Rethinking International Development series

Series Editors

Andy SumnerFellow of the Vulnerability and Poverty Research Team

Institute of Development Studies, UK

Ray KeilyProfessor of International Politics,

Queen Mary University of London, UK

Aim of the SeriesRethinking International Development is dedicated to publishing cutting-edge titles that focus on the broad area of ‘development’. The core aims of the series are to present critical work that is cross disciplinary, challenges orthodoxies, reconciles theoretical depth with empirical research, explores the frontiers of development studies in terms of ‘development’ in both North and South and global inter-connectedness, and reflects on claims to knowledge and intervening in other people’s lives.

More information about this series athttp://www.springer.com/series/14501

Stephan Klingebiel • Timo Mahn • Mario NegreEditors

The Fragmentation of Aid

Concepts, Measurements and Implications for Development Cooperation

Rethinking International Development seriesISBN 978-1-137-55356-0 ISBN 978-1-137-55357-7 (eBook)DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55357-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016944550

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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EditorsStephan KlingebielGerman Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) Bonn, Germany

Mario NegreThe World Bank German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) Bonn, Germany

Timo MahnGerman Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) Bonn, Germany

v

Acknowledgements

An edited volume is necessarily a collaborative project. Indeed numerous people across the globe have contributed to this volume, and in different ways.

This volume has its roots at the German Development Institute/ Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE). The editors are cur-rent or former researchers at the institute and they wish to acknowledge the German Development Institute’s continued support for this volume. Most importantly, we would like to thank all authors for their valuable contributions, as well as their patience and diligence in responding to our requests throughout the process.

We are happy to have worked on this project with Palgrave Macmillan and we thank Christina Brian and Ambra Finotello for their continued support and assistance in seeing this volume through to its finalisation.

We are grateful to Stephen Brown and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable feedback on the book proposal and relevant comments on parts of the final product. Finally, the editors thank Cornelia Hornschild, Carolin Frisch, Lea Mohnen and Melanie Mirsch at the German Development Institute for their editorial and essential other support.

As is the usual practice, all errors remain the editors’.

Stephan Klingebiel, Timo Mahn and Mario Negre

vii

1 Fragmentation: A Key Concept for Development Cooperation 1Stephan Klingebiel, Timo Mahn, and Mario Negre

Part I Measurements of fragmentation 19

2 Measuring Fragmentation: The Financial Significance of Aid Relations 21Fredrik Ericsson and Suzanne Steensen

3 Measuring Cross-Country Proliferation: Towards a New Non-proliferation Treaty? 33Lau Schulpen and Rik Habraken

4 A Composite Index of Aid Fragmentation 45Daniela Buscaglia and Anjula Garg

contents

viii CONTENTS

Part II Drivers and Actors of fragmentation 61

5 Bilateral Donor Bureaucracies and  Development Cooperation Pluralism 63Erik Lundsgaarde

6 Fragmentation’s Losers: Who Are the Aid Orphans? 79Elena Pietschmann

7 Fragmenting Aid or a Platform for Pluralism? The Case of ‘Vertical Funds’ 93Margret Thalwitz

8 EU Engagement in Fragile and Conflict- Affected Countries: Comprehensive Policy, Fragmented Operations 107Mark Furness

9 South-South Cooperation and Fragmentation: A Non-issue? 121Gerardo Bracho and Sven Grimm

Part III Impact and Consequences of Fragmentation 135

10 The Age of Choice: Developing Countries in the New Aid Landscape 137Romilly Greenhill, Annalisa Prizzon, and Andrew Rogerson

11 Aid Fragmentation and Donor Coordination in Uganda: A District-Level Analysis 153Peter Nunnenkamp, Michaela Rank, and Rainer Thiele

CONTENTS ix

12 Aid Fragmentation and Effectiveness for Infant and Child Mortality and Primary School Completion 165Mitsuaki Furukawa

13 The Implications of Multi-bi Financing for  Multilateral Agencies: The Example of the  World Bank 185Bernhard Reinsberg

14 Diversification in Practice: How Fragmented Aid Affects Renewable Energy Support in the Philippines 199Jens Marquardt

Part IV How to deal with fragmentation 215

15 Managing Diversity: A Partner Country Perspective 217Elena Pietschmann

16 One Recipe for Many Cooks? Multi-actor Coordination in Post-conflict Countries: Benefits and Risks 231Tanja Kasten

17 The United Nations in Development: Confronting Fragmentation? 247Timo Mahn

18 How Serious Is the EU on Aid Fragmentation? 261James Mackie

x CONTENTS

19 Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Reducing Fragmentation: Coordination in European Aid 277Mario Negre and Stephan Klingebiel

20 Aid Fragmentation and Coherence: Is a More Integrated Approach the  Answer to Canadian Aid Effectiveness? 295Rachael Calleja, David Carment, and Yiagadeesen Samy

21 Afterword—Fragmentation: A Challenge of Leadership 311Erik Solheim

Bibliography 315

Index 351

xi

AAA Accra Agenda for ActionABC Brazilian Cooperation Agency (Agencia Brasileira de

Cooperacao)ADB Asian Development BankAFD Agence Française de DéveloppementAfDB African Development BankAFI Aid Fragmentation IndexAfrodad African Network on Debt and DevelopmentAIMS Aid Information Management SystemsAMC Advanced Market CommitmentAMEXCID Mexican Development Cooperation Agency (Agencia Mexicana

de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo)AMORE Alliance for Mindanao Off-Grid Renewable EnergyAusAID Australian Agency for International DevelopmentBB Building Block on Managing Diversity and Reducing

FragmentationBMU German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature

Conservation and Nuclear SafetyBMWi German Federal Ministry for the Economy and TechnologyBMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and

DevelopmentBPd Busan Partnership documentBRECDA Barangay Renewable Energy and Community Development

AssociationsBRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South AfricaBS Budget supportCBDR Common but Differentiated Responsibility

list of AbbreviAtions

xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CBRED Capacity Building to Remove Barriers to Renewable Energy Development

CEB Chief Executives Board of the United Nations SystemCEnergy Climate Change and Clean Energy ProjectCESM Center for Environmental Studies and ManagementCFSP Common Foreign and Security PolicyCGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural ResearchCIDA Canadian International Development AgencyCIF Climate Investment FundsCPA Country Programmable AidCPIA Country Policy and Institutional AssessmentCRS Creditor Reporting SystemCSDP Common Security and Defence PolicyCSO Civil Society OrganisationCSR Corporate Social ResponsibilityCTF Clean Technology FundDAC Development Assistance CommitteeDAG Development Assistance GroupDFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International TradeDFATD Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and DevelopmentDFID Department for International DevelopmentDILG Department of the Interior and Local GovernmentDOE Department of EnergyDoL Division of LabourEBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentEC European CommissionECA European Court of AuditorsECDPM European Centre for Development Policy ManagementECOSOC Economic and Social CouncilEDF European Development FundEDPRS Economic Development and Poverty Reduction StrategyEEAS European External Action ServiceEIB European Investment BankEITI Extractive Industries Transparency InitiativeEP EAVU European Parliament—European Value Added UnitERD European Report on DevelopmentERP Enterprise Resource PlanningEU European UnionFA Factor AnalysisFCA Fragile and Conflict-AffectedFDI Foreign Direct InvestmentFIF Financial Intermediary Fund

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii

FTI Fast Track InitiativeGAVI GAVI Alliance (formerly known as Global Alliance for Vaccines

and Immunization)GBS General Budget SupportGCF Green Climate FundGDP Gross Domestic ProductGEF Global Environment FacilityGFATM Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and MalariaGIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für International ZusammenarbeitGMM Generalised Method of MomentsGNI Gross National IncomeGPE Global Partnership for EducationGPEDC Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operationGTP Growth and Transformation PlanHDI Human Development IndexHHI Herfindahl-Hirschman IndexHLF High-Level ForumHOMs Heads of MissionsIAD Institutional Analysis and DevelopmentIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

(usually referred to as the World Bank)IBSA India, Brazil, South AfricaICG International Crisis GroupICRG International Country Risk GuideIDA International Development Association (a member of the

World Bank Group)IDB Inter-American Development BankIDP Index of Donor ProliferationIDS International Development StatisticsIEA International Energy AgencyIEG Independent Evaluation GroupIEO Independent Evaluation OfficeIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFC International Finance CorporationIFFIm The International Finance Facility for ImmunizationILO International Labour OrganisationIMF International Monetary FundIPR Intellectual Property RightsIPS International Policy StatementJGA Joint Governance AssessmentJICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyJP Joint Programming

xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LAP Learning Advisory ProcessLDC Least Developed CountriesLGU Local Government UnitLIC Low-Income CountriesLMIC Lower Middle-Income CountriesMDB Multilateral Development BanksMDBS Multi-Donor Budget SupportMDGs Millennium Development GoalsMDTF Multi-Donor Trust FundsM&E Monitoring & EvaluationMFA Ministry of Foreign AffairsMIC Middle-Income CountriesMINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic PlanningMISP Municipal Solar Infrastructure ProjectMRI Mutual Reliance InitiativeMS Member StatesNEDA National Economic Development AgencyNEFIN Nepal Federation of Indigenous NationalitiesNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNIEO New International Economic OrderNORAD Norwegian Agency for Development CooperationNSDP National Strategic Development PlanNTDA Non-traditional Development AssistanceNTP Non-traditional providersODA Official Development AssistanceODI Overseas Development InstituteOECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOJ-EU Official Journal of the European UnionOLS Ordinary least squaresONDCP Office of National Drug Control PolicyPBA Programme-Based ApproachesPCA Principal Component AnalysisPD Paris DeclarationPFM Public financial managementPIU Project Implementation UnitsPNRELSP Palawan New and Renewable Energy and Livelihood Support

ProjectPPP Public–Private PartnershipsPRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy PaperPV PhotovoltaicQCPR Quadrennial Comprehensive Policy ReviewQUODA Quality of ODA

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv

RGC Royal Government of CambodiaSCF Strategic Climate FundSDGs Sustainable Development GoalsSECO Swiss State Secretariat of Economic AffairsSEP Special Energy ProgramSHS Solar home systemsSP Silent PartnershipSPLM Sudan Peoples’ Liberation MovementSSC South-South CooperationSTART Stabilization and Reconstruction Task ForceSWAps System-Wide ApproachesSWGs Sector Working GroupsTDA Traditional Development AssistanceTOSSD Total Official Support for Sustainable DevelopmentUN United NationsUNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra LeoneUNDAF United Nations Development Assistance FrameworkUN DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsUNDG United Nations Development GroupUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNIPSIL United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding OfficeUNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentWDI World Development IndicatorWEF World Economic ForumWFP World Food ProgrammeWHO World Health OrganisationWTO World Trade Organisation

xvii

Fig. 1.1 Fragmentation: a key concept 4 Fig. 2.1 Total number of aid providers per country 24 Fig. 2.2 Aid relationship categories 28 Fig. 2.3 Large and small provider bias, using

different measures 30 Fig. 2.4 Fragmentation ratio per country 31Fig. 12.1 Project fragmentation and infant and

child mortality rate 177Fig. 12.2 Overall HHI for the primary school

completion rate among different groups 181Fig. 14.1 Energy-related development cooperation

in the Philippines over time 204Fig. 14.2 Development cooperation activities promoting

renewables in the Philippines 206Fig. 18.1 ODA-EU institutions and nine largest

member state donors 272

list of figures

xix

Table 4.1 Top 10 countries ranked by AFI in selected years 58

Table 5.1 Key DAC development bureaucracies 66 Table 6.1 Watch-list of potentially under-aided

countries 83Table 11.1 Regional and sectoral focus of Top-10 donors

in Uganda, 1996–2013 158Table 11.2 Duplication of aid efforts at the sector level:

Number of active donors, 1996–2013 160Table 12.1 Project fragmentation and infant and

child mortality rate 174Table 12.2 Project Fragmentation and Primary School

Completion Rate 178Table 15.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different

coordination approaches for partner countries 223Table 16.1 Potential impact of peace building activities

in Rwanda and Sierra Leone 240Table 16.2 Aid harmonisation in Rwanda and Sierra Leone 243Table 19.1 Summary of effects of better EU implementation

of the Paris Declaration (€ billions; 2012 prices) 291

list of tAbles

xxi

Gerardo Bracho a Mexican Diplomat, is currently Senior Advisor at AMEXCID, Mexico’s Development Cooperation Agency. With many years of experience in the Development Cooperation Agenda, Mr Bracho has served as Senior Advisor at the DCD/DAC (2013–2014), Deputy Director General in AMEXCID (2011–2013) and Mexican (observer) DAC delegate (2005–2011). He has also been posted at the Mexican Embassies in the UK and Russia. Mr Bracho holds a master degree in Development Studies at the University of Sussex (IDS) and a Bachelors degree in Economics at the Autonomous University of Mexico.

Daniela Buscaglia has been working, since 2012, at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, where she joined the EU Aid Explorer team as an Economist, working on the design and implementation of a composite indicator on Aid Fragmentation. She holds a PhD in Political Economics, and she has work-ing experiences as a researcher for the European Central Bank, Italian Ministry of the Treasury, Italian National Institute of Statistics and University of Pavia. Her research interests are mainly in Macroeconomics, in International Economics and Finance and in Development Economics.

Rachael  Calleja is a PhD Candidate at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University, Canada. Her dissertation focuses on understanding the determinants of the organizational structure of bilateral aid agencies and probing the link between aid management and donor performance. Rachael holds a BA in History and Political Science from McMaster University and an MA in Political Science from the University of Guelph.

David Carment is a Senior Fellow at the Centre for Global Cooperation Research in Germany and a full Professor of International Affairs at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University. Carment is a Fellow of the

notes on contributors

xxii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute (CDFAI) and is listed in the Who’s Who in International Affairs. Carment serves as the principal investigator for the Country Indicators for Foreign Policy project (CIFP). He was the Director of the Centre for Security and Defence Studies at Carleton University. His most recent work focuses on developing failed and fragile state risk assessment and early warning methodologies and evaluating models of third party intervention. He is the editor of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal.

Fredrik Ericsson is a Statistician at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) with ten years of experience in quantitative analysis from the finance sector and international organisations. Prior to the ITU, he worked for over seven years as Statistical Analyst at the OECD focused on composition and allocation of devel-opment finance. His primary areas of expertise are data analysis and international statistics. Fredrik holds a Master’s degree in Statistics from Uppsala University in Sweden and previously worked in the finance sector performing quantitative busi-ness analytics.

Mitsuaki Furukawa currently serves as Chief Representative for the South Sudan Office of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The latter is the Japanese governments’ agency tasked with providing bilateral Official Development Assistance (ODA) to developing countries. Dr Furukawa joined JICA in 1989 fol-lowing 2 years engagement in the private sector. Before his posting in South Sudan he had served as Executive Senior Research Fellow of JICA Research Institute (2009–2014) and Resident Representative of JICA UK Office (2007–2009), among other posts. Dr Furukawa holds a PhD in Social Sciences from the Graduate School of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University, Japan.

Mark  Furness is a senior researcher in the Bi- and Multilateral Development Cooperation department at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) in Bonn. His current research and policy advisory work focuses on EU development policy, aid effectiveness, the security-development nexus and development cooperation in the MENA region.

Anjula  Garg has been working at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission since 1997. She is currently managing the EU Aid Explorer project (https://euaidexplorer.ec.europa.eu) which supports donor coordination, transpar-ency and aid effectiveness. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in Physics from the University of Delhi, plus two postgraduate degrees in Engineering Computation and Computer Science from the UK. She has worked as a project leader in the UK, Germany and now Italy on Information Technology projects for almost 30 years in the areas of CAD/CAM, Formal Specification Languages, Management Information Systems, Object Oriented Technologies, and Gathering Information from the web.

Romilly  Greenhill is Team Leader for Development Finance at the Overseas Development Institute. Her research interests include financing the Sustainable Development Goals and the perspectives of developing countries in managing the

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

new aid landscape. Before joining ODI, Romilly worked as the aid transparency team leader and head of secretariat of the International Aid Transparency Initiative at the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID). She has also worked for ActionAid UK and Cambodia, the New Economics Foundation, and the Ugandan Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. Romilly is the author of numerous articles and reports on aid and development finance.

Sven  Grimm is senior researcher at the German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) in Bonn, Germany, and Extraordinary Associate Professor of Stellenbosch University, South Africa. He is a political scientist with a strong interest in South-South cooperation, focusing par-ticularly on external partners’ cooperation with African states. He has led research projects on emerging economies’ African relations and their implications for European cooperation policy. He has published widely specifically on China-Africa relations and was director of the Centre for Chinese Studies at Stellenbosch University, South Africa, between 2010 and 2014.

Rik Habraken is a PhD student at the School of International Development—University of East Anglia (United Kingdom) where he focuses on the effect of social embeddedness on aspirations in Eastern Uganda. He holds a Master’s degree in Organisation Studies and in International Development. Previously, he worked at the Centre for International Development Issues Nijmegen (Netherlands) on civil society, public support, and the (new) aid architecture top-ics. He was also responsible for coordinating research cooperation with universities in Ghana and Indonesia.

Tanja Kasten is a policy consultant with the German Development Cooperation (GIZ). She is part of a specialized consultancy unit on aid effectiveness which serves as an advisory body for the German Ministry of Development (BMZ). Previously, she worked as a development worker and policy advisor in Guatemala in support of a local peacebuilding network. Tanja Kasten holds a PhD in Political Science and has focused her academic work on the nexus between peacebuilding and development.

Stephan Klingebiel is Head of the Department of Bi- and Multilateral Development Cooperation at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) in Bonn, Germany. His research and university teaching focuses on political economy of aid, aid & development effectiveness, political econ-omy and governance issues in sub-Saharan Africa, and crisis prevention and conflict management. He is a regular Visiting Professor at Stanford University and a senior lecturer at the University of Marburg.

Erik Lundsgaarde is a Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies with expertise on global multi-stakeholder initiatives, aid politics and the organization of donor systems. His publications include the books The Domestic Politics of Foreign Aid (Routledge 2013) and Africa toward 2030: Challenges for Development Policy (Palgrave Macmillan 2012). He holds MA and PhD degrees in Political Science from the University of Washington.

xxiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

James  Mackie is Senior Adviser on EU Development Policy at the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) in Maastricht, Netherlands where he has worked since 2002. He coordinated the ECDPM contribution to the European Report on Development and led the team that produced ERD2013 on Post-2015: Global Action for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future. Prior to ECDPM he worked in the NGO development sector, latterly as Secretary General of the NGO-EU Liaison Committee (now CONCORD). Mackie holds a PhD in Geography from SOAS (London). He is also a Visiting Professor on international development at the College of Europe.

Timo Mahn is a researcher and public sector consultant at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) in the department on ‘Bi-and Multilateral Development Cooperation’. His current research and policy advisory work focuses on the United Nations, aid modalities, public financial management and fraud prevention. He has published several arti-cles on these issues. Timo has previously worked for the World Bank, German Financial Cooperation in Rwanda, as well as for the Joint Inspection Unit of the United Nations. He holds a Masters degree in Political Science from the Free University of Berlin and a Master of International Studies from the George Washington University in Washington DC.

Jens Marquardt is a Research Associate at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany. He holds a PhD in Political Science from the Freie Universität Berlin. Apart from his research on environmental development coop-eration he is particularly interested in energy transitions and the role of power in multi-level governance systems. In Southeast Asia, Jens Marquardt worked for the German donor organization GIZ. He was previously employed at the Centre for Sustainability Management in Lüneburg and worked as a freelancer for adult edu-cation, public relations and communication.

Mario Negre is a senior economist in the World Bank Research Group seconded by the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) in Bonn, Germany. He has worked at the European Parliament in the past. His fields of specialization are pro-poor growth, inclusiveness, inequality and poverty measurement as well as development cooperation policy, particularly European. Mario holds a BSc in Physics (University of Barcelona), an MA in Development Policies (University of Bremen), and a PhD in development economics (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India).

Peter  Nunnenkamp is a senior economist at the Kiel Institute for the World Economy in Germany. He has published extensively on the allocation and effec-tiveness of foreign aid. His recent research has focused on donor coordination and aid fragmentation, across and within recipient countries.

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxv

Elena Pietschmann currently works at the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), based in Rome. She previously worked for the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), and for NGOs implementing rural development projects in Uganda.

Annalisa  Prizzon is a Research Fellow within the Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure at the Overseas Development Institute (United Kingdom). At ODI, Annalisa is currently leading the portfolio analysing the implications of the new development landscape at country level. Before joining ODI, she was an Economist at the OECD Development Centre and at the World Bank. She holds a PhD in Economics and Public Finance with a focus on external debt sustainability in low-income countries.

Michaela Rank is a senior research assistant and IT specialist at the Kiel Institute for the World Economy in Germany. She has been closely involved in previous research on donor coordination and the division of labour among donors within recipient countries.

Bernhard Reinsberg is post-doctoral research associate at the University of Cambridge and the University of Zurich in political economy and development studies. He received his PhD from the University of Zurich. Previously, he studied at ETH Zurich, University of Geneva, and Freie Universität Berlin, and completed fellowships at various international development organisations. In his dissertation project, he analysed the proliferation of multilateral funds and multi-bi financing of multilateral organizations. For this purpose, he compiled a new dataset on multi-bi aid activities over the past 25 years. He also conducted a large number of interviews at donor governments and multilateral agencies including the World Bank and United Nations agencies.

Andrew  Rogerson is a Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute, United Kingdom. From 2009 to 2011, he was on the staff of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and advised its Development Assistance Committee. From 2006 to 2008 Andrew was head of the Human Development Group at the UK Department for International Development (DFID), responsible for overall policy on health, HIV-AIDS and education. Andrew had earlier spent 26 years at the World Bank, including management assignments as both Country and Sector Director and as Special Representative to the European Union.

Yiagadeesen Samy is an Associate Professor and the Associate Director at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, where he has been teaching and doing research since 2003. He holds a PhD in Economics and his broad research interests are in international trade and development economics. He is the author and co-author of numerous peer-reviewed articles and book chapters on various issues including trade and labour standards, foreign direct investment, Small Island Developing States, state fragility, aid effectiveness, domestic resource mobilization and income inequality.

xxvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Lau  Schulpen is senior researcher and lecturer at the Centre for International Development Issues Nijmegen (CIDIN) (Radboud University, Netherlands). He has published extensively on Dutch development policy, NGDOs, private initiatives, and fragmentation. He recently edited (with Paul Hoebink) a book on private development aid in Europe (published by Palgrave MacMillan, 2014) and (with Stefan Verwer and Ruerd Ruben) a book on 60 years of Dutch development cooperation.

Erik  Solheim is the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Previously, he was elected Chair of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in January 2013. He has emphasized reform of Official Development Assistance, focusing more assistance to the least developed countries, using assistance to mobilize more private investment and to support domestic resource mobilization through better taxation. Erik Solheim is also serving as United Nations Environment Programme’s special envoy for environment, conflict and disaster. From 2007 to 2012 he held the combined portfolio of Norway’s Minister of the Environment and International Development; he also served as Minister of International Development from 2005 to 2007. From 2000 to 2005, Erik Solheim was the main negotiator in the peace process in Sri Lanka. As minister he contributed to peace processes in Sudan, Nepal, Myanmar and Burundi.

Suzanne Steensen is manager of the OECD work programme on development architecture and global governance, which provides evidence to support bilateral and multilateral allocation policies and contributes to the modernisation of the OECD’s statistical framework on development finance. Suzanne is an economist with 20 years’ experience with international development co-operation. She holds a Master’s degree in Mathematics and Economics from Copenhagen University and previously worked in the Danish ministry of Foreign Affairs and as a consul-tant performing a wide range duties relating to financial and economic analysis, public finance, results-based management and institutional and organisational capacity building in developing countries.

Margret Thalwitz is a Senior Expert Fellow at the Centre for Global Cooperation Research. She graduated in economics from the University of Freiburg and com-pleted the Post Graduate course at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE). She was a staff member of the World Bank, has worked as a consultant for the World Bank, UNICEF, and the BMZ, and has been a visiting scholar at the Global Economic Governance Program of the University of Oxford. Her current interests and research include agriculture, nutri-tion and the fighting against hunger.

Rainer Thiele is adjunct professor of development economics at Kiel University and a senior researcher at the Kiel Institute for the World Economy in Germany. His research over the last 10 years has addressed various aspects of foreign aid, with a recent focus on donor specialisation and coordination within and across recipient countries.