vm~ij à{n zm rzxalg zm klgj z`n bmgzxabz

lctilbaznj knjnxai iav''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''<

>' Barnr ka{mxahin zm Vlfmj''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''14

B' Vniir Kaxfm lgbmxxnbzi| arrnxzr zàz Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr rnne zm

’jm gmz`lgf cmxn zàg ngkmxbn @ACT'–'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11

LL' VLFMJ“R RZAZN IAV BIALCR AXN GMZ TXNNCTZNJ H\ AG\ KNJNXAI HAGELGF IAV' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''12

A' Vniir Kaxfm lg gm va| hxnab`nr lzr RTA h| cmjlk|lgf z`n imagr mk

nilflhin hmxxmvnxr v`m k~iklii z`nlx ZTT mhilfazlmgr''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''12

H' Vniir Kaxfm baggmz jncmgrzxazn zàz Vlfmj“r bialcr axn haxxnj h|

txlgbltinr mk klnij txnnctzlmg ~gjnx @MIA ' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>




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LLL' VLFMJ RZAZNJ BIALCR KMX HXNAB@ MK BMGZXABZ) HXNAB@ MK

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A' Vlfmj nptxnrri| aiinfnr zàz z`n ZTT lr a bmgzxabz xnq~lxlgf Vniir

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H' Vlfmj aiinfnr r~kklblngz bmgrljnxazlmg' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1<

B' Z`n ZTT bmgzalgr jnklglzn agj bnxzalg znxcr xnq~lxlgf Vniir Kaxfm

zm rngj Vlfmj a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz ~tmg r~bbnrrk~i

bmctinzlmg mk z`n zxlai tiag' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''81

J' Vlfmj“r bialc kmx hxnab` mk z`n lctilnj bm{ngagz lr gmz zlnj zm z`n

r~bbnrr mk `nx bialc aiinflgf hxnab` mk z`n ZTT' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''81

N' Vlfmj r~kklblngzi| tinajr a bialc kmx txmclrrmx| nrzmttni' ''''''''''''''''''88

L[' VLFMJ R^KKLBLNGZI\ TINAJR KABZR ZM R@MV LGZNGZ)

ABZÂI JACAFNR) AGJ ^GKALX BMGJ^BZ ^GJNX LBKA''''''''''''''''''88

A' Vlfmj nptxnrri| aiinfnj zàz Vniir Kaxfm“r jnbntzl{n bmgj~bz var

lgzngzlmgai''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''82

H' Vlfmj ar tinj abz~ai jacafnr''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''82

B' Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz bm~ij gmz à{n ’txmtnxi| `nij– zàz Vlfmj“r

aiinfazlmgr mk ~gkalx bmgj~bz ~gjnx z`n LBKA vnxn r~honbz zm

jlrclrrai' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8;

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clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialc hnba~rn Vniir Kaxfm var lg z`n

h~rlgnrr mk r~tti|lgf lgkmxcazlmg zm Vlfmj''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''24

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ZAHIN MK A^Z@MXLZLNR

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Hxmjnx {' Bahin{lrlmg R|r' Bmxt') :10 K'2j 106 (8j Blx' 844>,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''<

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Balrrn Gazlmgain jn Bxnjlz Afxlbmin {' BHL Lgj~r') Lgb') <4 K'2j 18;:

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Lg xn? Mbvng Imag Rnx{lblgf) IIB Cmxzf' Rnx{lblgf Ilzlf') :<1 K'2j ;20

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Gagbn {' Capvnii Knj' Bxnjlz ^glmg) 10; K'2j 1220 (11z` Blx' 1<<<, ''''''''''''''''''''''''0

Gmxcag {' Glafaxa Cmàve Tmvnx Bmxt') 062 K'8j ;2: (8j Blx' 1<0<, '''''''''''''''''''''<

Tazxljfn {' O'E' @axxlr + Bm') IIB ) 86< K' Att&p :4; (6z` Blx' 8440, ''''''''''''''''''''''80

Rnlgknij {' A~rzng) 2< K'2j 6;1 (6z` Blx'1<<:, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''14

Rtnaxcag {' Nppmg Bmai ^RA) Lgb') 1; K'2j 688 (6z` Blx'1<<:,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''14

Znacrznxr Imbai 808 Tngrlmg Zx~rz K~gj {' Agfnimr) 02< K'8j 2;;

(6z` Blx' 1<00, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''80

^ciagj {' TIAGBM Klg' Rnx{r') Lgb') >:8 K'2j >< (2j Blx' 8440,''''''''''''''''''''';) 6) 14

[lbmc) Lgb' {' @axhxljfn Cnxb`' Rnx{r') Lgb') 84 K'2j 661 (6z` Blx' 1<<:, ''''''''''''''''86

^GLZNJ RZAZNR JLRZXLBZ BM^XZ BARNR Ab~ga {' Bàrn @mcn Klg') IIB ) Gm' 14#b{#<4>) 8411 VI 100240< (N'J' [lx'

Ca| 16) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11) 88

Aiing {' Blzlcmxzfafn) Lgb') Gm' 14#b{#86:4) 8411 VI 2:8>;;>

(J' Cj' A~f' :) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''81) 88) 8>

Agragniil {' OT Cmxfag Bàrn Hage) G'A') Gm' 14#b{#420<8)

8411 VI 112::>1 (G'J' Bai' Cax' 80) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11) 84) 81) 22

Hni|na {' Ilzzmg Imag Rnx{lblgf ) Gm' 14#14<21) 8411 VI 800:<;:

(J' Carr' O~i| 1>) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''84) 81

Hnggnzz {' Hage mk Ac') G'A') Gm' 11#b{#442) 8411 VI 101:<;2 (N'J' [a'

Ca| 11) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''16

Hmrq~n {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') 6;8 K'R~tt'8j 2:8 (J' Carr' 8411,''''''''11) 84) 81

Hm|j {' ^'R' Hage) G'A') ##K'R~tt'8j ##) 8411 VI 126:<0; (G'J' Lii'

Atx' 18) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''18) 8>

Hxmvg {' Klxrz Zngg' Gaz“i Arr“g) 6>2 K'R~tt'8j 18:< (G'J' Fa' 844<, ''''''''''''''''''''''6

Baxznx {' @RHB Cmxzf' Bmxt' (^RA,) Gm' 14#b{#41448) 8411 VI :4><408

(J' Axl' O~i| 6) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''22




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BL[LP#JJL) IIB {' @mznir'bmc) I'T') 611 K' R~tt' 8j 02< (G'J' Lii' 8414,'''''''''''''''82

Jaxb| {' BlzlKlgagblai) Lgb') Gm' 14#b{#0:0) 8411 VI 26>004>

(V'J' Clb`' A~f' 8>) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11) 16) 1<) 81

J~xclb {' O'T' Cmxfag B`arn Hage) G'A') Gm' 14#b{#14204) 8414 VI :08>;28(J' Carr' Gm{' 8:) 8414, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''84

Kinzb`nx {' MgnVnrz Hage) KRH) Gm' 14#b{#:;08) 8411 VI 8;:0;4;

(G'J' Lii' O~gn 1>) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1) 11) 1<) 8>

Kx|n {' I“Mxnai ^RA) Lgb') >02 K' R~tt' 8j <>: (G'J' Lii' 8440,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8:

Fng' Ninb' Batlzai) Bmxt' {' Nq~lkap Rnx{r') Lgb') 6<6 K' R~tt' 1:28

(G'J' Lii' 1<<8,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''24

F~nxxnxm {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') Gm' 14#b{#4>4<>) Jez' 10#F

(B'J' Bai' A~f' 10) 8414, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;

Lhxa`lc {' Clj#Azi' Alx mk JB) IIB ) ## K' R~tt' 8j ##) 8411 VI 2:0<114 (J'J'B'

A~f) 14) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''6

Lg Xnzali K~gj Aifmgq~lg Bmccmgr) I'I'B' {' Ahnxbxmchln + Klzb` Rzmxnr) Lgb')

Gm' 4<#b{#>08:) 8414 VI 106:4>: (G'J' Lii' Ca| 14) 8414,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8<

Oabermg {' Mbvng Imag Rnx{lblgf) IIB ) Gm' 14#b{#4611) 8411 VI >06>06

(N'J' Bai' Knh' <) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''81) 88

Enggnj| {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') Gm' 11#b{#:;2>) 8411 VI :>8;40>(B'J' Bai' Rntz' 80) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''18) 16

I~bla {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') ‒ K' R~tt' 8j ‒) 8411 VI 212::88

(G'J' Bai' Atx' 88) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''16

Caxer {' Hage mk Ac') G'A') Gm' 14#b{#4042<) 8414 VI 8>68<00

(J' Axl' O~gn 88) 8414, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8

Caxq~nr {' Vniir Kaxfm @mcn Cmxzf' Lgb') Gm' 4<#b{#1<0>) 8414 VI 2818121

(R'J' Bai' A~f' 18) 8414,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2

Capvnii {' A~xmxa Imag Rnx{r') IIB ) Gm' 11#b{#18;:) 8411 VI :41:286

(N'J' Cm' Rntz' <) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11

CbLgxm| {' HAB @mcn Imag Rnx{lblgf) IT ) Gm' 14#:2:8) 8411 VI 1664<:6

(J' Clgg' Ca| <) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8

Cnizmg {' R~gzx~rz Hage) 604 K'R~tt'8j :>0 (N'J' [a' 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11




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Cmxxlr {' HAB @mcn Imagr Rnx{lblgf) I'T') 66> K'R~tt'8j 8>> (J' Carr' 8411,'''''''2

Mil{axnr nz ai {' TGB Hage) GA) Gm' 11#1;8;) 8411 VI :0;41;6 (J' Clgg'

Mbz' 12) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''18

Rnxknb {' Onvni Kmmj Rzmxnr) Lgb') Gm' <8#b{#:161) 1<<0 VI 1:8:86 (G'J' Lii'Cax' 8;) 1<<0, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''24

Rtninmr {' HAB @mcn Imagr Rnx{lblgf) I'T') 6>> K'R~tt'8j 24:

(J' Carr' 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11) 22

Rzaflear {' Rapmg Cmxzf' Rnx{r') Lgb') ## K' R~tt' 8j ##) 8411 VI 8;>8::>

(J' Carr' O~i| >) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''84) 8>

Vaxgnii {' Kmxj Cmzmx Bm) Gm' <0#b{#1>42) 1<<0 VI 6:0280

(G'J' Lii' Mbz' 81) 1<<0,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''21

Vaxxng {' Hage mk Ac') Gm' 11#b{#64) 8411 VI 811;:46 (R'J' Fa' Ca| 8:) 8411, ''''8

Vliilacr {' Fnlz`gnx) Gm' 4<#1<><) 844< VI 26>6204 (J' Clgg' Gm{' <) 844<, ''''''''':

Vlirmg {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') Gm' 11#b{#8:1) 8411 VI 2:2<82:

(N'J' [a' A~f' >) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11

Vxlf`z {' B`arn @mcn Klg') IIB) Gm' 11#b{#444<>) 8411 VI :141>12

(J' Axl' Rntz' 1:) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''16

RZAZN R^TXNCN BM^XZ BARNRBmgfxnfazlmg mk z`n Tarrlmg {' Zm~b`n Xmrr + Bm') ;2; G'N'8j >42 (Lii' 1<<:,'''''''''8<

Caxzlgjnii {' Iaen R`mxn Gaz“i Hage) 1>: G'N'8j ;02 (Lii' 1<>0, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''81

RZAZN BM^XZ MK ATTNAIR BARNR Ajinx {' Vliilac Hialx + Bm') ;:0 G'N'8j 88; (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<>,'''''''''''''''''''''''80) 8<

Cmxxlr {' @ax{n| B|bin + Bactnx) Lgb') <11 G'N'8j 14:< (Lii' Att' Bz' 844<,''''''''''8:

C~iilfag {' Q[B) Lgb') 000 G'N'8j 11<4 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8440,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8:

Zmiag + Rmgr) Lgb' {' EIIC Axb`lznbzr) Lgb') 61< G'N'8j 800 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<<,''''24

Vaxxng {' InCa|) :<1 G'N' 8j :;: (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<0;,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''82




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KNJNXAI RZAZ^ZNR) XÎNR AGJ XNFÎAZLMGR18 B'K'X' ¦ >;4'8 (8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;

18 'R'B' ¦ 1:;>(h, (8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;

18 ^'R'B' ¦ 81>a (8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;

18 ^'R'B' ¦ 8>h (8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;

18 ^'R'B' ¦¦ 1:;1 nz rnq' (8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>

8; ^'R'B' ¦ 6:88'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''';

20 ^'R'B' ¦ 2614''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''6

:6 ^'R'B' ¦ 84;''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0

:6 ^'R'B' ¦ 846''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0

:6 ^'R'B' ¦ >1'816'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''6) 0

:6 ^'R'B' ¦ ;:'1841'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''6) 0

Knj' X' mk Bl{' T' <(h, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''82

MZ@NX RM^XBNR2 Racn~i Vliilrzmg) A Zxnazlrn mg z`n Iav mk Bmgzxabzr ¦6?86 (:z` nj' 8440,''''''''''84

Bmgfxnrrlmgai M{nxrlf`z Tagni) Jnbnchnx M{nxrlf`z Xntmxz (Jnb' 1:) 8414, ''''''''''''':

Kaggln Can) Caelgf @mcn Akkmxjahin) `zztr?--vvv'nkagglncan'bmc-rk-cà- (iarz

{lrlznj Rntz' 88) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2

Kxnjjln Cab) A{mljlgf Kmxnbimr~xn Xnrm~xbn Bngznx) `zzt?--vvv'kxnjjlncab'bmc-

a{mljkmxnbimr~xn-v`m]zm]bmgzabz]kmx] `nit'`zci jlxnbzr `mcnmvgnxr zm bmgzabz z`nlx

ingjnx kmx `nit vlz` z`n @ACT' (iarz {lrlznj Mbz' 1;) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2

@mcnmvgnx“r @MTNℨ @mzilgn) `zzt?--vvv'caelgf`mcnakkmxjahin'fm{-fnz#

arrlrzagbn-Tafnr-`mcnmvgnxr ]`mtn`mzilgn'artp (iarz {lrlznj Rntz' 88) 8411, ''''''''''2

LXR Kmxc RR‒0? Jnznxclgazlmg mk Vmxenx Rzaz~r kmx T~xtmrnr mk Knjnxai

Nctim|cngz Zapnr agj Lgbmcn Zap Vlz``mijlgf) MCH Gm' 1>:>‒444: (844;, '''''''';

Zxnar' Xnf' ¦ 21'2181(j,‒15 LXR) Lgznxgai Xn{ng~n Cag~ai) tz' :)b`' 82) ¦ ;

(8442, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''';




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clrzaeng' Z`n ZTTr xnq~lxn Vniir Kaxfm zm txm{ljn cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngzr zm

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iavr ar ag ’ngj x~g– axm~gj @ACT“r iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg' (Vniir Hx' 1:#

84', Az lzr nrrngbn) Vniir Kaxfm jlrt~znr Vlfmj“r axf~cngz zàz z`nxn lr gm ’fngnxai

x~in zàz v`nxn a rzazn bmccmg iav z`nmx| txm{ljnr kmx ilahlilz| kmx bmgj~bz zàz lr

airm {lmiazl{n mk knjnxai iav) a r~lz ~gjnx z`n rzazn bmccmg iav lr txm`lhlznj rm imgf

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Hage) KRH) Gm' 14#b{#:;08) 8411 VI 8;:0;4;) az /: (G'J' Lii' O~gn 24) 8411,'

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mk barnr lg z`n txmbnrr'

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bmctni Vniir Kaxfm“r bmctilagbn vlz` lzr ZTTr'

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Gmgn mk z`nrn mtzlmgr txm{ljn xnilnk zm `mcnmvgnxr'

1' Bmctialglgf zm Kxnjjln Cab

Kxnjjln Cab var attmlgznj ar z`n Zxnar~x|“r @ACT bmctilagbn afngz'

(Vniir Hx' 16, (blzlgf Caxer {' Hage mk Ac') G'A') Gm' 14#b{#4042<) 8414 VI

8>68<00) az /; (J' Axl' O~gn 88) 8414,5 CbLgxm| {' HAB @mcn Imag Rnx{lblgf) IT )

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mk Ac') Gm' 11#b{#64) 8411 VI 811;:46 (R'J' Fa' Ca| 8:) 8411,,' Vniir Kaxfm

axf~nr z`az bmgr~cnxr ca| klin bmctialgzr vlz` Kxnjjln Cab) kmxnbimrlgf z`n ahlilz|

zm arrnxz rzazn iav bialcr' (Vniir Hx' 16, (blzlgf CbLgxm|) 8411 VI 1664<:6) az /2)

Caxer) 8414 VI 8>68<00) az /; agj RJ 4<#40 az :', Z`lr lr ~gzx~n'

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nplrzr v`ng gmgn jmnr' 8411 VI 1664<:6) az /2' Z`lr lr ileni| hnba~rn Kxnjjln Cab




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àr gm tmvnx zm xnrmi{n `mcnmvgnx jlrt~znr'1 Rnn Cmxxlr {' HAB @mcn Imagr

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zàz axn cmjlklnj mx hnlgf mz`nxvlrn m{nxbàxfnj agj ’jm gmz ajjxnrr jlrt~znr

hnzvnng Jnkngjagz agj hmxxmvnxr v`lb` axlrn v`ng Jnkngjagz xnk~rnr zm cmjlk| a

imag'– Lj' az /;' Vlfmj jmnr gmz ngbxmab` ~tmg Kxnjjln Cab“r bmctilagbn tmvnxr

agj lg gm va| bàiingfnr Vniir Kaxfm“r j~zlnr agj mhilfazlmgr ~gjnx @ACT vlz`

xnrtnbz zm z`n Zxnar~x|' Bmgrnq~ngzi|) bmctialglgf zm Kxnjjln Cab mkknxr gm xnilnk

zm hmxxmvnxr'

8' Kaggln Can“r 1#044 @MTN @mzilgn

Vniir Kaxfm arrnxzr zàz b~rzmcnxr bag airm bmgzabz z`n ’@MTN @mzilgn– kmx

xnilnk' @m~rlgf bm~grnimxr bag r~ttmrnji| nrbaiazn bmctialgzr zm mkklblair az z`n

hage) agj n{ngz~aii| ~t zm z`n C@A Bmctilagbn Bmcclzznn (’C@A#B–, zàz ‒

abbmxjlgf zm Vniir Kaxfm ‒ ’lr a~z`mxlnj zm xnq~lxn z`n rnx{lbnx zm bàgfn a

cmjlklbazlmg jnblrlmg'– (Vniir Hx' 84', Z`lr lr gmz zx~n'

Z`n nrbaiazlmg txmbnrr cnxni| arrlrzr hmxxmvnxr‚lz jmnr gmz inaj zm ag|mgn

zàz bag bmctni z`n hager zm cmjlk| imagr' Rnn @mcnmvgnx“r @MTNℨ @mzilgn)

`zzt?--vvv'caelgf`mcnakkmxjahin'fm{-fnz#arrlrzagbn-Tafnr-`mcnmvgnxr

1 A {lrlz zm `zzt?--vvv'kxnjjlncab'bmc-a{mljkmxnbimr~xn-v`m]zm]bmgzabz]kmx]

`nit'`zci jlxnbzr `mcnmvgnxr zm bmgzabz z`nlx ingjnx) acmgf mz`nxr) kmx `nit vlz`

z`n @ACT' Kxnjjln Cab) A{mljlgf Kmxnbimr~xn Xnrm~xbn Bngznx (iarz {lrlznj Mbz' 1;)

8411,' Vniir Kaxfm kalir zm ljngzlk| ag| lgrzagbn v`nxn Kxnjjln Cab“r r~ttmrnj

bmctialgz txmbnj~xn n{nx xnr~iznj lg a xn{nxrai mk a imag cmjlklbazlmg jnglai'




:

]`mtn`mzilgn'artp (iarz {lrlznj Rntz' 88) 8411, (@MTN bm~grnimxr txm{ljn

’kmxnbimr~xn arrlrzagbn agj `m~rlgf bm~grnilgf–,' R~ttincngzai Jlxnbzl{n 14#1>

biaxlklnj z`n @MTN @mzilgn nrbaiazlmg txmbnrr agj C@A#B“r ahlilz| zm bmiinbz q~ailz|

arr~xagbn jaza kxmc rnx{lbnxr zm tnxkmxc fngnxai xn{lnvr) h~z gm ahlilz| zm xn{nxrn a

rnx{lbnx jnglai lr cngzlmgnj' RJ 14#1> az :#>' Z`n Bmgfxnrrlmgai M{nxrlf`z Tagni

Xntmxz (’BMT–, zàz Vniir Kaxfm blznr nptxnrri| xnbmfglnr zàz `m~rlgf bm~grnimxr

à{n gm lgjntngjngz a~z`mxlz| j~xlgf z`n nrbaiazlmg zm xnrmi{n a hmxxmvnx“r

bmctialgz agj lgrznaj xni| mg z`n rnx{lbnx zm xnbmgrljnx txlmx jnblrlmgr'

Bmgfxnrrlmgai M{nxrlf`z Tagni) Jnbnchnx M{nxrlf`z Xntmxz) 60#6< (Jnb' 1:) 8414,)

a{aliahin az `zzt?--b|hnxbncnznx|'~gz'nj~-axb`l{n-bmt-84114:484148:2-`zzt?--bmt'

rngazn'fm{- jmb~cngzr-bmt#181:14#xntmxz'tjk (nctàrlr lg mxlflgai,'

Vniir Kaxfm bm~gznxr zàz) tnx z`n BMT) mgn klgai nrbaiazlmg8 ca| hn cajn zm

C@A#B) v`lb` r~ttmrnji| ’jmnr à{n a~z`mxlz| zm xnq~lxn z`n rnx{lbnx zm bàgfn a

cmjlklbazlmg jnblrlmg'– (Vniir Hx' 1<', Z`n BMT“r imgn blzazlmg kmx z`lr xnajr

’Zxnar~x| bmg{nxrazlmgr vlz` Tagni rzakk (Gm{' 1;) 8414,'– Lj' Z`~r) z`n mgi|

r~ttmxz kmx z`n ljna zàz Vlfmj bm~ij à{n ~rnj z`n @MTN @mzilgn zm ngkmxbn `nx

zxlai tiag bmcnr kxmc a bmg{nxrazlmg hnzvnng ~gljngzlklnj Zxnar~x| tnxrmggni agj

~gljngzlklnj rzakk cnchnxr az z`n BMT'2

8Vniir Kaxfm kalir zm txnrngz a rlgfin npactin mk C@A#B xn{nxrlgf ag| Vniir Kaxfm

jnglai jnblrlmg inz aimgn rzazlrzlbr xnfaxjlgf z`n tnxbngz mk `mcnmvgnxr v`m axn

abz~aii| ahin zm xnab` z`n C@A#B rzafn'

2 Gnlz`nx z`n NNRA) z`n RTA) gmx ag| jlxnbzl{n cngzlmg r~b` a~z`mxlz|' Agj z`n

rmin barn Vniir Kaxfm blznr lg r~ttmxz mk z`n @MTN @mzilgn) Vliilacr {' Fnlz`gnx)




>

Z`n txm{ljlgf mk 8:#`m~x znint`mgn r~ttmxz zm `mcnmvgnxr n{lgbnr ag

lgzngzlmg zm ngàgbn) gmz r~ttiagz) `mcnmvgnx xlf`zr ~gjnx z`n Txmfxac)

nrtnblaii| v`nxn z`n `mzilgn lr gmz cagjazmx| agj z`n ahlilz| zm txm{ljn ag| kmxc mk

xnjxnrr zm hmxxmvnxr hn|mgj cnxn arrlrzagbn lr az hnrz ~gbinax' '

2' Bmctialglgf zm z`n MBB

Blzlgf z`n MBB“r vnhrlzn) Vniir Kaxfm arrnxzr zàz bmctialglgf zm z`n MBB

txm{ljnr xnilnk zm hmxxmvnxr' (Vniir Hx' 1<', Z`nxn lr gmz`lgf @ACT#rtnblklb ahm~z

z`lr vnhrlzn) v`lb` txm{ljnr a fngnxai kmxc kmx klilgf ag| bmctialgz ahm~z ag| hage

mx z`xlkz' Gmgn mk z`n @ACT jlxnbzl{nr rzazn mx n{ng r~ffnrz r~b` a xncnj|'

Abbmxjlgfi|) Vniir Kaxfm“r r~ttmrnj xncnjlnr: jm gmz txnrngz `mcnmvgnxr

vlz` {lahin ngkmxbncngz aiznxgazl{nr' Vlz` zàz lg clgj) z`n lrr~n z~xgr zm Vniir

Kaxfm“r rm#baiinj ngj x~g jmbzxlgn'

H' Gmgn mk Vniir Kaxfm“r barnr r~ttmxz z`n ajmtzlmg mk ag ’ngj

x~g– x~in zàz vm~ij hax aii rzazn iav bialcr harnj mg bmgj~bz

xniaznj zm z`n @ACT'

Ta|lgf ilzzin azzngzlmg zm Cnjzxmglb) Lgb' {' Im`x) >10 ^'R' :64) :<> (1<<;, mx

ag| mk z`n mz`nx barnr blznj h| Vlfmj zàz `mij zàz gmz`lgf lg a knjnxai rzaz~zn

vlz`m~z a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg ’jnglnr Ua rzaznS z`n xlf`z zm txm{ljn a zxajlzlmgai

jacafnr xncnj| kmx {lmiazlmgr mk bmccmg#iav j~zlnr v`ng z`mrn j~zlnr taxaiini

rtnblklbaii| gmznj zàz z`n Zxnar~x| baggmz cagjazn cmjlklbazlmgr' Gm' 4<#1<><)

844< VI 26>6204) az /; g'> (J' Clgg' Gm{' <) 844<,'

: Vniir Kaxfm r~ffnrzr) {la kmmzgmzn) zàz z`n txnrngbn mk RLFZAXT txm{ljnr

k~xz`nx xnilnk' Z`lr lr kairn' RLFZAXT lg{nrzlfaznr tmzngzlai lgrzagbnr mk kxa~j

afalgrz z`n fm{nxgcngz xniazlgf zm ZAXT abzl{lzlnr' @mcnmvgnxr à{n gm ahlilz| zm

ngkmxbn z`nlx zxlai tiagr z`xm~f` RLFZAXT'




;

knjnxai xnq~lxncngzr)– (Mtng' Hx' 1;,) Vniir Kaxfm lgrznaj b`nxx|#tlber rn{nxai

barnr lg ag azznctz zm bxakz a txm`lhlzlmg mg rzazn iav bialcr bmggnbznj lg ag| va|

zm @ACT' (Vniir Hx' 1>#84', Gmgn mk Vniir Kaxfm“r a~z`mxlzlnr lg{mi{n a `m~rlgf

txmfxac knaz~xlgf rlfgnj zxlai tiagr zàz bx| m~z kmx rzazn iav ngkmxbncngz) agj

gmgn vnlf` lg ka{mx mk atti|lgf ag| ’ngj x~g– jmbzxlgn'

1' Rzaz~znr txm{ljlgf cnaglgfk~i aiznxgazl{n xncnjlnr

Ar nptialgnj ahm{n) Vniir Kaxfm kalir zm r`mv zàz z`n Zxnar~x| mx lzr afngzr

à{n z`n a~z`mxlz| zm xnq~lxn ag| rnx{lbnx zm cmjlk| ag| taxzlb~iax imag' Z`lr barn

lr z`nxnkmxn jlrzlgf~lràhin kxmc barnr agai|lgf rzaz~znr zàz txm{ljn cnaglgfk~i

aiznxgazl{n ngkmxbncngz'

Lg ^ciagj {' TIAGBM Klg' Rnx{r') Lgb') >:8 K'2j >< (2j Blx' 8440,) a biarr

abzlmg hxm~f`z h| a clrbiarrlklnj nctim|nn rnnelgf a xnk~gj mk npbnrrl{ni| vlz``nij

KLBA zapnr' H~z z`n Lgznxgai Xn{ng~n Bmjn nptxnrri| txnnctzr rzazn#iav bialcr) lj'

az ;6 (blzlgf 8; ^'R'B' ¦ 6:88(a,,) agj z`n LXR àr a rtnblklb rb`ncn kmx xnrmi{lgf

vlz``mijlgf agj biarrlklbazlmg jlrt~znr' ^ciagj) >:8 K'2j az ;> (blzlgf LXR Kmxc

RR‒0? Jnznxclgazlmg mk Vmxenx Rzaz~r kmx T~xtmrnr mk Knjnxai Nctim|cngz Zapnr

agj Lgbmcn Zap Vlz``mijlgf) MCH Gm' 1>:>‒444: (844;,5 Zxnar' Xnf' ¦

21'2181(j,‒15 LXR) Lgznxgai Xn{ng~n Cag~ai) tz' :)b`' 82) ¦ ; (8442,,' Z`n tialgzlkk

var z`~r xnq~lxnj zm xnq~nrz a xnk~gj kxmc z`n LXR (v`lb` vm~ij rnne z`n zap j~n

kxmc z`n nctim|nx, agj zm bàiingfn `nx vmxe rzaz~r z`xm~f` z`n LXR“r txmfxac'

^ciagj) >:8 K'2j az ;>'




6

Fxmb`mvrel {' T`mnglp Bmgrzx') 210 K'2j 04 (8j Blx' 8442, agj Lhxa`lc {'

Clj#Azi' Alx mk JB) IIB ) ## K' R~tt' 8j ##) 8411 VI 2:0<114) az /8 (J'J'B' A~f) 14)

8411,) barnr zàz agai|n v`nz`nx nctim|nnr bag ~rn bmgzxabz bialcr zm ngkmxbn

vafnr ~gjnx z`n Ja{lr#Habmg Abz (’JHA–,) :4 ^'R'B' ¦ 86;a (gmv ¦21:1,) axn

ilenvlrn jlrzlgf~lràhin lg ilf`z mk z`n JHA“r bmctxn`ngrl{n ajclglrzxazl{n

xncnjlnr' Fxmb`mvrel° 210 K'2j az 0>' A|xnr {' Fng' Cmzmxr Bmxt') 82: K'2j >1:

(11z` Blx' 8444, agj Hxmvg {' Klxrz Zngg' Gaz“i Arr“g) 6>2 K'R~tt'8j 18:< (G'J' Fa'

844<, axn ~g`nitk~i kmx rlcliax xnarmgr' A|xnr jlrclrrnj a rzazn XLBM bialc

txnjlbaznj ~tmg z`n Gazlmgai Zxakklb agj Cmzmx [n`lbin Raknz| Abz (’Raknz| Abz–,'

Hnba~rn z`n Raknz| Abz txm{ljnr ajclglrzxazl{n xncnjlnr (h~z gm txl{azn abzlmg, z`n

bm~xz jnbilgnj zm nptmrn {lmiazmxr zm bxlclgai tngaizlnr' 82: K'2j az >88' Ilenvlrn)

z`n bm~xz lg Hxmvg km~gj zàz z`n XLBM bialc hnkmxn lz var ag azznctz zm ngkmxbn

[A ingjlgf xnf~iazlmgr) v`lb` mgi| z`n Rnbxnzax| mk [nznxagr Akkalxr bm~ij ngkmxbn

z`xm~f` ’npzngrl{n ajclglrzxazl{n xncnjlnr'– 6>2 K'R~tt'8j az 18>0 (blzlgf 20

^'R'B' ¦ 2614(f,(:,(H,,'

Bmghm| {' AZ+Z Bmxt') 8:1 K'2j 8:8 (8j Blx' 8441, z`~r mkknxr Vniir Kaxfm

ilzzin `nit) ar z`n xnrtmgrlhlilz| kmx ngkmxblgf z`n zvm Zninbmcc~glbazlmgr Abz

xnf~iazlmgr az lrr~n lg zàz cazznx) :6 ^'R'B' ¦¦ >1'816(b,(2,(lll,< agj ;:'1841(b,(8,)

xnrznj vlz` z`n KBB' Lj' az 8>2'

Z`n rm#baiinj xncnjlnr Vniir Kaxfm bàctlmgr ~gjnx @ACT xngjnx z`lr barn

a kax bx| kxmc ^ciagj) Fxmb`mvrel) Lhxa`lc) A|xnr) Hxmvg) agj Bmghm|' Ar

nptialgnj ahm{n) @ACT txm{ljnr gm va| kmx a hmxxmvnx zm ngkmxbn `lr ZTT' Gnlz`nx




0

z`n NNRA gmx @ACT nptxnrri| a~z`mxln z`n Zxnar~x| zm ngkmxbn z`n hage“r

bmctilagbn vlz` ag| taxzlb~iax zxlai tiag' Ar a xnr~iz) ajclglrzxazl{n xncnjlnr jm

gmz kmxbimrn Vlfmj“r rzazn bialcr'


{lmiazlmgr

Lg Jnxrb` Ngnxflnr) Lgb' {' R`nii Mli Bm') z`lr Bm~xz xnk~rnj zm xnaj a txl{azn

xlf`z mk abzlmg lgzm ¦ 804>(k,(1, mk z`n Tnzxmin~c Caxenzlgf Txabzlbnr Abz hnba~rn

z`n rzaz~zn mclzr z`lr rnbzlmg kxmc lzr ilrz mk txm{lrlmgr kmx v`lb` txl{azn abzlmgr axn

a~z`mxlnj' 21: K'2j 0:;) 0>6 (6z` Blx' 8448,' Z`n tialgzlkk lg Zm~b`n Xmrr + Bm' {'

Xnjlgfzmg aiinfnj a {lmiazlmg mk ¦ 16(a, mk z`n Rnb~xlzlnr Npbàgfn Abz mk 1<2:)

v`lb` jlj gmz lcti| txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg fl{ng zàz hmz` ¦ 1;(h, agj ¦ 10(a, ‒

v`lb` ah~zznj ¦ 16(a, ‒ nptxnrri| txm{ljnj mgn' ::8 ^'R' >;4) >61#68 (1<6<,' Z`n

racn `nij zx~n lg Bmghm|' 8:1 K'2j az 8>2' Z`n Zninbmcc~glbazlmgr Abz txm{ljnr a

txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg kmx bnxzalg KBB {lmiazlmgr) rnn :6 ^'R'B' ¦¦ 84;) 846) h~z gmz

kmx z`n bialcr aiinfnj' Lj' (blzlgf ¦¦>1'816(b,(2,(lll,< agj ;:'1841(b,(8,,'

Z`nrn barnr axn lgattmrlzn' @ACT jmnr gmz txm{ljn a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg

kmx bnxzalg {lmiazlmgr h~z gmz kmx mz`nxr) agj Vlfmj jmnr gmz rnne a txl{azn xlf`z mk

abzlmg'

2' Barnr v`nxn z`n knjnxai rzaz~zn txm{ljnr a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg

zàz xnq~lxnr z`n npà~rzlmg mk rtnblklb txmbnj~xnr

Zvm barnr txnrngz ’ngj x~gr– axm~gj txmbnj~xai xnq~lxncngzr' Z`n Gagbn {'

Capvnii Knj' Bxnjlz ^glmg bm~xz ~t`nij z`n jlrclrrai mk a bl{li bmgrtlxab| bialc

v`nxn z`n tialgzlkk rm~f`z xnilnk ~gjnx z`n Afn Jlrbxlclgazlmg Nctim|cngz Abz h~z




<

kalinj zm klin a bmctialgz vlz` z`n Nq~ai Nctim|cngz Mttmxz~glz| Bmcclrrlmg

txlmx zm z`n iavr~lz' 10; K'2j 1220) 12:8#:2 (11z` Blx' 1<<<,' Gmxcag {' Glafaxa

Cmàve Tmvnx Bmxt' lr rlcliax' Z`n tialgzlkk nrrngzlaii| rzaznj a ba~rn mk abzlmg

~gjnx z`n Ngnxf| Xnmxfaglazlmg Abz agj z`n bm~xz jlrclrrnj z`n XLBM bialc ar ag

azznctz zm blxb~c{ngz z`n xnq~lxncngz zàz NXA bmctialgzr hn klinj vlz` z`n

Rnbxnzax| mk Iahmx' 062 K'8j ;2:) ;26 (8j Blx' 1<0<,'

Vlfmj àr gmz rljn rznttnj ag| txmbnj~xai mx o~xlrjlbzlmgai xnq~lxncngz h|

tinajlgf hxnab` mk bmgzxabz) gnfilfngbn) agj mz`nx rzazn bialcr'


lctilbaznj knjnxai iav

Vniir Kaxfm xnilnr `na{li| mg Hxmjnx {' Bahin{lrlmg R|r' Bmxt' v`nxn z`n

Bm~xz ralj zàz lz r`m~ij gmz ’rzxalg zm klgj lg a bmgzxabz a rzazn#iav xlf`z mk abzlmg

kmx {lmiazlmg mk a knjnxai iav ~gjnx v`lb` gm txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg nplrzr'– :10 K'2j

106) 1<0 (8j Blx' 844>,' Zàz lr zaeng m~z mk bmgznpz' Z`n tialgzlkk àj hnng bàxfnj

a xazn kmx bahin zàz var jlkknxngz kxmc mz`nx b~rzmcnxr aiinfnji| lg {lmiazlmg mk z`n

~glkmxc xazn xnq~lxncngzr mk :6 ^'R'B' ¦ >:2(j, agj Rnbzlmg 88:#1(:, mk z`n Gnv

\mxe T~hilb Rnx{lbn iav) gnlz`nx mk v`lb` txm{ljn a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg' Lj' az

1<1' Z`n tialgzlkk r~nj kmx hxnab` mk `lr bmgzxabz) rtnblklbaii| z`n txm{lrlmg zàz

xaznr vnxn ’r~honbz zm bàgfn lg abbmxjagbn– vlz` attilbahin iav' Lj' az 1<6' H~z

rlgbn z`n tialgzlkk àj gmz aiinfnj ag| bàgfn lg `lr xaznr ‒ o~rz zàz mz`nx tnmtin

àj hnng bàxfnj jlkknxngzi| ‒ z`n bm~xz vm~ij gmz rzxalg zm ~t`mij z`n bmgzxabz

bialc' Lj'




14

Rlcliaxi|) z`n bm~xz lg ^ciagj xnonbznj z`n tialgzlkk“r azznctz zm lgbmxtmxazn

KLBA zap iav lgzm `nx nctim|cngz bmgzxabz ~gjnx a txlgbltin zàz bmgzxabzr lcti|

aii xnin{agz iavr lg nkknbz az z`n zlcn z`n bmgzabz var cajn' >:8 K'2j az ;;'

Vlfmj jmnr gmz zvlrz z`n iagf~afn mk `nx bmgzxabz mx xnaj lgzm lz aii iavr' T~z

rlcti|) gm rzxalg lr xnq~lxnj zm aiimv Vlfmj“r bmgzxabz bialcr'

>' Barnr ka{mxahin zm Vlfmj

Rn{nxai mk Vniir Kaxfm“r barnr `nit Vlfmj' Lg xn Mxz`mtnjlb Hmgn Rbxnv Txmjr'

Ilah' Ilzlf' rzx~be jmvg a bl{li bmgrtlxab| bialc zàz xnq~lxnj txmmk zàz z`n

jnkngjagz {lmiaznj z`n Kmmj) Jx~f agj Bmrcnzlb Abz) kmx v`lb` gm txl{azn xlf`z mk

abzlmg nplrzr' 1<2 K'2j 601) 6<8 (2xj Blx' 1<<<,' Z`n bm~xz abegmvinjfnj zàz ~gjnx

Cnjzxmglb ’rzazn iav bialcr r~b` ar gnfilfngbn) hxnab` mk lctilnj vaxxagz|) agj

kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg axn {lahin) n{ng zm z`n npzngz z`n| rnne xnbm{nx| kmx

bmgj~bz zàz ca| airm à{n {lmiaznj Ua knjnxai rzaz~zn vlz`m~z a txl{azn xlf`z mk

ngkmxbncngzS'– Lj'

Jnxrb` airm bmgbi~jnj zàz z`n tialgzlkk bm~ij aiinfn rzazn iav bialcr?

Z`lr lr bnxzalgi| gmz ~g~r~ai fl{ng z`n rzx~bz~xn mk m~x knjnxailrz

r|rznc mk fm{nxgcngz' Ar vn gmznj lg Rtnaxcag {' Nppmg Bmai ^RA)

Lgb') 1; K'2j 688 (6z` Blx'1<<:,) ‐UcSag| knjnxai x~inr rnx{n ar z`n

o~ctlgf#mkk tmlgz kmx rzazn bialcr vlz`m~z bmg{nxzlgf z`nrn lgzm bialcr

~gjnx knjnxai iav'“ Lj' az 68>' Rnn airm Rnlgknij {' A~rzng) 2< K'2j 6;1)

6;: (6z` Blx'1<<:, (gmzlgf zàz rzazn iav abzlmgr axn mkzngzlcnr

txnclrnj mg a {lmiazlmg mk knjnxai iav,'

21: K'2j az 0;8' Ilenvlrn) z`n A|xnr bm~xz var baxnk~i zm gmzn zàz ilzlfagzr

xncalgnj kxnn zm ~rn z`n Raknz| Abz ar n{ljngbn mk gnfilfngbn v`ng hxlgflgf rzazn

bialcr' Rnn 82: K'2j az >88 g'1< (blzlgf Imvn {' Fngnxai Cmzmxr Bmxt') ;8: K'8j




11

1262) 126< (>z` Blx' 1<04, (’‐UZS`n cnxn kabz zàz z`n iav v`lb` n{ljngbnr

gnfilfngbn lr Knjnxai v`lin z`n gnfilfngbn abzlmg lzrnik lr hxm~f`z ~gjnx Rzazn

bmccmg iav jmnr gmz cnag zàz z`n rzazn iav bialc cnzacmxt`mrnr lgzm a txl{azn

xlf`z mk abzlmg ~gjnx Knjnxai xnf~iazmx| iav'“–,'

Abbmxjlgfi|) gmgn mk Vniir Kaxfm“r barnr clilzazn lg ka{mx mk akklxclgf

jlrclrrai'

B' Vniir Kaxfm lgbmxxnbzi| arrnxzr zàz Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr

rnne zm ’jm gmz`lgf cmxn zàg ngkmxbn @ACT'–

Vniir Kaxfm bmgkiaznr bialcr zàz rnne zm ngkmxbn z`n @ACT ‒ r~b` ar a bialc

zàz Vniir Kaxfm jnrlfgnj lzr GT[ znrz lctxmtnxi| ‒ kxmc bialcr zàz t~xr~n

bmccmg iav xncnjlnr ilen hxnab` mk bmgzxabz) gnfilfngbn agj clrxntxnrngzazlmg'

(Vniir Hx' 81,5 rnn airm Vlirmg {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') Gm' 11#b{#8:1) 8411 VI

2:2<82:) az /:#> (N'J' [a' A~f' >) 8411, (jlrzlgf~lr`lgf hnzvnng @ACT {lmiazlmgr

agj rzazn#iav bmgzxabz agj zmxz bialcr zàz xnknxngbn @ACT f~ljnilgnr,5 Jaxb| {'

BlzlKlgagblai) Lgb') Gm' 14#b{#0:0) 8411 VI 26>004>) az / > (V'J' Clb`') A~f' 8>)

8411,5 Hmrq~n {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') 6;8 K'R~tt'8j 2:8) 2>1 (J' Carr' 8411,'

@ACT kmxcr ’z`n habejxmt mk ag mz`nxvlrn t~xni| rzazn iav jlrt~zn'– Cnizmg {'

R~gzx~rz Hage) 604 K'R~tt'8j :>0) :;4 (N'J' [a' 8411,5 rnn airm Capvnii {' A~xmxa

Imag Rnx{r') IIB ) Gm' 11#b{#18;:) 8411 VI :41:286) az /8 (N'J' Cm' Rntz' <) 8411,'

A fxmvlgf clgmxlz| mk bm~xzr àr aiimvnj rzazn iav bialcr' Rnn) n'f') Kinzb`nx)

8411 VI 8;:0;4;) az /:5 Ab~ga {' Bàrn @mcn Klg') IIB ) Gm' 14#b{#<4>) 8411 VI

100240<) az /; (N'J' [lx' Ca| 16) 8411,5 Rtninmr {' HAB @mcn Imagr Rnx{lblgf) I'T')

6>> K'R~tt'8j 24:) 211 (J' Carr' 8414,5 Agragniil {' OT Cmxfag Bàrn Hage) G'A')




18

Gm' 14#b{#420<8) 8411 VI 112::>1) az />#14 (G'J' Bai' Cax' 80) 8411,5 Hm|j {' ^'R'

Hage) G'A') ##K'R~tt'8j ##) 8411 VI 126:<0;) az /2#: (G'J' Lii' Atx' 18) 8411,'

Vniir Kaxfm gnpz arrnxzr zàz {mi~gzax| taxzlbltazlmg lg @ACT vm~ij r~kknx

lk z`n hager vnxn r~honbz zm {axlm~r rzazn iavr) z`nxnh| jnbxnarlgf z`n g~chnx mk

`mcnmvgnxr `nitnj h| z`n Txmfxac' Z`lr axf~cngz iaber cnxlz' Klxrz) rnx{lbnxr axn

nptxnrri| xnq~lxnj zm kmiimv rzazn iavr' (RJ 4<#41) Att' 18, (’nab` rnx{lbnx ' ' ' c~rz

hn avaxn mk agj lg k~ii bmctilagbn vlz`) aii knjnxai) rzazn agj imbai iav–, >5 Mil{axnr

{' TGB Hage) GA) Gm' 11#b{#1;8;) 8411 VI :0;41;6) az /6 (J' Clgg' Mbz' 12) 8411,'

Agj Vniir Kaxfm mkknxr gmz`lgf zm r`mv lz mx ag| mz`nx hage vm~ij ina{n z`n

Txmfxac' Enggnj| {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') Gm' 11#b{#:;2>) 8411 VI :>8;40>) az

/8 (B'J' Bai' Rntz' 80) 8411, (’UVniir KaxfmS fl{nr gm xnarmg zm hniln{n zàz @ACT

vm~ij hn ~gjnxclgnj lg ag| va| h| aiimvlgf txl{azn tialgzlkkr zm ngkmxbn ag nptilblz

txmclrn zm cmjlk| a `mcn imag) n{ng lk zàz txmclrn àttngnj zm hn cajn vlz`lg

z`n kxacnvmxe mk @ACT'–,' O~jlblai ngkmxbncngz vlii ngr~xn zàz nilflhin imagr axn

cmjlklnj) z`~r lgbxnarlgf z`n g~chnx mk `mcnmvgnxr `nitnj ~gjnx z`n Txmfxac'

îzlcazni|) a tialgzlkk“r xlf`z zm hxlgf a rzazn iav bialc zàz xniaznr zm a

knjnxai rzaz~zn àr imgf hnng attxm{nj' Rnn) n'f') Aizxla Fxt') Lgb' {' Fmmj) >>> ^'R'

64) <1 (8440, (aiimvlgf bmgr~cnx kxa~j bialc xniaznj zm blfaxnzzn aj{nxzlrlgf zm

>Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz z`n ra{lgfr bia~rn mkknxr Vlfmj gm `nit hnba~rn lz rzaznr

z`n hage c~rz bmcti|) kmx npactin) vlz` Rnbzlmg > mk z`n Knjnxai Zxajn

Bmcclrrlmg Abz) v`lb` jmnr gmz txm{ljn kmx txl{azn abzlmgr' (Vniir Hx' 81', Z`lr

kiazi| lfgmxnr z`n mz`nx iavr ilrznj zàz aiimv kmx rzazn iav ngkmxbncngz' (Rnn RJ 4<#

41) Att' 18',




12

txmbnnj jnrtlzn gm txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg ~gjnx Blfaxnzzn Iahnilgf Abz,5 Bàchnxr

{' Mrznmglbr Bmxt') 14< K'2j 18:2) 18:< (6z` Blx' 1<<6,'

Kmx aii mk z`nrn xnarmgr) z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz r`m~ij gmz à{n jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r

bialcr ~gjnx ag| ’ngj x~g– z`nmx|' Z`n lrr~n z`~r z~xgr zm txnnctzlmg'

LL' VLFMJ“R RZAZN IAV BIALCR AXN GMZ TXNNCTZNJ H\ AG\

KNJNXAI HAGELGF IAV'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr axn txnnctznj'; (Vniir Hx' 81#

8<', Bmgbnjlgf zàz gnlz`nx z`n NNRA gmx z`n @ACT nptxnrri| txnnctz Vlfmj“r

rzazn iav bialcr) Vniir Kaxfm z~xgr zm bmgkilbz agj klnij txnnctzlmg) gnlz`nx mk

v`lb` atti| `nxn'

A' Vniir Kaxfm lg gm va| hxnab`nr lzr RTA h| cmjlk|lgf z`n imagr

mk nilflhin hmxxmvnxr v`m k~iklii z`nlx ZTT mhilfazlmgr'

Vniir Kaxfm arrnxzr zàz lk Vlfmj vnxn zm txn{ali) lz ’bm~ij hn mxjnxnj zm

nlz`nx cmjlk| `nx imag) inajlgf zm z`n tnx{nxrn xnr~iz mk tiablgf Vniir Kaxfm lg

jnka~iz mk lzr RTA vlz` z`n fm{nxgcngz) ta| Vlfmj jacafnr) mx hmz`'– (Vniir Hx'

88', Z`lr lr kairn'

Gmz n{nx| hmxxmvnx v`m xnbnl{nr a ZTT agj bmctilnr vlz` lzr znxcr lr

ngzlzinj zm a tnxcagngz imag cmjlklbazlmg' Xaz`nx) lk Vlfmj txn{alir Vniir Kaxfm

vm~ij hn xnq~lxnj zm `mgmx lzr ZTTr vlz` txn#{nxlklnj hmxxmvnxr‚a xnr~iz

bmgrlrzngz vlz` z`n Txmfxac' V`ng Vlfmj attilnj kmx a imag cmjlklbazlmg) z`n

Jlxnbzl{nr aiimvnj rnx{lbnxr zm nlz`nx? (1, tiabn hmxxmvnxr lgzm ZTTr txlmx zm

; Vniir Kaxfm gmznr zàz Tialgzlkk jlj gmz xalrn txnnctzlmg lg z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz

hnimv' (Vniir Hx' 81 g'18', Z`lr lr hnba~rn Vniir Kaxfm val{nj z`n lrr~n h| gn{nx

xalrlgf lz lg lzr Cmzlmg zm Jlrclrr'




1:

{nxlk|lgf z`nlx nilflhlilz| mx (8, k~ii| {nxlk| nilflhlilz| txlmx zm npzngjlgf z`n ZTT'

(RJ 4<#41) Att' >', Blzlgf gmz`lgf) Vniir Kaxfm clrinajlgfi| arrnxzr zàz hnba~rn mk

z`nrn mtzlmgr) ’z`m~ragjr mk ZTT hmxxmvnxr ‒ ilen Vlfmj ‒ jlj gmz bmg{nxz zm

tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmgr'– (Vniir Hx' 14',

Zm z`n bmgzxax|) Vlfmj var {nxlklnj txlmx zm bmccngblgf `nx zxlai tiag'

(Bmcti' » 2:', Z`n hage xn{lnvnj `nx rlfgnj ZTT agj jmb~cngzr agj rngz `nx a

bm~gznxrlfgnj bmt| lgjlbazlgf r`n ’q~ailUklnjS kmx z`n Mkknx– zmfnz`nx vlz` a inzznx

bmgfxaz~iazlgf `nx mg `nx ngzx| lgzm z`n @ACT' (Bmcti' »» 21) 2:#2>5 ZTT)

Mtnglgf Taxafxat`) Att' 116',

Z`n jlrzlgbzlmg lr bxlzlbai? Vniir Kaxfm àj gm a~z`mxlz| kmiimvlgf lzr cnxfnx

vlz` Vab`m{la zm ~gliaznxaii| xn#xn{lnv Vlfmj ~gjnx a gnv GT[' (Rnn RJ 4<#41)

Att' 16#10, (ilclzlgf xnn{ai~azlmg zm ~g{nxlklnj hmxxmvnxr v`nxn {nxlklnj lgbmcn

jlkknxr kxmc rzaznj lgbmcn h| cmxn zàg 8>.,5 (rnn airm @ACT Bmg{nxrlmg

Bactalfg KAQr) Q884<) Att' 6>, (rnx{lbnxr gnnj gmz xnn{ai~azn hmxxmvnxr ~gjnx

gnv GT[ n{ng v`ng z`n hmxxmvnxr“ zap agj lgr~xagbn ta|cngzr bàgfn j~xlgf z`n

zxlai tnxlmj,5 (Q821:) Att' 60, (’Zxlair lglzlaznj harnj mg lgkmxcazlmg {nxlklnj ~rlgf

bmctinzn jmb~cngzazlmg– axn gmz r~honbz zm xn{lnv',

Vniir Kaxfm nxxmgnm~ri| arrnxzr zàz txl{azn ngkmxbncngz ’lgn{lzahi|

bmgkilbzUrS– vlz` Bmgfxnrr“r bàxfn zm z`n Zxnar~x| zm lctincngz a `mcnmvgnxr`lt

txnrnx{azlmg tiag' (Vniir Hx' 82', Z`n Zxnar~x| iaber z`n ahlilz| zm xnq~lxn Vniir

Kaxfm zm xn{nxrn ag| taxzlb~iax cmjlklbazlmg jnglai ina{lgf a {mlj zm hn kliinj h|

txl{azn ilzlfazlmg' Vniir Kaxfm“r r~ffnrzlmg zàz r~honbzlgf z`n txmfxac zm >4




1>

jlkknxngz rzaznr“ iavr vm~ij bxnazn r~b` a bmgkilbz lr hnilnj hmz` h| lzr bmgbnrrlmg

zàz) ’zmxz ba~rnr mk abzlmg harnj mg kxa~j~ingz bmgj~bz bm~ij taxaiini knjnxai

@ACT xnq~lxncngzr)– (Vniir' Hx' 8:, ar vnii ar h| z`n Txmfxac“r jlxnbzl{n zàz

rnx{lbnxr mhn| aii rzazn agj imbai iavr' (RJ 4<#41) 18',

Klgaii|) Vniir Kaxfm xnàr`nr lzr arrnxzlmg zàz z`n Txmfxac“r {mi~gzax|

gaz~xn vnlf`r lg ka{mx mk fxagzlgf rnx{lbnxr lcc~glz| kxmc ilzlfazlmg (kxa~j bialcr

npbntznj lg z`lr bmgznpz,' (Vniir Hx' 8:', Z`lr axf~cngz kalir kmx z`n xnarmgr

nptialgnj lg Rnbzlmg L(B,) r~txa'6

Vlfmj r`m~ij à{n xnbnl{nj a cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngz kmx `nx rlfgaz~xn'

Hnba~rn r`n q~ailklnr kmx z`n Txmfxac) Vniir Kaxfm vm~ij gmz hn lg hxnab` mk lzr

RTA h| `mgmxlgf z`n znxcr mk `nx ZTT (mx z`n ZTT mk ag| mz`nx hmxxmvnx v`m var

txn#{nxlklnj,' Ar Vniir Kaxfm“r mhilfazlmgr ~gjnx @ACT axn bmgrlrzngz vlz` z`mrn

~gjnx z`n ZTTr) bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg jmnr gmz hax Vlfmj“r bialcr'

H' Vniir Kaxfm baggmz jncmgrzxazn zàz Vlfmj“r bialcr axn haxxnjh| txlgbltinr mk klnij txnnctzlmg ~gjnx @MIA '

Vniir Kaxfm ajjlzlmgaii| arrnxzr zàz z`n @mcn Mvgnx“r Imag Abz (’@MIA–,

18 ^'R'B' ¦¦ 1:;1 nz rnq' (8411,) mbb~tlnr z`n klnij mk ingjlgf xnf~iazlmg kmx knjnxai

ra{lgfr arrmblazlmgr) z`nxnh| txnnctzlgf Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr kmx hxnab` mk

6 Gmzahi|) @ACT lr mgi| {mi~gzax| vlz` xnfaxj zm cmxzfafn imagr zàz axn gmz

mvgnj mx f~axagznnj h| Kaggln Cax mx Kxnjjln Cab (’Gmg#FRN imagr–,' (RJ 4<#41)

Att' 1', Taxzlbltazlmg lr cagjazmx| kmx FRN imagr) v`lb` bmctxlrn cmxn zàg àik

mk aii imagr lg z`n Txmfxac' Rnn Kaggln Can) Caelgf @mcn Akkmxjahin)

`zztr?--vvv'nkagglncan'bmc-rk-cà- (iarz {lrlznj Rntz' 88) 8411,' Z`~r) z`n

r~ttmrnj {mi~gzax| gaz~xn mk z`n hage“r taxzlbltazlmg baxxlnr ilzzin vnlf`z mg z`n

lrr~n mk bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg'




1;

lctilnj bmgzxabz) bmgbnaicngz) gnfilfngz `lxlgf-rnx{lblgf) agj ~gjnx z`n LBKA'0

(Vniir Hx' 8>#8<', Z`lr axf~cngz kalir' Zm z`n npzngz @MIA attilnr zm tmrz#cnxfnx

bialcr afalgrz Vniir Kaxfm)< z`n MZR“r txnnctzlmgr xnf~iazlmgr jm gmz hax ag| mk

Vlfmj“r bialcr'

Bialcr rm~gjlgf lg bmgzxabz) zmxz) agj kxa~j axn gmz txnnctznj v`nxn z`n|

’lgbljngzaii| akknbz z`n ingjlgf mtnxazlmgr'– 18 B'K'X' ¦ >;4'8(b, (8411, (rzazn

bmgzxabz agj zmxz iav axn npnctz kxmc @MIA“r txnnctzl{n kmxbn,5 Vazznxr {'

Vab`m{la Hage) G'A') >>4 ^'R' 1) 11 (8446,5 Lg xn? Mbvng Imag Rnx{lblgf) IIB

Cmxzf' Rnx{lblgf Ilzlf') :<1 K'2j ;20) ;:2#:: (6z` Blx' 8446,' ’Knjnxaii| bàxznxnj

hager axn r~honbz zm rzazn iavr mk fngnxai attilbazlmg lg z`nlx jali| h~rlgnrr zm z`n

npzngz r~b` iavr jm gmz bmgkilbz vlz` z`n inzznx mx fngnxai t~xtmrnr mk– knjnxai

hagelgf iav' Vazznxr) >>4 ^'R' az 115 Caxzlgn {' Vniir Kaxfm @mcn Cmxzf') Lgb')

><0 K'2j >:<) >>> (<z` Blx' 8414,'

Gmgn mk Vlfmj“r bialcr xnq~lxn Vniir Kaxfm zm jm ag|z`lgf mz`nx zàg kmiimv

@ACT) agj z`~r jm gmz lg ag| va| lgznxknxn vlz` Vniir Kaxfm“r r~ttmrnj rnx{lblgf

0 Vniir Kaxfm attaxngzi| bmgbnjnr zàz Vlfmj“r hxnab` mk nptxnrr bmgzxabz agj

kxa~j bialcr axn gmz txnnctznj'

< Mg Gm{nchnx 1) 844<) Vab`m{la Hage KRH var bmg{nxznj lgzm Vniir Kaxfm Hage

Rm~z`vnrz) G'A' agj z`ng cnxfnj vlz` Vniir Kaxfm Hage) GA h| z`n MBB' (Rnn

MBB Bmg{nxrlmg Inzznx) F~nxxnxm {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') Gm' 14#b{#4>4<>) Jez'10#F (B'J' Bai' A~f' 10) 8414,5 rnn 18 ^'R'B' ¦ 81>a(n, (8411,' Vab`m{la) z`nxnkmxn)

jlj gmz nplrz az z`n zlcn Vniir Kaxfm jxmttnj Vlfmj kxmc z`n Txmfxac mg

Gm{nchnx 12) 844<' (Rnn Att' 181', Vniir Kaxfm“r jnrlxn zm atti| @MIA txnnctzlmg

txlmx zm Jmjj#Kxage lr ~gjnxrzagjahin) ar Jmjj#Kxage nptxnrri| biaxlklnr zàz

@MIA jmnr gmz txnnctz z`n klnij mk ag| rzazn iav kmx knjnxai ra{lgfr arrmblazlmgr'

Rnn 18 ^'R'B' ¦ 8>h (8411, (blzlgf Haxgnzz Hage mk Caxlmg Bm~gz|) G'A' {' Gnirmg)

Kia' Lgr' Bmcc“x) >16 ^'R' 8> (1<<;,,5 rnn airm 18 ^'R'B' ¦ 1:;>(h, (8411,'




16

mhilfazlmgr ~gjnx @MIA' Rnn Bàchnxr) 14< K'2j az 18:< (aiimvlgf gnfilfngbn

bialc zàz var ’nptxnrri| ilclznj– zm z`n jnkngjagz“r kali~xn zm bmcti| vlz` knjnxai

rzaz~zn,'

Vniir Kaxfm arrnxzr zàz Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz `lxlgf agj r~tnx{lrlmg bialcr agj

aiinfazlmgr xnfaxjlgf Vniir Kaxfm“r mgn#baii xnrmi~zlmg npnctilk| Vlfmj“r ’azznctz

zm xnf~iazn z`n hage“r rnx{lblgf txabzlbnr'– (Vniir Hx' 80', Z`nxn lr gmz`lgf @ACT#

rtnblklb ahm~z Vlfmj“r bialcr zàz Vniir Kaxfm? (1, xntiabnr nptnxlngbnj nctim|nnr

vlz` znctmxax| vmxenxr (Bmcti' »» <2#<>,) (8, xnk~rnr zm txm{ljn mgn tmlgz mk

bmgzabz mg cmjlklbazlmgr) (Bmcti' » 18;,) mx (2, zàz Vniir Kaxfm lgbngzl{lnr lzr

nctim|nnr zm jxmt b~rzmcnxr kxmc z`n znint`mgn ar q~lbei| ar tmrrlhin (Bmcti' »

144,' Bmgzxax| zm Vniir Kaxfm“r arrnxzlmg zàz r~b` abzl{lzlnr ’fm zm z`n `naxz mk

Vniir Kaxfm rnx{lblgf k~gbzlmgr– (Vniir Hx' 80,) ag| r~b` akknbz lr lgbljngzai'

Rn{nxai bm~xzr à{n bmgrljnxnj agj xnonbznj txnnctzlmg mk @ACT iavr~lzr'

Rnn) n'f') I~bla {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') ‒ K' R~tt' 8j ‒) 8411 VI 212::88) az /:

(G'J' Bai' Atx' 88) 8411, (txnnctzlmg lr gmz km~gj v`nxn rzazn bialcr ’jm gmz

gnbnrraxli| lctlgfn ~tmg z`n hage“r mhilfazlmgr– ~gjnx knjnxai iav,5 Hnggnzz {'

Hage mk Ac') G'A') Gm' 11#b{#442) 8411 VI 101:<;2) az /:#> (N'J' [a' Ca| 11)

8411,5 Jaxb|) 8411 VI 26>004>) az /:5 Enggnj|) 8411 VI :>8;40>) az /8

(txnnctzlmg axf~cngzr axn ~gtnxr~arl{n,5 Vxlf`z {' Bàrn @mcn Klg') IIB) Gm' 11#

b{#444<>) 8411 VI :141>12) az /8 (J' Axl' Rntz' 1:) 8411, (afxnnlgf zàz @ACT

jmnr gmz à{n txnnctzl{n nkknbz,'




10

Abbmxjlgfi|) Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr axn gmz txnnctznj h| @MIA“r txn#

Jmjj#Kxage klnij txnnctzlmg'

LLL' VLFMJ RZAZNJ BIALCR KMX HXNAB@ MK BMGZXABZ) HXNAB@

MK LCTILNJ BM[NGAGZR AGJ TXMCLRRMX\ NRZMTTNI'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz Vlfmj“r hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc harnj mg z`n ZTT

kalir hnba~rn z`nxn lr gm ngkmxbnahin mkknx) bmgrljnxazlmg) mx jnklglzn agj bnxzalg

znxcr) agj zàz Vlfmj“r lctilnj bm{ngagz bialc baggmz r~x{l{n vlz`m~z z`n ZTT'

(Vniir Hx' 8<#2>', Vniir Kaxfm k~xz`nx arrnxzr zàz Vlfmj“r txmclrrmx| nrzmttni

bialc kalir hnba~rn ’gm txmclrn nplrznj zàz var ~gachlf~m~r lg lzr znxcr'– (Vniir'

Hx' 2;', Gmgn mk z`nrn azzaber txn{alir'

A' Vlfmj nptxnrri| aiinfnr zàz z`n ZTT lr a bmgzxabz xnq~lxlgf

Vniir Kaxfm zm rngj `nx a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz z`n ZTT lr gmz a bmgzxabz kmx a tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg' (Vniir Hx' 24#21', Z`lr clrbàxabznxlnr Vlfmj“r bialcr' Vlfmj aiinfnr

zàz ar a txn#{nxlklnj hmxxmvnx) `nx ZTT var a bmgzxabz xnq~lxlgf Vniir Kaxfm zm

txm{ljn `nx a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz kmx `nx rlfgaz~xn ~tmg r~bbnrrk~i bmctinzlmg

mk `nx zxlai tiag' (Bmcti' »» ;0#645 ZTT ¦ 2) Att' 11<',14

Vniir Kaxfm“r arrnxzlmg zàz z`n ’iagf~afn mk z`n ZTT bmgklxcr zàz

tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mk Vlfmj“r imag var bmgjlzlmgnj mg z`n xnbnltz agj xn{lnv

h| Vniir Kaxfm mk ajjlzlmgai jmb~cngzazlmg agj z`n razlrkabzlmg mk aii gnbnrrax|

14 Vlfmj aiinfnr aiznxgazl{ni| zàz Vniir Kaxfm mkknxnj Vlfmj z`n ZTT h| rngjlgf

`nx a bmt| kmx `nx rlfgaz~xn mx zàz z`n rngjlgf mk z`n ZTT zm Vlfmj var ag

lg{lzazlmg zm jnai) agj zàz Vlfmj“r npnb~zlmg mk z`n ZTT agj r~hclrrlmg mk

jmb~cngzr bmgrzlz~znj ag mkknx zàz z`n hage abbntznj h| bm~gznxrlfglgf agj

xnz~xglgf z`n ZTT zm Vlfmj' (Bmcti' »» ;1#;8,'




1<

bmgjlzlmgr zm xngjnx Vlfmj nilflhin kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg– lr harninrr' (Vniir

Hx' 24', Vniir Kaxfm ~gjnxrzagjahi| kalir zm blzn ag| taxzlb~iax rnbzlmg mk z`n ZTT

bmgzalglgf r~b` a xnq~lxncngz‚z`n ZTT bmgzalgr gm iagf~afn bmgjlzlmglgf

attxm{ai mg z`n xnbnltz mx xn{lnv mk ajjlzlmgai lgkmxcazlmg) agj z`lr Bm~xz r`m~ij

jnbilgn Vniir Kaxfm“r lg{lzazlmg zm xnaj r~b` iagf~afn lgzm z`n afxnncngz' Balrrn

Gazlmgain jn Bxnjlz Afxlbmin {' BHL Lgj~r') Lgb') <4 K'2j 18;:) 1862 (6z` Blx' 1<<;,5

Njvaxj N' Fliing Bm' {' ^glznj Rzaznr) 08> K'8j 11>>) 11>6 (6z` Blx' 1<06,'

@a{lgf xnbnl{nj z`n k~ii| npnb~znj ZTT agj bmgfxaz~iazmx| inzznx) Vlfmj

xnarmgahi| hniln{nj z`n ZTT var hlgjlgf' (Rnn ZTT) Mtnglgf Taxafxat`) Att' 116,

(’L ~gjnxrzagj zàz akznx L rlfg agj xnz~xg zvm bmtlnr mk z`lr Tiag zm z`n Ingjnx) z`n

Ingjnx vlii rngj cn a rlfgnj bmt| mk z`n Tiag lk L q~ailk| kmx z`n Mkknx mx vlii rngj

cn vxlzzng gmzlbn zàz L jm gmz q~ailk| kmx z`n mkknx'–,5 Jaxb|) 8411 VI 26>004>) az

/>' Ar a xnr~iz) z`lr Bm~xz r`m~ij klgj zàz Vlfmj txmtnxi| aiinfnr zàz z`n ZTT

bmgzalgr ag ngkmxbnahin mkknx'

H' Vlfmj aiinfnr r~kklblngz bmgrljnxazlmg'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz Vlfmj baggmz r`mv r~kklblngz bmgrljnxazlmg ~gjnx

z`n txn#nplrzlgf j~z| x~in' (Vniir Hx' 22', Z`lr axf~cngz kalir'

Klxrz) z`n zxlai ta|cngzr bmgrzlz~zn a infai jnzxlcngz' Ar O~jfn @lhhinx

nptialgnj lg Kinzb`nx?

UHS| afxnnlgf zm caen xnj~bnj cmgzì| ta|cngzr j~xlgf z`n zxlai

tnxlmj) Kinzb`nx var nrrngzlaii| afxnnlgf mgi| zm jnia| `nx mhilfazlmgr

mg ta|lgf habe z`n imag' ' ' ' z`n kabz lr zàz lz var ileni| gmz ngzlxni|

hngnklblai zm Kinzb`nx) v`m lgb~xxnj knnr agj txmhahi| lgbxnarnj z`n

zmzai acm~gz zàz r`m~ij ngj ~t ta|lgf m{nx z`n ilkn mk z`n imag'




84

8411 VI 8;:0;4;) az />' Z`n zxlai ta|cngzr axn airm jlkknxngz kxmc z`n nplrzlgf

mhilfazlmg zm ta| z`n cmxzfafn hnba~rn z`n| axn `nij lg ag abbm~gz calgzalgnj h|

z`n rnx{lbnx xaz`nx zàg attilnj zm z`n imag' (Att' 110,5 rnn 2 Racn~i Vliilrzmg) A

Zxnazlrn mg z`n Iav mk Bmgzxabzr ¦6?86, (:z` nj' 8440 (’Lk a jnhzmx jmnr rmcnz`lgf

cmxn mx jlkknxngz lg bàxabznx kxmc zàz v`lb` lz var infaii| hm~gj zm jm) lz vlii

bmgrzlz~zn bmgrljnxazlmg kmx z`n txmclrn'–,'

Rnbmgj) hmxxmvnxr c~rz txm{ljn klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg) caen hlgjlgf infai

xntxnrngzazlmgr bmgbnxglgf z`nlx klgagblai blxb~crzagbnr) agj lg bnxzalg barnr

~gjnxfm bxnjlz bm~grnilgf agj nrzahilr` nrbxmv abbm~gzr' (Att' 116#1<,5 Rzaflear {'

Rapmg Cmxzf' Rnx{r') Lgb') ## K' R~tt' 8j ##) 8411 VI 8;>8::>) az /> (J' Carr' O~i| >)

8411, (klgjlgf zàz ZTT bmgzalgnj ’gnv infai jnzxlcngzr zm tialgzlkk–,5 Hni|na {'

Ilzzmg Imag Rnx{lblgf ) Gm' 14#14<21) 8411 VI 800:<;:) az /0 (J' Carr' O~i| 1>)

8411, (racn,5 Agragniil) 8411 VI 112::>1) az /:5 rnn airm Hmrq~n) 6;8 K'R~tt'8j az

2>85 J~xclb {' O'T' Cmxfag Bàrn Hage) G'A') Gm' 14#b{#14204) 8414 VI :08>;28)

az /18 (J' Carr' Gm{' 8:) 8414,'

Z`n ZTT airm hngnklznj Vniir Kaxfm' Z`n hage ngom|nj lgbngzl{n ta|cngzr

kxmc z`n fm{nxgcngz) knnr) agj z`n ahlilz| zm hmz` ennt ta|lgf b~rzmcnxr agj

clzlfazn z`n bmrzr arrmblaznj vlz` kmxnbimr~xn' (Bmcti' » ;:,5 rnn Agragniil) 8411 VI

112::>1) az /:5 RJ 4<#41) 82 (jnrbxlhlgf lgbngzl{n ta|cngzr,'

@ngbn) Vlfmj aiinfnr bmgrljnxazlmg `nxn) hmz` lg z`n kmxc mk a haxfalgnj#kmx

npbàgfn mk txmclrnr agj tnxkmxcagbnr) ar vnii ar lg z`n kmxc mk a hngnklz zm z`n

txmclrmx agj a jnzxncngz zm z`n txmclrnn'




81

B' Z`n ZTT bmgzalgr jnklglzn agj bnxzalg znxcr xnq~lxlgf Vniir

Kaxfm zm rngj Vlfmj a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz ~tmg r~bbnrrk~i

bmctinzlmg mk z`n zxlai tiag'

Vniir Kaxfm bialcr z`n ZTT kalir hnba~rn lz iaber z`n nrrngzlai znxcr kmx a

tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' (Vniir Hx' 2:', R~b` znxcr axn ~ggnbnrrax|' Ar nptialgnj

ahm{n) z`n ZTT rzaznr z`az lk Vlfmj bmctilnj ’vlz` z`n xnq~lxncngzr lg Rnbzlmg 8

agj U`nxS xntxnrngzazlmgr lg Rnbzlmg 1 bmgzlg~nUjS zm hn zx~n lg aii caznxlai xnrtnbzr)

z`n Ingjnx Uvm~ijS rngj U`nxS a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz kmx U`nxS rlfgaz~xn…'– Rnn

Agragniil) 8411 VI 112::>1) az /:#>5 rnn Jaxb|) 8411 VI 26>004>) az />' Ar a

bmgzxabz xnq~lxlgf Vniir Kaxfm zm rngj Vlfmj a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz kmx `nx

rlfgaz~xn) z`n ZTT bmgzalgr jnklglzn agj bnxzalg znxcr rnzzlgf kmxz` z`n Taxzlnr“

xnrtnbzl{n mhilfazlmgr' (Att' 116#11<,5 Agragniil) 8411 VI 112::>1) az />5 rnn airm

Hni|na) 8411 VI 800:<;:) az /0 (’‐Az a clglc~c ' ' ' z`n ZTT bmgzalgr aii nrrngzlai

agj caznxlai znxcr gnbnrrax| zm fm{nxg z`n zxlai tnxlmj xnta|cngzr agj z`n taxzlnr“

xniaznj mhilfazlmgr'“–, (q~mzlgf Hmrq~n) 6;8 K'R~tt'8j az 2>8,5 rnn Aiing {'

Blzlcmxzfafn) Lgb') Gm' 14#b{#86:4) 8411 VI 2:8>;;>) az /; (J' Cj' A~f' :) 8411,5

Oabermg {' Mbvng Imag Rnx{lblgf) IIB ) Gm' 14#b{#4611) 8411 VI >06>06) az /2 (N'J'

Bai' Knh' <) 8411,'

J' Vlfmj“r bialc kmx hxnab` mk z`n lctilnj bm{ngagz lr gmz zlnj zm

z`n r~bbnrr mk `nx bialc aiinflgf hxnab` mk z`n ZTT'

[la kmmzgmzn) Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr z`az lk Vlfmj kalir zm rzazn a bialc kmx

hxnab` mk bmgzxabz) `nx lctilnj bm{ngagz bialc r`m~ij airm hn jlrclrrnj' (Vniir Hx'

2> g'1<', Z`lr lr gmz rm' Hmz` z`n ZTT agj z`n mxlflgai cmxzfafn bmgzxabz bmgzalg

z`n lctilnj bm{ngagz mk fmmj kalz` agj kalx jnailgf' Caxzlgjnii {' Iaen R`mxn Gaz“i




88

Hage) 1>: G'N'8j ;02) ;<4 (Lii' 1<>0,' Z`nxnkmxn) ZTT arljn) ag acngjcngz blzlgf

z`n bm{ngagz bmgzalgnj lg `nx cmxzfafn bmgzxabz bm~ij à{n b~xnj z`lr bialc' Rnn)

n'f') Ab~ga) 8411 VI 100240<) az /; (~t`mijlgf bialc kmx hxnab` mk z`n lctilnj

bm{ngagzr nchmjlnj lg z`n mxlflgai cmxzfafn gmzn harnj mg rlcliax aiinfazlmgr,'

N' Vlfmj r~kklblngzi| tinajr a bialc kmx txmclrrmx| nrzmttni'

Vniir Kaxfm gnpz baiir kmx jlrclrrai mk z`n txmclrrmx| nrzmttni bialc) axf~lgf

zàz z`nxn var gm ~gachlf~m~r txmclrn ~tmg v`lb` Vlfmj bm~ij à{n o~rzlklahi|

xnilnj' (Vniir Hx' 2;', Vniir Kaxfm“r axf~cngzr kali kmx xnarmgr aixnaj| nptialgnj

vlz` xnrtnbz zm Vlfmj“r hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc' Rnn Oabermg) 8411 VI >06>06) az

/2' Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm txmclrnj zm txm{ljn Vlfmj vlz` a Cmjlklbazlmg

Afxnncngz kmx `nx rlfgaz~xn ~tmg r~bbnrrk~i bmctinzlmg mk z`n zxlai tiag' Fl{ng z`n

kabz z`n ZTT var rlfgnj h| hmz` taxzlnr) lzr znxcr) agj z`n inzznx bmgfxaz~iazlgf

Vlfmj mg `nx abbntzagbn lgzm z`n Txmfxac) Vlfmj“r xnilagbn var xnarmgahin'

Ar var z`n barn vlz` z`n tialgzlkk lg Oabermg) Vlfmj aiinfnr ag ~gachlf~m~r

txmclrn mg z`n taxz mk Vniir Kaxfm zm npzngj `nx ag mkknx kmx tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg agj zàz r`n xnilnj mg zm `nx jnzxlcngz' (Bmcti' »» 66#02,5 rnn Oabermg)

8411 VI >06>06) az /25 Aiing) 8411 VI 2:8>;;>) az /0' Vlfmj àr z`nxnkmxn rzaznj

a bialc kmx txmclrrmx| nrzmttni'


ABZÂI JACAFNR) AGJ ^GKALX BMGJ^BZ ^GJNX LBKA'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz txmtnxi| jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r LBKA

bialc hnba~rn) r~ttmrnji|) Vlfmj kalir zm tinaj lgzngz) abz~ai jacafnr) mx ~gkalx

bmgj~bz' (Vniir Hx' 26#:4', Z`nrn axf~cngzr iabe cnxlz'




82

A' Vlfmj nptxnrri| aiinfnj zàz Vniir Kaxfm“r jnbntzl{n bmgj~bz

var lgzngzlmgai'

Vniir Kaxfm“r arrnxzlmg zàz Vlfmj jmnr gmz ajnq~azni| tinaj lgzngz lr kairn'

Vlfmj rtnblklbaii| aiinfnj zàz Vniir Kaxfm“r clrxntxnrngzazlmgr vnxn lgzngzlmgai'

(Bmcti' »» 18:#8>', Gmz`lgf cmxn lr xnq~lxnj' Rnn Knj' X' mk Bl{' T' <(h,(’UcSailbn)

lgzngz) egmvinjfn) agj mz`nx bmgjlzlmgr mk a tnxrmg&r clgj ca| hn aiinfnj

fngnxaii|–,5 BL[LP#JJL) IIB {' @mznir'bmc) I'T') 611 K' R~tt' 8j 02<) 0:2 (G'J' Lii'

8414,'

LBKA xnq~lxnr ’zàz a {lmiazmx lgzngj kmx a t~xbàrnx zm xni| mg `lr abzr mx

mclrrlmgr'– Vaxxng {' InCa|) :<1 G'N' 8j :;:) :6: (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<0;,' ’A taxz| lr

bmgrljnxnj zm lgzngj z`n gnbnrrax| bmgrnq~ngbnr mk `lr mvg abzr mx bmgj~bz'– Lj' az

:6:) :60 (klgjlgf lgzngz zm xni| v`nxn jnkngjagz txm{ljnj tialgzlkk vlz` a xntmxz

egmvlgf tialgzlkk vm~ij ~rn lz zm rnb~xn klgagblgf,' @nxn) z`n hage txm{ljnj Vlfmj

vlz` a ZTT m~zilglgf z`n zxlai tiag znxcr' (Bmcti' » 2:', Lz lr xnarmgahin zm lgknx

zàz z`n t~xtmrn var zm lgkmxc Vlfmj mk z`n znxcr mk z`n ZTT agj z`n caggnx h|

v`lb` r`n bm~ij nptnbz zm xnbnl{n ag mkknx kmx tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' Ajelgr {'

[LC Xnb|bilgf) Lgb') ;:: K'2j :02) :<8#<2 (6z` Blx' 8411, (aii xnarmgahin

lgknxngbnr axn zm hn jxavg lg z`n tialgzlkkr“ ka{mx,5 rnn airm Vaxxng) :<1 G'N' 8j az

:60'

H' Vlfmj àr tinj abz~ai jacafnr'

Jnrtlzn z`n kabz zàz Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz r`n lgb~xxnj bmrzr agj knnr) imrz

mz`nx mttmxz~glzlnr zm ra{n `nx `mcn) r~kknxnj a gnfazl{n lctabz zm `nx bxnjlz) gn{nx

xnbnl{nj a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz) agj imrz `nx ahlilz| zm xnbnl{n lgbngzl{n




8:

ta|cngzr j~xlgf z`n klxrz kl{n |naxr mk z`n cmjlklbazlmg) (Bmcti' »» 6:#6>) 18>,)

Vniir Kaxfm arrnxzr zàz Vlfmj“r txnnplrzlgf lgjnhznjgnrr txnbi~jnr a klgjlgf mk

jacafnr agj zàz aiinfazlmgr ar zm ’clrrnj mttmxz~glzlnr– axn lgr~kklblngz' (Vniir

Hx' 20#2<', Z`nrn axf~cngzr iabe cnxlz'

Klxrz) Vniir Kaxfm tnxrlrzr lg clrbàxabznxllgf LBKA“r tnb~glax| imrr

xnq~lxncngz' Elc {' Baxznx“r Lgb') ><0 K'2j 2;8 (6z` Blx' 8414, agj C~iilfag {' Q[B)

Lgb') 000 G'N'8j 11<4 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8440, axn jlrzlgf~lràhin' (Mtng' Hx' :4', Z`n

tialgzlkkr lg z`mrn barnr xnbnl{nj z`n fmmjr z`n| bmgzxabznj kmx (bimz`lgf lg Elc)

onvnix| lg C~iilfag, h~z kalinj zm aiinfn zàz) ahrngz z`n jnbntzlmg) z`n| vm~ij à{n

r`mttnj axm~gj kmx a hnzznx jnai' Ilenvlrn) Kx|n {' I“Mxnai ^RA) Lgb') >02 K' R~tt'

8j <>:) <>6 (G'J' Lii' 8440, lg{mi{nj aiinfazlmgr zàz iltrzlbe bmgzalgnj ~grakn in{nir

mk inaj' Z`n tialgzlkk hmz` xnbnl{nj z`n iltrzlbe agj kalinj zm aiinfn zàz r`n talj lg

npbnrr mk z`n abz~ai {ai~n mx zàz r`n vm~ij à{n t~xr~nj aiznxgazl{nr' Lj' az <>0'

Z`lr barn lr jlkknxngz' Vlfmj nptxnrri| aiinfnr r`n clrrnj mz`nx mttmxz~glzlnr

zm ra{n `nx `mcn agj zàz r`n gn{nx xnbnl{nj z`n imag afxnncngz kmx `nx rlfgaz~xn'

(Bmcti' »» ::) 6>) 02) 140',

Cmxxlr {' @ax{n| B|bin + Bactnx) Lgb') <11 G'N'8j 14:< (Lii' Att' Bz' 844<, lr

airm lgattmrlzn' Z`n aiinfnj jacafnr lg zàz barn bmgrlrznj rmini| mk ncmzlmgai

jlrzxnrr) lgbmg{nglngbn agj affxa{azlmg' Rnn lj' az 14>: (`mijlgf zàz abz~ai

tnb~glax| imrr xnq~lxnj zm xnbm{nx jacafnr kmx lgbmg{nglngbn agj affxa{azlmg

~gjnx LBKA,' Z`m~f` Vlfmj àr hnng lgbmg{nglngbnj) `nx lgo~x| rzncr kxmc z`n

kabz r`n gn{nx xnbnl{nj z`n Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz'




8>

Rnbmgj) Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz Vlfmj var gmz jacafnj h| gmz xnbnl{lgf z`n

Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz hnba~rn r`n àj a txnnplrzlgf j~z| zm ta| habe z`n imag'

(Vniir Hx' 20', Z`lr lr gmz zx~n' Vlfmj var jnglnj z`n hngnklz mk `nx haxfalg agj

~gjnxzmme gnv infai jnzxlcngzr ar rnz kmxz` lg rnbzlmg LLL(H,) r~txa' Airm) jlrbm{nx|

lr gnnjnj zm jnznxclgn v`nz`nx Vlfmj ra{nj xnrm~xbnr z`xm~f` z`n zxlai txmfxac

agj) lk rm) v`nz`nx zàz jntxl{nj `nx mk z`n ahlilz| zm txm{n a tnb~glax| imrr' (Mtng'

Hx' 26#20,115 rnn Kinzb`nx) 8411 VI 8;:0;4;) az /; (klgjlgf jacafnr txmtnxi| aiinfnj

lg z`n kmxc mk knnr) bàxfnr) abbx~nj lgznxnrz agj jacafn zm bxnjlz,'

Z`lxj) Vlfmj“r aiinfazlmgr vlz` xnfaxj zm imrz zlcn agj mz`nx a{ng~nr kmx

ra{lgf `nx `m~rn axn gmz ’cnxn rtnb~iazlmg) `|tmz`nrlr) bmgonbz~xn mx v`lc'– (Vniir

Hx' 2<,5 rnn) n'f') Rzaflear) 8411 VI 8;>8::>) az /; (abz~ai jacafnr tinj kmx

lgznxnrz) gnfazl{n lctabz mg tialgzlkk&r bxnjlz `lrzmx|) agj z`n imrr mk mz`nx nbmgmclb

hngnklzr mk z`n imag cmjlklbazlmg,5 Hm|j) 8411 VI 126:<0;) az /: (klgjlgf z`n

lgahlilz| zm ’kalxi| gnfmzlazn a tiag zm rza| lg U`lrS `mcn– r~kklblngz zm rzazn ag LBKA

bialc,5 Aiing) Gm' 14#86:4) 8411 VI 2:8>;;>) az /14' Vniir Kaxfm“r arrnxzlmg zàz

Vlfmj àr gmz aiinfnj ’`mv r`n vm~ij à{n rtngz z`n cmgn|)– (Vniir Hx' :4,) kalir'

N{ljngbn mk z`n mttmxz~glzlnr clrrnj lr gmz xnq~lxnj az z`n tinajlgfr rzafn' Rnn

Axgnzz {' Vnhrznx) ## K'2j ##) 8411 VI :41:2:2) az /6 (6z` Blx' Rntz' 18) 8411,5

Hxmmer {' Xmrr) >60 K'2j >6:) >04#01 (6z` Blx' 844<,) xn`&f jnglnj (Mbz' 82) 844<,'

11 Vniir Kaxfm clrinajlgfi| lgkmxcr z`n bm~xz zàz Vlfmj rzmttnj caelgf `nx

ta|cngzr lg Ca| 8414 h~z rzlii il{nr lg z`n bmgjm' (Vniir Hx' 2< g'81', Lg xnailz|)

Vniir Kaxfm hnfag xnk~rlgf Vlfmj“r imag ta|cngzr az zàz zlcn agj r`m~ij gmz gmv

hn ~rlgf zàz kabz zm fl{n z`n kairn lctxnrrlmg zàz Vlfmj xnk~rnr zm ta|'




8;

Airm) aiz`m~f` Vlfmj bm~ij à{n klinj kmx hagex~tzb| v`lin lg z`n zxlai tnxlmj

(Vniir Hx' az :4,) z`n tmlgz lr zàz Vlfmj var jntxl{nj mk z`n mttmxz~glz| zm

egmvlgfi| jnbljn v`nz`nx zm klin kmx hagex~tzb| (mx zaen mz`nx abzlmg, hnba~rn Vniir

Kaxfm i~xnj `nx lgzm hniln{lgf zàz r`n àj km~gj ag attxmtxlazn xnrmi~zlmg' (Bmcti'

» 6>', Z`n racn `mijr zx~n kmx Vlfmj“r r~ttmrnj kali~xn zm tiabn `nx `mcn mg z`n

caxenz lg 844<' (Vniir Hx' :4,5 (rnn Bmcti' » 6>', Jlrbm{nx| vlii r`mv z`n {ai~n mk

z`nrn imrz mttmxz~glzlnr'

Abbmxjlgfi|) Vlfmj r~kklblngzi| aiinfnr zàz r`n r~kknxnj jacafnr'



jlrclrrai'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz“r rlingbn vlz` xnrtnbz zm `nx LBKA

bialc kmx ~gkalx txabzlbnr n{ljngbnr a ’bmgbi~rlmg zàz z`n bialc kalir agj jmnr gmz

vaxxagz jlrb~rrlmg'– (Vniir Hx' :4', Lz lr a rzxnzb` lg z`n kabn mk r~b` rlingbn kmx

Vniir Kaxfm zm axf~n zàz z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz ’`nij– zàz z`n aiinfazlmgr kalinj zm rzazn

a bialc'

Vniir Kaxfm bmgzngjr zàz aiz`m~f` Vlfmj txnrngzr a ilrz mk aiinfnji| ~gkalx

txabzlbnr) r`n kalir zm rzazn zàz r~b` txabzlbnr vnxn attilnj zm `nx rtnblklbaii|'

(Vniir Hx' :1', Z`lr lr kairn' Vlfmj nptxnrri| aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm“r ~gkalx

txabzlbnr rtnblklbaii| ba~rnj `nx zm r~kknx jacafnr' (Bmcti' » 186', Mgi| z`xm~f`

jlrbm{nx| bag Vlfmj bmgklxc v`lb` rtnblklb txabzlbnr ba~rnj `nx àxc‚Vniir Kaxfm

egmvr lk z`n kabz zàz Vlfmj var xnq~lxnj zm rtnae vlz` {axlm~r b~rzmcnx rnx{lbn

xntxnrngzazl{nr var z`n xnr~iz mk Vniir Kaxfm“r ’mgn baii– xnrmi~zlmg tmilb| mx z`n




86

txmj~bz mk bmlgbljngbn' Vlfmj lr gmz xnq~lxnj zm tinaj lgkmxcazlmg zàz lr ’~glq~ni|

vlz`lg z`n jnkngjagz“r egmvinjfn'– [lbmc) Lgb' {' @axhxljfn Cnxb`' Rnx{r') Lgb') 84

K'2j 661) 660 g'> (6z` Blx' 1<<:,'

Ar a xnr~iz) z`n Bm~xz r`m~ij gmz à{n lfgmxnj Vlfmj“r LBKA bialc kmx ~gkalx

txabzlbnr'


@NX CLRXNTXNRNGZAZLMG BIALCR'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz Vlfmj bm~ij gmz à{n o~rzlklahi| xnilnj mg z`n ZTT)

agj z`nxnkmxn baggmz r~rzalg bialcr kmx kxa~j~ingz mx gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg'

Z`lr lr gmz rm'

Vniir Kaxfm agj z`n imvnx bm~xz axn lgbmxxnbz zàz ZTT ¦8(F, lr az mjjr vlz`

z`n Mtnglgf Taxafxat` mx ¦ 2' ¦ 8(F,“r rzazncngz zàz Vlfmj“r imag jmb~cngzr vlii

gmz hn cmjlklnj ’~ginrr agj ~gzli (l, L cnnz aii mk z`n bmgjlzlmgr xnq~lxnj kmx

cmjlklbazlmg– lr bmgrlrzngz vlz` z`n xnrz mk z`n afxnncngz' (ZTT) Att' 116#1<', Klxrz)

z`n rnbzlmg jmnr gmz ra| zàz Vniir Kaxfm vlii gmz hnbmcn mhilfaznj zm rngj z`n

hmxxmvnx a cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngz ~gzli z`n hmxxmvnx cnnzr ’aii mk z`n bmgjlzlmgr

xnq~lxnj kmx cmjlklbazlmg'– Lz cnxni| aj{lrnr zàz z`n cmjlklbazlmg vlii gmz zaen

nkknbz ~gzli aii bmgjlzlmgr axn cnz' Rnbmgj) z`n t`xarn ’aii mk z`n bmgjlzlmgr xnq~lxnj

kmx cmjlklbazlmg– cnagr z`n xntxnrngzazlmgr mk ¦ 1 agj z`n xnq~lxncngzr attnaxlgf

ahm{n lz lg ¦ 8) ar z`mrn rnbzlmgr rnz kmxz` z`n bmgjlzlmgr zàz zxlffnx Vniir Kaxfm“r

mhilfazlmg zm txm{ljn a cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngz kmx Vlfmj“r rlfgaz~xn' Vniir Kaxfm

agj z`n imvnx bm~xz zxnaz z`n iagf~afn ar ra|lgf ’~ginrr agj ~gzli L cnnz aii mk z`n

b~xxngz bmgjlzlmgr xnq~lxnj ~gjnx @ACT ar ca| hn xn#jnznxclgnj h| Vniir Kaxfm




80

kxmc zlcn zm zlcn'– Zàz iagf~afn lr gmz txnrngz' Vlz`m~z z`n tmzngzlai r`n vm~ij

hn r~honbz zm xn#xn{lnv) Vlfmj“r xnilagbn var o~rzlklnj'

Zm z`n npzngz z`n cnaglgf mk z`n t`xarn lr achlf~m~r) @ACT jlxnbzl{nr

bmgklxc zàz) ar nptialgnj lg Rnbzlmg LL(A, r~txa) Vniir Kaxfm àj gm a~z`mxlz|

~gjnx @ACT zm xnn{ai~azn Vlfmj ~gjnx xn{lrnj bxlznxla'18 Tazxljfn {' O'E' @axxlr

+ Bm') IIB ) 86< K' Att&p :4;) :4< (6z` Blx' 8440, (npzxlgrlb n{ljngbn aiimvnj v`nxn

bmgzxabz lr achlf~m~r,'

Vniir Kaxfm) blzlgf Znacrznxr Imbai 808 Tngrlmg Zx~rz K~gj {' Agfnimr) 02<

K'8j 2;; (6z` Blx' 1<00, agj Ajinx {' Vliilac Hialx + Bm') ;:0 G'N'8j 88; (Lii' Att'

Bz' 1<<>,) abb~rnr Vlfmj mk kalilgf zm npnxblrn ’mxjlgax| tx~jngbn– h| gmz bmgzabzlgf

z`n @MTN @mzilgn mx xn{lnv f~ljnilgnr agj jlxnbzl{nr' (Vniir Hx' :2', Z`lr lr gmz rm'

Arr~clgf axf~ngjm Vlfmj jlj gmz zaen r~b` rzntr) jmlgf rm vm~ij à{n hnng

kx~lzinrr' Z`n jlxnbzl{nr txm{ljn zàz a cmjlklbazlmg c~rz hn mkknxnj lk a txn#{nxlklnj

hmxxmvnx r~bbnrrk~ii| bmctinznr z`n ZTT' (RJ 4<#41) Att' 16', Airm) Vlfmj vm~ij

gmz à{n jlrbm{nxnj z`n hage“r lgzngzlmg zm jlra{mv z`n afxnncngz' Znacrznx 02<

K'8j az 261 (Xnilagbn lr o~rzlklnj ’v`nxn z`n taxzlnr jm gmz à{n nq~ai egmvinjfn) mx

abbnrr z`nxnzm) mx v`nxn z`nxn axn mz`nx tnb~ilax blxb~crzagbnr lgj~blgf z`n lgo~xnj

taxz| zm xni| rmini| mg z`n xntxnrngzazlmgr mk z`n mz`nx'–, (blzazlmg mclzznj,' Z`n

Taxzlnr jlj gmz à{n nq~ai egmvinjfn mx abbnrr xnfaxjlgf Vniir Kaxfm“r lgzngzlmgr)

agj Vlfmj àj gm xnarmg zm r~rtnbz Vniir Kaxfm vm~ij xnrblgj z`n bmgzxabz'

18 Z`n aiinfazlmgr tnxclz z`n xnarmgahin lgknxngbn zàz z`n lglzlai GT[ xnr~iz var

tmrlzl{n' Vniir Kaxfm mkknxr gmz`lgf zm r`mv zàz lz rlfgnj ZTTr agj rngz

bmgfxaz~iazmx| inzznxr zm hmxxmvnxr v`mrn GT[ xnr~izr vnxn gnfazl{n mx zàz

Vlfmj“r lglzlai GT[ var gnfazl{n'




8<

Klgaii|) z`n xnarmglgf lg Ajinx mkknxr gm `nit zm Vniir Kaxfm' Ajinx rzaznj

zàz tialgzlkkr baggmz xnarmgahi| xni| mg mxai rzazncngzr zàz bmgzxajlbz a vxlzzng

afxnncngz' ;:0 G'N'8j az 824#21' Z`nxn axn gm mxai xntxnrngzazlmgr az lrr~n `nxn'

Ar a xnr~iz) Vlfmj aiinfnr r`n o~rzlklahi| xnilnj mg z`n ZTT'

[L' VLFMJ“R GNFILFNGBN#HARNJ BIALCR R^X[L[N'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz Vlfmj“r gnfilfngbn#harnj bialcr r`m~ij hn jlrclrrnj

~gjnx z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn agj lg ilf`z mk Vlfmj“r r~ttmrnj kali~xn zm tinaj zàz

Vniir Kaxfm var avaxn mk ag| rtnblklb ~gklzgnrr xnfaxjlgf ag| mk lzr nctim|nnr'

(Vniir Hx' ::#:>', Z`nrn axf~cngzr jm gmz vaxxagz akklxclgf jlrclrrai'


bialcr'

Klxrz) Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz `lxlgf agj gnfilfngz

clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialcr axn haxxnj h| z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn hnba~rn z`n taxzlnr

axn lg a bmccnxblai xniazlmgr`lt' (Vniir Hx' :>', Xnilagbn mg Cmmxcag lr clrtiabnj'

Klxrz) z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn jmnr gmz atti| v`ng a bialc kaiir hn|mgj z`n

rbmtn mk z`n tialgzlkk“r bmccnxblai nptnbzazlmgr' Rnn Bmgfxnfazlmg mk z`n Tarrlmg {'

Zm~b`n Xmrr + Bm') ;2; G'N'8j >42) >1: (Lii' 1<<:,5 rnn airm Lg Xnzali K~gj

Aifmgq~lg Bmccmgr) I'I'B' {' Ahnxbxmchln + Klzb` Rzmxnr) Lgb') Gm' 4<#b{#>08:)

8414 VI 106:4>:) /8 (G'J' Lii' Ca| 14) 8414, (A taxz| ca| xnbm{nx lg zmxz lk lz

r`mvr ’àxc ahm{n agj hn|mgj a taxz|“r bmgzxabz~ai mx bmccnxblai nptnbzazlmgr'–,'

@nxn) Vlfmj rzagjr zm imrn `nx `mcn agj àr r~kknxnj mz`nx jacafnr) aii mk v`lb`

npzngj hn|mgj `nx bmccnxblai nptnbzazlmgr ~gjnx z`n ZTT'




24

Rnbmgj) z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn jmnr gmz atti| hnba~rn Vlfmj àr xnq~nrznj

nq~lzahin xnilnk zm xncnj| Vniir Kaxfm“r aiinfnj gnfilfngz `lxlgf agj r~tnx{lrlmg'

(Bmcti') Txa|nx kmx Xnilnk) N', R~b` a xnq~nrz fmnr hn|mgj ’t~xn nbmgmclb imrr'– Rnn

Rnxknb {' Onvni Kmmj Rzmxnr) Lgb') Gm' <8#b{#:161) 1<<0 VI 1:8:86) /8 (G'J' Lii'

Cax' 8;) 1<<0, (blzazlmg mclzznj,' Vlfmj“r bialc z`nxnkmxn r~x{l{nr Cmmxcag'



h~rlgnrr mk r~tti|lgf lgkmxcazlmg zm Vlfmj'

Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialc kaiir lgzm Cmmxcag“r npbntzlmg

v`nxn z`n jnkngjagz ngfafnr lg z`n h~rlgnrr mk r~tti|lgf lgkmxcazlmg' Zmiag +

Rmgr) Lgb' {' EIIC Axb`lznbzr) Lgb') 61< G'N'8j 800) 8<1 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<<, (A

tialgzlkk ca| xnbm{nx jacafnr v`ng z`n jnkngjagz ’lr lg z`n h~rlgnrr mk r~tti|lgf

lgkmxcazlmg kmx z`n f~ljagbn mk mz`nxr'–,5 Fng' Ninb' Batlzai) Bmxt' {' Nq~lkap Rnx{r')

Lgb') 6<6 K' R~tt' 1:28) 1::8 (G'J' Lii' 1<<8,' Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz Vlfmj àr

kalinj zm aiinfn zàz Vniir Kaxfm lr lg z`n h~rlgnrr mk r~tti|lgf lgkmxcazlmg kmx

Vlfmj“r f~ljagbn' (Vniir Hx' :> g'86', Vniir Kaxfm lr xnq~lxnj zm gmzlk| hmxxmvnxr

xnfaxjlgf z`nlx nilflhlilz| agj rzaz~r' (RJ 4<#41) Att' 12) 1>', Z`lr lgkmxcazlmg lr

bxlzlbai‚mgi| Vniir Kaxfm egmvr `mv kax aimgf lg z`n txmbnrr lz bmgrljnxr nab`

hmxxmvnx zm hn' B'k' Zmiag) 61< G'N'8j az 8<6' Lz lgki~ngbnj Vlfmj“r jnblrlmg#caelgf'

(Bmcti' » 6>', Z`~r) Vlfmj aiinfnj zàz Vniir Kaxfm lr lg z`n h~rlgnrr mk r~tti|lgf

lgkmxcazlmg'


nctim|nnr'

Vniir Kaxfm arrnxzr zàz Vlfmj àr kalinj zm razlrk| z`n tinajlgf rzagjaxj kmx




21

gnfilfngz `lxlgf kmx zvm t~xtmxznj xnarmgr? (1, Vlfmj jlj gmz txm{ljn rtnblklb

aiinfazlmgr ar zm nctim|nn ~gklzgnrr mx Vniir Kaxfm“r egmvinjfn) agj (8, Vlfmj àr

gmz r`mvg `mv z`n aiinfnj iabe mk klzgnrr jlxnbzi| lctabznj Vlfmj“r imag' Gnlz`nx mk

z`nrn axf~cngzr àr cnxlz'

Klxrz) Vlfmj tinajr ~gklzgnrr agj Vniir Kaxfm“r egmvinjfn' Rnn Vaxgnii {'

Kmxj Cmzmx Bm) Gm' <0#b{#1>42) 1<<0 VI 6:0280) az /2 (G'J' Lii' Mbz' 81) 1<<0,5

J~xàc) 844> VI 8:8420<) /<' Vniir Kaxfm `lxnj znctmxax| vmxenxr v`m iabenj

zxalglgf agj nptnxlngbn lg iln~ mk r~lzahin nctim|nnr) xntiabnj r~lzahin nctim|nnr

vlz` nctim|nnr v`m iabenj r~kklblngz reliir) agj kalinj zm ajnq~azni| zxalg gnv

nctim|nnr' (Bmcti' »» <2#<:', Vniir Kaxfm txnknxxnj nctim|nnr v`m iabenj zxalglgf

zm kx~rzxazn hmxxmvnxr agj lccmhliln z`n cmjlklbazlmg txmbnrr' (Bmcti' » <;',

Rnbmgj) Vlfmj bmggnbzr z`n gnfilfngz `lxlgf txabzlbnr zm `nx imag' (Bmcti' »

<6', Jlrbm{nx| vlii bmgklxc v`nz`nx Vniir Kaxfm“r txabzlbn mk `lxlgf nctim|nnr v`m

àj ilzzin zm gm zxalglgf mx nptnxlngbn lg cmjlklbazlmgr bmgzxlh~znj zm z`n àxc

r~kknxnj h| Vlfmj' Mgi| Vniir Kaxfm egmvr r~b` lgkmxcazlmg az z`lr zlcn' (Rnn

Bmcti' » :2',

Vlfmj àr aiinfnj zàz Vniir Kaxfm `lxnj ~gklz nctim|nnr lg iln~ mk klz

nctim|nnr) Vniir Kaxfm egnv mx r`m~ij à{n egmvg mk z`n nctim|nnr“ ~gklzgnrr)

agj zàz Vlfmj r~kknxnj àxc ar a xnr~iz' (Bmcti' »» <2#<6', Akklxclgf z`n

jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz `lxlgf bialc vm~ij z`~r hn lgattxmtxlazn'


GNFILFNGZ CLRXNTXNRNGZAZLMG - BMGBNAICNGZ BIALCR'

Vniir Kaxfm axf~nr zàz Vlfmj kalir zm aiinfn a kxa~j~ingz rb`ncn) jacafnr)




28

mx a j~z| mvnj h| Vniir Kaxfm' Z`nrn axf~cngzr kali'

Klxrz) Vniir Kaxfm arrnxzr zàz Vlfmj kalinj zm aiinfn ’ag| rtnblklb kabzr– zm

r`mv zàz ’Vniir Kaxfm“r k~z~xn txmclrn zm tnxcagngzi| cmjlk|– var ’taxz mk a

rb`ncn zm jnkxa~j Vlfmj'– (Vniir Hx' :6', Z`lr lr gmz zx~n'

Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm ngfafnj lg ’lgzngzlmgai agj r|rznclb kali~xn

zm mkknx tnxcagngz imag cmjlklbazlmgr zm q~ailklnj hmxxmvnxr– kmx t~xtmrnr mk

npzxabzlgf ar c~b` cmgn| ar tmrrlhin kxmc hmxxmvnxr v`m vnxn az xlre mk jnka~iz'

(Bmcti' »» 1) 0', Vniir Kaxfm xnonbzr q~ailklnj hmxxmvnxr kmx txnznpz~ai xnarmgr)

lgbngzl{lnr lzr nctim|nnr zm x~r` b~rzmcnxr mkk z`n t`mgn) agj hm~gbnr b~rzmcnxr

acmgf xntxnrngzazl{nr' (Bmcti' »» <2#148', Z`nrn aiinfazlmgr r~ffnrz a kxa~j~ingz

rb`ncn'

Vniir Kaxfm bmgzngjr zàz Vlfmj“r aiinfazlmgr axn hnilnj h| z`n ’zngr mk

z`m~ragjr– mk imagr r~ttmrnji| cmjlklnj) h| lzr {mi~gzax| taxzlbltazlmg lg @ACT)

agj h| z`n lgbngzl{nr Vniir Kaxfm xnbnl{nr ar a rnx{lbn txm{ljnx' (Vniir Hx' :6',

Z`nrn axf~cngzr fm hn|mgj z`n tinajlgfr agj) lg ag| barn) axn clrinajlgf'12

Vlfmj àr z`nxnkmxn ajnq~azni| aiinfnj a rb`ncn zm jnkxa~j'

A' Vlfmj àr aiinfnj abz~ai jacafnr'

Vniir Kaxfm mgbn afalg bialcr Vlfmj àr gmz tinj abz~ai jacafnr' (Vniir Hx'

:6', Ar nptialgnj r~txa) rnbzlmg L[(H,) Vlfmj“r aiinfazlmgr ar zm gmz xnbnl{lgf a

cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngz) imrz zlcn) jacafn zm `nx bxnjlz) z`n imrz z`n mttmxz~glz| zm

12 Vlz` xnrtnbz zm Vab`m{la b~rzmcnxr) ar mk Caxb` 8414) hnkmxn z`lr iavr~lz var

klinj) Vab`m{la xntmxznj a zmzai mk ; tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmgr m~z mk a tmzngzlai

;>)444' Kmiimvlgf z`n klilgf mk z`lr iavr~lz lg Atxli 8414) Vab`m{la“r cmjlklbazlmgr

bilchnj kxmc ; zm 2)><: h| O~gn 8414' (Rnn ’Cmgzì| @ACT Xntmxzr)– Jez' :2#>',




22

t~xr~n mz`nx a{ng~nr kmx ra{lgf `nx `mcn agj bxnjlz) agj z`n imrr mk lgbngzl{n

ta|cngzr axn r~kklblngz zm rzazn abz~ai jacafnr'

H' Vlfmj àr aiinfnj zàz Vniir Kaxfm mvnj `nx a j~z|'

Vniir Kaxfm arrnxzr zàz lz àj gm j~z| zm bmcc~glbazn abb~xazn lgkmxcazlmg

zm Vlfmj' (Vniir Hx' :<', Z`lr lr ~gzx~n' Ar a @ACT rnx{lbnx) Vniir Kaxfm var ’lg a

tmrlzlmg mk lgki~ngbn agj r~tnxlmxlz| m{nx tialgzlkk– zàz bxnaznj a ’bmgkljngzlai

xniazlmgr`lt– hnzvnng z`n taxzlnr' Agragniil) 8411 VI 112::>1) az /6 (rnx{lbn

txm{ljnx mvnj j~z| mk baxn hnba~rn lz vngz ’hn|mgj z`n jmcalg mk a ~r~ai cmgn|

ingjnx–,5 Baxznx {' @RHB Cmxzf' Bmxt' (^RA,) Gm' 14#b{#41448) 8411 VI :4><408)

az /1#8 (J' Axl' O~i| 6) 8411,5 rnn airm Rtninmr) 6>> K' R~tt' 8j az 211 (ingjnx mvnj

j~z| mk baxn zm hmxxmvnx j~xlgf imag cmjlklbazlmg txmbnrr,' @ACT xnq~lxnr rnx{lbnxr

zm txm{ljn hmxxmvnxr vlz` lgkmxcazlmg zm `nit z`nc ’~gjnxrzagj z`n cmjlklbazlmg

znxcr– agj zm ’clglcln tmzngzlai hmxxmvnx bmgk~rlmg'– (RJ 4<#41) Att' 12', Vlfmj

xnilnj mg Vniir Kaxfm zm bmg{n| abb~xazn lgkmxcazlmg ahm~z z`n Txmfxac' (Bmcti'

»» 118) 116', Z`m~f` lz àr gm infai xlf`z) Vniir Kaxfm ~izlcazni| àr z`n ahlilz| zm

nlz`nx txmtnxi| mkknx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mx lctxmtnxi| xnrblgj z`n afxnncngz)

kmxblgf hmxxmvnxr zm tiabn z`nlx bmgkljngbn lg Vniir Kaxfm zm baxx| m~z lzr j~zlnr

kalz`k~ii|' Ar a xnr~iz) Vniir Kaxfm mvnj a j~z| zm Vlfmj agj mz`nx nilflhin

hmxxmvnxr'

@ngbn) Vlfmj“r kxa~j~ingz agj gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialcr r~x{l{n'




2:

BMGBI^RLMG

Gnlz`nx @ACT“r iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg gmx txnnctzlmg hax ag| mk

Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr) aii mk v`lb` vnxn txmtnxi| aiinfnj' Abbmxjlgfi|) z`lr Bm~xz

r`m~ij xn{nxrn agj xncagj z`n jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r Bmctialgz'

Jaznj? Mbzmhnx 16) 8411 Xnrtnbzk~ii| r~hclzznj)

-r- Rzn{ng Innii Vmmjxmv

Rzn{ng Innii Vmmjxmv

Oa| Njnirmg


Xakn| Haiahaglag

Lxlga Ria{lga

NJNIRMG CBF^LXN) IIB

2>4 Gmxz` IaRaiin Rzxnnz) R~lzn 1244


Zni? (218, >0<#;264

Kap? (218, >0<#;260

Azzmxgn|r kmx Tialgzlkk#Attniiagz Imxl Vlfmj




2>

BNXZLKLBAZN MK BMCTILAGBN VLZ@ Z\TN#[MI^CN ILCLZAZLMG) Z\TNKABN XNQ^LXNCNGZR) AGJ Z\TN

RZ\IN XNQ^LXNCNGZR

1' Z`lr hxlnk bmctilnr vlz` z`n Bm~xz Mxjnx jaznj Rntznchnx 81) 8411 xnfaxjlgf

z`n z|tn#{mi~cn ilclzazlmg hnba~rn z`lr hxlnk bmgzalgr 0)<61 vmxjr) npbi~jlgf z`n

taxzr mk z`n hxlnk npnctznj h| Knj' X' Att' T' 28(a,(6,(H,(lll,'

8' Z`lr hxlnk bmctilnr vlz` z`n z|tnkabn xnq~lxncngzr mk Knj' X' Att' T' 28(a,(>,

agj Blx' X' 28(h,) ar vnii ar z`n z|tn rz|in xnq~lxncngzr mk Knj' X' Att' T'

28(a,(;, hnba~rn z`lr hxlnk `ar hnng txntaxnj lg a txmtmxzlmgaii| rtabnj z|tnkabn

~rlgf Clbxmrmkz CabVmxj 8440 lg 18 tmlgz Bngz~x| Rb`mmihmme kmgz'

Jaznj? Mbzmhnx 16) 8411






2;

TXMMK MK RNX[LBN

L) Rzn{ng Innii Vmmjxmv) ag azzmxgn|) `nxnh| bnxzlk| z`az mg Mbzmhnx 16)

8411) L rnx{nj z`n Xnti| Hxlnk mk Tialgzlkk#Attniiagz Imxl Vlfmj h| klilgf z`n

racn vlz` z`n Bm~xz“r BC-NBK r|rznc' Z`n gmzlklbazlmg mk z`n klilgf var rngz zm

z`n bm~grni mk xnbmxj h| mtnxazlmg mk z`n Bm~xz“r NBK r|rznc'







Gm' 11#1:82

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(2, Lk z n taxz| mx aclb~r lr a bmxtmxazlmg?

l, Ljngzlk| aii lzr taxngz bmxtmxazlmgr) lk ag|5 agj

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ag ninbzxmglb bmt| kmx |m~x xnbmxjr mx txlgz a tnxrmgai bmt| kmx |m~x klinr' Ra{n Kmxc Ar Binax

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11#1:82

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# ll #

ZAHIN MK BMGZNGZR

L' O^XLRJLBZLMGAI RZAZNCNGZ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1

LL' RZAZNCNGZ MK LRR^NR TXNRNGZNJ KMX XN[LNV ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8

LLL' RZAZNCNGZ MK Z@N BARN''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2

L[' RZAZNCNGZ MK KABZR'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >

A' Z`n @ACT Txmfxac'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>

1' Z`n bxnazlmg mk @ACT '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>

8' Z`n Rnx{lbnx Taxzlbltazlmg Afxnncngz''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''';

2' @ACT f~ljnilgnr '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''6

H' Z`n Vlfmj Imag''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''14

[' R^CCAX\ MK AXF^CNGZ'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 11

[L' RZAGJAXJ MK XN[LNV '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 12

[LL' AXF^CNGZ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1:

A' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz Bmxxnbzi| @nij Z`az Vlfmj“r Rzazn Iav Bialcr AxnAg Lctnxclrrlhin Ngj#X~g Axm~gj Z`n Iabe Mk A Txl{azn Xlf`z Mk

Abzlmg Lg NNRA Agj @ACT '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1:

H' Vlfmj“r Rzazn Iav Bialcr Ar Attilnj Axn Txnnctznj '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''81

1' Vlfmj“r bialcr axn haxxnj ~gjnx txlgbltinr mk bmgkilbztxnnctzlmg'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''81

8' Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr axn r~honbz zm klnij txnnctzlmg h|{lxz~n mk z`n @mcn Mvgnxr“ Imag Abz (’@MIA–,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8>

B' Vlfmj Kalinj Zm Aiinfn A Hxnab` Mk Bmgzxabz Vlz` Xnrtnbz Zm @nx

ZTT' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8<

1' Z`n ZTT lr gmz ag ngkmxbnahin ’mkknx'–'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''24

8' Vlfmj `ar gmz aiinfnj kabzr xnkinbzlgf ’bmgrljnxazlmg'–'''''''''''''''''''28

2' Z`n ZTT jmnr gmz bmgzalg ’jnklglzn agj bnxzalg znxcr'– '''''''''''''''''''2:




# lll #

J' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz Txmtnxi| Jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r Txmclrrmx| NrzmttniBialc'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2;

N' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz Bmxxnbzi| @nij Zàz Vlfmj Kalinj Zm Aiinfn A[ailj LBKA Bialc''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''26

1' Vlfmj mkknxr gm vnii#tinajnj kabz~ai aiinfazlmgr zàz VniirKaxfm lgzngjnj Vlfmj zm xni| mg lzr aiinfnj jnbntzlmg' '''''''''''''''''''26

8' Vlfmj kalinj zm aiinfn zàz r`n r~kknxnj abz~ai jacafnr''''''''''''''''''20

2' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz txmtnxi| `nij zàz Vlfmj“r bialc zàz VniirKaxfm ngfafnj lg ~gkalx bmgj~bz jlj gmz rzazn a bialc ~gjnxLBKA'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':4

K' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz Txmtnxi| Jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r Clrxntxnrngzazlmg

Bialcr Hnba~rn R`n Kalinj Zm Tinaj Zàz R`n O~rzlklahi| Xnilnj ^tmgRzazncngzr Lg Z`n ZTT' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':1

F' Z`n Cmmxcag Mx Nbmgmclb Imrr Jmbzxlgn Haxr Vlfmj“r Gnfilfngbn#Harnj Bialcr5 Vlfmj Kalinj Zm R~kklblngzi| Aiinfn Z`n Nincngzr Mk

Nab` R~b` Bialc''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''::

1' Jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r gnfilfngbn#harnj bialcr r`m~ij hnakklxcnj harnj mg z`n ’nbmgmclb imrr jmbzxlgn'–'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''::

8' Jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz `lxlgf bialc r`m~ij hnakklxcnj' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':;

2' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz mxkxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg-bmgbnaicngz r`m~ij hn akklxcnj' ''':6

(a, Vlfmj kalinj zm aiinfn vlz` rtnblklblz| kabzr r`mvlgf zàzVniir Kaxfm àj a rb`ncn zm jnkxa~j Vlfmj'''''''''''''''''''''''':6

(h, Vlfmj kalinj zm aiinfn zàz r`n var jacafnj h| VniirKaxfm“r bmgj~bz' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':6

(b, Vlfmj kalinj zm aiinfn zàz Vniir Kaxfm mvnj `nx a j~z|' ''':0

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BNXZLKLBAZN MK BMCTILAGBN VLZ@ KNJ' X' ATT' TXMB' 28(a,(6, ''''''''''''''''''''''''' >4




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Knjnxai Barnr

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Ajacr {' ^'R' Hage)8414 VI 8;64648 (N'J' Clb`' O~i| 1) 8414,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':0

Acnxlbag ^glznj Imflrzlbr) Lgb' {' Baznii~r Jn{nimtcngz Bmxt')21< K'2j <81 (6z` Blx' 8442,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':>

Ar`bxmkz {' Lqhai)18< R' Bz' 1<26 (844<,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''12) :4) ::

Arrmblazlmg Hngnklz Rnx{lbnr) Lgb' {' Baxncaxe XP) Lgb'):<2 K'2j 0:1 (6z` Blx' 8446,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8<) 2:

A~p Rahin Ilq~lj Txmj~bzr {' C~xt`|)>8; K'2j 1480 (6z` Blx' 8440,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''88

A|nxr {' Fngnxai Cmzmxr Bmxt')82: K'2j >1: (11z` Blx' 8444,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;) 16) 1<) 81

Haizaax {' Txncl~c Batlzai K~gjlgf)8411 VI 20:1:>4 (J' ^za` A~f' 8;) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''84

Haxlgafa {' OT Cmxfag B`arn + Bm')6:< K' R~tt' 8j 11;: (J' Mx' 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2:

Hnii Aziagzlb {' Zvmchi|)>>4 ^'R' >:: (8446,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''12

Hlfflgr {' Vniir Kaxfm + Bm')8;; K'X'J' 2<< (G'J' Bai' 844<, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8<

Hmrq~n {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A')6;8 K' R~tt' 8j 2:8 (J' Carr' 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8:) 8>) 21#28

Hmvnx {' Omgnr)<60 K'8j 144: (6z` Blx' 1<<8,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':6

Hm|j {' ^'R' Hage) G'A') np xni' Rarbm Aacnr Cmxzfafn Imag Zx~rz)

### K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI 126:<0; (G'J' Lii' Atx' 18) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''81) :1Hxmjnx {' Bahin{lrlmg R|rzncr Bmxt')

:10 K'2j 106 (8j Blx' 844>, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>) 1;

Hxmvg {' Klxrz Znggnrrnn Gazlmgai Arrmblazlmg)6>2 K' R~tt' 8j 18:< (G'J' Fa' 844<, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;) 16) 8:




# { #

H~becag Bm' {' Tialgzlkkr“ Infai Bmcclzznn)>21 ^'R' 2:1 (8441,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''82) 8:) 8>

H~rlgnrr R|rzncr Ngflgnnxlgf) Lgb' {' Lgznxgazlmgai H~rlgnrr Cab`lgnr Bmxt')>:6 K'2j 008 (6z` Blx' 8440,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2:

Barn| {' KJLB )>02 K'2j >0; (0z` Blx' 844<,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''86

Bazaiag {' FCAB Cmxzfafn Bmxt');8< K'2j ;6; (6z` Blx' 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':>

Bmhh#Ai{axn {' ^glmg Tablklb Bmxt')<;8 K' R~tt' 14:< (G'J' Lii' 1<<6, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''24

Bmghm| {' AZ +Z Bmxt')8:1 K'2j 8:8 (8j Blx' 8441, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>) 1;) 10

Bmgznctm Jnrlfg) Lgb' {' B`lbafm + Gmxz`narz Liilgmlr Jlrzxlbz Bm~gbli mk Baxtngznxr)

88; K'2j >2> (6z` Blx' 8444,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''22

Bmtniagj#Z~xgnx {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A)### K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI 8;>40>2 ((J' Mx' O~i| ;) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8;) 80

Bmrzlfag {' BlzlCmxzfafn) Lgb')8411 VI 22642<6 (R'J'G'\' A~f' 8) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2;

Bmp {' Cmxzfafn Ninbzxmglb Xnflrzxazlmg R|rzncr) Lgb')8411 VI 8;44644 (J' Clgg' O~gn 24) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0) 1:) 16) 84

Bml Lxmg + Cnzai) Lgb' {' ^'R' Mkklbn Nq~ltcngz) Lgb')

8>4 K'2j >64 (6z` Blx' 8441,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''::Bxavkmxj R~tti| Fxm~t) Lgb' {' Hage mk Ac') G'A')

8411 VI 26<2<12 (G'J' Lii' A~f' 8>) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>

Jnxrb` Ngnxflnr) Lgb' {' R`nii Mli Bm')21: K'2j 0:; (6z` Blx' 8448,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>

J~kk| {' Zlbenzxnrnx{n) Lgb')688 K' R~tt' 8j <66 (G'J' Lii' 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':1

Njvaxjr {' A~xmxa Imag Rnx{lbnr) IIB)### K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI 82:4<2< (J'J'B' O~gn 1:) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''6) 0

Klxrz Tiabn Hage {' Re|ilgn K~gjlgf) Lgb')8411 VI 2862461 (G'J' Lii' O~i| 86) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':>

Kinzb`nx {' MgnVnrz Hage) KRH)### K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI 8;:0;4; (G'J' Lii' O~gn 24) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''1:) 84) 8>

Kxnnjmc Cmxzfafn Bmxt' {' H~xg`ac Cmxzfafn Bmxt')6>4 K' R~tt' 8j <60 (G'J' Lii' 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':>




# {l #

Kx|n {' I“Mxnai ^RA) Lgb')>02 K' R~tt' 8j <>: (G'J' Lii' 8440,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''20

Fajn {' Gazlmgai Rmilj Varznr Cagafncngz Arrmblazlmg)>4> ^'R' 00 (1<<8,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''88

Fnlnx {' Acnxlbag @mgja Cmzmx Bm')>8< ^'R' 0;1 (8444,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''82

Fn{a {' Inm H~xgnzz Bm')<21 K'8j 1884 (6z` Blx' 1<<1,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2;

Fxa`ac {' Cljiagj Cmxzfafn Bm'):4; K' R~tt' 8j <:0 (G'J' Lii' 844>,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':<

Fxlii {' HAB @mcn Imagr Rnx{lblgf IT) 8411 VI 1860<1 (N'J' Bai' Oag' 1:) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''21) 2:

Fxmb`mvrel {' T`mnglp Bmgrzx~bzlmg)

210 K'2j 04 (8j Blx' 8442, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>) 1;

@an`i {' Var`' C~z~ai Hage) K'A')866 K' R~tt' 8j <22 (R'J' Lgj' 8442,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''86

@lbeilg Ngflgnnxlgf) I'B' {' Haxznii):2< K'2j 2:; (6z` Blx' 844;,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1

@mii|cazlb Bmxt' {' @mii| R|rzncr) Lgb');84 K' R~tt' 12;; (G'J' Lii' 1<0>, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':6

@~elb {' A~xmxa Imag Rnx{lbnr)

>00 K'2j :84 (6z` Blx' 844<,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''12Lhxa`lc {' Clj#Aziagzlb Alx mk JB) IIB )

K' R~tt' 8j) 8411 VI 2:0<114 (J'J'B' A~f) 14) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;

Lg xn Mbvng Imag Rnx{lblgf) IIB Cmxzfafn Rnx{lblgf Ilzlfazlmg):<1 K'2j ;20 (6z` Blx' 8446,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8>) 8;) 86

Lg xn Mxz`mtnjlb Hmgn Rbxnv Txmj~bzr Ilahlilz| Ilzlfazlmg)1<2 K'2j 601 (2j Blx' 1<<<, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;

Lg xn Rai{ajmx )### H'X' ####) 8411 VI 1022100 (Hagex' C'J' Fa' Ca| 18) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''2:) 2;

Elc {' Baxznx“r Lgb')><0 K'2j 2;8 (6z` Blx' 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''20

Imghnxf {' Kxnjjln Cab)8411 VI 020<:2 (J' Mx' Cax' :) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''21

I~bla-Bmx{niim {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A')### K'R~tt'8j ####) 8411 VI 212::88 (G'J' Bai' Atx 88) 8411,'''''''''''''''''84) 21) 2;) :8




# {ll #

I~gj {' BlzlCmxzfafn Lgb')8411 VI 1062;<4 (J' ^za` Ca| 16) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''21) :8

Caxb~r + Cliilbàt Lg{' Rnx{lbnr mk B`lbafm) Lgb' {' Rne~im{rel );2< K'2j 241 (6z` Blx' 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''12) ::

Caxer {' Hage mk Acnxlba) G'A')8414 VI 8>68<00 (J' Axl' O~gn 88) 8414, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''16

CbLgxm| {' HAB @mcn Imag Rnx{lblgf) IT)8411 VI 1664<:6 (J' Clgg' Ca| <) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''16) 1<

Cnjzxmglb) Lgb' {' Im`x )>10 ^'R' :64 (1<<;,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8:

Cn`za {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A')626 K' R~tt' 8j 110> (R'J' Bai' A~f' 8;) 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''22) 2:

Clxa`l {' Vniir Kaxfm @mcn Cmxzfafn)

8414 VI 8>816:8 (J' Gn{' O~gn 1;) 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2:

Cmxainr {' Bàrn @mcn Klgagbn IIB )8411 VI 1;644:> (G'J' Bai' Atx' 11) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''84

Gajag {' @mcnrainr) Lgb')8411 VI 2>0:812 (N'J' Bai' A~f' 18) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0) 84) 2:

Gagbn {' Capvnii Knjnxai Bxnjlz ^glmg (CAP,)10; K'2j 1220 (11z` Blx' 1<<<,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;) 84

Gar` {' FCAB Cmxzfafn) IIB )

8411 VI 8:64;:> (J'X'L' Ca| 10) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''84Gazlmgai Xalixmaj Tarrngfnx Bmxt' {' Gazlmgai Arrmblazlmg mk Xalixmaj Tarrngfnxr)

:1: ^'R' :>2 (1<6:,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>

Gmxcag {' Glafaxa Cmàve Tmvnx Bmxt')062 K'8j ;2: (8j Blx' 1<0<, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;

Mirmg {' Ongengr + Flib`xlrz):;1 K' R~tt' 8j 614 (G'J' Lii' 844;,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':<

Taxcnx {' Vab`m{la)8411 VI 1046810 (G'J' Bai' Atx' 88) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''80

Tmbm {' Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn Bmxt')8411 VI 8;228<0 (G'J' Bai' O~i| >) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''80

Tmcclnx {' Tnmtin Hage Cax|bxnrz)<;6 K'8j 111> (6z` Blx' 1<<8,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2>

Txlgbn#Rnx{agbn {' Hage^glznj) KRH) 8446 VI 28>::28 (G'J' Lii' Gm{' 1) 8446,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''86




# {lll #

Xabein| {' OTCmxfag B`arn Hage) Gazlmgai Arr“g)8411 VI 8<612>6 (V'J' Znp' O~i 81) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''84) 22

Xncm {' Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn)8411 VI 2::082: (G'J' Bai' A~f' >) 8411, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8;) 80

X~ggncnjn Mvgnxr) Lgb' {' Bxnrz Cmxzfafn Bmxt')0;1 K'8j 14>2 (6z` Blx' 1<00,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':2

Raifajm {' Acnxlba“r Rnx{lblgf Bm')8411 VI 2<42468 (J' Axl' Rntz' ;) 8411,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''22

Razm {' Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn) KRH)8411 VI 860:>;6 (G'J' Bai' O~i| 12) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8;

Rb`~iz {' Tx~jngzlai Lgr~xagbn Bm' mk Acnxlba);60 K' R~tt' 8j 661 (G'J' Lii' 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':1

Rb`lien {' Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn) KRH)

6>0 K' R~tt' 8j >:< (G'J' Lii' 8414,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''86

R`~xzilkk {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A')8414 VI :;4<246 (J' ^za` Gm{' >) 8414,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''21

Rlnfni {' R`nii Mli Bm');18 K'2j <28 (6z` Blx' 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''26

Rli{ar {' N/Zxajn Cmxzfafn Bmxt')>1: K'2j 1441 (<z` Blx' 8440,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''86

Rg|jnx {' Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn)

8414 VI 862;<:> (N'J' Bai' O~i| 18) 8414,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8<Rznkkngr {' Acnxlbag @mcn Cmxzfafn Rnx{lblgf) Lgb')

8411 VI <41018 (J'R'B' Oag' >) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0

Rzmiha {' Vniir Kaxfm + Bm')8411 VI 2:::460 (J'G'O' A~f 40) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 84) 21) :8#:2) :<

Znacrznxr Imbai 808 Tngrlmg Zx~rz K~gj {' Agfnimr)02< K'8j 2;; (6z` Blx' 1<00,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''::

Zm~b`n Xmrr + Bm' {' Xnjlgfzmg)::8 ^'R' >;4 (1<6<,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>

^ciagj {' TIAGBM Klgagblai Rnx{lbnr) Lgb')>:8 K'2j >< (2j Blx' 8440, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>

[lja {' MgnVnrz Hage) K'R'H')8414 VI >1:0:62 (J' Mx' Jnb' 12) 8414,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''21

Vab`m{la Hage) G'A' {' Rb`cljz)>:; ^'R' 242 (844;,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1




# lp #

Vaxxng {' Hage mk Acnxlba)8411 VI 811;:46 (R'J' Fa' Ca| 8:) 8411, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''16

Vliilacr {' Fnlz`gnx )844< VI 26>6204 (J' Clgg' Gm{' <) 844<,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0) 16) 1<

_axlk {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A')8411 VI 140>;4 (R'J' Bai' Cax' 82) 8411,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''80) 8<

_m`nx {' Bàrn @mcn Klgagblgf)8414 VI :4;:6<0 (R'J' Kia' Mbz' 1>) 8414,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8:

Rzazn Barnr

Ajinx {' Vliilac Hialx + Bm');:0 G'N'8j 88; (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<>,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':2) ::

Agagj {' Caxtin)

>88 G'N'8j 801 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<00,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2>

Bàzàc R~xflbmxn) Izj' {' @naiz` Baxn Rnx{lbn Bmxt')08; G'N'8j <64 (Lii' Att' Bz' 844>,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':6

Bmgglbe {' R~~el Cmzmx Bm');6> G'N'8j >0: (Lii' 1<<;,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':0) :<) >1

Bmmgn| {' B`lbafm T~hilb Rb`mmir)<:2 G'N'8j 82 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8414,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2<

JlImxngm {' [ai{n + Txlcnx Bmxt')

046 G'N'8j ;62 (Lii' Att' Bz' 844:,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''22J~xag {' Inriln Mijrcmhlin) Lgb')

><: G'N'8j 12>> (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<8,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''26

Kmp Arrmblaznr) Lgb' {' Xmhnxz @aik Lgznxgazlmgai) Lgb')666 G'N'8j ;42 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8448,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':>

I~blagl {' Hnrzmx ):2; G'N'8j 8>1 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<08,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':2

Cafga Hage mk Cajlrmg Bm~gz| {' Oacnrmg);4: G'N'8j >:1 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<8,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':0) :<

CbNxinag {' ^glmg Gazlmgai Hage mk B`lbafm):1: G'N'8j 180 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<04,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2:) 2>

Clzb`nii {' Gmxcag Oacnr Bmgrzx~bzlmg Bm');0: G'N'8j 068 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<6,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':;

Cmmxcag Cag~kabz~xlgf Bm' {' Gazlmgai Zage Bm'):2> G'N'8j ::2 (Lii' 1<08,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''::) :>




# p #

Cmxxlr {' @ax{n| B|bin agj Bactnx) Lgb')<11 G'N'8j 14:< (Lii' Att' Bz' 844<,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''20) :4

C~iilfag {' Q[B) Lgb')000 G'N'8j 11<4 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8440,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''20

Gntz~gm Zxn~`agj#^gj [nxvaiz~gfrfnrniirb`akz Ch` {' Axhmx );<8 G'N'8j 018 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<0,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':0

Mil{nlxa {' Acmbm Mli Bm')66; G'N'8j 1>1 (Lii' 8448,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':4

Tnzz| {' B`x|rinx Bmxt')6<< G'N'8j :28 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8442,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2<

Txlbn {' T`lilt Cmxxlr) Lgb')0:0 G'N'8j 1 (Lii' 844>,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''20) 2<) :4

Xmrr {' Ca| Bm')

004 G'N'8j 814 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8446,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''28

Rb`cljz {' Iagjklnij)1;< G'N8j 88< (Lii' 1<00,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':2

R~h~xhag 1) Lgb' {' F@R Cmxzfafn) IIB )022 G'N'8j 10 (Lii' Att' Bz' 844>,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''26

Znab`nxr Lgr~xagbn + Agg~lz| Arrmblazlmg mk Acnxlba {' IaRaiin Gazlmgai Hage );<1 G'N'8j 001 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<0,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':<

[ag @mxgn {' C~iinx )

64> G'N'8j 0<0 (Lii' 1<<0,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':;

Rzazn Rzaz~znr

01> LII' BMCT' RZAZ' >4>-14a''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':) 26) 20

Knjnxai Rzaz~znr agj Xnf~iazlmgr

18 B'K'X' ¦ >;4'1'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8;

18 B'K'X' ¦ >;4'8'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8;) 86

18 ^'R'B' ¦ 1:;1 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8>

18 ^'R'B' ¦ >841 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>

18 ^'R'B' ¦ >811 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>

18 ^'R'B' ¦ >812 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>

18 ^'R'B' ¦ >81< '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>




# pl #

18 ^'R'B' ¦ >884 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>

18 ^'R'B' ¦ >>1< '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>) 16

18 ^'R'B' ¦ 1>>2 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8;

80 ^'R'B' ¦ 18<1 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8

80 ^'R'B' ¦ 1228 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1) 8

80 ^'R'B' ¦ 12:0 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1

T~h' I' Gm' 111#842) Rzaz' 1266; (8414,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8;

Mz`nx A~z`mxlzlnr

2 RAC^NI VLIILRZMG) A ZXNAZLRN MG Z@N IAV MK BMGZXABZR ¦ 6?10 (:z` nj' 8440,'''' 22#2:




L' O^XLRJLBZLMGAI RZAZNCNGZ

Tialgzlkk#attniiagz Imxl Vlfmj (’Vlfmj–, klinj z`lr abzlmg afalgrz Vniir Kaxfm Hage)

G'A' (’Vniir Kaxfm–, mg Atxli 1>) 8414' (Jbez' 1', Vlfmj“r o~xlrjlbzlmgai rzazncngz lr gmz

bmctinzn mx ngzlxni| bmxxnbz' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz `aj mxlflgai o~xlrjlbzlmg m{nx Vlfmj“r

r~lz t~xr~agz zm hmz` 80 ^'R'B' ¦¦ 1228(a, agj 1228(j,'

Klxrz) z`nxn lr jl{nxrlz| mk blzlngr`lt' Vlfmj lr a blzlng mk Liilgmlr' (Acngjnj

Bmctialgz (Jbez' 1, (’AB–, »11',1 Vniir Kaxfm lr a gazlmgai hagelgf arrmblazlmg vlz` lzr

calg mkklbn lg Rm~z` Jaemza' (AB »18', Kmx o~xlrjlbzlmg t~xtmrnr) gazlmgai hagelgf

arrmblazlmgr axn jnncnj ’blzlngr mk z`n Rzaznr lg v`lb` z`n| axn xnrtnbzl{ni| imbaznj'–

80 ^'R'B' ¦ 12:0' Z`lr rzaz~zmx| iagf~afn cnagr z`az a gazlmgai hagelgf arrmblazlmg lr a

blzlng mk z`n rzazn lg v`lb` lzr calg mkklbn) ar rnz kmxz` lg lzr axzlbinr mk arrmblazlmg) lr

imbaznj) Vab`m{la Hage) G'A' {' Rb`cljz) >:; ^'R' 242) 210 (844;,) agj lzr txlgbltai tiabn

mk h~rlgnrr lr gmz xnin{agz zm z`n o~xlrjlbzlmgai agai|rlr' Rnn @lbeilg Ngf“f) I'B' {' Haxznii)

:2< K'2j 2:;) 2:6#:0 (6z` Blx' 844;,'

Z`n acm~gz lg bmgzxm{nxr| npbnnjr *6>)444' Vlfmj rnner rtnblklb tnxkmxcagbn mk a

t~xtmxznj bmgzxabz zm cmjlk| `nx *680)>44 cmxzfafn imag rnx{lbnj h| Vniir Kaxfm'

(Cmxzfafn) Jbez' 24#1 »N5 AB »»;<#64) 02 + Txa|nx kmx Xnilnk »»B) @', Vlfmj airm rnner

bmctngrazmx| agj t~glzl{n jacafnr) ar vnii ar azzmxgn|r“ knnr' (AB) Txa|nx kmx Xnilnk

»»A#O', T~xr~agz zm 80 ^'R'B' ¦ 1228(a,) bmctinzn jl{nxrlz| nplrzr'

1 Blzazlmgr zm z`n xnbmxj axn lgjlbaznj h| z`n xnin{agz jlrzxlbz bm~xz jmbenz g~chnx(’Jbez'–, agj tafn xagfn' Blzazlmgr zm z`n Omlgz Attngjlp axn lgjlbaznj h| ’Att'– agjtafn xagfn'




# 8 #

O~xlrjlbzlmg airm nplrzr ~gjnx z`n Biarr Abzlmg Kalxgnrr Abz (’BAKA–,) 80 ^'R'B'

¦ 1228(j,) hnba~rn (l, z`n gazlmgvljn t~zazl{n biarr bmgrlrzr mk az inarz 144 txmtmrnj

biarr cnchnxr (AB »>4,5 (ll, z`n blzlngr`lt mk az inarz mgn t~zazl{n biarr cnchnx lr

jlkknxngz kxmc zàz mk Vniir Kaxfm (rnn r~txa agj AB »<,5 agj (lll, z`n affxnfazn acm~gz

lg bmgzxm{nxr| npbnnjr *>)444)444) npbi~rl{n mk lgznxnrz agj bmrzr (AB »»<) >1,'

Mg Oag~ax| 8>) 8411) z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz fxagznj Vniir Kaxfm“r X~in 18(h,(;, cmzlmg zm

jlrclrr vlz` txno~jlbn' (Jbez' >< (’Mxjnx–,) ;4', Z`lr Bm~xz àr o~xlrjlbzlmg m{nx

Vlfmj“r attnai ~gjnx 80 ^'R'B' ¦ 18<1) v`lb` {nrzr z`n Bm~xzr mk Attnair vlz`

’o~xlrjlbzlmg mk attnair kxmc aii klgai jnblrlmgr mk z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xzr mk z`n ^glznj

Rzaznr'– 80 ^'R'B' ¦ 18<1' Vlfmj klinj a zlcni| Gmzlbn mk Attnai vlz` z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz

mg Knhx~ax| 88) 8411' (Jbez' ;8',

LL' RZAZNCNGZ MK LRR^NR TXNRNGZNJ KMX XN[LNV

A' V`nz`nx z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz bmxxnbzi| jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r bialcr rnnelgf zm

nrzahilr` a {lmiazlmg mk knjnxai iav agj Bmgfxnrr txm{ljnj gm txl{azn xlf`z abzlmg ~gjnx

zàz iav'

H' V`nz`nx z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jnblrlmg r`m~ij hn akklxcnj ~gjnx txlgbltinr mk

bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg v`nxn z`n bialcr) lk r~bbnrrk~i) vm~ij xnq~lxn Vniir Kaxfm zm

txm{ljn Vlfmj vlz` a imag cmjlklbazlmg kmx v`lb` r`n jmnr gmz q~ailk|'

B' V`nz`nx z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jnblrlmg r`m~ij hn akklxcnj ~gjnx txlgbltinr mk

klnij txnnctzlmg (~gjnx z`n knjnxai @mcn Mvgnxr“ Imag Abz, v`nxn z`mrn bialcr) lk

r~bbnrrk~i) vm~ij r~hrzagzlaii| lgznxknxn vlz` z`n ahlilz| mk Vniir Kaxfm zm rnx{lbn

xnrljngzlai cmxzfafn imagr'




# 2 #

J' V`nz`nx z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz bmxxnbzi| jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialcr

hnba~rn r`n kalinj zm tinaj zàz r`n o~rzlklahi| xnilnj ~tmg rzazncngzr lg `nx @ACT

Zxlai Tnxlmj Tiag'

N' V`nz`nx z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz bmxxnbzi| `nij zàz Vlfmj kalinj zm tinaj z`n nincngzr

mk a bialc ~gjnx z`n Liilgmlr Bmgr~cnx Kxa~j Abz (’LBKA–,) lgbi~jlgf zàz Vlfmj“r

kali~xn zm tinaj zàz r`n xnilnj mg ag| aiinfnj jnbntzlmg mx zàz Vlfmj r~kknxnj abz~ai

jacafnr v`ng r`n bmgzlg~nr zm hn hm~gj h| z`n znxcr mk `nx mxlflgai imag jmb~cngzr'

K' V`nz`nx z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz bm~ij à{n txmtnxi| jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r rzazn iav

bialcr) lgbi~jlgf `nx bialc kmx hxnab` mk bmgzxabz) mg mz`nx fxm~gjr lg z`n xnbmxj'

LLL' RZAZNCNGZ MK Z@N BARN

Vlfmj klinj z`lr iavr~lz zm bàiingfn Vniir Kaxfm“r jnznxclgazlmg zàz r`n var gmz

nilflhin kmx a tnxcagngz cmxzfafn imag cmjlklbazlmg ~gjnx z`n knjnxai fm{nxgcngz“r

@mcn Akkmxjahin Cmjlklbazlmg Txmfxac (’@ACT–, agj attilbahin lg{nrzmx f~ljnilgnr'

Vlfmj bialcr zàz Vniir Kaxfm hxnab`nj lzr mhilfazlmgr zm `nx h| ’{lmiazlgf– agj-mx

’lfgmxUlgfS– @ACT f~ljnilgnr' (Ti' Hxlnk 81) 88', Lg `nx Acngjnj Bmctialgz) Vlfmj

rnner zm xntxnrngz a t~zazl{n biarr mk ’UaSii `mcnmvgnxr gazlmgvljn v`m à{n ngznxnj

lgzm a UZxlai Ta|cngz Tiag (’ZTT–,S Afxnncngz vlz` Vniir Kaxfm kmx z`n t~xtmrnr mk

cmjlk|lgf z`nlx `mcn cmxzfafnr agj) jnrtlzn à{lgf bmctilnj vlz` aii znxcr mk z`n

ZTT Afxnncngz) à{n gmz xnbnl{nj kxmc Vniir Kaxfm ag mkknx kmx tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg'– (AB »:6', Aiznxgazl{ni|) Vlfmj rnner zm xntxnrngz a rlcliaxi|#jnklgnj

t~zazl{n biarr ilclznj zm Liilgmlr `mcnmvgnxr' (AB »:0',




# : #

Hnba~rn z`nxn lr gm txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg ~gjnx @ACT (mx z`n knjnxai rzaz~zn ~gjnx

v`lb` z`n txmfxac var bxnaznj,) Vlfmj hxlgfr `nx bialcr ~gjnx Liilgmlr iav'

Rtnblklbaii|) Vlfmj rnner xnilnk harnj mg hxnab` mk bmgzxabz (Bm~gz L,) txmclrrmx|

nrzmttni (Bm~gz LL,) hxnab` mk z`n Rnx{lbnx Taxzlbltazlmg Afxnncngz ar ag lgzngjnj

z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblax| (Bm~gz LLL,) gnfilfngz `lxlgf agj r~tnx{lrlmg (Bm~gz L[,)

kxa~j~ingz clrxntxnrngzazlmg-bmgbnaicngz (Bm~gz [,) gnfilfngz

clrxntxnrngzazlmg-bmgbnaicngz (Bm~gz [L,) agj {lmiazlmg mk z`n LBKA) 01> Lii' Bmct'

Rzaz' >4>-1) nz rnq' (Bm~gz [LL,' Vlfmj rnner) acmgf mz`nx z`lgfr) bmgzxabz jacafnr) ag

mxjnx xnq~lxlgf Vniir Kaxfm zm mkknx Vlfmj agj z`n t~zazl{n biarr cnchnxr tnxcagngz

@ACT cmjlklbazlmgr) t~glzl{n jacafnr) agj lgo~gbzl{n xnilnk vlz` xnrtnbz zm Vniir

Kaxfm“r rnx{lblgf txabzlbnr agj lzr zxalglgf agj r~tnx{lrlmg mk lzr rnx{lblgf nctim|nnr'

(AB) Txa|nx kmx Xnilnk »»A#I',

Mg O~i| 82) 8414) Vniir Kaxfm klinj a Cmzlmg zm Jlrclrr z`n Acngjnj Bmctialgz'

(Jbez' 80', Mg Oag~ax| 8>) 8411) z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz fxagznj z`n Cmzlmg vlz` txno~jlbn'

Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz `nij) lg taxz) z`az Vlfmj“r ’aiinfnj mkknx zm cmjlk| bacn ahm~z agj

var cajn v`mii| ~gjnx z`n x~hxlb mk @ACT) ar vnxn UVlfmj“rS aiinfnj abzlmgr lg

abbntzagbn mk z`n mkknx) l'n') r~hclzzlgf z`n xnq~lxnj jmb~cngzazlmg ''' UagjS xnclzzlgf

xnj~bnj imag ta|cngzr'– (Mxjnx < (lgznxgai q~mzazlmg mclzznj,', Z`n bm~xz z`nxnkmxn

km~gj z`az Vlfmj ’kaliUnjS zm rzazn a ba~rn mk abzlmg lgjntngjngz mk @ACT) kmx v`lb`

z`nxn lr gm txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg'– (Lj',




# > #

L[' RZAZNCNGZ MK KABZR

A' Z`n @ACT Txmfxac

1' Z`n bxnazlmg mk @ACT

Lg naxi| 844<) z`n ^'R' Jntaxzcngz mk z`n Zxnar~x| (’Zxnar~x|–, nrzahilr`nj @ACT

t~xr~agz zm Rnbzlmgr 141 agj 14< mk z`n Ncnxfngb| Nbmgmclb Rzahlilazlmg Abz mk 8440

(’NNRA–,' Z`n t~xtmrnr mk NNRA lgbi~jn ’(1, zm lccnjlazni| txm{ljn a~z`mxlz| agj

kablilzlnr zàz z`n Rnbxnzax| mk z`n Zxnar~x| bag ~rn zm xnrzmxn ilq~ljlz| agj rzahlilz| zm

z`n klgagblai r|rznc mk z`n ^glznj Rzaznr5 agj (8, zm ngr~xn zàz r~b` a~z`mxlz| agj r~b`

kablilzlnr axn ~rnj lg a caggnx zàz…Ulgznx ailaS txnrnx{nr `mcnmvgnxr`ltU'S– 18 ^'R'B'

¦ >841' V`ng ngabzlgf NNRA) ’Bmgfxnrr fa{n Zxnar~x| hxmaj tmvnxr zm rzahliln z`n

klgagblai caxenzr) lgbi~jlgf z`n cmxzfafn axnga'– Bmgfxnrrlmgai M{nxrlf`z Tagni) Atxli

M{nxrlf`z Xntmxz) az 1>1#>8 (Atx' 1:) 8414, (’Atxli Xntmxz–,) a{aliahin az

`zzt?--b|hnxbncnznx|'~gz'nj~-axb`l{n-bmt-84114:4188288>-`zzt?--bmt'rngazn'fm{-x

ntmxzr-5 rnn 18 ^'R'B' ¦¦ >811(b,) >812(2,'

Rtnblklbaii|) Rnbzlmg 14<) batzlmgnj ’Kmxnbimr~xn Clzlfazlmg Nkkmxzr)– ’xnq~lxnr U S z`n

Rnbxnzax| zm lctincngz ‐a tiag zàz rnner zm caplcln arrlrzagbn kmx `mcnmvgnxr)“ agj

~rn z`n a~z`mxlz| mk z`n Rnbxnzax| zm ‐ngbm~xafn“ z`n rnx{lbnxr mk z`mrn ~gjnxi|lgf

cmxzfafnr zm a{ali z`ncrni{nr UmkS z`n ‐@MTN kmx @mcnmvgnxr Txmfxac ' ' ' mx mz`nx

a{aliahin txmfxacr zm clglcln kmxnbimr~xnr'“ Lg ajjlzlmg) z`n Rnbxnzax| airm ‐ca|“ ~rn

imag f~axagznnr agj bxnjlz ngàgbncngzr zm ‐kablilzazn“ imag cmjlklbazlmgr ‐zm txn{ngz

a{mljahin kmxnbimr~xnr'“– Atxli Xntmxz az 1;8 (q~mzlgf 18 ^'R'B' ¦¦ >81<(a,,5 rnn airm 18

^'R'B' ¦ >884(h,' @ACT ~rnr ZAXT k~gjr zm ngàgbn taxzlbltazlmg lg z`n txmfxac agj




# ; #

txm{ljnr cmgnzax| lgbngzl{n ta|cngzr zm hmxxmvnxr) ingjnxr) agj rnx{lbnxr' Atxli

Xntmxz az 8>5 rnn airm (R~ttincngzai Jlxnbzl{n (’RJ–, 4<#41) Att' 88#8>,5 RJ 14#4> az ;#6)

a{aliahin az `zztr?--vvv'`ctajclg'bmc-tmxzai-txmfxacr-f~ljagbn'ort5 C@A

@agjhmme [nxrlmg 2'2) az 14;#140'8

8' Z`n Rnx{lbnx Taxzlbltazlmg Afxnncngz

Mg Atxli 12) 844<) Vniir Kaxfm agj Kaggln Can) ar klgagblai afngz kmx z`n ^glznj

Rzaznr) npnb~znj a Bmcclzcngz zm T~xbàrn Klgagblai Lgrzx~cngz agj Rnx{lbnx

Taxzlbltazlmg Afxnncngz kmx @ACT (’RTA–,' (Att' <0#11;', Vniir Kaxfm agj Kaggln

Can npnb~znj ag Acngjnj RTA mg Caxb` 1;) 8414' (Jbez' 24#:', Z`n RTA rnzr kmxz` z`n

’znxcr agj bmgjlzlmgr xniazlgf zm z`n xnrtnbzl{n xminr agj xnrtmgrlhlilzlnr mk Txmfxac

taxzlbltagzr agj mz`nx klgagblai afngzr mk z`n fm{nxgcngz'– (Att' <0', K~xz`nx) z`n RTA

txm{ljnr zàz Kxnjjln Cab) airm ar klgagblai afngz mk z`n ^glznj Rzaznr) vlii ’k~iklii a

bmctilagbn xmin lg bmggnbzlmg vlz` z`n Txmfxac )– (lj', agj zàz Vniir Kaxfm“r

’tnxkmxcagbn mk z`n Rnx{lbnr agj lctincngzazlmg mk z`n Txmfxac ràii hn r~honbz zm

xn{lnv h| Kxnjjln Cab agj lzr afngzr agj jnrlfgnnr)– (lj') <<) »8'J,'

H| npnb~zlgf z`n RTA) Vniir Kaxfm afxnnj zm tnxkmxc z`n imag cmjlklbazlmg agj

mz`nx rnx{lbnr jnrbxlhnj z`nxnlg agj rnz kmxz` lg z`n ’Txmfxac f~ljnilgnr agj

8

Txlmx zm A~f~rz 1<) 8414) Zxnar~x| t~hilr`nj lzr f~ljnilgnr lg z`n kmxc mkR~ttincngzai Jlxnbzl{nr) KAQr) acmgf mz`nx jmb~cngzr' Rlgbn A~f~rz 8414) Zxnar~x|àr t~hilr`nj a bmgrmiljaznj àgjhmme mk txmfxaccazlb f~ljagbn kmx gmg#FRN imagr)a{aliahin az `zztr?--vvv'`ctajclg'bmc-tmxzai-txmfxacr-rnx{lbnx'ort' Z`lr hxlnkfngnxaii| blznr zm z`n mxlflgai f~ljagbn jmb~cngzr attilbahin zm Vlfmj“r imag) a{aliahinaz `zztr?--vvv'`ctajclg'bmc-tmxzai-txmfxacr-f~ljagbn'ort'




# 6 #

txmbnj~xnr lrr~nj h| z`n Zxnar~x|) lgbi~jlgf ) vlz`m~z ilclzazlmg) z`n gnz txnrngz {ai~n

arrnrrcngz xnq~lxncngzr mk z`n Txmfxac)– agj ag| mz`nx ’r~ttincngzai

jmb~cngzazlmg) lgrzx~bzlmgr) h~iinzlgr) inzznxr) jlxnbzl{nr) mx mz`nx bmcc~glbazlmgr …

lrr~nj h| z`n Zxnar~x|) Kaggln Can) mx Kxnjjln Cab …– (Lj') »1'A',

Z`n RTA airm txm{ljnr zàz jlrt~znr hnzvnng z`n taxzlnr) l'n') Vniir Kaxfm agj

Zxnar~x|) xnfaxjlgf @ACT xnq~lxncngzr vlii hn xnrmi{nj lg abbmxjagbn vlz` knjnxai

iav agj z`xm~f` aiznxgazl{n jlrt~zn cnbàglrcr' (Jbez' 24#:) »18'A', Z`n RTA rzaznr

zàz ’z`n taxzlnr afxnn zm zaen aii xnarmgahin rzntr zm xnrmi{n jlrt~znr lgznxgaii| hnkmxn

bmccngblgf infai txmbnnjlgfr'– (Lj'5 Att' 14:) »6', Bmgrlrzngz vlz` z`lr z`ncn) RJ 4<#

41 airm txm{ljnr kmx ag lrr~n-xnrmi~zlmg attnai txmbnrr kmx rnx{lbnx arrnrrcngzr' (Att'

8;',

Lz lr vnii#nrzahilr`nj zàz hmxxmvnxr) ilen Vlfmj) axn gmz lgzngjnj z`lxj#taxz|

hngnklblaxlnr mk z`n RTA) agj z`n| jm gmz à{n rzagjlgf zm ngkmxbn Vniir Kaxfm“r

mhilfazlmgr ~gjnx z`n RTA ar zm z`nlx imagr' Rnn) n'f') Njvaxjr {' A~xmxa Imag Rnx{r') IIB ) #

## K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI 82:4<2<) az />#; (J'J'B' O~gn 1:) 8411, (bmiinbzlgf barnr,'

Lgjnnj) Vlfmj jmnr gmz attnai z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r x~ilgf zàz r`n lr gmz a z`lxj#taxz|

hngnklblax| mk z`n RTA' (Ti' Hx' :) g':', Gmgnz`ninrr) aii mk Vniir Kaxfm“r mhilfazlmgr

~gjnx @ACT az lrr~n lg z`lr attnai jlxnbzi| kimv kxmc z`n RTA'

2' @ACT f~ljnilgnr

Mg Caxb` :) 844<) z`n Ajclglrzxazlmg t~hilr`nj jnzalinj txmfxac f~ljnilgnr zàz

rnz kmxz` z`n txmbnj~xnr agj bxlznxla zm hn ~rnj h| rnx{lbnxr zm n{ai~azn nab` hmxxmvnx“r

@ACT nilflhlilz|' Rnn `zzt?--vvv'zxnar~x|'fm{-txnrr#bngznx-txnrr#




# 0 #

xninarnr-Tafnr-844<2:1:><18288'artp' Zxnar~x| àr rlgbn lrr~nj r~ttincngzai

f~ljagbn mg g~cnxm~r mbbarlmgr zm ajo~rz agj ngàgbn jlkknxngz bmctmgngzr mk z`n

txmfxac agj zm agrvnx q~nrzlmgr xalrnj h| txmfxac taxzlbltagzr) txlcaxli| imag

rnx{lbnxr' Rnn r~txa) kmmzgmzn 8'

Z`n txmfxac f~ljnilgnr rnz kmxz` a jnklgnj imag cmjlklbazlmg txmbnrr harnj mg

fm{nxgcngz agj lg{nrzmx bxlznxla' ^rlgf z`n f~ljnilgnr) z`n imag rnx{lbnx n{ai~aznr

v`nz`nx ag lgjl{lj~ai imag ca| hn cmjlklnj lg r~b` a va| ar zm ab`ln{n a r~rzalgahin

cmgzì| ta|cngz acm~gz' Gmz aii imagr rnx{lbnj h| Vniir Kaxfm axn nilflhin kmx

bmgrljnxazlmg kmx @ACT' (Rnn RJ 4<#41) Att' 8#2', Kmx npactin) rmcn lg{nrzmxr jm gmz

taxzlbltazn lg @ACT) a xnr~iz bmgznctiaznj h| @ACT f~ljnilgnr' (Lj') 1) :

(taxzlbltazlgf rnx{lbnxr c~rz caen ag nkkmxz zm xncm{n lg{nrzmx txm`lhlzlmgr mg

cmjlklbazlmgr5 imagr vlz` a gnfazl{n GT[ xnr~iz baggmz hn cmjlklnj vlz`m~z nptxnrr

lg{nrzmx attxm{ai,', K~xz`nx) bmgzxax| zm Vlfmj“r xntnaznj rzazncngzr) z`n taxzlbltazlgf

rnx{lbnx lr gmz xnq~lxnj zm cmjlk| n{nx| @ACT#nilflhin imag' 2

^rlgf z`n hmxxmvnx“r {nxlklnj lgbmcn lgkmxcazlmg) @ACT f~ljnilgnr xnq~lxn a

rnx{lbnx zm atti| rzntr egmvg ar z`n ’vaznxkaii'– Z`n vaznxkaii lr jnrlfgnj zm ab`ln{n a

cmgzì| cmxzfafn ta|cngz zàz lr gmz cmxn zàg 21. mk a hmxxmvnx“r zmzai txn#zap

2 NNRA jmnr gmz cagjazn imag cmjlklbazlmgr' Vliilacr {' Fnlz`gnx) 844< VI26>6204) az /; (J' Clgg' Gm{' <) 844<,5 rnn airm Gajag {' @mcnRainr) Lgb') 8411 VI2>0:812) az /0 (N'J' Bai' A~f' 18) 8411, (’Jnkngjagzr axn bmxxnbz zàz ingjnxr ‐xnzalg z`nxlf`z zm xnonbz mx rzx~bz~xn cmjlklbazlmgr ar attxmtxlazn zm z`n lgjl{lj~ai blxb~crzagbnrmk z`n hmxxmvnx'“–,5 Bmp {' Cmxzfafn Ninb' Xnflrzxazlmg R|r') Lgb') 8411 VI 8;44644) az /8(J' Clgg' O~gn 24) 8411,5 Njvaxjr) 8411 VI 82:4<2<) az /;5 Rznkkngr {' Ac' @mcn CmxzfafnRnx{lblgf) Lgb') 8411 VI <41018) az /: (J'R'B' Oag' >) 8411,'




# < #

cmgzì| lgbmcn' (RJ 4<#41) Att' 0#14', Klxrz) z`n rnx{lbnx vlii xnj~bn z`n lgznxnrz xazn zm

ar imv ar 8.' (Lj') <', Gnpz) lk gnbnrrax|) z`n rnx{lbnx vlii npzngj z`n imag znxc ~t zm :4

|naxr' (Lj', Klgaii|) lk gnbnrrax|) z`n rnx{lbnx vlii kmxnhnax xnta|cngz mk txlgbltai ~gzli

z`n imag lr talj mkk agj vlii val{n lgznxnrz mg z`n jnknxxnj acm~gz' (Lj') <#14', Rnx{lbnxr

axn airm tnxclzznj) az z`nlx jlrbxnzlmg) zm kmxfl{n txlgbltai zm ab`ln{n z`n zaxfnz cmgzì|

ta|cngz xazlm v`nxn txlgbltai xnj~bzlmg lr gmz mz`nxvlrn xnq~lxnj' (Lj') 14',

Lk attilbazlmg mk z`n vaznxkaii jmnr gmz xnr~iz lg ag akkmxjahin ta|cngz) z`n imag jmnr

gmz q~ailk| kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' (Lj') 0#14', Lk attilbazlmg mk z`n vaznxkaii jmnr

txmj~bn ag akkmxjahin ta|cngz) z`n rnx{lbnx z`ng r~honbzr z`n imag zm a ’gnz txnrngz

{ai~n– (’GT[–, znrz' Lk z`n GT[ znrz txmj~bnr a ’gnfazl{n– xnr~iz (zàz lr) imrrnr kxmc

kmxnbimr~xn axn inrr zàg imrrnr kxmc cmjlklbazlmg,) z`n rnx{lbnx lr gmz mhilfaznj zm

cmjlk| z`n imag' (Lj') :', Z`n rnx{lbnx xnzalgr bnxzalg jlrbxnzlmg ar zm `mv z`n GT[ znrz lr

baib~iaznj' (Lj') >',' Lk a hmxxmvnx q~ailklnr kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg) r`n) acmgf

mz`nx z`lgfr) c~rz r~bbnrrk~ii| bmctinzn a zxlai tnxlmj tiag mx ZTT' (Lj') 16#10',

Rlfglklbagzi| kmx t~xtmrnr mk z`lr attnai) ~gjnx mxlflgai @ACT f~ljnilgnr agj

lglzlai Zxnar~x| tmilb|) a taxzlbltazlgf rnx{lbnx var a~z`mxlnj zm tiabn a hmxxmvnx lg a

ZTT hnkmxn z`n rnx{lbnx àj mhzalgnj aii lgkmxcazlmg kxmc z`n hmxxmvnx gnbnrrax| zm

caen a klgai jnznxclgazlmg ar zm v`nz`nx z`n hmxxmvnx q~ailklnj kmx a tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg' (Lj') >#;) 16 (’UrSnx{lbnxr axn gmz xnq~lxnj zm {nxlk| klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg

txlmx zm z`n nkknbzl{n jazn mk z`n zxlai tnxlmj–,', Z`n rnx{lbnx vm~ij z`nxnakznx

tnxcagngzi| cmjlk| z`n hmxxmvnx“r imag mgi| lk aii xnq~lxnj bmgjlzlmgr vnxn cnz)

lgbi~jlgf z`n hmxxmvnx r~hclzzlgf aii gnbnrrax| lgbmcn jmb~cngzazlmg kxmc v`lb` z`n




# 14 #

rnx{lbnx bag {nxlk| z`n hmxxmvnx“r q~ailklbazlmgr kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg) z`n

hmxxmvnx caelgf aii zlcni| ta|cngzr ~gjnx z`n ZTT) agj z`n rnx{lbnx ngr~xlgf zàz aii

lg{nrzmx bxlznxla kmx a cmjlklbazlmg axn razlrklnj' (Lj') 1) :) 0#<) 16#10',

Ar a Bmgfxnrrlmgai M{nxrlf`z Tagni gmznj lg lzr Atxli Xntmxz) z`n Zxnar~x| lglzlaii|

jnbljnj ’zm aiimv rnx{lbnxr zm mkknx UZTTrS harnj mg rzaznj mx {nxlklnj lgbmcn rm zàz z`n

txmfxac bm~ij xnab` a iaxfnx g~chnx mk hmxxmvnxr lg z`n r`mxznrz acm~gz mk zlcn lg

mxjnx zm rznc z`n kimmj mk kmxnbimr~xnr zàz cag| rav bmclgf' Z`lr var taxz mk a

fngnxai jnblrlmg zm xmii m~z @ACT {nx| q~lbei|'– (Att' 128',

^gjnx z`lr tmilb|) g~cnxm~r hmxxmvnxr vnxn tiabnj lg a ZTT hnkmxn z`n| àj

r~hclzznj aii mk z`n gnbnrrax| jmb~cngzazlmg kxmc v`lb` z`n rnx{lbnx bm~ij caen a

klgai nilflhlilz| jnznxclgazlmg' Ar a xnr~iz) z`m~ragjr mk ZTT hmxxmvnxr ‒ ilen Vlfmj ‒

jlj gmz bmg{nxz zm tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmgr' Mg Oag~ax| 80) 8414) Zxnar~x| lrr~nj RJ

14#41) v`lb` ‒ nkknbzl{n O~gn 1) 8414 ‒ xnq~lxnj rnx{lbnxr zm {nxlk| hmxxmvnx nilflhlilz|

kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg txlmx zm mkknxlgf a ZTT' (Att' 2<#>1', Vlfmj“r imag

txnbnjnj z`lr rlfglklbagz txmfxac bàgfn':

H' Z`n Vlfmj Imag

Vlfmj mhzalgnj a cmxzfafn imag kxmc Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn) KRH mg mx ahm~z

Rntznchnx :) 8446' (AB »8<', (Vab`m{la iaznx cnxfnj lgzm Vniir Kaxfm', Z`n *680)>44

imag var rnb~xnj h| Vlfmj“r bmgjmclgl~c' Az rmcn zlcn z`nxnakznx) Vlfmj km~gj

`nxrnik lg lcclgngz jnka~iz mg `nx cmxzfafn imag' Lg Atxli 844<) r`n bmgzabznj Vniir

: Vniir Kaxfm lgjntngjngzi| cajn z`lr bàgfn lg Caxb` 8414'




# 11 #

Kaxfm zm atti| kmx a imag cmjlklbazlmg' (Lj' » 24', Jnznxclglgf zàz r`n var nilflhin zm

rzaxz a ZTT cmjlklbazlmg ~gjnx z`n gnv @ACT txmfxac) Vniir Kaxfm txm{ljnj Vlfmj

vlz` a zxlai tiag lg Ca| 844<' (Lj' » 21) 2:',

Akznx xnbnl{lgf agj npnb~zlgf `nx ZTT) Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz r`n rngz k~xz`nx

jmb~cngzr zm Vniir Kaxfm ’zàz vnxn gnbnrrax| zm jnznxclgn `nx nilflhlilz|'– (Lj'» 28',

Vlfmj airm cajn nab` mk z`n km~x cmjlklnj ta|cngzr j~n ~gjnx `nx ZTT' (Lj' » 26', Az

z`n ngj mk z`n zxlai tnxlmj) Vniir Kaxfm jlj gmz txm{ljn Vlfmj vlz` a tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngz' (Lj' » 2<',

Mg Gm{nchnx 12) 844<) Vniir Kaxfm rngz Vlfmj a inzznx rzazlgf zàz lz bm~ij gmz

ajo~rz z`n znxcr mk `nx cmxzfafn hnba~rn ’vn axn ~gahin zm fnz |m~ zm a cmjlklnj

ta|cngz acm~gz zàz |m~ bm~ij akkmxj tnx z`n lg{nrzmx f~ljnilgnr mg |m~x cmxzfafn'–

(Att' 181', Mg Gm{nchnx 1>) 844<) Vniir Kaxfm gmzlklnj Vlfmj zàz lz bmgrljnxnj `nx

imag zm hn lg jnka~iz' (AB » :8', M{nx z`n gnpz rn{nxai cmgz`r) Vlfmj ~gr~bbnrrk~ii|

bàiingfnj Vniir Kaxfm“r jnblrlmg gmz zm tnxcagngzi| cmjlk| `nx imag' (Lj' » :2',

Vlfmj hniln{nr zàz Vniir Kaxfm ’vxmgfk~ii| bmgbi~jnj zàz r`n jlj gmz q~ailk| kmx ag

mkknx kmx tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg'– (Lj',

[' R^CCAX\ MK AXF^CNGZ

Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz txmtnxi| jlrclrrnj z`lr iavr~lz ar a cazznx mk iav agj g~cnxm~r

fxm~gjr r~ttmxz akklxcazlmg mk z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r o~jfcngz' Vlfmj lr gmz ngzlzinj zm a

tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg ~gjnx @ACT) agj Vniir Kaxfm var ~gjnx gm mhilfazlmg zm

tnxcagngzi| cmjlk| Vlfmj“r imag rmini| hnba~rn Vlfmj cajn ta|cngzr ~gjnx `nx

ZTT agj txm{ljnj Vniir Kaxfm vlz` xnq~nrznj jmb~cngzazlmg' A bxlzlbai bmctmgngz mk




# 18 #

z`n imag cmjlklbazlmg txmbnrr lr {nxlklbazlmg h| z`n rnx{lbnx zàz z`n hmxxmvnx razlrklnr aii

fm{nxgcngz agj lg{nrzmx bxlznxla kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' Vlfmj jlj gmz razlrk|

z`nrn bxlznxla) agj r`n jmnr gmz aiinfn zàz r`n jlj' Lgrznaj) Vlfmj azznctzr zm ~rn rzazn

iav zm bmctni Vniir Kaxfm zm tnxcagngzi| cmjlk| `nx imag ~gjnx @ACT n{ng z`m~f`

jmlgf rm vm~ij jlxnbzi| bmgzxajlbz @ACT f~ljnilgnr agj Vniir Kaxfm“r bmgzxabz~ai

mhilfazlmgr zm z`n ^glznj Rzaznr'

Vniir Kaxfm“r @ACT mhilfazlmgr kimv jlxnbzi| kxmc lzr RTA vlz` z`n Zxnar~x|'

Vlfmj lr gmz ag lgzngjnj z`lxj#taxz| hngnklblax| ~gjnx z`n afxnncngz) gmx jmnr r`n

à{n a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg zm ngkmxbn z`n txmfxac“r xnq~lxncngzr' G~cnxm~r knjnxai

barnr nrzahilr` zàz rzazn iavr r`m~ij gmz hn ~rnj ar a rzagj#lg kmx a knjnxai ba~rn mk

abzlmg v`ng Bmgfxnrr txm{ljnj gm r~b` xlf`zr lg z`n fm{nxglgf rzaz~zn'

K~xz`nx) Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr) ar attilnj) axn r~honbz zm hmz` bmgkilbz agj klnij

txnnctzlmg' Ar zm z`n klxrz) bmctilagbn vlz` Vlfmj“r txmtmrnj rzagjaxjr agj z`mrn

lctmrnj mg Vnii Kaxfm ~gjnx @ACT f~ljnilgnr jlxnbzi| bmgkilbz agj) ar zm z`n iazznx)

Vlfmj“r bialcr vm~ij r~hrzagzlaii| lgznxknxn vlz` Vniir Kaxfm“r ahlilz| zm rnx{lbn

xnrljngzlai cmxzfafn imagr' Lg ajjlzlmg) Vlfmj“r bialcr vm~ij kx~rzxazn Bmgfxnrrlmgai

mhonbzl{nr h| jlrbm~xaflgf rnx{lbnx taxzlbltazlmg lg @ACT) lgznxknxlgf vlz` knjnxai

m{nxrlf`z agj ngkmxbncngz mk z`n txmfxac) agj lctmrlgf klkz| rzaznr“ iavr mg ag

aixnaj| bmctinp) h~z jnklgnj) knjnxai cmjlklbazlmg txmfxac'

Zm z`n npzngz zàz Vlfmj lr tnxclzznj zm ngkmxbn @ACT z`xm~f` rzazn iav) r`n àr

gmgnz`ninrr kalinj zm tinaj z`n xnq~lxnj nincngzr mk nab` mk `nx bialcr' Kmx npactin)

Vlfmj bm~ij gmz tinaj clrxntxnrngzazlmg hnba~rn r`n àr gmz ‒ agj bm~ij gmz ‒ aiinfn




# 12 #

zàz r`n o~rzlklahi| xnilnj mg rzazncngzr lg `nx ZTT v`nxn zàz jmb~cngz binaxi| rzaznj

zàz Vlfmj vm~ij gmz xnbnl{n a tnxcagngz @ACT cmjlklbazlmg ~ginrr aii ’bmgjlzlmgr

vnxn cnz'– Vlfmj bm~ij gmz tinaj a {lmiazlmg mk LBKA hnba~rn) acmgf mz`nx z`lgfr) r`n

àr gmz aiinfnj zàz Vniir Kaxfm lgzngjnj zàz r`n xni| mg ag| aiinfnj jnbntzlmg mx zàz

r`n r~kknxnj ag| abz~ai jacafnr' V`lin Vlfmj bnarnj caelgf cmxzfafn ta|cngzr imgf

afm (n{ng z`m~f` r`n bmgzlg~nr zm il{n lg `nx txmtnxz|,) r`n àr gn{nx hnng xniln{nj mk

`nx mhilfazlmgr ~gjnx `nx mxlflgai imag jmb~cngzr agj Vniir Kaxfm àr gn{nx val{nj

lzr xlf`z zm bmiinbz r~b` ta|cngzr ar Vlfmj“r imag rnx{lbnx' Kmx aii mk z`n xnarmgr rzaznj

h| z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz) agj mg fxm~gjr jlrb~rrnj cmxn k~ii| hnimv) Vniir Kaxfm

xnrtnbzk~ii| xnq~nrzr zàz z`lr Bm~xz akklxc z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r o~jfcngz lg k~ii'

[L' RZAGJAXJ MK XN[LNV

Z`lr Bm~xz xn{lnvr jn gm{m a jlrzxlbz bm~xz“r jlrclrrai kmx kali~xn zm rzazn a bialc'

@~elb {' A~xmxa Imag Rnx{r') >00 K'2j :84) :2: (6z` Blx' 844<,' V`ng xn{lnvlgf a cmzlmg

zm jlrclrr) z`n Bm~xz c~rz are v`nz`nx z`n tialgzlkk àr cajn aiinfazlmgr zàz ’xalrn a

xlf`z zm xnilnk ahm{n z`n rtnb~iazl{n in{ni– agj ’rzazn a bialc zm xnilnk zàz lr tia~rlhin mg

lzr kabn'– Rnn Hnii Azi' {' Zvmchi|) >>4 ^'R' >::) >>>) >64 (8446,5 rnn airm Ar`bxmkz {'

Lqhai) 18< R' Bz' 1<26) 1<:< (844<,' Lg ajjlzlmg) z`n Bm~xz ca| akklxc jlrclrrai mg ag|

fxm~gjr lg z`n xnbmxj hnimv) n{ng v`nxn z`mrn fxm~gjr vnxn gmz z`n harlr mk z`n

jlrzxlbz bm~xz“r mtlglmg' Rnn Caxb~r + Cliilbàt Lg{' Rnx{r' mk B`l') Lgb' {' Rne~im{rel ) ;2<

K'2j 241) 218 (6z` Blx' 8411,'




# 1: #

[LL' AXF^CNGZ

A' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz Bmxxnbzi| @nij Zàz Vlfmj“r Rzazn Iav Bialcr Axn AgLctnxclrrlhin Ngj#X~g Axm~gj Z`n Iabe Mk A Txl{azn Xlf`z Mk Abzlmg LgNNRA Agj @ACT'

@ACT txm{ljnr z`n jnznxclgazl{n iav zàz fm{nxgr z`n m~zbmcn mk Vlfmj“r bialcr5

z`mrn bialcr) zm hn xnrmi{nj) vm~ij xnq~lxn ilzlfazlmg mk bmgznrznj lrr~nr mk knjnxai iav)

kmx npactin) xnfaxjlgf z`n xnq~lxncngzr zàz Vniir Kaxfm var mhilfaznj zm kmiimv ~gjnx

@ACT) agj v`nz`nx Vniir Kaxfm razlrklnj z`mrn xnq~lxncngzr' Hnba~rn z`n m~zbmcn mk

Vlfmj“r bialcr jntngjr aicmrz) lk gmz) ngzlxni| ~tmg attilbazlmg mk knjnxai iav

rzagjaxjr) `nx bialcr baggmz hn xnrmi{nj ~gjnx rzazn iav' Kmx zàz xnarmg) Vlfmj“r

bialcr axn @ACT bialcr lg jlrf~lrn) agj z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz bmxxnbzi| bmgbi~jnj zàz

z`n| axn ag ngj#x~g axm~gj z`n iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg lg NNRA agj @ACT' Lk

Bmgfxnrr àj lgzngjnj bm~xzr zm hn ajo~jlbazlgf v`nz`nx a hmxxmvnx q~ailklnj kmx a

imag cmjlklbazlmg ~gjnx NNRA mx @ACT) lz vm~ij à{n txm{ljnj a txl{azn xlf`z mk

abzlmg ‒ h~z lz b`mrn gmz zm jm rm'> Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jnblrlmg zàz Vlfmj ’kaliUnjS zm

rzazn a ba~rn mk abzlmg lgjntngjngz mk @ACT) kmx v`lb` z`nxn lr gm txl{azn xlf`z mk

abzlmg– r`m~ij hn akklxcnj'

V`lin Vlfmj arrnxzr zàz z`nxn lr gm x~in mk iav zàz r~ttmxzr z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r

`mijlgf (Ti' Hx' 10) agj blzlgf Kinzb`nx {' MgnVnrz Hage) KRH) ### K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI

8;:0;4;) az /: (G'J' Lii' O~gn 24) 8411,,) r`n lr lgbmxxnbz' ’Lz lr a txlgbltin mk rzaz~zmx|

bmgrzx~bzlmg zàz ‐v`ng inflriazlmg nptxnrri| txm{ljnr a taxzlb~iax xncnj| mx xncnjlnr)

> Lz lr hn|mgj jlrt~zn (ar Vlfmj xnbmfglnr, zàz gnlz`nx NNRA gmx @ACTtxm{ljnr hmxxmvnxr vlz` z`n xlf`z zm txl{azni| ngkmxbn lzr znxcr zm mhzalg a tnxcagngz@ACT cmjlklbazlmg' Rnn) n'f') Bmp) 8411 VI 8;44644) az /25 (Ti' Hx' 18#12) 1>#1;',




# 1> #

bm~xzr r`m~ij gmz nptagj z`n bm{nxafn mk z`n rzaz~zn zm r~hr~cn mz`nx xncnjlnr'“–

Bmghm| {' AZ +Z Bmxt') 8:1 K'2j 8:8) 8>2 (8j Blx' 8441, (q~mzlgf Gaz“i X'X' Tarrngfnx

Bmxt' {' Gaz“i Arr“g mk X'X' Tarrngfnxr) :1: ^'R' :>2) :>0 (1<6:,,5 Jnxrb` Ngnxflnr) Lgb' {'

R`nii Mli Bm') 21: K'2j 0:;) 0>6 (6z` Blx' 8448,5 rnn airm ^ciagj {' TIAGBM Klg' Rnx{r') Lgb')

>:8 K'2j ><) ;6 (2j Blx' 8440, (xnajlgf knjnxai iav lgzm bmgzxabz ’vm~ij bmgzxajlbz

Bmgfxnrr“r jnblrlmg gmz zm lgbi~jn nptxnrri| a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg–,' ’UVS`ng

Bmgfxnrr vlr`nj zm txm{ljn a txl{azn jacafn xncnj|) lz egnv `mv zm jm rm agj jlj rm

nptxnrri|'– Zm~b`n Xmrr + Bm' {' Xnjlgfzmg) ::8 ^'R' >;4) >68 (1<6<,' Bmgfxnrr jlj gmz

txm{ljn a txl{azn xncnj| zm hmxxmvnxr v`m rnne zm bàiingfn @ACT nilflhlilz|

jnznxclgazlmgr'

Hxmjnx {' Bahin{lrlmg R|rzncr Bmxt') :10 K'2j 106 (8j Blx' 844>,) lr lgrzx~bzl{n' Z`nxn) a

bahin Z[ b~rzmcnx r~nj Bahin{lrlmg kmx hxnab` mk bmgzxabz hnba~rn) h| mkknxlgf bnxzalg

xaznr zm rmcn h~z gmz aii mk lzr b~rzmcnxr) Bahin{lrlmg {lmiaznj z`n ~glkmxc xazn

xnq~lxncngz mk :6 ^'R'B' ¦ >:2(j,) acmgf mz`nx iavr' Lj' az 1<8' Z`xm~f` rzazn iav)

Hxmjnx rm~f`z a jnbiaxazmx| o~jfcngz rzazlgf zàz Bahin{lrlmg àj {lmiaznj :6 ^'R'B'

¦ >:2(j,' Lj' az 1<>' Knjnxai iav txm{ljnj bahin b~rzmcnxr vlz` gm txl{azn xlf`z mk

abzlmg) agj z`n bm~xz `nij zàz ’z`n iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg … bm~ij gmz hn

a{mljnj {la a hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc– hnba~rn ’a knjnxai bm~xz r`m~ij gmz rzxalg zm

klgj lg a bmgzxabz a rzazn#iav xlf`z mk abzlmg kmx {lmiazlmg mk a knjnxai iav ~gjnx v`lb`

gm txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg nplrzr'– Lj' az 1<0 (blzlgf Fxmb`mvrel {' T`mnglp Bmgrzx') 210 K'2j

04 (8j Blx' 8442,,' Z`n Rnbmgj Blxb~lz rlcliaxi| `nij lg Fxmb`mvrel zàz a rzazn#iav r~lz

kmx hxnab` mk a bmgrzx~bzlmg bmgzxabz xnknxngblgf txn{alilgf vafn rb`nj~inr ~gjnx z`n




# 1; #

Ja{lr#Habmg Abz bm~ij gmz a{mlj zàz Abz“r iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg zm ngkmxbn

z`mrn vafn rb`nj~inr' 210 K'2j az 0>5 rnn airm Lhxa`lc {' Clj#Azi' Alx mk JB) IIB ) ### K'

R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI 2:0<114) az /8 (J'J'B' A~f) 14) 8411, (racn,'

Hxmjnx airm `nij zàz z`n iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg bm~ij gmz hn a{mljnj h|

hxlgflgf bialcr ~gjnx Gnv \mxe“r jnbntzl{n txabzlbnr rzaz~zn (FHI ¦ 2:<,' Z`nxn) z`n

bm~xz blznj lzr naxilnx jnblrlmg lg Bmghm|) 8:1 K'2j 8:8) v`nxn z`n Rnbmgj Blxb~lz `nij

zàz a ’tialgzlkk baggmz blxb~c{ngz z`n iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg kmx {lmiazlmg mk a

Gnv \mxe rzazn iav h| tinajlgf `lr bialc ~gjnx FHI ¦ 2:<'– Hxmjnx ) :10 K'2j az 1<<'

Z`n Hxmjnx bm~xz gmznj) ’UvSnxn vn zm `mij … zàz FHI ¦ 2:< ca| hn ~rnj zm arrnxz a

txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg kmx {lmiazlmg mk a knjnxai iav mz`nxvlrn iabelgf mgn) vn vm~ij

nrrngzlaii| hn azzxlh~zlgf zm z`n Gnv \mxe inflriaz~xn ag lgzngz zm z`vaxz Bmgfxnrr“r

lgzngzlmgr mg a rlfglklbagz rbain'– Lj'5 rnn airm A|nxr {' Fng' Cmzmxr Bmxt') 82: K'2j >1:)

>8:#8> (11z` Blx' 8444, (hmxxmvnx baggmz ~rn knjnxai mx rzazn XLBM zm ngkmxbn knjnxai

xnf~iazlmgr zàz iabe txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg,5 Lg xn Mxz`mtnjlb Hmgn Rbxnv Txmjr' Ilah'

Ilzlf') 1<2 K'2j 601) 6<1 (2j Blx' 1<<<,5 Gagbn {' Capvnii Knj' Bxnjlz ^glmg) 10; K'2j 1220)

12:8#:2 (11z` Blx' 1<<<, (akklxclgf jlrclrrai mk rzazn iav bmgrtlxab| bialc hnba~rn

ngkmxbncngz mk xlf`zr rnb~xnj h| knjnxai iav vlz`m~z txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg ’vm~ij

tnxclz tialgzlkkr zm caen ag ‐ngj x~g“ axm~gj Uz`nS knjnxai rzaz~zmx| rzx~bz~xn–,5 Gmxcag

{' Glafaxa Cmàve Tmvnx Bmxt') 062 K'8j ;2:) ;26#20 (8j Blx' 1<0<, (racn,5 Hxmvg {' Klxrz

Zngg' Gaz“i Arr“g) 6>2 K' R~tt' 8j 18:<) 18;4 (G'J' Fa' 844<, (tialgzlkk bm~ij gmz ~rn

knjnxai agj rzazn XLBM zm ngkmxbn [A ingjlgf f~ljnilgnr v`nxn Bmgfxnrr txm{ljnj mgi|




# 16 #

ajclglrzxazl{n xncnjlnr agj ingjnx taxzlbltazlmg var ngbm~xafnj,' Z`n racn txlgbltin

attilnr `nxn'

Bmgfxnrr tiabnj xnrtmgrlhlilz| mg Zxnar~x| kmx lctincngzlgf @ACT agj kmx lrr~lgf

f~ljagbn zàz rnzr kmxz` z`n @ACT rzagjaxjr zm hn attilnj h| rnx{lbnxr' Rnn 18 ^'R'B'

¦ >>1<(a,5 rnn airm Bmp) 8411 VI 8;44644) az /85 Vliilacr) 844< VI 26>6204) az /2' Kxnjjln

Cab) z`n ^glznj Rzaznr“ klgagblai afngz) lr xnrtmgrlhin kmx ngkmxblgf @ACT agj ngr~xlgf

zàz rnx{lbnxr bmcti| vlz` @ACT f~ljagbn' (Att' 8>) <0,5 Vaxxng {' Hage mk Ac') 8411

VI 811;:46) az /2 (R'J' Fa' Ca| 8:) 8411,5 CbLgxm| {' HAB @mcn Imag Rnx{lblgf) 8411 VI

1664<:6) az /2 (J' Clgg' Ca| <) 8411, (’@ACT jnrlfgaznr Kxnjjln Cab ar z`n txmfxac“r

rmin ngkmxbncngz afngz agj txm{ljnr bmgr~cnxr vlz` a txmbnj~xn kmx klilgf bmctialgzr

vlz` Kxnjjln Cab'–,5 Caxer {' Hage mk Ac') G'A') 8414 VI 8>68<00) az /; (J' Axl' O~gn

88) 8414, (’UhS| jninfazlgf bmctilagbn a~z`mxlz| zm mgn ngzlz|) Kxnjjln Cab) Bmgfxnrr

lgzngjnj zàz a txl{azn ba~rn mk abzlmg var gmz tnxclzznj–,';

Lz vm~ij hn lgbmgrlrzngz vlz` @ACT“r rzx~bz~xn zm txm{ljn hmxxmvnxr vlz` a xlf`z zm

rnne o~jlblai ngkmxbncngz mk @ACT f~ljnilgnr z`xm~f` rzazn iav z`~r r`lkzlgf

lgznxtxnzazlmg mk @ACT“r xnq~lxncngzr kxmc z`n Zxnar~x|) agj lzr afngzr) zm z`n bm~xzr'

Rnn) n'f') A|nxr) 82: K'2j az >8:#8>5 Hxmvg) 6>2 K' R~tt' 8j az 18>0' Gmz mgi| vm~ij

; Vlfmj rnner zm bàiingfn gmz mgi| Vniir Kaxfm“r jnznxclgazlmg zàz r`n jlj gmzq~ailk| kmx a tnxcagngz @ACT cmjlklbazlmg) h~z airm Vniir Kaxfm“r txmbnj~xnr kmxbmcti|lgf vlz` @ACT) lgbi~jlgf z`n caggnx lg v`lb` lz `lxnj agj r~tnx{lrnjnctim|nnr zm cnnz lzr @ACT mhilfazlmgr' Z`nrn mhilfazlmgr kimv zm Vniir Kaxfmz`xm~f` lzr RTA' Z`n Zxnar~x| lr a~z`mxlnj) agj ~rnr lzr a~z`mxlz|) zm cmglzmx agjngkmxbn z`n caggnx lg v`lb` rnx{lbnxr axn cnnzlgf z`nlx mhilfazlmgr ~gjnx z`n RTA) agjVlfmj àr gm rzagjlgf zm jm rm'




# 10 #

g~cnxm~r knjnxai o~jfnr hnflg lgznxtxnzlgf @ACT h~z) ~gjnx Vlfmj“r attxmab`) nab`

rzazn“r iavr vm~ij hn ajjnj zm z`n clp) z`~r mkknxlgf z`n txmrtnbz mk g~cnxm~r

jlkknxngz lgznxtxnzazlmgr hnlgf attilnj zm z`n racn rnx{lbnx' Z`lr vm~ij ~gjnxclgn

a~z`mxlz| txm{ljnj npbi~rl{ni| zm fm{nxgcngzai afngblnr h| Bmgfxnrr'6 Gmz`lgf lg z`n

barn iav mx NNRA r~ttmxzr z`lr xnr~iz'

Ar z`n Rnbmgj Blxb~lz gmznj agaimfm~ri| lg Bmghm|) v`nxn a knjnxai afngb| (z`nxn)

z`n KBB, lr xnrtmgrlhin kmx lgznxtxnzlgf agj lctincngzlgf a knjnxai rzaz~zn) a txl{azn

xlf`z mk abzlmg vm~ij hn lgbmgrlrzngz vlz` z`mrn tmvnxr ’hnba~rn ‐UtSxl{azn ilzlfazlmg

zngjr zm zxagrknx xnf~iazmx| lgznxtxnzazlmg agj jlrbxnzlmg kxmc z`n afngb| zm z`n

bm~xzr'“– 8:1 K'2j az 8>2 (q~mzlgf Bmghm| {' AZ+Z Bmxt') 0: K' R~tt' 8j :<8) >41

(R'J'G'\' 8444,' Z`n Rnbmgj Blxb~lz bmgzlg~nj?

a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg vm~ij tiabn z`n KBB“r ’lgznxtxnzl{n k~gbzlmgrq~axni| lg z`n àgjr mk txl{azn taxzlnr agj rmcn 644 knjnxai jlrzxlbz o~jfnr) lgrznaj mk lg z`n àgjr mk z`n Bmcclrrlmg … Z`n xnr~iz vm~ij hn

zm jntxl{n z`n KBB mk gnbnrrax| kinplhlilz| agj a~z`mxlz| lg bxnazlgf)lgznxtxnzlgf) agj cmjlk|lgf bmcc~glbazlmgr tmilb|'– Gnv Ngfiagj Zni' +Zni' Bm' {' T~hilb ^zlir' Bmcc“g) 6:8 K'8j 1) ; (1rz Blx' 1<0:, UHxn|nx) O'S' Lz lr`lfì| ~gileni|) z`nxnkmxn) zàz Bmgfxnrr lgzngjnj zm bxnazn a txl{azn xlf`zmk abzlmg kmx {lmiazlmgr mk KBB xnf~iazlmgr' R~b` a xlf`z vm~ij ’z`xnazngUSz`n rm~gj jn{nimtcngz mk a bm`nxngz gazlmgvljn bmcc~glbazlmgr tmilb|‒ a bngzxai mhonbzl{n mk z`n UBmcc~glbazlmgrS Abz'– Lj' az >'

6 NNRA attmlgzr a Rtnblai Lgrtnbzmx Fngnxai mk z`n Zxm~hin Arrnz Xnilnk Txmfxac

(’RLFZAXT–,) v`lb` lgbi~jnr @ACT' Z`n RLFZAXT bmgj~bzr a~jlzr agjlg{nrzlfazlmgr) vlz` r~htmnga tmvnx) vlz` xnrtnbz zm ZAXT' Z`n RLFZAXT lr airmxnrtmgrlhin kmx lrr~lgf q~axznxi| xntmxzr zm Bmgfxnrr' 18 ^'R'B' ¦ >821' NNRA airm fl{nrm{nxrlf`z a~z`mxlz| zm z`n Klgagblai Rzahlilz| M{nxrlf`z Hmaxj zm caenxnbmccngjazlmgr zm Zxnar~x|) r~hclz xntmxzr zm Bmgfxnrr) agj xntmxz kxa~j zm z`nAzzmxgn| Fngnxai mx z`n Rtnblai Lgrtnbzmx Fngnxai kmx ZAXT' 18 ^'R'B' ¦ >81:' Z`nZxnar~x| airm lrr~nr cmgzì| agj q~axznxi| xntmxzr xnfaxjlgf rnx{lbnxr“ bmctilagbnvlz` @ACT' (Rnn) n'f') Jbez' 24#2',




# 1< #

8:1 K'2j az 8>25 rnn airm A|nxr) 82: K'2j az >8:#8>5 Hxmvg) 6>2 K' R~tt' 8j az 18>0'

A klgjlgf h| z`lr Bm~xz akklxclgf z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jnblrlmg vm~ij gmz cnag zàz

Vlfmj mx ag| mz`nx hmxxmvnx vm~ij hn vlz`m~z a xncnj|' A hmxxmvnx v`m vlr`nr zm

bàiingfn a @ACT jnznxclgazlmg) mx t~xr~n a @ACT bmctialgz) àr rn{nxai mtzlmgr

lgbi~jlgf) kmx npactin? (1, ~rlgf z`n npzngrl{n nrbaiazlmg txmbnrr lglzlaznj h| baiilgf z`n

@MTN @mzilgn (rnn Vliilacr) 844< VI 26>6204) az /2,5 (8, r~hclzzlgf a bmctialgz zm

Kxnjjln Cab (rnn CbLgxm|) 8411 VI 1664<:6) az /2,5 mx (2, r~hclzzlgf a bmctialgz zm z`n

MBB) z`n afngb| zàz m{nxrnnr gazlmgai hager) lgbi~jlgf Vniir Kaxfm'0

Cmxn rtnblklbaii|) Kaggln Can bmgzxabzr vlz` z`n gmg#txmklz @mcnmvgnxr`lt

Txnrnx{azlmg Km~gjazlmg zm mtnxazn z`n @MTN @mzilgn z`xm~f` v`lb` hmxxmvnxr ca|

nrbaiazn bmgbnxgr xnfaxjlgf `mv z`nlx @ACT attilbazlmg var àgjinj'< Rnn

Bmgfxnrrlmgai M{nxrlf`z Tagni) Jnbnchnx M{nxrlf`z Xntmxz az 60) (Jnb' 1:) 8414,)

a{aliahin az `zzt?--b|hnxbncnznx|'~gz'nj~-axb`l{n-bmt-84114:4188288>-

`zzt?--bmt'rngazn'fm{-xntmxzr-' Bmctialgzr kxmc hmxxmvnxr arrnxzlgf zàz z`nlx

cmjlklbazlmgr vnxn vxmgfi| jnglnj axn nrbaiaznj zm @^J#attxm{nj bm~grnimxr v`m

vlii lglzlazn a z`xnn#va| baii vlz` z`n rnx{lbnx agj hmxxmvnx zm xnrmi{n z`n lrr~n' Lj' Lk

z`n bm~grnimx lr ~gahin zm xnrmi{n z`n lrr~n) z`n bmctialgz ca| z`ng hn rngz zm z`n

0 Rnn `zzt?--vvv'`nitvlz`c|hage'fm{-bmgzabz#~r-bmgzabz#z`n#mbb'`zci'

< Kaggln Can xnq~lxnr rnx{lbnxr zm txm{ljn a Hmxxmvnx Gmzlbn) v`lb` c~rz lgbi~jnz`n @MTN @mzilgn g~chnx (agj ag nptiagazlmg zàz z`n hmxxmvnx bag rnne kxnnarrlrzagbn kxmc @^J#attxm{nj `m~rlgf bm~grnimxr agj bag xnq~nrz arrlrzagbn lg~gjnxrzagjlgf z`n gmzlbn h| arelgf kmx C@A @NIT,) zm aii hmxxmvnxr v`m à{n hnngn{ai~aznj kmx @ACT h~z vnxn gmz mkknxnj a ZTT) vnxn gmz mkknxnj a @ACTcmjlklbazlmg) mx axn az xlre mk imrlgf nilflhlilz| kmx @ACT hnba~rn z`n| à{n kalinj zmtxm{ljn xnq~lxnj klgagblai jmb~cngzazlmg' (Rnn RJ 4<#40) Jbez' :6#:) 1#:',




# 84 #

bm~grnilgf afngblnr“ cagafncngz v`m vlii bmgr~iz vlz` `lf`nx#in{ni mkklblair az z`n

rnx{lbnx' Lj' Lk z`n bmctialgz xncalgr ~gxnrmi{nj az z`lr rzafn) lz lr nrbaiaznj zm z`n

@ACT Rmi~zlmg Bngznx az Kaggln Can' Lj' Bmctialgzr aiinflgf zàz z`n rnx{lbnx jlj gmz

aj`nxn zm @ACT f~ljnilgnr bag hn k~xz`nx nrbaiaznj zm z`n C@A Bmctilagbn

Bmcclzznn az Zxnar~x|) v`lb` lr a~z`mxlnj zm xnq~lxn z`n rnx{lbnx zm bàgfn a

cmjlklbazlmg jnblrlmg' Lj' az 6<' Abbmxjlgfi|) z`n iabe mk a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg jmnr

gmz ina{n a hmxxmvnx v`m rnner zm bàiingfn a gnfazl{n @ACT m~zbmcn vlz`m~z a

txmbnrr zm jm rm'

G~cnxm~r bm~xzr lg knjnxai o~xlrjlbzlmgr axm~gj z`n bm~gzx| afxnn vlz` z`n Jlrzxlbz

Bm~xz lg z`lr barn zàz a tialgzlkk ca| gmz t~xr~n a rzazn iav ba~rn mk abzlmg zàz rnner zm

jm gmz`lgf cmxn zàg ngkmxbn @ACT' Rnn) n'f') Haizaax {' Txncl~c Batlzai K~gjlgf) 8411

VI 20:1:>4) az /: (J' ^za` A~f' 8;) 8411, (jlrclrrlgf rzazn iav bialcr zàz ’axn gmz`lgf

cmxn zàg jlrf~lrnj @ACT bialcr'–,5 Gajag) 8411 VI 2>0:812) az /05 Rzmiha {' Vniir

Kaxfm + Bm') 8411 VI 2:::460) az /2 (J'G'O' A~f 40) 8411, (blzlgf Vlfmj jnblrlmg,5 Xabein|

{' OTCmxfag Bàrn Hage) Gaz“i Arr“g) 8411 VI 8<612>6) az /2 (V'J' Znp' O~i 81) 8411,

(racn,5 Bmp) 8411 VI 8;44644) az /2 (jlrclrrlgf rzazn iav bialcr txnjlbaznj mg @ACT,5

Gar` {' FCAB Cmxzfafn) IIB ) 8411 VI 8:64;:>) az /18 (J'X'L' Ca| 10) 8411,5

I~bla-Bmx{niim {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') ### K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI 212::88) az /;#6

(G'J' Bai' Atx 88) 8411, (racn,5 Cmxainr {' Bàrn @mcn Klg' IIB ) 8411 VI 1;644:>) az />

(G'J' Bai' Atx' 11) 8411, (racn,'14

14 Z`n zvm barnr zàz à{n nptxnrri| xnonbznj O~jfn Cagglgf“r jnblrlmg axn lg z`nGmxz`nxg Jlrzxlbz mk Liilgmlr? Kinzb`nx {' MgnVnrz Hage) KRH) ### K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI




# 81 #

@ACT var gmz lgzngjnj zm hngnklz n{nx| hmxxmvnx) agj) lg NNRA) Bmgfxnrr

xnbmfglnj zàz gmz n{nx| kmxnbimr~xn lr ’a{mljahin'– Lgjnnj) tiablgf hmxxmvnxr lg

cmjlklnj imagr zàz z`n| baggmz akkmxj vm~ij tnxtnz~azn) xaz`nx zàg aiin{lazn) z`n

klgagblai blxb~crzagbnr zàz NNRA var lgzngjnj zm ajjxnrr' Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr

axn gmz bmgzxabz bialcr mx ~gkalx agj jnbntzl{n txabzlbnr bialcr' Az z`nlx bmxn) z`n| axn

bàiingfnr zm Vniir Kaxfm“r jnznxclgazlmg zàz Vlfmj jlj gmz q~ailk| kmx a @ACT

cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngz' Hnba~rn Vlfmj jmnr gmz à{n a xlf`z zm rnne a txl{azn xncnj|

kmx a @ACT jnglai) z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz txmtnxi| jlrclrrnj `nx bialcr ar a cazznx mk iav'

Rnn A|nxr) 82: K'2j az >8>'11

H' Vlfmj“r Rzazn Iav Bialcr Ar Attilnj Axn Txnnctznj'

1' Vlfmj“r bialcr axn haxxnj ~gjnx txlgbltinr mk bmgkilbztxnnctzlmg'

Z`n Bm~xz r`m~ij xnonbz Vlfmj“r axf~cngz mg attnai zàz `nx bialcr axn gmz

txnnctznj h| knjnxai iav'18 Ar attilnj agj lk r~bbnrrk~i) Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr

vm~ij cagjazn a xnr~iz jlxnbzi| az mjjr vlz` @ACT) zàz lr) z`n txm{lrlmg mk @ACT

8;:0;4; (G'J' Lii' O~gn 24) 8411, agj Hm|j {' ^'R' Hage) G'A') np xni' Rarbm Aacnr CmxzfafnImag Zx~rz) Rnxlnr 8442#1) ### K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI 126:<0; (G'J' Lii' Atx' 18) 8411,'Kmx aii mk z`n xnarmgr rnz kmxz` ahm{n) lgbi~jlgf z`n r~ttmxzlgf a~z`mxlz| blznj `nxnlg)Vniir Kaxfm xnrtnbzk~ii| hniln{nr zàz Hm|j agj Kinzb`nx vnxn lgbmxxnbzi| jnbljnj'

11 Gnlz`nx NNRA“r ra{lgfr bia~rn (Ti' Hx' 1<, gmx @ACT“r ba~zlmg zm rnx{lbnxr zàz

z`n| c~rz hn lg bmctilagbn vlz` ’aii knjnxai) rzazn) agj imbai iavr– bàgfnr z`n agai|rlr5gnlz`nx mk z`nrn txm{lrlmgr txm{ljnr a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg' Lgjnnj) @ACT f~ljnilgnrrzazn zàz rnx{lbnxr c~rz hn lg bmctilagbn vlz` Rnbzlmg > mk z`n KZB Abz (Att' 18,)~gjnx v`lb` txl{azn lgjl{lj~air à{n gm xlf`z mk abzlmg'

18 Vlfmj jlj gmz mkknx ag| axf~cngzr zm z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz xnfaxjlgf txnnctzlmg'@mvn{nx) hnba~rn r`n jmnr rm `nxn) Vniir Kaxfm xnrtmgjr'




# 88 #

imag cmjlklbazlmgr zm hmxxmvnxr v`m jm gmz cnnz z`n Zxnar~x|“r f~ljnilgnr kmx

q~ailklbazlmg' ^gjnx z`mrn blxb~crzagbnr) ’rzazn iav ‐Uvm~ijS rzagjUS ar ag mhrzabin zm

z`n abbmctilr`cngz agj npnb~zlmg mk z`n k~ii t~xtmrnr agj mhonbzl{nr mk Bmgfxnrr'“–

Fajn {' Gaz“i Rmilj Varznr Cfcz' Arrmb') >4> ^'R' 00) <0 (1<<8, (lgznxgai q~mzazlmgr

mclzznj,'

Ar z`lr Bm~xz rzaznj lg A~p Rahin Ilq~lj Txmj~bzr {' C~xt`|) >8; K'2j 1480) 142: (6z`

Blx' 8440,?

Zm jnznxclgn v`nz`nx rzazn agj knjnxai iav axn lg bmgkilbz) lz lr gnbnrrax|

zm npaclgn z`n knjnxai rzaz~zn ar a v`min agj ljngzlk| lzr t~xtmrn agjlgzngjnj nkknbzr' … Z`lr agai|rlr xnq~lxnr zàz vn bmgrljnx z`nxniazlmgr`lt hnzvnng rzazn agj knjnxai iavr ar z`n| axn lgznxtxnznj agjattilnj) gmz cnxni| ar z`n| axn vxlzzng' … z`n bx~blai lgq~lx| lr v`nz`nxrzazn iav jlkknxr kxmc knjnxai iav lg r~b` a va| zàz ab`ln{ncngz mk z`nbmgfxnrrlmgai mhonbzl{n ''' lr kx~rzxaznj' (lgznxgai q~mzazlmgr agj blzazlmgrmclzznj,'

@nxn) Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr) lk r~bbnrrk~i) vm~ij kx~rzxazn Bmgfxnrrlmgai mhonbzl{nr

lg ngabzlgf NNRA) v`lb` var) lg taxz) zm rzahliln z`n nbmgmc| agj txm{ljn a txmfxac

zm clzlfazn ’a{mljahin– kmxnbimr~xnr'12 Vlfmj rnner ag mxjnx zàz `nx ZTT var a

bmgzxabz zàz mhilfaznj Vniir Kaxfm zm txm{ljn `nx vlz` a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mgbn

r`n cajn `nx zxlai ta|cngzr agj txm{ljnj xnq~nrznj jmb~cngzazlmg' Lk Vlfmj vnxn zm

mhzalg z`n xnilnk r`n rnner) Vniir Kaxfm bm~ij hn mxjnxnj zm nlz`nx cmjlk| `nx imag)

inajlgf zm z`n tnx{nxrn xnr~iz mk tiablgf Vniir Kaxfm lg jnka~iz mk lzr RTA vlz` z`n

fm{nxgcngz) (Att' 148) »;'A'1,) ta| Vlfmj jacafnr) mx hmz`'

12 NNRA jmnr gmz bmgzalg ag nptxnrr txnnctzlmg txm{lrlmg'




# 82 #

Cmxnm{nx) z`n Zxnar~x|“r a~z`mxlz|) agj z`n xncnjlnr lz ~zlilnr) vm~ij hn ’renvnj–

h| lctmrlgf mg rnx{lbnxr txl{azn bialcr zm ngkmxbn @ACT hxm~f`z ~gjnx z`n {axlm~r

rzaznr“ rzaz~zmx| agj bmccmg iavr' Rnn) n'f') H~becag Bm' {' Tialgzlkkr“ Infai Bmcclzznn)

>21 ^'R' 2:1) 2:0 (8441,' Rzazn iav bialcr bàiingflgf rnx{lbnxr“ @ACT jnznxclgazlmgr

agj nkkmxzr zm bmcti| vlz` z`n txmfxac vm~ij ’lgn{lzahi| bmgkilbz)– gmz mgi| vlz`

@ACT f~ljnilgnr z`ncrni{nr) h~z vlz` z`n Zxnar~x|“r xnrtmgrlhlilz| zm ngkmxbn @ACT

bmgrlrzngzi| vlz` z`n Ajclglrzxazlmg“r ’o~jfcngz agj mhonbzl{nr'– Lj' az 2:<#>4

(’bmcti|lgf vlz` z`n KJA“r jnzalinj xnf~iazmx| rb`ncn lg z`n ràjmv mk >4 Rzaznr“ zmxz

xnflcnr vlii jxacazlbaii| lgbxnarn z`n h~xjngr kablgf– txmfxac taxzlbltagzr) ’h~xjngr

gmz bmgznctiaznj h| Bmgfxnrr lg ngabzlgf– z`n knjnxai rzaz~znr az lrr~n,'

Lg Fnlnx {' Ac' @mgja Cmzmx Bm') >8< ^'R' 0;1 (8444,) z`n R~txncn Bm~xz `nij zàz a

gnfilfngbn abzlmg) harnj mg a kali~xn zm lgrzaii jxl{nx“r rljn alxhafr) var lctilnji|

txnnctznj hnba~rn lz vm~ij à{n lctnxclrrlhi| bmgkilbznj vlz` a Jntaxzcngz mk

Zxagrtmxzazlmg rzagjaxj zàz xnq~lxnj cag~kabz~xnxr zm lgrzaii r~b` alxhafr lg mgi|

bnxzalg baxr' Lj' az 001#08' Lg xnab`lgf lzr bmgbi~rlmg) z`n Bm~xz gmznj zàz ’z`n x~inr mk

iav zàz o~jfnr agj o~xlnr bxnazn mx atti| lg r~b` r~lzr ca| z`ncrni{nr rlcliaxi| bxnazn

~gbnxzalgz| agj n{ng bmgkilbz) ra|) v`ng jlkknxngz o~xlnr lg jlkknxngz Rzaznr xnab`

jlkknxngz jnblrlmgr mg rlcliax kabzr'– Lj' az 061'

H| lctmrlgf akznx#z`n#kabz txl{azn bialcr mg a rnx{lbnx zàz lr hm~gj zm atti| z`n

Zxnar~x|“r @ACT rzagjaxjr zm nab` hmxxmvnx) a rnx{lbnx vlii hn r~honbznj zm rzagjaxjr

zàz gmz mgi| jlkknx kxmc knjnxai iav (agj lzr bmgzxabz~ai xnq~lxncngzr ~gjnx z`n RTA,)

h~z airm kxmc z`n rzagjaxjr rnz lg bm~xzxmmcr lg jlkknxngz rzaznr' Z`n lctmrlzlmg mg




# 8: #

taxzlbltazlgf rnx{lbnxr mk infai j~zlnr az mjjr vlz` z`n xnq~lxncngzr mk NNRA agj

@ACT vm~ij xngjnx bmctilagbn vlz` z`n {ax|lgf rzagjaxjr lctmrrlhin'

Ar lg H~becag) rnx{lbnxr ‒ ar @ACT taxzlbltagzr ‒ bm~ij hn jlrbm~xafnj kxmc

ngfaflgf lg @ACT aizmfnz`nx zm a{mlj hnlgf nptmrnj zm ~gtxnjlbzahin bl{li ilahlilz| lg

bmggnbzlmg vlz` z`n t~hilb cmjlklbazlmg txmfxac' Rnn _m`nx {' Bàrn @mcn Klgagblgf)

8414 VI :4;:6<0) az /: (R'J' Kia' Mbz' 1>) 8414, (’UkSlgjlgf ag lctilnj txl{azn xlf`z mk

abzlmg kmx cmxzfafmxr vm~ij jlrbm~xafn rnx{lbnxr kxmc taxzlbltazlgf lg z`n txmfxac

hnba~rn z`n| vm~ij hn nptmrnj zm rlfglklbagz ilzlfazlmg nptngrnr–,5rnn airm Hxmvg) 6>2 K'

R~tt' 8j az 18>>' V`lin Vlfmj axf~nr zàz r~honbzlgf rnx{lbnxr zm rzazn ngkmxbncngz

abzlmgr vm~ij ngbm~xafn hnzznx tnxkmxcagbn ~gjnx @ACT (Ti' Hx' 88,) r`n gnfinbzr zm

bmgrljnx zàz @ACT lr a iaxfni| {mi~gzax|) gmz cagjazmx|) txmfxac jnrlfgnj zm hngnklz

z`n t~hilb az iaxfn h| hxlgflgf fxnaznx rzahlilz| zm z`n `m~rlgf caxenz' Nptmrlgf

rnx{lbnxr zm {ax|lgf rzazn rzagjaxjr agj biarr abzlmg tngaizlnr ~gjnx z`lr xncnjlai

txmfxac ‒ gmz zm cngzlmg t~zzlgf hmxxmvnxr lg cmjlklnj imagr z`n| rzlii baggmz akkmxj ‒

vm~ij rnx{n zm kx~rzxazn) gmz k~xz`nx NNRA“r t~xtmrn'

Rlfglklbagzi|) agj bmgzxax| zm Vlfmj“r axf~cngz) zàz rmcn mx aii mk Vlfmj“r rzazn

iav bialcr axn txnnctznj jmnr gmz cnag zàz aii rzazn iav bialcr afalgrz a rnx{lbnx

’zàz r~ttmrnji| zm~b` ~tmg z`n @ACT– (Ti' Hx' 11, vm~ij hn haxxnj' Kmx npactin)

zmxz ba~rnr mk abzlmg harnj mg kxa~j~ingz bmgj~bz bm~ij taxaiini knjnxai @ACT

xnq~lxncngzr' Rnn Cnjzxmglb) Lgb' {' Im`x ) >10 ^'R' :64) :01#08 (1<<;,'1: H~z) z`nrn axn gmz

1: Lg Hmrq~n {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') z`n bm~xz xnonbznj z`n tnxbnl{nj axf~cngz zàzgm @ACT xniaznj bialcr bm~ij txmbnnj ~gjnx rzazn iav' H~z zàz lr gmz z`n axf~cngz




# 8> #

z`n z|tnr mk bialcr txnrngz `nxn' Vlfmj lr gmz r~lgf kmx jacafnr ~gjnx rzazn iav harnj

mg ag nrzahilr`nj {lmiazlmg mk knjnxai iav5 h| z`lr iavr~lz) r`n lr rnnelgf zm ~rn rzazn iav

ar a {n`lbin zm nrzahilr` zàz a {lmiazlmg mk knjnxai rzagjaxjr mbb~xxnj lg z`n klxrz

lgrzagbn' ^gjnx z`n txnbnjngz mk z`n R~txncn Bm~xz agj z`lr Bm~xz) bmgkilbz txnnctzlmg

aimgn r~ttmxzr akklxcazlmg mk z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jnblrlmg' Rnn) n'f')H~becag) >21 ^'R' az

2>2'

8' Vlfmj“r rzazn iav bialcr axn r~honbz zm klnij txnnctzlmg h| {lxz~nmk z`n @mcn Mvgnxr“ Imag Abz (’@MIA–,'

Lg `nx hxlnk) xni|lgf lg iaxfn taxz mg Kinzb`nx ) Vlfmj axf~nr zàz `nx bialcr axn gmz

r~honbz zm klnij txnnctzlmg ~gjnx @ACT' (Ti' Hx' 84#81', R`n airm nptxnrri| rzaznr zàz

z`n bialcr axn gmz txnnctznj h| z`n Gazlmgai Hage Abz' (Lj' 88 g'12', H~z z`lr axf~cngz

lr clrtiabnj' Klxrz) z`nxn lr gm jlrt~zn zàz @ACT jmnr gmz mbb~t| z`n klnij mk

cmxzfafn rnx{lblgf mx imag cmjlklbazlmgr agj z`~r klnij txnnctzlmg ~gjnx @ACT lr

gmz xnin{agz zm z`n agai|rlr mk v`nz`nx Vlfmj“r bialcr r`m~ij hn txnnctznj h| knjnxai

iav' Rnbmgj) Kinzb`nx clrattilnj z`lr Bm~xz“r jnblrlmg lg Lg xn Mbvng Imag Rnx{lblgf) IIB

Cmxzfafn Rnx{lblgf Ilzlf') :<1 K'2j ;20 (6z` Blx' 8446,' Mbvng rzagjr) lg taxz) kmx z`n

txmtmrlzlmg zàz) ~gjnx z`n kabzr txnrngznj z`nxn) z`n @mcn Mvgnxr“ Imag Abz) 18

^'R'B' ¦¦ 1:;1) nz rnq' (’@MIA–, jlj gmz txnnctz a harlb hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc' Lj' az

txnrngznj `nxn (agj) lg kabz) lz var gmz z`n axf~cngz txnrngznj lg Hmrq~n,' 6;8 K' R~tt'8j 2:8) 2>1 (J' Carr' 8411,' Vniir Kaxfm jmnr gmz ~xfn z`n Bm~xz zm klgj zàz ag| rzazniav bialc zàz àr ag| bmggnbzlmg zm @ACT lr haxxnj) h~z lgrznaj mgi| z`mrn bialcrzàz rnne xnilnk harnj mg bmgj~bz jlxnbzi| xnf~iaznj h| @ACT'




# 8; #

;:2#::' Vlfmj“r bialcr axn gmz agaimfm~r hnba~rn z`n| lctilbazn knjnxai inflriazl{n

t~xtmrnr gmz az lrr~n lg Mbvng'

@mvn{nx) ar a cazznx mk iav) Vlfmj“r hxnab` mk lctilnj bmgzxabz) bmgbnaicngz)

gnfilfngz `lxlgf-r~tnx{lrlmg) agj LBKA bialcr axn txnnctznj h| @MIA) agj

lctincngzlgf xnf~iazlmgr txmc~ifaznj h| z`n Mkklbn mk Z`xlkz R~tnx{lrlmg (’MZR–,) 18

B'K'X' ¦¦ >;4'1) nz rnq') hnba~rn z`n bialcr vm~ij r~hrzagzlaii| lgznxknxn vlz` Vniir

Kaxfm“r ahlilz| zm rnx{lbn xnrljngzlai cmxzfafn imagr'1> @MIA nctmvnxnj z`n MZR zm

xnf~iazn knjnxai ra{lgfr hager) lgbi~jlgf z`n txnnctzlmg mk bmgkilbzlgf rzazn iavr'

Mbvng) :<1 K'2j az ;:8' Lgjnnj) @MIA“r lctincngzlgf xnf~iazlmgr rzazn zàz ’Uz`nS MZR

`nxnh| mbb~tlnr z`n ngzlxn klnij mk ingjlgf xnf~iazlmg kmx knjnxai ra{lgfr arrmblazlmgr ' 18 B'K'X'

¦ >;4'8(a, (nctàrlr ajjnj,'1;

1> V`lin Vniir Kaxfm lr a gazlmgai hage xnf~iaznj h| z`n Gazlmgai Hage Abz xaz`nxzàg @MIA) Vlfmj“r imag var mxlflgaznj agj lglzlaii| rnx{lbnj h| Vab`m{la Hage KRH)

a knjnxai ra{lgfr hage xnf~iaznj h| @MIA' (AB »8<5 Att' 11< (ZTT rlfgnj h|Vab`m{la,,' Rnn Xncm {' Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn) 8411 VI 2::082:) az /8 g'> (G'J' Bai' A~f'>) 8411, (atti|lgf @MIA txnnctzlmg zm imag mxlflgaznj h| Vab`m{la lg 8440,' VniirKaxfm r~hrnq~ngzi| abq~lxnj Vab`m{la) v`lb` lr gmv a jl{lrlmg mk Vniir Kaxfm' (AB»8<', Hnba~rn Vab`m{la mxlflgaznj agj lglzlaii| rnx{lbnj Vlfmj“r imag) lgbi~jlgfnpnb~zlgf Vlfmj“r ZTT) z`n @MIA txnnctzlmg agai|rlr attilnr zm Vlfmj“r bialcr' Rnn)n'f') Razm {' Vab`m{la Cmxzf') KRH) 8411 VI 860:>;6) az /> (G'J' Bai' O~i| 12) 8411,'Xnfaxjinrr) z`n txnnctzlmg agai|rlr ~gjnx nlz`nx @MIA mx z`n Gazlmgai Hage Abz lr z`nracn' Rnn Bmtniagj#Z~xgnx {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') ### K' R~tt' 8j ####) 8411 VI 8;>40>2)az /< g'; (J' Mx' O~i| ;) 8411,'

1; Z`n txnnctzl{n rbmtn mk @MIA var cmjlklnj vlz` z`n tarrafn mk z`n Jmjj#Kxage Vaii Rzxnnz Xnkmxc agj Bmgr~cnx Txmznbzlmg Abz) T~h' I' Gm' 111#842) 18: Rzaz'1266; (8414,' @mvn{nx) z`n Abz jmnr gmz atti| zm zxagrabzlmgr txnjazlgf z`n Abz“r O~i|81) 8414 nkknbzl{n jazn' Rnn 18 ^'R'B' ¦ 1>>2' @nxn) Vlfmj“r imag var mxlflgaznj lg 8446agj z`n ZTT var jaznj lg 844<) agj z`~r ag| bàgfnr zm @MIA axn lgattilbahin zm z`nlgrzagz agai|rlr'




# 86 #

MZR xnf~iazlmgr rtnblklbaii| txnnctz rzazn iavr zàz t~xtmxz zm lctmrn xnq~lxncngzr

xnfaxjlgf) acmgf mz`nx abzl{lzlnr) z`n ’UtSxmbnrrlgf UagjS rnx{lblgf– mk cmxzfafn imagr

ar vnii ar jlrbimr~xnr bmgbnxglgf imagr' 18 B'K'X' ¦¦ >;4'8(h,(<,) (14,' Abbmxjlgfi|)

knjnxai iav txnnctzr ag| abzlmgr zàz mhrzx~bz a knjnxai ra{lgfr hage“r ahlilz| zm k~ii|

npnxblrn lzr xnrljngzlai cmxzfafn ’bxnjlz abzl{lzlnr)– lgbi~jlgf lzr xlf`z zm rnx{lbn

cmxzfafn imagr vlz`m~z rzazn iav lgznxknxngbn' Rnn Barn| {' KJLB ) >02 K'2j >0;) ><:#<>

(0z` Blx' 844<,' Z`n txnnctzl{n rbmtn mk @MIA lgbi~jnr rzazn iavr mk fngnxai

attilbazlmg v`lb` cmxn zàg ’lgbljngzaii| akknbz z`n ingjlgf mtnxazlmgr– mk knjnxai

ra{lgfr hager' Rnn 18 B'K'X' ¦ >;4'8(b,' Z`n attilbazlmg mk Rnbzlmg >;4'8(b, lr zm hn

lgznxtxnznj gaxxmvi| agj ag| jm~hzr zm hn xnrmi{nj lg ka{mx mk txnnctzlmg' Rli{ar {'

N/Zxajn Cmxzfafn Bmxt') >1: K'2j 1441) 144> (<z` Blx' 8440,'

K~xz`nx) v`nz`nx a bialc hxm~f`z ~gjnx a rzazn iav mk fngnxai attilbazlmg) r~b` ar

Vlfmj“r LBKA bialc) lr txnnctznj h| @MIA ’z~xgr mg z`n bmgj~bz az lrr~n) gmz z`n

iahni fl{ng zm z`n t~zazl{n ba~rn mk abzlmg'– Rb`lien {' Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn) KRH) 6>0 K'

R~tt' 8j >:<) >>;#>6 (G'J' Lii' 8414, (blzlgf Mbvng) :<1 K'2j az ;:;,5 rnn airm Kinzb`nx ) 8411

VI 8;:0;4;) az /;#6 (LBKA bialcr txnnctznj,5 Txlgbn#Rnx{agbn {' Hage^glznj) KRH) 8446

VI 28>::28) az /> (G'J' Lii' Gm{' 1) 8446,5 @anì {' Var`' C~z' Hage) K'A') 866 K' R~tt' 8j

<22) <:8#:2 (R'J' Lgj' 8442,'

@nxn) Vlfmj“r rzazn iav hxnab` mk lctilnj bmgzxabz) bmgbnaicngz) gnfilfngz

`lxlgf-rnx{lblgf) agj LBKA bialcr) lk ngkmxbnj) vm~ij lctnxclrrlhi| lctlgfn ~tmg

Vniir Kaxfm“r ahlilz| zm rnx{lbn cmxzfafn imagr lgbi~jlgf jnbljlgf (1, v`nz`nx agj

~gjnx vàz blxb~crzagbnr zm cmjlk| a imag5 (8, `mv zm rzakk lzr rnx{lblgf mtnxazlmgr5 (2,




# 80 #

`mv zm txmbnrr imag cmjlklbazlmg attilbazlmgr5 agj (:, `mv zm jlrbimrn lctilbazlmgr mk

z`n imag cmjlklbazlmg txmbnrr zm hmxxmvnxr' Kmx npactin) Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz Vniir

Kaxfm kalinj zm txmtnxi| tnxkmxc rnx{lblgf k~gbzlmgr vlz` xnrtnbz zm @ACT imag

cmjlklbazlmgr (AB »»62(a,) 18;, agj kalinj zm txmtnxi| `lxn) zxalg agj r~tnx{lrn lzr

rnx{lblgf nctim|nnr (lj' »»62(h,) <2) <:) 18;5 rnn airm lj' »»62(b,) 114,' Vlfmj“r nctàrlr

mg Vniir Kaxfm“r t~xtmxznj ’mgn#baii xnrmi~zlmg tmilb|– lr a tnxknbz npactin mk `nx

azznctz zm xnf~iazn Vniir Kaxfm“r rnx{lblgf txabzlbnr' (Ti' Hx' :1#:8', Xnfaxjinrr mk

v`nz`nx Vniir Kaxfm abz~aii| àj r~b` a tmilb| Vlfmj“r LBKA bialc) lk r~bbnrrk~i)

vm~ij gnbnrraxli| nrzahilr` gnv rzagjaxjr kmx rnx{lbnxr“ b~rzmcnx xniazlmg tmilblnr) a

xnr~iz jlxnbzi| az mjjr vlz` z`n txnr~ctzlmg mk txnnctzlmg nrzahilr`nj h| @MIA'

Lgjnnj) lg Kinzb`nx ) ~tmg v`lb` Vlfmj `na{li| xnilnr) z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz `nij zàz bialcr

harnj mg aiinfnj {lmiazlmgr mk @ACT f~ljnilgnr baggmz bxnazn ag LBKA bialc hnba~rn

r~b` bialcr vm~ij hn txnnctznj h| @MIA' Rnn Kinzb`nx ) 8411 VI 8;:0;4;) az /;#6'

Hnba~rn z`n bàiingfnj abzl{lzlnr fm zm z`n `naxz mk Vniir Kaxfm rnx{lblgf k~gbzlmgr)

z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r hxnab` mk z`n lctilnj bmgzxabz) bmgbnaicngz)

gnfilfngz `lxlgf-r~tnx{lrlmg) agj LBKA bialcr r`m~ij hn akklxcnj mg z`lr aiznxgazl{n

fxm~gj' Rnn Xncm) 8411 VI 2::082:) az /> (jlrclrrlgf ar txnnctznj rzazn iav bialcr

harnj mg xnk~rai zm cmjlk| imag,5 Bmtniagj#Z~xgnx ) 8411 VI 8;>40>2) az /0#< (jlrclrrlgf

ar txnnctznj rzazn iav bialcr txnjlbaznj mg xntxnrngzazlmgr j~xlgf cmjlklbazlmg

txmbnrr,5 Tmbm {' Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn Bmxt') 8411 VI 8;228<0) az /> (G'J' Bai' O~i| >) 8411,

(racn,5 Taxcnx {' Vab`m{la) 8411 VI 1046810) az /1 (G'J' Bai' Atx' 88) 8411, (bialcr

harnj mg clrinajlgf xntxnrngzazlmgr bmgbnxglgf a imag cmjlklbazlmg txnnctznj,5 _axlk




# 8< #

{' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') 8411 VI 140>;;4) az /2 (R'J' Bai' Cax' 82) 8411, (@MIA

txnnctzr rzazn iav bialcr txnjlbaznj mg bàiingfnr zm txmbnrrlgf mk imag cmjlklbazlmg

attilbazlmgr,5 Rg|jnx {' Vab`m{la Cmxzfafn) 8414 VI 862;<:>) az /6#< (N'J' Bai' O~i| 18)

8414,5 Hlfflgr {' Vniir Kaxfm + Bm') 8;; K'X'J' 2<<) :16 (G'J' Bai' 844<,'

B' Vlfmj Kalinj Zm Aiinfn A Hxnab` Mk Bmgzxabz Vlz` Xnrtnbz Zm @nx ZTT'

Vlfmj arrnxzr zàz `nx ZTT var a ’{ailj bmgzxabz– zàz xnq~lxnj Vniir Kaxfm zm mkknx

`nx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mgbn Vlfmj cajn `nx zxlai ta|cngzr agj r~hclzznj

’gnbnrrax| jmb~cngzazlmg zm {nxlk| `nx nilflhlilz|'– (AB »;1', Lg ajjlzlmg zm z`n xnarmgr

rnz kmxz` h| z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz) z`lr Bm~xz r`m~ij akklxc z`n jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r hxnab`

mk bmgzxabz bialc) hnba~rn Vlfmj àr gmz aiinfnj kabzr zàz vm~ij nrzahilr` z`n nplrzngbn

mk a {ailj bmgzxabz‚gacni| mkknx agj abbntzagbn) bmgrljnxazlmg) jnklglzn agj bnxzalg

znxcr) tnxkmxcagbn mk aii xnq~lxnj bmgjlzlmgr) agj jacafnr' Rnn Arr“g Hngnklz Rnx{r') Lgb'

{' Baxncaxe XP) Lgb') :<2 K'2j 0:1) 0:< (6z` Blx' 8446,' Ahrngz a bmgzxabz) Vlfmj baggmz

tinaj a hxnab`'

Ar ag lglzlai cazznx) agai|lgf z`n ZTT ar a tmzngzlai bmgzxabz lr lctxmtnx' Ar rzaznj

ahm{n) ~gjnx RJ 4<#41) Vniir Kaxfm var mhilfaznj zm bmgrljnx Vlfmj“r nilflhlilz| kmx

@ACT' (Att' 1', Vlfmj“r r~ffnrzlmg zàz r`n jlj gmz xnbnl{n z`n ’hngnklz mk `nx

haxfalg– lg z`n kmxc mk a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg xnrzr mg z`n racn ka~iz| arr~ctzlmg

zàz Vlfmj arrnxzr z`xm~f`m~z hxlnklgf‚zàz r`n var nilflhin kmx agj ngzlzinj zm a

tnxcagngz @ACT cmjlklbazlmg' (Ti' Hx' 205 rnn airm lj' 225 AB »»26) 28) 2:#20) :2) ;;) 6<)

0;#0<', H~z z`nxn var gm ’haxfalg– hnzvnng Vlfmj agj Vniir Kaxfm) agj v`nz`nx




# 24 #

Vlfmj mhzalgnj a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg var gmz r~honbz zm gnfmzlazlmg) h~z xaz`nx

jlbzaznj h| knjnxai f~ljnilgnr'

1' Z`n ZTT lr gmz ag ngkmxbnahin ’mkknx'–

Z`n znrz kmx ag mkknx lr v`nz`nx lz lgj~bnr a xnarmgahin hnilnk lg z`n xnbltlngz zàz r`n

bag) h| abbntzlgf) hlgj z`n rngjnx' Rnn Bmhh#Ai{axn {' ^glmg Tab' Bmxt') <;8 K' R~tt'

14:<) 14>2#>: (G'J' Lii' 1<<6,' A taxz|“r ’r~ffnrzlmg– lr gmz ag mkknx lk lz bmgzalgr

’r~lzahin iagf~afn bmgjlzlmglgf z`n kmxcazlmg mk a bmgzxabz mg rmcn k~xz`nx rznt ''' r~b`

ar attxm{ai h| bmxtmxazn `najq~axznxr'– Bmhh#Ai{axn) <;8 K' R~tt' az 14>:5 rnn airm A-R

Atmz`nenxgnr Iahmxazmxl~c kmx Rtnblaitxantaxaznx {' L'C'B' B`nc' Fxm~t) Lgb') 062 K'8j 1>>)

1>6 (6z` Blx' 1<0<,'

@nxn) Vlfmj“r ZTT baggmz hn xnarmgahi| {lnvnj ar ag ’mkknx)– z`n abbntzagbn mk

v`lb` bm~ij hlgj Vniir Kaxfm zm tnxcagngzi| cmjlk| Vlfmj“r imag' A ZTT àr gn{nx

hnng a f~axagznn mk a imag cmjlklbazlmg'16 Z`n iagf~afn mk z`n ZTT bmgklxcr zàz

tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mk Vlfmj“r imag var bmgjlzlmgnj mg z`n xnbnltz agj xn{lnv h|

Vniir Kaxfm mk ajjlzlmgai jmb~cngzazlmg agj z`n razlrkabzlmg mk aii gnbnrrax| bmgjlzlmgr

zm xngjnx Vlfmj nilflhin kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' V`ng rlfglgf z`n ZTT) Vlfmj

abegmvinjfnj zàz r`n ~gjnxrzmmj zàz ’z`n UZTTS lr gmz a cmjlklbazlmg mk z`n Imag

Jmb~cngzr agj zàz z`n Imag Jmb~cngzr vlii gmz hn cmjlklnj ~ginrr agj ~gzli (l, L

cnnz aii mk z`n bmgjlzlmgr xnq~lxnj kmx cmjlklbazlmg) (ll, L xnbnl{n a k~ii| npnb~znj bmt|

16 Lgjnnj) RJ 14#41 (xnq~lxlgf zàz aii ZTTr axn harnj mg {nxlklnj klgagblai jaza,vm~ij gmz à{n hnng lrr~nj lk Vlfmj“r z`nmx| ‒ zàz a zxlai tiag f~axagznnr atnxcagngz @ACT cmjlklbazlmg lk z`xnn zlcni| ta|cngzr vnxn cajn ‒ var bmxxnbz' (Rnn

Jbez' 24#>',




# 21 #

mk a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz) agj (lll, z`n Cmjlklbazlmg Nkknbzl{n Jazn àr tarrnj'–

(Att' 110) »8'F5 rnn airm AB »;1 (ajclzzlgf zàz Vlfmj“r nilflhlilz| var gmz jnznxclgnj

v`ng r`n rlfgnj agj xnz~xgnj z`n ZTT,', Lgjnnj) z`n ZTT) h| lzr nptxnrr znxcr)

znxclgaznj lk Vniir Kaxfm àj gmz jnil{nxnj a k~ii| npnb~znj ZTT agj ’Cmjlklbazlmg

Afxnncngz– h| Gm{nchnx 1) 844<' (Att' 110) »8'K,'

\nz gmv`nxn jmnr Vlfmj aiinfn ‒ hnba~rn r`n baggmz ‒ zàz r`n xnbnl{nj a

cmjlklbazlmg afxnncngz kxmc Vniir Kaxfm' G~cnxm~r knjnxai bm~xzr à{n jlrclrrnj

ZTT#harnj bmgzxabz bialcr mg z`lr fxm~gj aimgn' Rnn) n'f') Imghnxf {' Kxnjjln Cab) 8411

VI 020<:2) az /6 (J' Mx' Cax' :) 8411, (blzlgf bmiinbzlmg mk barnr,5 I~bla-Bmx{niim) 8411 VI

212::88) az /65 Fxlii {' HAB @mcn Imagr Rnx{lblgf IT) 8411 VI 1860<1) az /: (N'J' Bai' Oag'

1:) 8411,5 [lja {' MgnVnrz Hage) K'R'H') 8414 VI >1:0:62) az /; (J' Mx' Jnb' 12) 8414,

(’Z`n UZTTS lr nptilblzi| gmz ag ngkmxbnahin mkknx kmx imag cmjlklbazlmg'–,5 I~gj {'

BlzlCmxzfafn Lgb') 8411 VI 1062;<4) az /8 (J' ^za` Ca| 16) 8411, (z`n ’UZTTS caenr binax

zàz z`n cmjlklbazlmg lr r~honbz zm q~ailklbazlmg …'–,5 R`~xzilkk {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A')

8414 VI :;4<246) az /: (J' ^za` Gm{' >) 8414, (racn,5 Rzmiha) 8411 VI 2:::460) az /25

Xabein|) 8411 VI 8<612>6) az /:'

Hmrq~n {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') 6;8 K' R~tt' 8j 2:8 (J' Carr' 8411,) jmnr gmz

r~ttmxz a klgjlgf zàz Vlfmj“r ZTT lr ag ngkmxbnahin mkknx zm tnxcagngzi| cmjlk| `nx

imag' Hmrq~n gmznj zàz z`n tialgzlkkr arrnxznj zàz z`n| vnxn ’cnxni| ngzlzinj zm a

jnblrlmg h| Vniir Kaxfm ar zm v`nz`nx z`n| vlii xnbnl{n a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg h|

z`n cmjlklbazlmg nkknbzl{n jazn rtnblklnj lg rnbzlmg 8 mk z`n ZTT'– Lj' az 2:<' Z`n Hmrq~n

bm~xz `nij mgi| zàz ’z`n ZTT bmgzalgr aii nrrngzlai agj caznxlai znxcr gnbnrrax| zm




# 28 #

fm{nxg z`n zxlai tnxlmj xnta|cngzr agj z`n taxzlnr“ xniaznj mhilfazlmgr'– Lj' az 2>8

(nctàrlr ajjnj,' @nxn) `mvn{nx) z`n bngzxai lrr~n mk Vlfmj“r bialc lr gmz ahm~z z`n

zlclgf mk Vniir Kaxfm“r jnblrlmg) h~z xaz`nx z`n jnblrlmg lzrnik zm jng| `nx attilbazlmg

kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' (AB »» ;<#64) 02', Ar jlrb~rrnj ahm{n) z`nxn lr gm infai

r~ttmxz kmx Vlfmj“r bialc'

8' Vlfmj àr gmz aiinfnj kabzr xnkinbzlgf ’bmgrljnxazlmg'–

Vlfmj àr gmz aiinfnj ‒ agj baggmz aiinfn ‒ zàz r`n txm{ljnj {ailj bmgrljnxazlmg

kmx a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' ’Z`n nrrngzlai nincngz mk bmgrljnxazlmg lr a haxfalgnj#kmx

npbàgfn mk txmclrnr mx tnxkmxcagbnr …'– Xmrr {' Ca| Bm') 004 G'N'8j 814) 81> (Lii'

Att' Bz' 8446,' @nxn) z`nxn var gm ’haxfalgnj#kmx npbàgfn mk txmclrnr'– Vlfmj var

aixnaj| mhilfaznj zm caen cmgzì| ta|cngzr ~gjnx z`n mxlflgai znxcr mk `nx cmxzfafn'

(Cmxzfafn) Jbez' 24#1', ^gjnx Vlfmj“r ZTT) Vniir Kaxfm afxnnj zm abbntz xnj~bnj

cmgzì| ta|cngzr mg Vlfmj“r xntxnrngzazlmgr mk klgagblai àxjr`lt' (Att' 116#11<',

Z`n cmgzì| ta|cngz acm~gzr ~gjnx Vlfmj“r ZTT vnxn r~hrzagzlaii| inrr zàg z`n

cmgzì| acm~gz mvnj ~gjnx Vlfmj“r mxlflgai rnb~xnj mhilfazlmg zm Vniir Kaxfm' (Lj',

V`ng rlfglgf z`n ZTT) Vlfmj airm afxnnj zàz? ’aii znxcr agj txm{lrlmgr mk z`n Imag

Jmb~cngzr xncalg lg k~ii kmxbn agj nkknbz5 gmz`lgf lg z`lr Tiag ràii hn ~gjnxrzmmj mx

bmgrzx~nj zm hn a razlrkabzlmg mx xninarn lg v`min mx lg taxz mk z`n mhilfazlmgr bmgzalgnj

lg z`n Imag Jmb~cngzr' Z`n Ingjnx agj L vlii hn hm~gj h|) agj vlii bmcti| vlz`) aii mk

z`n znxcr agj txm{lrlmgr mk z`n Imag Jmb~cngzr'– (Att' 11<) »:'J',

Z`n r~hclrrlmg mk taxzlai ta|cngz mk ag acm~gz ~gjlrt~znji| j~n agj rnb~xnj h|

Vlfmj“r txmtnxz| baggmz ‒ ar a cazznx mk iav ‒ hn bmgrljnxnj ’haxfalgnj#kmx–




# 22 #

bmgrljnxazlmg mx z`n xnr~iz mk a xnbltxmbai afxnncngz' Ar z`n Liilgmlr Attniiazn Bm~xz

rzaznj lg JlImxngm {' [ai{n + Txlcnx Bmxt') ’v`nxn a taxz| jmnr vàz lz lr aixnaj|

infaii| mhilfaznj zm jm) z`nxn lr gmz bmgrljnxazlmg'– 046 G'N'8j ;62) ;6< (Lii' Att' Bz'

844:,5 rnn airm Bmgznctm Jnrlfg) Lgb' {' B`l' + Gn' Lii' Jlrz' Bm~gbli mk Baxtngznxr ) 88; K'2j

>2>) >>4 (6z` Blx' 8444, (ng hagb,5 Raifajm {' Acnxlba“r Rnx{lblgf Bm') 8411 VI 2<42468) az

/8 (J' Axl' Rntz' ;) 8411, (ZTT ta|cngzr kali zm razlrk| bmgrljnxazlmg xnq~lxncngz,5

Xabein|) 8411 VI 8<612>6) az /2 (ZTT ta|cngzr agj txm{lrlmg mk klgagblai lgkmxcazlmg

jm gmz bmgrzlz~zn bmgrljnxazlmg kmx tnxcagngz @ACT cmjlklbazlmg,' Abbmxjlgfi|)

v`nxn ‒ ar `nxn ‒ a taxz| àr a txn#nplrzlgf j~z| zm tnxkmxc ~gjnx z`n znxcr mk ag

mxlflgai bmgzxabz) a cmjlklbazlmg mk zàz bmgzxabz vlz` gm ajjlzlmgai bmgrljnxazlmg jmnr

gmz xnr~iz lg z`n kmxcazlmg mk a gnv) ngkmxbnahin bmgzxabz'10

Vàzn{nx abzlmgr Vlfmj ~gjnxzmme mx txmclrnr r`n cajn lg bmggnbzlmg vlz` z`n

ZTT) r~b` ar txm{ljlgf lgbmcn lgkmxcazlmg agj jmb~cngzazlmg) vnxn gmz`lgf cmxn

zàg bmgjlzlmgr zàz Zxnar~x| xnq~lxnj r`n razlrk| rm zàz r`n bm~ij mhzalg z`n hngnklzr

mk @ACT' Ar jlrb~rrnj ahm{n) @ACT lr a zapta|nx#k~gjnj txmfxac agj taxz mk a tiag

zm rzahliln z`n nbmgmc|' Vlfmj rzmmj zm mhzalg a klgagblai lgbngzl{n lk r`n q~ailklnj kmx

hngnklzr ~gjnx z`n txmfxac' Ag| abzlmgr ~gjnxzaeng h| Vlfmj lg bmctilagbn vlz`

@ACT bmgrzlz~znj bmgjlzlmgr) gmz haxfalgnj#kmx bmgrljnxazlmg talj kmx z`n hngnklz mk

Vniir Kaxfm' Rnn 2 RAC^NI VLIILRZMG) A ZXNAZLRN MG Z@N IAV MK BMGZXABZR (’Vliilrzmg

10 Vlfmj“r txmclrn ’zm ennt `nx lgkmxcazlmg b~xxngz agj zm caen z`n znctmxax|ta|cngzr mg zlcn)– (AB »;2,) baggmz rnx{n ar {ailj bmgrljnxazlmg kmx a tnxcagngzcmjlklbazlmg' Rnn Cn`za {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') 626 K' R~tt' 8j 110>) 11<6 (R'J' Bai'8414,'




# 2: #

mg Bmgzxabzr–, ¦ 6?10 (:z` nj' 8440,5 rnn airm Fxlii) 8411 VI 1860<1) az /:5 Haxlgafa {' OT

Cmxfag Bàrn + Bm') 6:< K' R~tt' 8j 11;:) 116:#6> (J' Mx' 8414,5 Cn`za) 626 K' R~tt' 8j

az 11<6#<05 Clxa`l {' Vniir Kaxfm @mcn Cmxzfafn) 8414 VI 8>816:8) az /2 (J' Gn{' O~gn

1;) 8414,'

2' Z`n ZTT jmnr gmz bmgzalg ’jnklglzn agj bnxzalg znxcr'–

Z`nxn axn gm aiinfazlmgr lg z`n Acngjnj Bmctialgz zàz vm~ij r`mv zàz z`n

taxzlnr n{nx xnab`nj a ’cnnzlgf mk z`n clgjr– vlz` xnrtnbz zm ag| mk z`n caznxlai znxcr

mk a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' A {ailj bmgzxabz c~rz bmgzalg jnklglzn agj bnxzalg znxcr

’zm ngr~xn zàz z`n taxzlnr lg kabz à{n xnab`nj ag afxnncngz agj zm txm{ljn bm~xzr vlz`

a harlr kmx ngkmxblgf z`n mhilfazlmgr zàz z`n taxzlnr rm~f`z zm lctmrn ~tmg mgn

agmz`nx'– Arr“g Hngnklz Rnx{r' Lgb') :<2 K'2j az 0>45 rnn airm H~r' R|r' Ngf“f) Lgb' {' Lgz“i H~r'

Cab`' Bmxt') >:6 K'2j 008) 000 (6z` Blx' 8440, (mkknx c~rz hn jnklglzn ar zm lzr caznxlai

znxcr,' Acmgf z`n nrrngzlai znxcr lg a bmgzxabz zm ingj cmgn| axn z`n attilbahin xazn mk

lgznxnrz) j~xazlmg mk z`n imag) agj cmjn mk xnta|cngz' CbNxinag {' ^glmg Gaz“i Hage mk

B`l') :1: G'N'8j 180) 128 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<04,5 rnn airm Gajag) 8411 VI 2>0:812) az /;#6

(jlrclrrlgf hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc hnba~rn ZTT jmnr gmz txm{ljn nrrngzlai znxcr,5 Lg

xn Rai{ajmx ) ### H'X' ####) 8411 VI 1022100) az /;#6 (Hagex' C'J' Fa' Ca| 18) 8411, (racn,'

Vlfmj“r ZTT jmnr gmz bmgzalg ag| mk z`n jnklglzn agj bnxzalg znxcr zàz xnkinbz ag

afxnncngz h| z`n taxzlnr kmx a tnxcagngz imag cmjlklbazlmg) inz aimgn mgn zàz bm~ij hn

ngkmxbnj' (Att' 116#11<', Lgjnnj) z`n attilbahin kmxc tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg

afxnncngz txm{ljnj zm rnx{lbnxr h| Zxnar~x| bmgzalgr g~cnxm~r hiager zm hn kliinj lg)

lgbi~jlgf z`n |naxi| lgznxnrz xazn) z`n lgznxnrz xazn bàgfn jazn) z`n cmgzì| txlgbltai




# 2> #

agj lgznxnrz ta|cngz) nrzlcaznj cmgzì| nrbxmv ta|cngz acm~gz) zmzai cmgzì|

ta|cngz) ta|cngz rzaxz jazn) g~chnx mk cmgzì| ta|cngzr tnx lgznxnrz xazn tnxlmj)

agj txlgbltai haiagbn' (Lj' 182', \nz) Vlfmj àr gmz aiinfnj ‒ gmx bm~ij r`n ‒ zàz ag| mk

z`lr lgkmxcazlmg lr rnz kmxz` lg `nx ZTT) n{ng z`m~f` cag| lk gmz aii mk r~b` znxcr ca|

hn cmjlklnj' (Lj' 0#14',' Z`lr lr rm hnba~rn z`n ZTT lr gmz a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg gmx

ag ngkmxbnahin txmclrn zm txm{ljn a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg'

RJ 4<#41 jlrzlgf~lr`nr hnzvnng z`n ZTT agj z`n klgai kmxc Afxnncngz? ’Rnx{lbnxr

c~rz ~rn a zvm#rznt txmbnrr kmx @ACT cmjlklbazlmgr' Rznt mgn lg{mi{nr txm{ljlgf a

Zxlai Tnxlmj Tiag m~zilglgf z`n znxcr mk z`n zxlai tnxlmj) agj rznt zvm lg{mi{nr

txm{ljlgf z`n hmxxmvnx vlz` ag Afxnncngz zàz m~zilgnr z`n znxcr mk z`n klgai

cmjlklbazlmg'– (Lj' 1:', Lk z`n zxlai cmjlklbazlmg kmxc bmgzalgnj aii mk z`n lgkmxcazlmg

gnbnrrax| kmx a infai agj hlgjlgf tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg) z`n ’rznt zvm– klgai

Afxnncngz vm~ij gmz hn gnbnrrax|) h~z lz lr' (Lj' 1> (’UlSg rznt zvm) rnx{lbnxr c~rz

baib~iazn z`n znxcr mk z`n cmjlklbazlmg ~rlgf {nxlklnj lgbmcn) zaelgf lgzm bmgrljnxazlmg

acm~gzr zm hn batlzailnj j~xlgf z`n zxlai tnxlmj–,', Hnba~rn z`n ZTT lr rlingz vlz`

xnrtnbz zm ’vàz z`n taxzlnr afxnnj zm– ar zm ag| tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg) lz baggmz hn

ngkmxbnj lg a bm~xz mk iav'1< Rnn CbNxinag) :1: G'N'8j az 1285 Agagj {' Caxtin) >88 G'N'8j

801) 801 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<00, (akklxclgf jlrclrrai v`nxn ’taxzlnr cajn mgi| ag afxnncngz

zm afxnn agj … z`nxn var gm cnnzlgf mk z`n clgjr–,'

1< Hnba~rn Vlfmj àr kalinj zm aiinfn z`n nplrzngbn mk a bmgzxabz) z`n jlrclrrai mk `nxlctilnj bm{ngagz bialc (AB »»61#62, r`m~ij airm hn akklxcnj' Tmcclnx {' Tnmtin Hage Cax|bxnrz) <;6 K'8j 111>) 1184#81 (6z` Blx' 1<<8,'




# 2; #

J' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz Txmtnxi| Jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r Txmclrrmx| Nrzmttni Bialc'

A tialgzlkk ca| lg{men z`n jmbzxlgn mk txmclrrmx| nrzmttni mgi| v`nxn) acmgf mz`nx

z`lgfr) z`nxn lr a txmclrn ~gachlf~m~r lg znxcr agj z`nxn lr xnarmgahin agj o~rzlklahin

xnilagbn z`nxnmg h| z`n txmclrnn' Fn{a {' Inm H~xgnzz Bm') <21 K'8j 1884) 1882 (6z` Blx'

1<<1,' Ar jlrb~rrnj ahm{n) gm txmclrn nplrznj zàz var ~gachlf~m~r lg lzr znxcr' Rnn

r~txa) rnbzlmg [LL'B'25 Lg xn Rai{ajmx ) 8411 VI 1022100) az /;#6' Z`n ZTT fm{nxgnj z`n

zxlai tnxlmj mgi| agj Vniir Kaxfm bm~ij gmz à{n nptnbznj Vlfmj zm xni| mg lz ar a

tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mk `nx imag) taxzlb~iaxi| v`nxn z`n ZTT rzaznr zàz z`n mxlflgai

imag jmb~cngzr xncalg lg k~ii kmxbn agj nkknbz' (Att' 11< (–aii znxcr agj txm{lrlmgr mk

z`n Imag Jmb~cngzr xncalg lg k~ii kmxbn agj nkknbz5 gmz`lgf lg z`lr Tiag ràii hn

~gjnxrzmmj mx bmgrzx~nj zm hn a razlrkabzlmg mx xninarn lg v`min mx lg taxz mk z`n

mhilfazlmgr bmgzalgnj lg z`n Imag Jmb~cngzr–,', Cmxnm{nx) ar rzaznj ahm{n) @ACT

f~ljnilgnr binaxi| bmgznctiaznj zàz a ZTT var gmz a f~axagznn zàz a tnxcagngz imag

cmjlklbazlmg vm~ij hn mkknxnj' Vlfmj z`~r bm~ij gmz à{n xnarmgahi| xnilnj ~tmg z`n

ZTT zm txmclrn a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg' Rnn Bmrzlfag {' BlzlCmxzfafn) Lgb') 8411 VI

22642<6) az /6 (R'J'G'\' A~f' 8) 8411, (’UZS`n ZTT afxnncngz ~gnq~l{mbaii| rzaznr zàz lz

jmnr gmz bmgrzlz~zn a tnxcagngz cmjlklbazlmg mk Utialgzlkk“rS imag'– (nctàrlr ajjnj,,5

I~bla-Bmx{niim) 8411 VI 212::88) az /0 (’az z`n zlcn Tialgzlkkr vnxn mkknxnj Zxlai Tnxlmj

cmjlklbazlmgr) z`nxn var gm txmclrn zàz Tialgzlkkr vm~ij hn km~gj nilflhin kmx

tnxcagngz imag cmjlklbazlmg mg v`lb` Tialgzlkkr bm~ij xnarmgahi| xni|–,'




# 26 #

N' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz Bmxxnbzi| @nij Zàz Vlfmj Kalinj Zm Aiinfn A [ailj LBKABialc'

Zm ajnq~azni| tinaj a {lmiazlmg mk LBKA) Vlfmj lr xnq~lxnj zm aiinfn? (1, a jnbntzl{n

mx ~gkalx abz mx txabzlbn h| Vniir Kaxfm5 (8, Vniir Kaxfm“r lgzngz zàz Vlfmj xni| mg z`n

jnbntzlmg mx ~gkalx txabzlbn5 (2, zàz z`n jnbntzl{n mx ~gkalx txabzlbn mbb~xxnj lg z`n

bm~xrn mk bmgj~bz lg{mi{lgf zxajn mx bmccnxbn5 (:, abz~ai jacafn zm Vlfmj5 agj (>,

r~b` jacafnr vnxn txmplcazni| ba~rnj h| z`n jnbntzlmg' Rnn Rlnfni {' R`nii Mli Bm') ;18

K'2j <28) <2:#2> (6z` Blx' 8414,5 rnn airm 01> LII' BMCT' RZAZ' ¦ >4>-14a' Vlfmj kalinj zm

jm rm) agj z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jnblrlmg jlrclrrlgf Vlfmj“r LBKA bialc r`m~ij hn

akklxcnj'

1' Vlfmj mkknxr gm vnii#tinajnj kabz~ai aiinfazlmgr zàz Vniir Kaxfmlgzngjnj Vlfmj zm xni| mg lzr aiinfnj jnbntzlmg'

Vlfmj axf~nr zàz z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz attilnj z`n vxmgf rzagjaxj h| xnq~lxlgf `nx zm

aiinfn zàz Vniir Kaxfm lgzngjnj zm jnbnl{n `nx) xaz`nx zàg zàz Vniir Kaxfm lgzngjnj

zàz Vlfmj xni| mg lzr aiinfnj jnbntzl{n bmgj~bz' (Ti' Hx' 2:#26', Xnfaxjinrr mk v`lb`

rzagjaxj attilnr) Vlfmj àr gmz ljngzlklnj ag| aiinfazlmgr zàz Vniir Kaxfm lgzngjnj

Vlfmj zm xni| mg ag| aiinfnj jnbntzlmg' Lgjnnj) Vlfmj baggmz jm rm ar z`n Acngjnj

Bmctialgz lr jn{mlj mk ag| r~b` aiinfazlmgr' (AB »182#186', Rnn R~h~xhag 1) Lgb' {' F@R

Cmxzfafn) IIB ) 022 G'N'8j 10) 88 (Lii' Att' Bz' 844>,'84

84 Bmgzxax| zm Vlfmj“r axf~cngz) (Ti' Hx' 2> g'81,) ’xnilagbn xncalgr ag nincngz mka txl{azn ba~rn mk abzlmg U~gjnx z`n LBKAS'– Rnn J~xag {' Inriln Mijrcmhlin) Lgb') ><:G'N'8j 12>>) 12;8 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<8,'




# 20 #

8' Vlfmj kalinj zm aiinfn zàz r`n r~kknxnj abz~ai jacafnr'

Z`n Bm~xz airm r`m~ij xnonbz Vlfmj“r azznctzr zm axf~n zàz r`n r~kknxnj ’abz~ai

jacafnr– ~gjnx LBKA' Z`n abz~ai jacafn nincngz mk a txl{azn LBKA abzlmg xnq~lxnr

zàz Vlfmj r~kknxnj ’abz~ai tnb~glax| imrr'– Rnn Elc {' Baxznx“r Lgb') ><0 K'2j 2;8) 2;>

(6z` Blx' 8414, (abz~ai jacafn nincngz ’xnq~lxnr zàz z`n tialgzlkk r~kknx ‐abz~ai

tnb~glax| imrr“–,5 C~iilfag {' Q[B) Lgb') 000 G'N'8j 11<4) 11<;#<6 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8440,'

LBKA ’txm{ljnr xncnjlnr kmx t~xni| nbmgmclb lgo~xlnr)– agj z`n ’kali~xn zm aiinfn

rtnblklb abz~ai jacafnr … lg z`n kmxc mk rtnblklb nbmgmclb lgo~xlnr– txnbi~jnr ag LBKA

bialc' Cmxxlr {' @ax{n| B|bin + Bactnx) Lgb') <11 G'N'8j 14:<) 14>2 (Lii' Att' Bz' 844<,'

Abz~ai jacafnr ’c~rz hn baib~iahin agj cnar~xnj h| z`n tialgzlkk“r imrr'– Lj' (blzazlmg

mclzznj,' Vlz` xnfaxj zm bialcr kmx bmgr~cnx kxa~j) ’Liilgmlr bm~xzr à{n ajmtznj z`n

hngnklz#mk#z`n#haxfalg x~in' – C~iilfag) 000 G'N'8j az 11<;5 rnn airm Kx|n {' I“Mxnai ^RA)

Lgb') >02 K' R~tt' 8j <>:) <>6 (G'J' Lii' 8440,' Z`n x~in lr harnj mg z`n z`nmx| zàz

’tialgzlkk lr ngzlzinj zm hn tiabnj lg z`n racn klgagblai tmrlzlmg r`n vm~ij à{n hnng

ahrngz z`n clrxntxnrngzazlmg'– Kx|n) >02 K' R~tt' 8j az <>6 (blzlgf Txlbn {' T`lilt Cmxxlr)

Lgb') 0:0 G'N'8j 1) >#; (Lii' 844>,,' Vlfmj àr gmz tinj a {lahin bialc kmx abz~ai jacafnr'

Vlfmj“r r~ffnrzlmg zàz z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jlrclrrai mk z`n LBKA bialc var harnj

mg z`n ’txnr~ctzlmg– zàz Vlfmj“r xnj~bnj ta|cngzr ~gjnx z`n ZTT vm~ij ina{n `nx

vlz` cmxn klgagblai xnrm~xbnr) xaz`nx zàg knvnx) lr nxxmgnm~r' (Rnn Ti' Hx' 26', Vlfmj

var mhilfaznj zm caen cmgzì| txlgbltai agj lgznxnrz ta|cngzr ~gjnx z`n znxcr mk `nx

mxlflgai imag jmb~cngzr) ag acm~gz zàz npbnnjnj z`n xnj~bnj ZTT ta|cngzr' (ZTT)

Att' 116#11<', Lg ilf`z mk Vlfmj“r txn#nplrzlgf lgjnhznjgnrr zm Vniir Kaxfm) z`n Jlrzxlbz




# 2< #

Bm~xz bmgbi~jnj) gmz txnr~cnj) zàz z`n ZTT inkz Vlfmj vlz` cmxn xnrm~xbnr zàg r`n

vm~ij à{n hnng vlz`m~z a ZTT agj z`~r) ar a cazznx mk iav) kalinj zm aiinfn tnb~glax|

imrr ba~rnj h| Vniir Kaxfm“r aiinfnj bmgj~bz'81

Vlfmj airm jmnr gmz aiinfn abz~ai tnb~glax| imrr ~gjnx z`n hngnklz mk z`n haxfalg

znrz' Ilen z`n tialgzlkk lg Kx|n) Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz r`n vm~ij gmz à{n ngznxnj lgzm a ZTT

ahrngz Vniir Kaxfm“r clrxntxnrngzazlmg' (AB »14>', Vlfmj jlj gmz) `mvn{nx) aiinfn

`mv r`n vm~ij à{n rtngz z`n cmgn| zàz r`n mz`nxvlrn talj ~gjnx `nx ZTT' V`lin

Vlfmj bmctialgr zàz `nx cmgn| bm~ij à{n hnng t~z ’zmvaxjr mz`nx tmzngzlai

xncnjlnr zàz r`n clf`z mz`nxvlrn à{n t~xr~nj zm ra{n `nx `mcn)– (Lj' »»6>) 18>,) r`n

jmnr gmz aiinfn vàz z`mrn clf`z à{n hnng' Gmx jmnr Vlfmj aiinfn zàz z`n {ai~n mk

`nx `mcn var jlclglr`nj j~xlgf z`n zxlai tiag tnxlmj' Abbmxjlgfi|) Vlfmj àr kalinj

zm ajnq~azni| aiinfn zàz `nx ZTT àj ag| nbmgmclb bmgrnq~ngbnr'

Iarz) Vlfmj“r arrnxzlmgr zàz clrrnj mttmxz~glzlnr bmgrzlz~zn abzlmgahin lgo~xlnr kalir

kmx a g~chnx mk xnarmgr' (Rnn Ti' Hx' 20) 2<5 AB »»6>) 18>', ^gjnx Liilgmlr iav)

’UzS`nmxnzlbai àxc– agj jacafnr ’txnjlbaznj mg cnxn rtnb~iazlmg) `|tmz`nrlr)

bmgonbz~xn mx v`lc– axn lgr~kklblngz' Txlbn {' T`lilt Cmxxlr) Lgb') 0:0 G'N'8j 1) > (Lii' 844>,5

Bmmgn| {' B`l' T~h' Rb`r') <:2 G'N'8j 82) 21 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8414,5 Tnzz| {' B`x|rinx Bmxt') 6<<

G'N'8j :28) :2< (Lii' Att' Bz' 8442,' Xaz`nx) Vlfmj ’c~rz à{n hnng àxcnj lg a

bmgbxnzn) arbnxzalgahin va|'– Txlbn) 0:0 G'N'8j az >' Vlfmj“r aiinfazlmgr xnfaxjlgf

81 Vlfmj airm rzmttnj caelgf `nx cmxzfafn ta|cngzr lg Ca| 8414) h~z) ~tmglgkmxcazlmg agj hnilnk) bmgzlg~nr zm il{n lg `nx bmgjmclgl~c v`lin `nx zapnr axn taljh| Vniir Kaxfm'




# :4 #

clrrnj mttmxz~glzlnr axn t~xni| z`nmxnzlbai agj aiinfn gm arbnxzalgahin jacafnr'

Gmz`lgf txn{ngznj Vlfmj kxmc klilgf kmx hagex~tzb| mx azznctzlgf zm rnii `nx `mcn'

(RJ 4<#41) Att' 8 (’hmxxmvnx abzl{ni| lg{mi{nj lg a hagex~tzb| txmbnnjlgf lr nilflhin

kmx z`n @ACT az z`n rnx{lbnx“r jlrbxnzlmg–,5 ZTT) Att' 116#11<,' Gmx jmnr Vlfmj

txm{ljn ag| kabz~ai harlr kmx z`n gmzlmg zàz r`n bm~ij à{n rmij `nx `mcn az aii) inz

aimgn mg ~gjnklgnj ’ka{mxahin znxcr'– Vlfmj“r aiinfazlmgr baggmz r~ttmxz `nx bialc kmx

xnilnk' Rnn Cmxxlr) <11 G'N'8j az 14>25 Txlbn) 0:0 G'N'8j az >5 Lqhai) 18< R' Bz' az 1<:<#>4'88

2' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz Txmtnxi| @nij Zàz Vlfmj“r Bialc Zàz Vniir

Kaxfm Ngfafnj Lg ^gkalx Bmgj~bz Jlj Gmz Rzazn A Bialc ^gjnxLBKA'

Vlfmj airm bmgzngjr zàz z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz nxxnj h| jlrclrrlgf `nx ~gkalxgnrr bialc

~gjnx LBKA' H~z Vlfmj aiinfnj gm kabzr rtnblklb zm `nx imag zm r~ttmxz r~b` a bialc'

Vlfmj mkknxnj mgi| a ilzag| mk bmctialgzr afalgrz Vniir Kaxfm zàz Vlfmj iahninj

’~gkalx) lccmxai agj ~grbx~t~im~r txabzlbnr'– (Ti' Hx' :1#:85 rnn airm AB »18;', Z`n

Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r rlingbn mg z`lr axf~cngz jmnr gmz lgjlbazn a kali~xn zm bmgrljnx z`n

bialc) h~z cmxn ileni| a bmgbi~rlmg zàz z`n bialc kalir agj jmnr gmz vaxxagz jlrb~rrlmg'

Rnn Bxavkmxj R~tti| Fxm~t) Lgb' {' Hage mk Ac') G'A') 8411 VI 26<2<12) az /8#2 (G'J' Lii'

A~f' 8>) 8411, (bm~xz gmz xnq~lxnj zm ajjxnrr n{nx| axf~cngz lg jnblrlmg,'

Z`n bmgj~bz aiinfnj lg r~h#taxafxat`r (a, z`xm~f` (l, mk taxafxat` 18; mk z`n

Acngjnj Bmctialgz) lgbi~jlgf Vniir Kaxfm“r aiinfnj ’mgn baii xnrmi~zlmg tmilb|)–

88 Vlfmj airm jlj gmz aiinfn a harlr kmx a klgjlgf mk txmplcazn ba~razlmg' R`n jmnrgmz aiinfn zàz Vniir Kaxfm txn{ngznj `nx kxmc rnnelgf hagex~tzb| xnilnk) kxmc rniilgf`nx `mcn) mx kxmc t~xr~lgf ag| aiznxgazl{n agj cmxn txnknxahin rmi~zlmgr zm ajjxnrr`nx jnhz mhilfazlmgr' Rnn Mil{nlxa {' Acmbm Mli Bm') 66; G'N'8j 1>1) 1>> (Lii' 8448,(akklxclgf jlrclrrai hnba~rn gm txmplcazn ba~razlmg,'




# :1 #

bmgrlrzr mk a fngnxai bmctialgz zàz txm{ljnr gm bmggnbzlmg zm Vlfmj“r imag

cmjlklbazlmg attilbazlmg' Gmz`lgf lg taxafxat` 18; rnzr kmxz` vnii#tinajnj kabz~ai

aiinfazlmgr zàz ‒ zaeng ar zx~n ‒ vm~ij nrzahilr` bmgj~bz zàz {lmiaznj LBKA ar zm

Vlfmj“r imag' ’UGSacnj tialgzlkkr v`m Urnner zmS xntxnrngz a biarr c~rz aiinfn agj r`mv

zàz z`n| tnxrmgaii| à{n hnng lgo~xnj) gmz zàz lgo~x| àr hnng r~kknxnj h| mz`nx)

~gljngzlklnj cnchnxr mk z`n biarr zm v`lb` z`n| hnimgf agj v`lb` z`n| t~xtmxz zm

xntxnrngz'– Rb`~iz {' Tx~jngzlai Lgr' Bm' mk Ac') ;60 K' R~tt' 8j 661) 608 (G'J' Lii' 8414,'

Gmgn mk Vlfmj“r fngnxai aiinfazlmgr nptialgr `mv Vniir Kaxfm“r bmgj~bz {lr#ä#{lr

Vlfmj {lmiaznj LBKA mx jlkknxnj kxmc Vlfmj“r aiinfnj hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc' Rnn

J~kk| {' Zlbenzxnrnx{n) Lgb') 688 K' R~tt' 8j <66) <<8#<2 (G'J' Lii' 8414,' Abbmxjlgfi|) z`n

Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz txmtnxi| jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r LBKA bialc'82

K' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz Txmtnxi| Jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r Clrxntxnrngzazlmg BialcrHnba~rn R`n Kalinj Zm Tinaj Zàz R`n O~rzlklahi| Xnilnj ^tmg Rzazncngzr Lg Z`nZTT'

Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm clrxntxnrngznj zàz lz vm~ij tnxcagngzi| cmjlk|

`nx imag lk r`n cajn `nx ZTT ta|cngzr agj r~hclzznj z`n r~ttmxzlgf jmb~cngzazlmg

xnq~lxnj h| z`n ZTT' (AB »» 6) 86) 14:) 184', Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz) `mvn{nx) txmtnxi|

`nij zàz) ar a cazznx mk iav) Vlfmj bm~ij gmz à{n xnarmgahi| xnilnj mg a txm{lrlmg mk

z`n ZTT zàz var lg`nxngzi| bmgzxajlbzmx| zm agmz`nx' (Rnn Mxjnx 12#1:', Vlfmj axf~nr

zàz z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r agai|rlr var kiavnj hnba~rn lz arr~cnj zàz Vlfmj xnilnj mg

82 Z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz“r jnblrlmg lg Hm|j jmnr gmz atti| `nxn) hnba~rn) ~gilen lg Hm|j)Vlfmj àr gmz aiinfnj ag| ’~gkalx– bmgj~bz ~gjnx LBKA zàz attilnr zm `nx' Lg Hm|j)z`n tialgzlkk aiinfnj zàz z`n rnx{lbnx kalinj zm n{ai~azn `lr @ACT nilflhlilz| agj z`ngkmxnbimrnj mg `lr txmtnxz|' 8411 VI 126:<0;) /8' Gm r~b` aiinfazlmgr axn txnrngz `nxn'




# :8 #

z`n klxrz taxafxat` mk z`n ZTT) v`lin r`n aiinfnji| xnilnj mg Rnbzlmg 2 mk z`n ZTT' (Ti' Hx'

21#28', Z`n Bm~xz r`m~ij xnonbz Vlfmj“r axf~cngz' Z`n bmgzngz mk z`n zvm taxafxat`r lg

q~nrzlmg lr caznxlaii| z`n racn) caelgf Vlfmj“r aiinfnj jlrzlgbzlmg lxxnin{agz' (Bmctaxn

ZTT) Att' 116 vlz` Att' 11<) »2', Z`n klxrz taxafxat` mk z`n ZTT rlcti| ~rnr z`n zlzin mk

Rnbzlmg 8) l'n') ’Z`n Imag Zxlai Tnxlmj– (Att' 110,) xaz`nx zàg ’Rnbzlmg 8'– Vlfmj jmnr

gmz`lgf cmxn zàg azznctz zm bxnazn a kairn jlrzlgbzlmg hnzvnng z`n zvm taxafxat`r'

Xnfaxjinrr) ar z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz tmlgznj m~z) z`n bmgzngz mg v`lb` Vlfmj

t~xtmxznji| xnilnj lr ~gjnxclgnj h| Rnbzlmg 8'F) v`lb` txm{ljnr zàz Vlfmj“r imag

vm~ij gmz hn cmjlklnj ~ginrr) acmgf mz`nx z`lgfr) r`n cnz ’aii mk z`n bmgjlzlmgr xnq~lxnj

kmx cmjlklbazlmg'– (Mxjnx 12#1: (q~mzlgf ZTT »8'F, (nctàrlr lg jlrzxlbz bm~xz mtlglmg,',

Vlfmj attnaxr zm axf~n zàz hnba~rn Rnbzlmg 2 mk z`n ZTT xnknxngbnr z`n ’xnq~lxncngzr

lg Rnbzlmg 8)– z`n xnq~lxncngz lg Rnbzlmg 8'F zàz Vlfmj ’cnnz aii z`n bmgjlzlmgr

xnq~lxnj kmx cmjlklbazlmg– lr rmcn`mv lccaznxlai zm z`n clrxntxnrngzazlmg agai|rlr'

(Ti' Hx' 28', Vlfmj) `mvn{nx) txm{ljnr gm kabz~ai mx infai harlr kmx z`lr r~ffnrzlmg'

Lgjnnj) rn{nxai bm~xzr à{n nptxnrri| `nij zàz) ar a cazznx mk iav) hmxxmvnxr bm~ij gmz

à{n xnarmgahi| xnilnj mg z`n iagf~afn mk z`n ZTT zm txmclrn a tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg' Rnn) n'f') Rzmiha) 8411 VI 2:::460) az />5 I~bla-Bmx{niim) 8411 VI 212::88)

az /0#<5 I~gj) 8411 VI 1062;<4) az /2' Vlfmj lr zx|lgf zm lrmiazn jlkknxngz tmzlmgr mk z`n

ZTT zm r~ttmxz `nx clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialcr) h~z lg jmlgf rm) r`n kalir zm imme az z`n

ZTT ar a v`min'

K~xz`nx) lg jnznxclglgf o~rzlklahin xnilagbn) z`n Bm~xz c~rz bmgrljnx vàz Vlfmj

egnv agj vàz r`n bm~ij à{n jlrbm{nxnj ’h| z`n npnxblrn mk mxjlgax| tx~jngbn'–Rnn




# :2 #

Znacrznxr Imbai 808 Tngrlmg Zx~rz K~gj {' Agfnimr) 02< K'8j 2;;) 264 (6z` Blx' 1<00, (blzlgf

Rb`cljz {' Iagjklnij) 1;< G'N'8j 88<) 821#28 (Lii' 1<;4,,5 rnn airm Ajinx {' Vliilac Hialx +

Bm') ;:0 G'N'8j 88;) 828 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<>, (’UaS tnxrmg ca| gmz ngznx lgzm a zxagrabzlmg

vlz` `lr n|nr bimrnj zm a{aliahin lgkmxcazlmg agj z`ng bàxfn zàz `n àr hnng jnbnl{nj

h| agmz`nx–,' Liilgmlr iav lctmrnr a j~z| zm lg{nrzlfazn v`ng z`n blxb~crzagbnr

’xnarmgahi| xnq~lxn) ar a cazznx mk tx~jngbn) zàz ag lg{nrzlfazlmg hn ~gjnxzaeng'– Rnn

Znacrznxr) 02< K'8j az 261 (blzlgf I~blagl {' Hnrzmx ) :2; G'N'8j 8>1) 8>; (Lii' Att' Bz'

1<08,,5 rnn airm Rb`cljz) 1;< G'N'8j az 821#28' Abbmxjlgfi|) a tialgzlkk“r xnilagbn lr gmz

o~rzlklahin v`nxn r`n àj nq~ai egmvinjfn mx abbnrr zm egmvinjfn) mx v`nxn tnb~ilax

blxb~crzagbnr jlj gmz lgj~bn tialgzlkk zm xni| rmini| mg z`n xntxnrngzazlmg' Rnn

X~ggncnjn Mvgnxr) Lgb' {' Bxnrz Cmxzfafn Bmxt') 0;1 K'8j 14>2) 14>0 (6z` Blx' 1<00,5

Rb`cljz) 1;< G'N'8j az 828'

Ilen z`n tialgzlkkr lg Ajinx ) Vlfmj“r ZTT binaxi| lgkmxcnj Vlfmj zàz `nx imag

vm~ij gmz hn cmjlklnj ’~ginrr agj ~gzli … Ur`nS cnz aii bmgjlzlmgr xnq~lxnj kmx a

cmjlklbazlmg– (Att' 110', Lg ajjlzlmg zm lgq~lxlgf vlz` Vniir Kaxfm xnfaxjlgf z`n

bmgjlzlmgr kmx xnbnl{lgf a tnxcagngz @ACT cmjlklbazlmg) Vlfmj bm~ij à{n baiinj z`n

@MTN @mzilgn kmx kxnn arrlrzagbn kxmc a znac mk @^J#attxm{nj `m~rlgf bm~grnimxr'

Rnn r~txa) Rnbzlmg [LL'A' Cmxnm{nx) tialgzlkk bm~ij à{n xnaj z`n t~hilbi|#a{aliahin

Zxnar~x| agj Kaggln Can f~ljnilgnr agj jlxnbzl{nr zàz nptialg z`n nilflhlilz|)

~gjnxvxlzlgf) agj jmb~cngzazlmg xnq~lxnj kmx nab` @ACT attilbazlmg' (Att' 8#14',

Vlfmj) `mvn{nx) jmnr gmz aiinfn zàz r`n ~gjnxzmme ag| r~b` lg{nrzlfazlmg' Lgrznaj)

r`n ’bimrnj `nx n|nr– zm aii mz`nx txm{lrlmgr mk z`n ZTT) ar vnii ar z`n {arz acm~gz mk




# :: #

lgkmxcazlmg xnfaxjlgf @ACT xnq~lxncngzr zàz var t~hilbi| a{aliahin az z`n zlcn' Rnn

Ajinx ) ;:0 G'N8j az 828' Ahrngz ag| aiinfnj lgq~lx| Vlfmj“r aiinfnj xnilagbn var gmz

o~rzlklahin) ar a cazznx mk iav'

Vlfmj“r gaenj aiinfazlmgr zàz r`n ’cnz z`n klgagblai z`xnr`mij kmx tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg txlmx zm ngznxlgf lgzm z`n ZTT– jm gmz xngjnx `nx aiinfnj xnilagbn mg z`n

ZTT o~rzlklahin' Vlfmj“r xntnaznj axf~cngz ‒ vlz` gm r~ttmxz kxmc vnii#tinj kabz~ai

aiinfazlmgr ‒ zàz Vniir Kaxfm àj {nxlklnj `nx q~ailklbazlmg kmx a tnxcagngz

cmjlklbazlmg txlmx zm txm{ljlgf `nx vlz` a ZTT lr ngzlxni| rtnb~iazl{n agj jmnr gmz

r~ttmxz a klgjlgf mk o~rzlklahin xnilagbn mg z`n ZTT'8: Rnn Lqhai) 18< R' Bz' az 1<:<#>4'

Ahrngz o~rzlklahin xnilagbn mg ag| aiinfnj clrxntxnrngzazlmg h| Vniir Kaxfm) z`n Jlrzxlbz

Bm~xz txmtnxi| jlrclrrnj Vlfmj“r clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialcr' Rnn Bml Lxmg + Cnzai) Lgb'

{' ^'R' Mkklbn Nq~lt') Lgb') 8>4 K'2j >64) >6: (6z` Blx' 8441,'8>

F' Z`n Cmmxcag Mx Nbmgmclb Imrr Jmbzxlgn Haxr Vlfmj“r Gnfilfngbn#Harnj

Bialcr5 Vlfmj Kalinj Zm R~kklblngzi| Aiinfn Z`n Nincngzr Mk Nab` R~b` Bialc'1' Jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r gnfilfngbn#harnj bialcr r`m~ij hn

akklxcnj harnj mg z`n ’nbmgmclb imrr jmbzxlgn'–

^gjnx Liilgmlr iav) z`n Cmmxcag) mx nbmgmclb imrr) jmbzxlgn haxr a tialgzlkk kxmc

xnbm{nxlgf kmx t~xni| nbmgmclb imrrnr ~gjnx a zmxz z`nmx| mk gnfilfngbn' Cmmxcag Ckf'

Bm' {' Gaz“i Zage Bm') :2> G'N'8j ::2) :>2 (Lii' 1<08,' Zm xnbm{nx lg zmxz ~gjnx z`n

8: Cmxnm{nx) z`n Acngjnj Bmctialgz jmnr gmz aiinfn zàz Vlfmj“r imag xnbnl{nj atmrlzl{n GT[ xnr~iz'

8> Aiznxgazn fxm~gjr kmx akklxclgf z`n jlrclrrai mk tialgzlkk“r clrxntxnrngzazlmgbialcr axn jlrb~rrnj lg jnzali lg Rnbzlmgr [LL'F'1) agj [LL'F'2' Rnn Caxb~r + Cliilbàt);2< K'2j az 218 (Bm~xz ca| akklxc jlrclrrai ’mg ag| harlr zàz attnaxr lg z`n xnbmxj)n{ng lk lz var gmz z`n jlrzxlbz bm~xz&r fxm~gj kmx jlrclrrlgf z`n r~lz,'




# :> #

Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn) ’a taxz| c~rz r`mv àxc ahm{n agj hn|mgj a taxz|“r bmgzxabz~ai mx

bmccnxblai nptnbzazlmgr'– Ac' ^glznj Imflrzlbr) Lgb' {' Baznii~r Jn{' Bmxt') 21< K'2j <81)

<8; (6z` Blx' 8442,'8; Abbmxjlgfi|) v`nxn zvm taxzlnr axn ngfafnj lg a bmccnxblai

xniazlmgr`lt) mgn taxz| baggmz t~xr~n gnfilfngbn#harnj bialcr kmx nbmgmclb jacafnr

mgi|' Kxnnjmc Cmxzfafn Bmxt' {' H~xgàc Cmxzfafn Bmxt') 684 K' R~tt' 8j <60) 1441#48

(G'J' Lii' 8414,'

@nxn) Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg agj gnfilfngz `lxlgf-r~tnx{lrlmg bialcr

axlrn kxmc `nx bmccnxblai xniazlmgr`lt vlz` Vniir Kaxfm ar `nx imag rnx{lbnx) agj

Vlfmj“r gnfilfngbn#harnj bialcr rnne mgi| nbmgmclb jacafnr' (AB »»<6) 148) 188',

Vlfmj jmnr gmz arrnxz zàz Vniir Kaxfm“r gnfilfngbn ba~rnj `nx ag| t`|rlbai lgo~x| mx

txmtnxz| jacafn' Z`~r) Vlfmj“r bialcr kaii rq~axni| vlz`lg z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn) agj

jlrclrrai mk `nx gnfilfngbn#harnj bialcr r`m~ij hn akklxcnj' Rnn Bazaiag {' FCAB

Cmxzfafn Bmxt') ;8< K'2j ;6;) ;<2 (6z` Blx' 8411,5 Klxrz Tiabn Hage {' Re|ilgn K~gjlgf) Lgb')

8411 VI 2862461) az /; (G'J' Lii' O~i| 86) 8411, ( Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn haxxnj gnfilfngz

clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialc afalgrz cmxzfafn mxlflgazmx,5 Kxnnjmc Cmxzfafn Bmxt') 684 K'

R~tt' 8j az 1441#48 (jlrclrrlgf gnfilfngz r~tnx{lrlmg agj `lxlgf bialcr,5 Kmp Arrmb')

Lgb' {' Xmhnxz @aik Lgznxgazlmgai) Lgb') 666 G'N'8j ;42) ;14 (Lii' Att' Bz' 8448,'86

8; A g~chnx mk npbntzlmgr atti| zm z`n jmbzxlgn) h~z gmgn lr attilbahin zm Vlfmj“rbialcr' Rnn Bazaiag {' FCAB Cmxzfafn Bmxt') ;8< K'2j ;6;) ;<2 (6z` Blx' 8411, (ilrzlgfnpbntzlmgr,'

86 Vlfmj“r bialcr jm gmz kaii lgzm a gaxxmv npbntzlmg zm z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn zàzattilnr ’v`nxn z`n tialgzlkk“r jacafnr vnxn txmplcazni| ba~rnj h| a gnfilfngzclrxntxnrngzazlmg h| a jnkngjagz lg z`n h~rlgnrr mk r~tti|lgf lgkmxcazlmg kmx z`nf~ljagbn mk mz`nxr lg z`nlx h~rlgnrr zxagrabzlmgr'– Bazaiag) ;8< K'2j az ;<2' Vlfmj kalir




# :; #

8' Jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz `lxlgf bialc r`m~ij hn akklxcnj'

Hn|mgj z`n Cmmxcag jmbzxlgn) zm rzazn a bialc kmx gnfilfngz `lxlgf) a tialgzlkk c~rz

aiinfn a taxzlb~iax ~gklzgnrr agj zàz r~b` ~gklzgnrr ’xngjnxnj z`n tialgzlkk“r lgo~x|

kmxnrnnahin zm a tnxrmg mk mxjlgax| tx~jngbn lg z`n nctim|nx“r tmrlzlmg'– [ag @mxgn {'

C~iinx ) 64> G'N'8j 0<0) <4>#4; (Lii' 1<<0,' Cmxnm{nx) a tialgzlkk c~rz aiinfn rtnblklb kabzr)

xaz`nx zàg caen bmgbi~rmx| aiinfazlmgr) zàz a jnkngjagz ’egnv mx r`m~ij à{n

egmvg– ahm~z a tmzngzlai nctim|nn“r taxzlb~iax ~gklzgnrr' Rnn Clzb`nii {' Gmxcag Oacnr

Bmgrzx' Bm') ;0: G'N'8j 068) 00< (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<6,5 rnn airm [ag @mxgn) 64> G'N'8j az <4;#

46 (akklxclgf jlrclrrai mk gnfilfngz `lxlgf bialc v`nxn tialgzlkk kalinj zm tinaj rtnblklb

kabzr xnfaxjlgf taxzlb~iax ~gklzgnrr mk nctim|nn lg q~nrzlmg,'

Vlfmj àr mkknxnj gm rtnblklb aiinfazlmgr nptialglgf z`n ~gklzgnrr mk ag| Vniir

Kaxfm nctim|nnr az z`n zlcn mk z`nlx `lxlgf) agj r`n kalir zm zln ag| r~b` aiinfazlmgr zm

`nx imag lg taxzlb~iax' Lgrznaj) Vlfmj cnxni| mkknxr bmgbi~rmx| aiinfazlmgr zàz Vnii

Kaxfm“r `lxnr iabenj ’r~lzahin zxalglgf) nj~bazlmg) nptnxlngbn agj reliir– agj vnxn ’lii#

r~lznj– zm àgjin @ACT imag cmjlklbazlmgr' (AB »»<2) <6', Vlfmj mkknxr gm aiinfazlmgr

zm r`mv `mv ag| Vniir Kaxfm nctim|nnr vnxn ’lii#r~lznj– kmx r~b` omhr mx `mv Vniir

Kaxfm ’egnv mx r`m~ij à{n egmvg– ahm~z z`nlx ~gklzgnrr kmx @ACT#xniaznj tmrlzlmgr'

Jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz `lxlgf bialc r`m~ij hn akklxcnj' Rnn [ag @mxgn) 64>

G'N'8j az <4;'

zm aiinfn zàz Vniir Kaxfm lr lg z`n h~rlgnrr mk r~tti|lgf lgkmxcazlmg kmx Vlfmj“rf~ljagbn lg `nx h~rlgnrr jnailgfr'




# :6 #

2' Z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r jlrclrrai mk Vlfmj“r gnfilfngz mx kxa~j~ingzclrxntxnrngzazlmg-bmgbnaicngz r`m~ij hn akklxcnj'

(a, Vlfmj kalinj zm aiinfn vlz` rtnblklblz| kabzr r`mvlgf zàzVniir Kaxfm àj a rb`ncn zm jnkxa~j Vlfmj'

Zm r~x{l{n a cmzlmg zm jlrclrr) Vlfmj ’c~rz hn ahin zm tmlgz zm rtnblklb) mhonbzl{n

caglknrzazlmgr mk UVniir Kaxfm“rS kxa~j~ingz lgzngz#a rb`ncn mx jn{lbn'– Hmvnx {' Omgnr)

<60 K'8j 144:) 1418 (6z` Blx' 1<<8, (blzlgf @mii|cazlb Bmxt' {' @mii| R|r') Lgb') ;84 K' R~tt'

12;;) 12;< (G'J' Lii' 1<0>,,' Vlfmj) `mvn{nx) kalinj zm aiinfn ag| rtnblklb kabzr r`mvlgf

zàz Vniir Kaxfm“r k~z~xn txmclrn zm tnxcagngzi| cmjlk| Vlfmj“r imag var taxz mk a

rb`ncn zm jnkxa~j Vlfmj' Vlfmj cnxni| aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm ’àj ahrmi~zni| gm

lgzngzlmg zm cmjlk| Tialgzlkk“r cmxzfafn'– Rnn Hmvnx ) <60 K'8j az 14185 Bàzàc R~xflbmxn)

Izj' {' @naiz` Baxn Rnx{' Bmxt') 08; G'N'8j <64) <66#6< (Lii' Att' Bz' 844>,' Vlfmj“r

aiinfazlmg lr hnilnj h| z`n zngr mk z`m~ragjr mk cmxzfafn imagr Vniir Kaxfm àr

cmjlklnj) lzr {mi~gzax| taxzlbltazlmg lg @ACT h| npnb~zlgf z`n RTA) agj z`n lgbngzl{nr

zàz lz xnbnl{nr ar a xnr~iz mk taxzlbltazlmg lg z`n txmfxac'

(h, Vlfmj kalinj zm aiinfn zàz r`n var jacafnj h| VniirKaxfm“r bmgj~bz'

Gmz`lgf aiinfnj h| Vlfmj razlrklnr z`n jacafnr nincngz mk `nx bialc' R`n aiinfnr

zàz r`n jlj gmz xnbnl{n a tnxcagngz imag cmjlklbazlmg) zàz r`n cajn zxlai tiag

ta|cngzr zàz bm~ij à{n hnng ~rnj kmx ’mz`nx a{ng~nr mk xnilnk)– zàz r`n ’imrz zlcn '''

agj z`n mttmxz~glz| zm t~xr~n mz`nx a{ng~nr kmx ra{lgf `nx `mcn agj bxnjlz)– zàz `nx

bxnjlz rbmxn var gnfazl{ni| lctabznj) agj zàz `nx a{aliahin bxnjlz var bagbniinj mx

xnj~bnj' (AB »»140) 112) 110', @mvn{nx) Vlfmj var lgjnhznj zm Vniir Kaxfm ~gjnx z`n

znxcr mk `nx mxlflgai gmzn agj var mhilfaznj zm caen cmgzì| txlgbltai agj lgznxnrz




# :0 #

ta|cngzr zàz npbnnjnj z`n xnj~bnj zxlai ta|cngzr' Vniir Kaxfm“r jnblrlmg zm aiimv

Vlfmj zm znctmxaxli| caen xnj~bnj imag ta|cngzr mg `nx cmxzfafn ‒ txnr~cahi| zm

txm{ljn `nx vlz` zlcn zm zx| agj lctxm{n z`nlx klgagblai blxb~crzagbnr ‒ var lgzngjnj

zm hn a hngnklz agj bm~ij gmz à{n jacafnj Vlfmj lg ilf`z mk `nx txn#nplrzlgf

lgjnhznjgnrr' Rnn Ajacr {' ^'R' Hage) 8414 VI 8;64648) az /: (N'J' Clb`' O~i| 1) 8414,'

Vlfmj“r mz`nx aiinfazlmgr) r~b` ar imrz zlcn agj mttmxz~glzlnr) ar vnii ar jacafn zm `nx

bxnjlz) axn rlcti| zmm rtnb~iazl{n agj azzng~aznj zm r~kklblngzi| tinaj jacafnr

txmplcazni| ba~rnj h| Vniir Kaxfm“r bmgj~bz' Z`lr lr taxzlb~iaxi| zx~n zm z`n npzngz zàz

ag| mk z`nrn jacafnr aiinfnji| kimv kxmc Vlfmj“r aiinfazlmgr zàz Vniir Kaxfm ba~rnj

`nx zm jnka~iz mg `nx imag' (AB »»14<#12', Az z`n zlcn r`n npnb~znj `nx ZTT) Vlfmj

ajclzznj zàz r`n var aixnaj| mg z`n {nxfn mk jnka~iz (Att' 116) »1'A, agj z`~r

Vlfmj“r bmgbi~rmx| aiinfazlmgr zàz Vniir Kaxfm var zm hiacn kmx z`n jnka~iz axn

lgr~kklblngz zm txmtnxi| tinaj jacafnr'

(b, Vlfmj kalinj zm aiinfn zàz Vniir Kaxfm mvnj `nx a j~z|'

Zm xnbm{nx mg a kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz mx gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialc)

Vlfmj c~rz ajnq~azni| aiinfn zàz Vniir Kaxfm àj a j~z| zm bmcc~glbazn abb~xazn

lgkmxcazlmg' Bmgglbe {' R~~el Cmzmx Bm') ;6> G'N'8j >0:) ><2 (Lii' 1<<;,5 Gntz~gm

Zxn~àgj#^gj [nxvaiz~gfrfnrniirbàkz Ch` {' Axhmx ) ;<8 G'N'8j 018) 010 (Lii' Att' Bz'

1<<0,' @mvn{nx) ’UzS`nxn lr gm j~z| zm rtnae ahrngz a klj~blax| mx mz`nx infai

xniazlmgr`lt hnzvnng z`n taxzlnr)– agj z`n h~xjng mk r`mvlgf r~b` a xniazlmgr`lt

’nplrzr ilnr vlz` z`n taxz| rnnelgf xnilnk'– Gntz~gm) ;<8 G'N'8j az 016 (blzlgf Cafga Hage

mk Cajlrmg Bm~gz| {' Oacnrmg) ;4: G'N'8j >:1) >::#:> (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<8,,' Ar a cazznx mk




# :< #

iav) a cmxzfafmx jmnr gmz mvn a cmxzfafnn a j~z| mk baxn' Fxaàc {' Cljiagj Cmxzfafn

Bm') :4; K' R~tt' 8j <:0) <>2 (G'J' Lii' 844>, (q~mzlgf Znab`nxr Lgr' + Agg~lz| Arr“g mk Ac'

{' IaRaiin Gaz“i Hage) ;<1 G'N'8j 001) 000 (Lii' Att' Bz' 1<<0,,5 rnn airm Rzmiha) 8411 VI

2:::460) az /> (gm j~z| mk baxn mvnj h| Vniir Kaxfm ar rnx{lbnx,5 Cafga Hage) ;4:

G'N'8j az >::' V`lin a j~z| zm jlrbimrn caznxlai kabzr ca| axlrn v`nxn a tialgzlkk tiabnr

zx~rz agj bmgkljngbn lg a jnkngjagz rm ar zm tiabn z`n jnkngjagz lg a tmrlzlmg mk

lgki~ngbn agj r~tnxlmxlz| m{nx z`n tialgzlkk) z`n tialgzlkk c~rz tinaj r~b` kabzr lg z`n

bmctialgz' Rnn Fxaàc) :4; K' R~tt' 8j az <>25 Bmgglbe) ;6> G'N'8j az ><2'

Vlfmj“r mgi| aiinfazlmg xnfaxjlgf Vniir Kaxfm“r j~z| zm bmcc~glbazn abb~xazn

lgkmxcazlmg lr ngzlxni| bmgbi~rmx|) (AB »181,) agj c~rz hn jlrxnfaxjnj ar lz jmnr gmz

aiinfn zàz Vlfmj tiabnj r~b` fxnaz zx~rz agj bmgkljngbn lg Vniir Kaxfm rm ar zm

vaxxagz a j~z| mk baxn' Rnn Fxaàc) :4; K' R~tt' 8j az <>2' Abbmxjlgfi|) jlrclrrai mk

Vlfmj“r kxa~j~ingz bmgbnaicngz agj gnfilfngz clrxntxnrngzazlmg bialcr r`m~ij hn

akklxcnj' Rnn lj'5 Mirmg {' Ongengr + Flib`xlrz) :;1 K' R~tt' 8j 614) 61< (G'J' Lii' 844;,'

[LLL' BMGBI^RLMG

Kmx aii z`n kmxnfmlgf xnarmgr) Jnkngjagz#Attniinn Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A'

xnrtnbzk~ii| xnq~nrzr zàz z`n o~jfcngz mk z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz hn akklxcnj lg k~ii'

Azzmxgn| kmx Jnkngjagz#Attniinn Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A'

Jaznj? Rntznchnx 80) 8411

-r- Lxngn B' Kxnljni

Lxngn B' KxnljniE+I FAZNR IIT




# >4 #

BNXZLKLBAZN MK BMCTILAGBN

1' Z`lr hxlnk bmctilnr vlz` z`n z|tn#{mi~cn ilclzazlmg mk Knj' X' Att' T' 28(a,(6,(H,

hnba~rn z`lr hxlnk bmgzalgr 12)<;1 vmxjr) npbi~jlgf z`n taxzr mk z`n hxlnk npnctznj h|

Knj' X' Att' T' 81(a,(6,(H,(lll,'


agj z`n z|tn rz|in xnq~lxncngzr mk Knj' X' Att' T' 28(a,(;, hnba~rn z`lr hxlnk `ar hnng

txntaxnj lg a txmtmxzlmgaii| rtabnj z|tnkabn ~rlgf Clbxmrmkz Vmxj 8442 lg Hmme

Agzlq~a 18#tmlgz kmgz'

Azzmxgn| kmx Jnkngjagz#Attniinn Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A'

Jaznj? Rntznchnx 80) 8411


Lxngn B' Kxnljni




# >1 #

BNXZLKLBAZN MK RNX[LBN

L @NXNH\ BNXZLK\ z`az mg Rntznchnx 80) 8411) L ninbzxmglbaii| klinj z`n kmxnfmlgf

vlz` z`n Binxe mk z`n Bm~xz h| ~rlgf z`n BC-NBK r|rznc v`lb` vlii rngj a gmzlbn mk

ninbzxmglb klilgf zm aii bm~grni mx taxzlnr mk xnbmxj mg z`n azzab`nj rnx{lbn ilrz'

-r- Lxngn B' Kxnljni Lxngn B' Kxnljni

RNX[LBN ILRZ

Barn Gm' 1?14#b{#482:0

Oa| Njnirmg onjnirmgDnjnirmg'bmcRzn{ng Innii VmmjxmvrvmmjxmvDnjnirmg'bmcXakn| R' HaiahaglagxhaiahaglagDnjnirmg'bmcLxlga Ria{lga

lria{lgaDnjnirmg'bmcNjnirmg CbF~lxn) IIB

2>4 Gmxz` IaRaiin Rzxnnz) R~lzn 1244B`lbafm) LI ;4;>:

Bm~grni kmx Tialgzlkk#Attniinn Imxl Vlfmj




Mbzmhnx 81) 8411

H| Ninbzxmglb Klilgf (NBK,

Binxe mk Bm~xz^'R' Bm~xz mk Attnair) Rn{ngz` Blxb~lzXmmc 868881< R' Jnaxhmxg Rzxnnz

B`lbafm) LI ;4;4:

Xn? Imxl Vlfmj {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') Attnai Gm' 11#1:82

Jnax Binxe mk Bm~xz?

T~xr~agz zm Knj' X' Att' T' 80(o, agj Blxb~lz X~in 80(n,) L r~hclz z`lr inzznx mghnàik mk Attniinn Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A' zm hxlgf zm z`n Bm~xz“r azzngzlmg z`n ^'R'R~txncn Bm~xz“r jnblrlmg) Arzxa ^RA) Lgb' {' Ragza Biaxa Bm~gz|) 121 R' Bz' 12:8(8411,' Z`n Arzxa jnblrlmg lr a tnxzlgngz agj rlfglklbagz a~z mxlz| zàz bacn zm c|azzngzlmg) ar lz xniaznr zm Rnbzlmg L'A mk Attniiagz Imxl Vlfmj“r hxlnk agj Rnbzlmg

[LL'A mk Vniir Kaxfm“r hxlnk) akznx Vniir Kaxfm“r hxlnk var klinj'

Lg Arzxa) z`n R~txncn Bm~xz `nij zàz a txl{azn taxz| ca| gmz r~h{nxz Bmgfxnrr“rjnblrlmg gmz zm txm{ljn a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg lg a rzaz~zn h| hxlgflgf bmgzxabzbialcr zm ngkmxbn z`n rzaz~zn' Lj' az 12:>' Z`n R~txncn Bm~xz rzaznj zàz) hnba~rnz`n bmgzxabzr az lrr~n lgbmxtmxaznj z`n jnkngjagzr“ rzaz~zmx| mhilfazlmgr) a r~lz zmngkmxbn z`n bmgzxabz var ’lg nrrngbn a r~lz zm ngkmxbn z`n rzaz~zn lzrnik'– Lj' az 12:0'Lgjnnj) z`n Bm~xz) blzlgf Fxmb`mvrel {' T`mnglp Bmgrzx~bzlmg) 210 K'2j 04 (8j Blx'8442, ‒ a barn xnilnj ~tmg h| Vniir Kaxfm lg lzr hxlnk ‒ rzaznj? ’Z`n ahrngbn mk atxl{azn xlf`z zm ngkmxbn z`n rzaz~zmx| … mhilfazlmgr vm~ij hn xngjnxnj cnaglgfinrr

lk Ubm{nxnjS ngzlzlnr bm~ij m{nxbmcn zàz mhrzabin h| r~lgf zm ngkmxbn z`n bmgzxabz“r… mhilfazlmgr lgrznaj' Z`n rzaz~zmx| agj bmgzxabz~ai mhilfazlmgr) lg r`mxz) axn mgnagj z`n racn'– Arzxa) 121 R' Bz' az 12:0' Rnn airm R|fngza Rnnjr) Lgb' {' H~gfn G'Ac') Lgb') 8411 VI ::60>14) az /86 (G'J' Lmva Rntz' 8;) 8411, (kmiimvlgf Arzxa agjjlrclrrlgf bmgzxabz bialc zàz rm~f`z zm ngkmxbn ~gjnxi|lgf rzaz~zmx| mhilfazlmgr,'

Arzxa lr xnin{agz zm z`lr barn hnba~rn lz r~ttmxzr) lg txlgbltin) Vniir Kaxfm“raxf~cngz) agj z`n Jlrzxlbz Bm~xz“r `mijlgf) zàz a txl{azn taxz| ca| gmz ~rn a

Barn? 11#1:82 Jmb~cngz? 26 Klinj? 14-81-8411 Tafnr? 2



hxnab` mk bmgzxabz bialc ar ag aiznxgazl{n cnagr zm ngkmxbn rzaz~zmx| xnq~lxncngzrv`ng z`n rzaz~zn az lrr~n jmnr gmz bmgzalg a txl{azn xlf`z mk abzlmg'

[nx| zx~i| |m~xr)


Lxngn B' Kxnljni

bb? Bm~grni mk xnbmxj ({la NBK ,




BNXZLKLBAZN MK RNX[LBN

L @NXNH\ BNXZLK\ z`az mg Mbzmhnx 81) 8411) L ninbzxmglbaii| klinj z`n kmxnfmlgf (Inzznx

T~xr~agz zm X~in 80(o,, vlz` z`n Binxe mk z`n Bm~xz h| ~rlgf z`n BC-NBK r|rznc v`lb` vliirngj a gmzlbn mk ninbzxmglb klilgf zm aii bm~grni mx taxzlnr mk xnbmxj mg z`n azzab`nj rnx{lbn ilrz'


Lxngn B' Kxnljni

RNX[LBN ILRZ

Attnai Gm' 11#1:82

Oa| Njnirmg onjnirmgDnjnirmg'bmc

Rzn{ng Innii VmmjxmvrvmmjxmvDnjnirmg'bmcXakn| R' HaiahaglagxhaiahaglagDnjnirmg'bmcLxlga Ria{lgalria{lgaDnjnirmg'bmc

Njnirmg CbF~lxn) IIB2>4 Gmxz` IaRaiin Rzxnnz) R~lzn 1244B`lbafm) LI ;4;>:

Bm~grni kmx Tialgzlkk#Attniinn Imxl Vlfmj




NjnirmgCbF~lxn)IIB

2>4GmxzÌaRaiin)R~lzn1244)B`lbafm)LI;4;>:

z218'>0<';264k218'>0<';260

vvv'njnirmg'bmc

Liilgmlr-Gnv\mxe-Bailkmxgla-Bmimxajm

Mbzmhnx 8:) 8411

H| Ninbzxmglb Klilgf

Binxe mk Bm~xz

^'R' Bm~xz mk Attnair) Rn{ngz` Blxb~lz

Xmmc 8688

81< R' Jnaxhmxg Rzxnnz

B`lbafm) LI ;4;4:

Xn? Vlfmj {' Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A') Gm' 11#1:82

Jnax Binxe mk Bm~xz?

Attniiagz r~hclzr z`lr inzznx t~xr~agz zm Knjnxai X~in mk Attniiazn

Txmbnj~xn 80(o, lg xnrtmgrn zm Vniir Kaxfm Hage) G'A'“r (’Vniir Kaxfm–, Mbzmhnx

81) 8411) inzznx blzlgf r~ttincngzai a~z`mxlz|) Arzxa ^RA) Lgb' {' Ragza Biaxa

Bm~gz|) 121 R'Bz' 12:8 (8411,' Rlcliax zm z`n mz`nx barnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm blznr

lg lzr hxlnk) xnilagbn mg Arzxa lr rnxlm~ri| clrtiabnj'

Klxrz) Arzxa lr jlrzlgf~lràhin hnba~rn z`n tialgzlkk) Ragza Biaxa bm~gz|)

bialcnj zm hn a z`lxj taxz| hngnklblax| mk a bmgzxabz hnzvnng z`n ^glznj Rzaznragj jx~f cag~kabz~xnxr zàz ilclznj z`n txlbn mk bnxzalg cnjlbazlmgr' Lj' az

12:>' Vlfmj jmnr gmz calgzalg zàz r`n lr a z`lxj taxz| hngnklblax| mk Vniir

Kaxfm“r Rnx{lbnx Taxzlbltazlmg Afxnncngz (’RTA–, vlz` z`n Zxnar~x|' Xaz`nx)

Vlfmj agj Vniir Kaxfm ngznxnj lgzm a rntaxazn Zxlai Tnxlmj Tiag Afxnncngz

(’ZTT–,) z`n hxnab` mk v`lb` lr az lrr~n `nxn' Z`~r) v`nxnar Ragza Biaxa bm~gz|

gn{nx bialcnj zàz z`n cag~kabz~xnxr àj ’{lmiaznj ag| lgjntngjngz

r~hrzagzl{n mhilfazlmg axlrlgf mgi| kxmc z`n Ufm{nxgcngz“r bmgzxabzS)– 121 R'Bz'

az 12:0) Vlfmj aiinfnr zàz Vniir Kaxfm {lmiaznj mhilfazlmgr axlrlgf mgi| kxmc

z`n ZTT' (Bmcti' »» >0#6;',

Rnbmgj) Arzxa lr lgattmrlzn lg ilf`z mk npzngrl{n ajclglrzxazl{n xncnjlnr'Bmgfxnrr bàxfnj z`n @naiz` Xnrm~xbnr agj Rnx{lbnr Ajclglrzxazlmg (’@XRA–,

vlz` ngkmxblgf z`n iav“r txlbn bnlilgfr' 121 R'Bz' az 12:;' Lg z`n vaen mk xntmxzr

xnfaxjlgf lgr~kklblngz ngkmxbncngz) Bmgfxnrr xnrtmgjnj h| rzxngfz`nglgf z`n

@XRA“r a~z`mxlz| zm xnrmi{n m{nxbàxfn bialcr' Lj' az 12>4' (’Bmgfxnrr jlj gmz

xnrtmgj zm z`n xntmxzr mk lgajnq~azn @XRA ngkmxbncngz h| lg{lzlgf 2:4H

ngzlzlnr zm ia~gb` iavr~lzr lg jlrzxlbz bm~xzr abxmrr z`n bm~gzx|' Lgrznaj) lg z`n

Barn? 11#1:82 Jmb~cngz? 20 Klinj? 14-8:-8411 Tafnr? 2



NjnirmgCbF~lxn)IIB

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TTABA) Bmgfxnrr jlxnbznj @XRA zm bxnazn a kmxcai jlrt~zn xnrmi~zlmg

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cag~kabz~xnxr'–, Ar nptialgnj lg Vlfmj“r hxlnklgf) gm bmctaxahin

ajclglrzxazl{n xncnjlnr axn a{aliahin zm hmxxmvnxr ~gjnx @ACT z`az vm~ij

kmxnbimrn txl{azn ilzlfazlmg' Abbmxjlgfi|) Arzxa jmnr gmz `nit Vniir Kaxfm'

Xnrtnbzk~ii| r~hclzznj)



bb? Bm~grni mk xnbmxj {la NBK'

Barn? 11#1:82 Jmb~cngz? 20 Klinj? 14-8:-8411 Tafnr? 2



Gm' 11#1:82

^GLZNJ RZAZNR BM^XZ MK ATTNAIR

KMX Z@N RN[NGZ@ BLXB^LZ

IMXL VLFMJ


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VNIIR KAXFM HAGE) G'A' j-h-a

VNIIR KAXFM @MCN CMXZFAFN k-e-a


Jnkngjagz#Attniinn'

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Kmx z`n Gmxz`nxg Jlrzxlbz mk Liilgmlr)

Barn Gm' 1?14#b{#82:0

Z`n @mgmxahin Hiagb`n C' Cagglgf) ^glznj Rzaznr Jlrzxlbz O~jfn'

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Oa| Njnirmg

Rzn{ng Innii Vmmjxmv (bm~grni mk xnbmxj,

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txlgbltinr mk klnij txnnctzlmg ~gjnx @MIA ' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>




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LLL' VLFMJ RZAZNJ BIALCR KMX HXNAB@ MK BMGZXABZ) HXNAB@ MK

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B' Z`n ZTT bmgzalgr jnklglzn agj bnxzalg znxcr xnq~lxlgf Vniir Kaxfm

zm rngj Vlfmj a Cmjlklbazlmg Afxnncngz ~tmg r~bbnrrk~i

bmctinzlmg mk z`n zxlai tiag' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''81

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ABZÂI JACAFNR) AGJ ^GKALX BMGJ^BZ ^GJNX LBKA''''''''''''''''''88

A' Vlfmj nptxnrri| aiinfnj zàz Vniir Kaxfm“r jnbntzl{n bmgj~bz var

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Zm~b`n Xmrr + Bm' {' Xnjlgfzmg) ::8 ^'R' >;4 (1<6<, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0

Vazznxr {' Vab`m{la Hage) G'A') >>4 ^'R' 11 (8446, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1;

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Njvaxj N' Fliing Bm' {' ^glznj Rzaznr) 08> K'8j 11>> (6z` Blx' 1<06,''''''''''''''''''''''1<

Fxmb`mvrel {' T`mnglp Bmgrzx') 210 K'2j 04 (8j Blx' 8442,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''6

Lg xn Mxz`mtnjlb Hmgn Rbxnv Txmjr' Ilah' Ilzlf') 1<2 K'2j 601 (2xj Blx' 1<<<, ''''''''14

Lg xn? Mbvng Imag Rnx{lblgf) IIB Cmxzf' Rnx{lblgf Ilzlf') :<1 K'2j ;20

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