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Retail"Retail stores" redirects here. For the comic strip by Norm Feuti, see Retail (comic strip).

Retail

Macy's Herald Square, New York City.

Retail is the sale of goods and services from individuals or businesses to the end-user. Retailers are part of anintegrated system called the supply chain. A retailer purchases goods or products in large quantities frommanufacturers directly or through a wholesale, and then sells smaller quantities to the consumer for a profit.Retailing can be done in either fixed locations like stores or markets, door-to-door or by delivery. In the 2000s, anincreasing amount of retailing is done using online websites, electronic payment, and then delivered via a courier orvia other services.Retailing includes subordinated services, such as delivery. The term "retailer" is also applied where a serviceprovider services the needs of a large number of individuals, such as for the public. Shops may be on residentialstreets, streets with few or no houses or in a shopping mall. Shopping streets may be for pedestrians only. Sometimesa shopping street has a partial or full roof to protect customers from precipitation. Online retailing, a type ofelectronic commerce used for business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions and mail order, are forms of non-shopretailing.Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products. Sometimes this is done to obtain necessities such as foodand clothing; sometimes it is done as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping(just looking, not buying) and browsing and does not always result in a purchase.

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EtymologyRetail comes from the Old French word tailler,which means "to cut off, clip, pare, divide" in terms of tailoring(1365). It was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a "sale in small quantities" in 1433 (from the MiddleFrench retail, "piece cut off, shred, scrap, paring"). Like in French, the word retail in both Dutch and German alsorefers to the sale of small quantities of items.

Types of retail outlets

San Juan de Dios Market in Guadalajara, Jalisco

Inside a supermarket in Russia

Walnut Market in Katra, Jammu & Kashmir,India

A marketplace is a location where goods andservices are exchanged. The traditional marketsquare is a city square where traders set upstalls and buyers browse the stores. This kind ofmarket is very old, and countless such marketsare still in operation around the whole world.

In some parts of the world, the retail business isstill dominated by small family-run stores, butthis market is increasingly being taken over bylarge retail chains.Most of these stores arecalled high street stores. Gradually high streetstores are being re-grouped at one locationcalled Malls. These are more defined andplanned spaces for retail stores and Brands.

Types by products

Retail is usually classified by type of productsas follows:• Food products — typically require cold

storage facilities.• Hard goods or durable goods ("hardline

retailers") — automobiles, appliances,electronics, furniture, sporting goods,lumber, etc., and parts for them. Goods thatdo not quickly wear out and provide utilityover time.

• Soft goods or consumables — clothing,other fabrics, footwear, cosmetics, medicinesand stationery. Goods that are consumedafter one use or have a limited period(typically under three years) in which youmay use them.

• Arts — Contemporary art galleries,Bookstores, Handicrafts, Musicalinstruments, Gift shops, and supplies forthem.

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Types by marketing strategyThere are the following types of retailers by marketing strategy:Department storeDepartment stores are very large stores offering a huge assortment of "soft" and "hard goods; often bear aresemblance to a collection of specialty stores. A retailer of such store carries variety of categories and has broadassortment at average price. They offer considerable customer service.Discount storeDiscount stores tend to offer a wide array of products and services, but they compete mainly on price offersextensive assortment of merchandise at affordable and cut-rate prices. Normally, retailers sell less fashion-orientedbrands.Warehouse storeWarehouses that offer low-cost, often high-quantity goods piled on pallets or steel shelves; warehouse clubs charge amembership fee.Variety storeVariety stores offer extremely low-cost goods, with limited selection.DemographicRetailers that aim at one particular segment (e.g., high-end retailers focusing on wealthy individuals).Mom-And-PopA small retail outlet owned and operated by an individual or family. Focuses on a relatively limited and selective setof products.Specialty storeA specialty (BE: speciality) store has a narrow marketing focus - either specializing on specific merchandise, such astoys, shoes, or clothing, or on a target audience, such as children, tourists, or oversize women. Size of store varies -some specialty stores might be retail giants such as Toys "R" Us, Foot Locker, and The Body Shop, while othersmight be small, individual shops such as Nutters of Savile Row. Such stores, regardless of size, tend to have agreater depth of the specialist stock than general stores, and generally offer specialist product knowledge valued bythe consumer. Pricing is usually not the priority when consumers are deciding upon a specialty store; factors such asbranding image, selection choice, and purchasing assistance are seen as important. They differ from departmentstores and supermarkets which carry a wide range of merchandise.BoutiqueBoutique or concept stores are similar to specialty stores. Concept stores are very small in size, and only ever stockone brand. They are run by the brand that controls them. An example of brand that distributes largely through theirown widely distributed concept stores is L'OCCITANE en Provence. The limited size and offering ofL'OCCITANE's stores are too small to be considered a specialty store proper.General storeA general store is a rural store that supplies the main needs for the local community;Convenience storeA convenience store provides limited amount of merchandise at more than average prices with a speedy checkout.This store is ideal for emergency and immediate purchases as it often works with extended hours, stocking everyday;HypermarketsProvides variety and huge volumes of exclusive merchandise at low margins. The operating cost is comparativelyless than other retail formats.

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SupermarketA supermarket is a self-service store consisting mainly of grocery and limited products on non food items. They mayadopt a Hi-Lo or an EDLP strategy for pricing. The supermarkets can be anywhere between 20,000 and 40,000square feet (3,700 m2). Example: SPAR supermarket.MallA shopping mall has a range of retail shops at a single outlet. They can include products, food and entertainmentunder one roof. Malls provide 7% of retail revenue in India, 10% in Vietnam, 25% in China, 28% in Indonesia, 39%in the Philippines, and 45% in Thailand."Category killer" or specialistBy supplying wide assortment in a single category for lower prices a category killer retailer can "kill" that categoryfor other retailers. For few categories, such as electronics, the products are displayed at the centre of the store andsales person will be available to address customer queries and give suggestions when required. Other retail formatstores are forced to reduce the prices if a category specialist retail store is present in the vicinity.E-tailerThe customer can shop and order through the internet and the merchandise is dropped at the customer's doorstep oran e-tailer. Here the retailers use drop shipping technique. They accept the payment for the product but the customerreceives the product directly from the manufacturer or a wholesaler. This format is ideal for customers who do notwant to travel to retail stores and are interested in home shopping. However, it is important for the customer to bewary about defective products and non secure credit card transaction. Examples include Amazon.com, Pennyful, andeBay.Vending machineA vending machine is an automated piece of equipment wherein customers can drop the money in the machine andacquire the products. Some stores take a no frills approach, while others are "mid-range" or "high end", depending onwhat income level they target.

Other typesOther types of retail store include:• Automated Retail stores — self-service, robotic kiosks located in airports, malls and grocery stores. The stores

accept credit cards and are usually open 24/7. Examples include ZoomShops and Redbox.• Big-box stores — encompass larger department, discount, general merchandise, and warehouse stores.Retailers can opt for a format as each provides different retail mix to its customers based on their customerdemographics, lifestyle and purchase behaviour. A good format will lend a hand to display products well and enticethe target customers to spawn sales.

Global top five retailers

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Worldwide Top Five Retailers

Retail Sales Rank Company Country of Origin 2013/14 group revenue (US $mil)

1 Walmart US $464,162

2 Tesco UK $120,052

3 Costco US $105,156

4 Carrefour France $103,555

5 Kroger US $96,751

Operations

Retail pricingThe pricing technique used by most retailers is cost-plus pricing. This involves adding a markup amount (orpercentage) to the retailer's cost. Another common technique is suggested retail pricing. This simply involvescharging the amount suggested by the manufacturer and usually printed on the product by the manufacturer.In Western countries, retail prices are often called psychological prices or odd prices. Often prices are fixed anddisplayed on signs or labels. Alternatively, when prices are not clearly displayed, there can be price discrimination,where the sale price is dependent upon who the customer is. For example, a customer may have to pay more if theseller determines that he or she is willing and/or able to. Another example would be the practice of discounting foryouths, students, or senior citizens.

CompetitionRetail stores may or may not have competitors close enough to affect their pricing, product availability, and otheroperations. A 2006 survey found that only 38% of retail stores in India believed they faced more than slightcompetition. Competition also affected less than half of retail stores in Kazakhstan, Bulgaria, and Azerbaijan. In allcountries the main competition was domestic, not foreign.

Country % of Retail Stores Facing Competition

India 38%

Kazakhstan 44%

Bulgaria 46%

Azerbaijan 48%

Uzbekistan 58%

Armenia 58%

Georgia 59%

Kyrgyzstan 59%

Russia 62%

Belarus 64%

Croatia 68%

Romania 68%

Ukraine 72%

Turkey 73%

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Serbia 74%

Tajikistan 74%

Slovenia 77%

Latvia 78%

Bosnia and Herzegovina 79%

Moldova 79%

Czech Republic 80%

Slovakia 80%

Poland 83%

Hungary 87%

Estonia 88%

Lithuania 88%

Macedonia 88%

Albania 89%

Retail trade provides 9% of all jobs in India and 14% of GDP.

StaffingBecause patronage at a retail outlet varies, flexibility in scheduling is desirable. Employee scheduling software issold, which, using known patterns of customer patronage, more or less reliably predicts the need for staffing forvarious functions at times of the year, day of the month or week, and time of day. Usually needs vary widely.Conforming staff utilization to staffing needs requires a flexible workforce which is available when needed but doesnot have to be paid when they are not, part-time workers; as of 2012 70% of retail workers in the United States werepart-time. This may result in financial problems for the workers, who while they are required to be available at alltimes if their work hours are to be maximized, may not have sufficient income to meet their family and otherobligations.

Transfer mechanismsThere are several ways in which consumers can receive goods from a retailer:• Counter service, where goods are out of reach of buyers and must be obtained from the seller. This type of retail

is common for small expensive items (e.g. jewelry) and controlled items like medicine and liquor. It was commonbefore the 1900s in the United States and is more common in certain countries like India.Wikipedia:Avoid weaselwords

• Delivery, where goods are shipped directly to consumer's homes or workplaces. Mail order from a printed catalogwas invented in 1744 and was common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Ordering by telephone wascommon in the 20th century, either from a catalog, newspaper, television advertisement or a local restaurantmenu, for immediate service (especially for pizza delivery), remaining in common use for food orders. Internetshopping - a form of delivery - has eclipsed phone-ordering, and, in several sectors - such as books and music - allother forms of buying. Direct marketing, including telemarketing and television shopping channels, are also usedto generate telephone orders. started gaining significant market share in developed countries in the 2000s.

• Door-to-door sales, where the salesperson sometimes travels with the goods for sale.• Self-service, where goods may be handled and examined prior to purchase.• Digital delivery or Download, where intangible goods, such as music, film, and electronic books and

subscriptions to magazines, are delivered directly to the consumer in the form of information transmitted either

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over wires or air-waves, and is reconstituted by a device which the consumer controls (such as an MP3 player; seedigital rights management). The digital sale of models for 3D printing also fits here, as do the media leasing typesof services, such as streaming.

Second-hand retailSee also: Charity shopSome shops sell second-hand goods. In the case of a nonprofit shop, the public donates goods to the shop to be sold.In give-away shops goods can be taken for free.Another form is the pawnshop, in which goods are sold that were used as collateral for loans. There are also"consignment" shops, which are where a person can place an item in a store and if it sells, the person gives the shopowner a percentage of the sale price. The advantage of selling an item this way is that the established shop gives theitem exposure to more potential buyers.

ChallengesTo achieve and maintain a foothold in an existing market, a prospective retail establishment must overcome thefollowing hurdles:• Regulatory barriers including

• Restrictions on real estate purchases, especially as imposed by local governments and against "big-box" chainretailers;

• Restrictions on foreign investment in retailers, in terms of both absolute amount of financing provided andpercentage share of voting stock (e.g., common stock) purchased;

• Unfavorable taxation structures, especially those designed to penalize or keep out "big box" retailers (see"Regulatory" above);

•• Absence of developed supply chain and integrated IT management;• High competitiveness among existing market participants and resulting low profit margins, caused in part by

• Constant advances in product design resulting in constant threat of product obsolescence and price declines forexisting inventory; and

•• Lack of properly educated and/or trained work force, often including management, caused in part by• Lack of educational infrastructure enabling prospective market entrants to respond to the above challenges.

Sales techniquesBehind the scenes at retail, there is another factor at work. Corporations and independent store owners alike arealways trying to get the edge on their competitors. One way to do this is to hire a merchandising solutions companyto design custom store displays that will attract more customers in a certain demographic. The nation's largestretailers spend millions every year on in-store marketing programs that correspond to seasonal and promotionalchanges. As products change, so will a retail landscape. Retailers can also use facing techniques to create the look ofa perfectly stocked store, even when it is not.A destination store is one that customers will initiate a trip specifically to visit, sometimes over a large area. Thesestores are often used to "anchor" a shopping mall or plaza, generating foot traffic, which is capitalized upon bysmaller retailers.

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Customer serviceCustomer service is the "sum of acts and elements that allow consumers to receive what they need or desire fromyour retail establishment." It is important for a sales associate to greet the customer and make himself available tohelp the customer find whatever he needs. When a customer enters the store, it is important that the sales associatedoes everything in his power to make the customer feel welcomed, important, and make sure he leaves the storesatisfied. Giving the customer full, undivided attention and helping him find what he is looking for will contribute tothe customer's satisfaction.[1] For retail store owners, it is extremely important to train yourself and your staff toprovide excellent customer service skills. By providing excellent customer service, you build a good relationshipwith the customer and eventually will attract more new customers and turn them into regular customers. Looking atlong term perspectives, excellent customer skills give your retail business a good ongoing reputation and competitiveadvantage.[2]

Statistics for national retail sales

United StatesThe United States retail sector features the largest number of large, lucrative retailers in the world. A 2012 Deloittereport published in STORES magazine indicated that of the world's top 250 largest retailers by retail sales revenue infiscal year 2010, 32% of those retailers were based in the United States, and those 32% accounted for 41% of thetotal retail sales revenue of the top 250.[3]

U.S. Monthly Retail Sales, 1992–2010

Since 1951, the U.S. Census Bureau has published the Retail Salesreport every month. It is a measure of consumer spending, an importantindicator of the US GDP. Retail firms provide data on the dollar valueof their retail sales and inventories. A sample of 12,000 firms isincluded in the final survey and 5,000 in the advanced one. Theadvanced estimated data is based on a subsample from the US CBcomplete retail & food services sample.[4]

CE region

In 2011 the grocery market in six Central European (CE) countries wasworth nearly €107bn, 2.8% more than the previous year when expressed in local currencies. The increase wasgenerated foremost by the discount stores and supermarket segments, and was driven by the skyrocketing prices offoodstuffs. This information is based on the latest PMR report entitled Grocery retail in Central Europe 2012[5]

WorldNational accounts show a combined total of retail and wholesale trade, with hotels and restaurants. in 2012 the sectorprovides over a fifth of GDP in tourist-oriented island economies, as well as in other major countries such as Brazil,Pakistan, Russia and Spain. In all four of the latter countries, this fraction is an increase over 1970, but there areother countries where the sector has declined since 1970, sometimes in absolute terms, where other sectors havereplaced its role in the economy. In the United States the sector has declined from 19% of GDP to 14%, though it hasrisen in absolute terms from $4,500 to $7,400 per capita per year. In China the sector has grown from 7.3% to11.5%, and in India even more, from 8.4% to 18.7%.

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Retail Trade, Wholesale, Hotels and Restaurants (UN Data)

Economy As % of GDP,1970

As % of GDP,2012

1970 Value per Capita (2012Prices)

2012 Value perCapita

Afghanistan 13.1 8.4 $140 $58

Albania 11.5 22.5 $188 $858

Algeria 17.3 11.9 $572 $639

Andorra 40.5 26.5 $17,532 $10,915

Angola 12.6 15.0 $513 $839

Anguilla 33.9 27.8 $2,166 $5,577

Antigua and Barbuda 26.4 26.8 $1,081 $3,540

Argentina 15.4 15.7 $1,041 $1,825

Armenia 15.2 $510

Aruba 26.9 19.1 $1,140 $4,757

Australia 11.4 11.7 $3,736 $7,960

Austria 17.4 18.8 $3,281 $8,782

Azerbaijan 9.0 $668

Bahamas 28.0 24.5 $5,335 $5,299

Bahrain 12.5 6.4 $3,046 $1,478

Bangladesh 15.9 15.1 $61 $124

Barbados 26.1 24.3 $2,879 $3,890

Belarus 16.8 $1,127

Belgium 12.9 14.2 $2,606 $6,189

Belize 17.0 20.3 $297 $972

Benin 17.7 17.4 $89 $131

Bermuda 17.6 11.2 $8,907 $9,648

Bhutan 8.2 8.2 $30 $205

Bolivia 9.1 11.1 $168 $286

Bosnia and Herzegovina 17.9 $807

Botswana 9.2 16.8 $60 $1,206

Brazil 16.4 21.3 $756 $2,413

British Virgin Islands 19.7 27.2 $2,178 $8,821

Brunei Darussalam 1.0 3.7 $495 $1,536

Bulgaria 14.6 13.8 $272 $966

Burkina Faso 14.9 14.2 $46 $92

Burundi 8.1 18.9 $16 $43

Cambodia 16.6 14.5 $86 $137

Cameroon 27.0 20.4 $270 $245

Canada 13.6 13.0 $3,586 $6,788

Cabo Verde 24.5 18.7 $269 $718

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Cayman Islands 12.0 12.2 $3,544 $7,175

Central African Republic 14.0 13.5 $100 $65

Chad 20.5 12.6 $122 $103

Chile 14.9 11.7 $780 $1,801

China 7.3 11.5 $20 $700

China: Hong Kong SAR 19.1 29.3 $1,197 $10,772

China: Macao SAR 8.0 14.9 $592 $11,629

Colombia 13.0 12.4 $439 $959

Comoros 26.2 14.5 $232 $125

Congo 13.2 5.4 $256 $185

Cook Islands 13.7 39.6 $1,069 $5,912

Costa Rica 19.9 16.3 $805 $1,531

Côte d'Ivoire 21.7 14.7 $353 $181

Croatia 15.4 $2,012

Cuba 18.4 15.2 $432 $959

Cyprus 13.6 18.8 $958 $4,975

Czech Republic 13.2 $2,429

Czechoslovakia (Former) 8.0 $127

Korea, North D.P.R. 11.7 18.3 $231 $107

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Denmark 20.5 15.5 $6,169 $8,708

Djibouti 45.0 18.6 $1,470 $294

Dominica 9.6 15.0 $163 $1,046

Dominican Republic 17.2 18.7 $270 $1,073

Ecuador 8.3 12.6 $195 $713

Egypt 11.0 14.4 $75 $454

El Salvador 22.6 21.2 $534 $804

Equatorial Guinea 6.4 0.9 $56 $185

Eritrea 19.4 $98

Estonia 14.0 $2,432

Ethiopia 18.6 $84

Ethiopia (Former) 8.4

Fiji 8.3 18.6 $216 $848

Finland 12.3 13.3 $2,268 $6,103

France 14.8 15.0 $2,969 $5,933

French Polynesia 14.7 16.1 $2,142 $4,212

Gabon 28.1 12.1 $2,918 $1,787

Gambia 27.1 28.8 $143 $147

Georgia 18.9 $685

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Germany 12.2 11.4 $2,273 $4,736

Ghana 5.3 10.9 $58 $175

Greece 19.6 20.2 $2,469 $4,527

Greenland 14.0 10.5 $2,219 $4,326

Grenada 18.2 12.3 $294 $913

Guatemala 17.5 21.6 $385 $720

Guinea 34.0 16.2 $132 $86

Guinea-Bissau 20.7 19.4 $124 $99

Guyana 18.9 15.1 $388 $543

Haiti 17.4 18.4 $168 $130

Honduras 17.2 17.1 $247 $399

Hungary 9.8 14.1 $531 $1,760

Iceland 11.3 11.0 $1,873 $4,585

India 8.4 18.7 $31 $283

Indonesia 17.7 13.9 $120 $494

Iran (Islamic Republic of) 10.6 11.6 $473 $834

Iraq 8.2 6.4 $215 $290

Ireland 17.6 18.0 $2,293 $8,295

Israel 9.8 10.0 $1,346 $3,145

Italy 16.0 15.0 $2,755 $4,963

Jamaica 19.4 22.4 $1,056 $1,197

Japan 15.6 13.9 $3,004 $6,525

Jordan 17.9 10.1 $478 $445

Kazakhstan 16.8 $2,086

Kenya 6.8 13.2 $49 $125

Kiribati 12.4 8.6 $439 $150

Kosovo 18.1 $508

Kuwait 8.3 3.2 $13,693 $1,797

Kyrgyzstan 19.7 $233

Laos People's DR 14.2 20.3 $44 $278

Latvia 17.9 $2,467

Lebanon 31.4 27.6 $2,829 $2,522

Lesotho 13.0 9.0 $46 $108

Liberia 11.1 5.0 $106 $18

Libya 2.8 4.9 $543 $763

Liechtenstein 19.9 17.8 $12,763 $28,361

Lithuania 19.9 $2,782

Luxembourg 13.8 13.4 $5,010 $14,141

Madagascar 8.7 11.0 $70 $49

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Malawi 3.7 19.8 $10 $70

Malaysia 12.4 16.5 $229 $1,716

Maldives 29.8 30.8 $252 $2,373

Mali 7.3 16.2 $23 $112

Malta 28.7 15.8 $1,104 $3,238

Marshall Islands 24.5 16.1 $531 $607

Mauritania 2.1 7.1 $20 $72

Mauritius 10.0 19.3 $167 $1,782

Mexico 19.3 17.8 $1,063 $1,739

Micronesia 13.1 15.1 $219 $477

Monaco 39.1 30.3 $34,091 $46,027

Mongolia 21.4 11.9 $237 $439

Montenegro 22.6 $1,475

Montserrat 19.4 7.6 $1,051 $974

Morocco 22.5 12.4 $253 $365

Mozambique 12.7 17.6 $31 $102

Myanmar 25.9 20.1 $48 $226

Namibia 8.0 14.7 $326 $832

Nauru 14.8 16.8 $7,812 $2,014

Nepal 4.7 15.4 $14 $101

Netherlands 16.4 15.8 $3,702 $7,283

Netherlands Antilles 16.4 18.2 $1,417 $3,349

New Caledonia 34.7 13.3 $9,624 $5,169

New Zealand 15.5 12.2 $3,607 $4,689

Nicaragua 15.3 16.5 $352 $289

Niger 10.6 14.1 $71 $56

Nigeria 14.6 15.9 $148 $247

Norway 16.7 8.5 $6,109 $8,521

Oman 1.7 7.7 $111 $1,822

Pakistan 18.8 20.6 $99 $248

Palau 16.3 31.2 $1,565 $3,200

Panama 16.8 19.6 $497 $1,864

Papua New Guinea 13.9 9.3 $243 $204

Paraguay 18.3 19.9 $304 $771

Peru 14.2 18.6 $583 $1,271

Philippines 10.7 19.4 $153 $501

Poland 9.2 20.2 $398 $2,590

Portugal 13.7 19.6 $1,119 $3,926

Puerto Rico 16.7 9.4 $2,024 $2,635

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Qatar 5.0 5.6 $5,647 $5,208

Korea, South 17.1 11.8 $345 $2,712

Moldova 17.8 $367

Romania 3.1 7.1 $73 $557

Russian Federation 20.7 $2,934

Rwanda 9.9 15.7 $35 $97

Saint Kitts and Nevis 8.4 12.6 $256 $1,800

Saint Lucia 20.6 23.4 $527 $1,707

Samoa 14.8 23.6 $312 $851

San Marino 15.8 12.9 $5,282 $7,643

Sao Tome and Principe 25.5 26.2 $273 $363

Saudi Arabia 4.6 8.2 $799 $2,067

Senegal 22.7 20.4 $218 $207

Serbia 11.0 $582

Seychelles 32.7 29.4 $1,039 $3,285

Sierra Leone 12.9 7.6 $93 $55

Singapore 27.8 19.5 $2,008 $10,179

Slovakia 26.6 $4,470

Slovenia 14.4 $3,155

Solomon Islands 10.2 10.5 $121 $193

Somalia 9.3 10.6 $21 $14

South Africa 14.4 16.0 $847 $1,171

South Sudan 15.4 $143

Spain 15.1 21.4 $1,956 $6,060

Sri Lanka 14.5 20.8 $94 $586

St. Vincent and the Grenadines 12.6 16.5 $231 $1,045

State of Palestine 16.7 18.4 $136 $448

Sudan 16.8 $232

Sudan (Former) 16.8 $0

Suriname 18.3 23.3 $915 $2,183

Swaziland 15.5 9.8 $197 $306

Sweden 12.1 12.8 $3,315 $7,056

Switzerland 19.9 17.8 $10,641 $14,080

Syrian Arab Republic 20.4 22.7 $184 $482

Tajikistan 20.3 $193

TFYR of Macedonia 16.5 $749

Thailand 24.3 18.0 $239 $1,039

Timor-Leste 4.0 $195

Togo 23.5 8.2 $195 $49

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Tonga 12.7 14.6 $214 $646

Trinidad and Tobago 18.9 17.1 $1,323 $2,966

Tunisia 11.7 13.5 $147 $558

Turkey 11.1 16.5 $437 $1,757

Turkmenistan 4.2 $274

Turks and Caicos Islands 38.2 38.0 $1,557 $8,520

Tuvalu 9.5 11.2 $182 $451

Tanzania: Mainland, see alsoZanzibar

15.0 15.8 $51 $96

Uganda 11.8 22.3 $50 $133

Ukraine 17.5 $679

United Arab Emirates 15.4 12.1 $24,122 $5,024

United Kingdom 15.3 16.5 $2,662 $6,490

United States 19.0 14.5 $4,488 $7,436

Uruguay 12.9 16.5 $810 $2,419

USSR (Former) 8.1

Uzbekistan 9.9 $178

Vanuatu 18.2 21.4 $266 $651

Venezuela 9.5 16.4 $1,152 $2,099

Viet Nam 12.9 16.8 $39 $289

Yemen 16.3 $224

Yemen Arab Republic (Former) 13.7

Yemen Democratic (Former) 21.2

Yugoslavia (Former) 10.4

Zambia 12.6 15.0 $244 $229

Zanzibar 18.2 $119

Zimbabwe 14.9 10.7 $125 $77

ConsolidationAmong retailers and retails chains a lot of consolidation has appeared over the last couple of decades. Between 1988and 2010, worldwide 40,788 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of 2.255 trillion USD have beenannounced. The largest transactions with involvement of retailers in/from the United States have been: theacquisition of Albertson's Inc. for 17 bil. USD in 2006, the merger between Federated Department Stores Inc withMay Department Stores valued at 16.5 bil. USD in 2005 - now Macy's, and the merger between Kmart Holding Corpand Sears Roebuck & Co with a value of 10.9 bil. USD in 2004.

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Further reading• Krafft, Manfred; Mantrala, Murali K. (eds.) (2006). Retailing in the 21st Century: Current and Future Trends.

New York: Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-28399-4.

References[1] Philip H. Mitchell 2008, Discovery-Based Retail, Bascom Hill Publishing Group ISBN 978-0-9798467-9-3[2] How to provide excellent customer service in retail (http:/ / www. businesstrainingworks. com/ training-resources/ 21-customer-service-tips)

Customer Service: Facts, Quotes and Statistics (http:/ / www. slideshare. net/ helpscout/ 75-customer-service-facts-quotes-statistics)[3] Deloitte, Switching Channels: Global Powers of Retailing 2012, STORES, January 2012, G20.[4] US Census Bureau (http:/ / www. census. gov/ retail/ index. html) Retail sales Retail Sales (http:/ / www. forexmotion. com/ index. php/ en/

macroeconomic-reports/ 142. html?ruta=retail. xml) Retail Sales Definition (http:/ / www. mypivots. com/ Investopedia/ Details/ 329/retail-sales)

[5] Grocery retail in Central Europe 2012 Retail in Central Europe (http:/ / www. pmrpublications. com/ product/Grocery-retail-Central-Europe-2012)

External links

Look up retailing or retail in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Marketing

• ECRoPEDIA - Free Global Collection of Retail/FMCG Best practices by ECR Community (http:/ / ecr-all. org/ )• Investopedia.The Industry Handbook: The Retailing Industry (http:/ / www. investopedia. com/ features/

industryhandbook/ retail. asp)• National Retail Federation (http:/ / www. nrf. com/ National-Retail-Federation) (U.S.-based trade association)• 2011 Top 250 Global Retailers (http:/ / www. stores. org/ 2011/ Top-250-List)• New Paradigm Emerging in Retailing Industry (http:/ / www. torquenews. com/ 1/

tesla-direct-sales-nj-exposed-new-paradigm-retailing)

Article Sources and Contributors 16

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