Upload File

results results results conclusion - …concepts.psych.wisc.edu/posters/cns05_hauketal.pdf ·...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Results Results Results Conclusion - …concepts.psych.wisc.edu/posters/CNS05_HaukETAL.pdf · Results Results Results Conclusion ... RT/accuracy (typical vs. atypical), and number
1
Bar graphs with standard errors for significant main effects of the ERP analysis. Grand-mean voltages are plotted for electrodes at peaks in the ERP distribution at the corresponding latencies. A) Main effects of typicality. B) Main effects of lexicality. ERP topographies of early main effects: Maps were interpolated and projected on a two- dimensional plane. The p-values based on paired 2- tailed t-tests are shown on the left, while the corresponding ERP amplitudes are presented on the right. F: Front; R: Right. A) Main effect of Typicality at 100ms. B) Main effects of Lexicality at 210ms and 240ms. Interaction between Lexicality, Typicality and Laterality at 158ms: A) Grand-mean voltages are plotted for selected posterior electrodes as a function of electrode, lexicality and typicality. B) Statistical parametric maps (top) and ERP topographies (bottom) for the Typicality contrast, separately for words (left) and pseudowords (right). Source estimates computed on the grand-mean ERP displayed for the left and the right hemisphere, respectively. Red and blue colours distinguish the direction of effects according to labels within each figure. A) B) A) B) Pseudowords Typical - Atypical RMS for Individual Conditions 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Latency (ms) RMS (uV) Typical Words Atypical Words Typical Pseudowords Atypical Pseudowords Introduction Procedure and Methods Results Results Results Conclusion Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit 1 MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK. [Q:] When would you prefer a SOSSAGE to a SAUSAGE? [A:] At about 100 ms. ERP correlates of orthographic typicality and lexicality in written word recognition Hauk O 1 , Patterson K 1 , Woollams A 1 , Watling L 1 ,Pulvermüller F 1 , Rogers TT 1,2 2 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA Written word recognition relies on different sources of information, which can be roughly classified into two kinds [1,2,3]: i) surface properties (e.g. word length or frequency of letter combinations) ii) lexico-semantic properties (e.g. word frequency or imageability). This study aimed at dissociating the time courses and neural substrates of these processes. Using a speeded lexical decision (LD) task, event- related potentials (ERP) and minimum norm (MN) source estimates, we investigated early spatio- temporal aspects of cortical activation elicited by words and pseudowords that varied in their orthographic typicality, i.e. in the frequency of their component letter pairs (bigrams) and triplets (trigrams). Task and Stimuli 14 subjects were confronted on each trial with a word or a pseudoword, and asked to press one button with the index finger of their left hand for words and with the middle finger of the same hand for pseudowords. Quartets of stimuli were generated such that the surface-orthographic relationship between typical words (e.g. drew) and atypical pseudowords (driew) was identical to the one between atypical words (view) and typical pseudowords (vew) (see table below). The crucial manipulation was that, in one pair of each matched quartet, the word was less orthographically typical (as measured by bigram and trigram frequencies) than its partner. Each category comprised 50 items. These were matched for length, frequency, RT/accuracy (typical vs. atypical), and number of pseudo-homophones. ERP analysis and source estimation 63 EEG and 2 EOG channels (Neuroscan). Bandpass 1-20Hz. Average reference. Baseline 100ms. Artefact threshold 100uV. Only trials with correct responses were analysed. Peaks in RMS curves were selected, and amplitudes at peak electrodes subjected to 2-by-2 ANOVAs. Furthermore, p-value distributions are presented as post-hoc tests and to test for specificity of effects. MN source estimates [4] were computed on grand- mean data before subtraction. Only values with SNRs larger than 2 are shown. Time course of ERP data: A) Root-Mean-Square and ERP curves for individual conditions. Latencies selected for analysis are marked for the RMS curves. B) Voltage curves for selected electrodes. The earliest ERP effect of typicality was observed at ~100ms (atypical>typical), and the earliest effect of lexicality at ~200ms (pseudowords>words). The main cortical sources of both effects were localised in left inferior temporal cortex. The two factors interacted significantly at ~150ms, with a typicality effect for words but not pseudowords. Typical words activated perisylvian regions bilaterally, whereas atypical words elicited stronger source currents in left anterior inferior temporal cortex: the latter region is the main site of atrophy in patients with semantic dementia, who have particular difficulty recognising atypical words [1]. Our data suggest distinct but interactive processing stages in written word recognition, with the interaction reflecting integration of information from the earlier form-based system and later lexico-semantic processes. -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 100ms 284ms Typical Atypical A) Typicality ERP (µV) -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 210ms 240ms 512ms 552ms Words Pseudowords B) Lexicality ERP (µV) B) Lexicality Words-Pseudowords p>0.05 p=0.01 p>0.05 p=0.01 0.9µV -0.9µV 0.8µV -0.8µV 240ms 210ms F R -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 P7 P5 P3 P1 Pz P2 P4 P6 P8 Electrode Voltage (uV) Typical Words Atypical Words -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 P7 P5 P3 P1 Pz P2 P4 P6 P8 Electrode Voltage (uV) Typical Pseudowords Atypical Pseudowords 1.2µV -1.2µV Typical - Atypical Typical - Atypical p>0.05 p=0.001 p=0.01 0.9µV -0.9µV p>0.05 p=0.001 p=0.01 F R Typical Atypical Word Drew View Pseudoword Vew Driew p>0.05 p=0.01 0.7µV -0.7µV F R A) Typicality Typical-Atypical References [1] Rogers, T. T., Lambon Ralph, M.A., Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K. (2004). Natural selection: The impact of semantic impairment on lexical and object decision. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21, 331-352. [2] Pulvermüller, F. (2001). Brain reflections of words and their meaning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(12), 517-524. [3] Hauk, O., Pulvermüller, F. (2004). Effects of word length and frequency on the human event-related potential. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115(5), 1090-1103. [4] Hauk, O. (2004). Keep it simple: a case for using classical minimum norm estimation in the analysis of EEG and MEG data. Neuroimage, 21(4), 1612-1621. Contact: [email protected] or [email protected] Typical Words - Atypical Words 158ms Words - Pseudowords 210ms Typical - Atypical 100ms Front Back +0.21 -0.21 +0.12 -0.12 nA/cm 2 +0.16 -0.16 nA/cm 2 Back Front nA/cm 2 Typical Words Typical Pseudowords Atypical Words Atypical Pseudowords Words Typical - Atypical 100ms

Upload: dangcong

Post on 27-Mar-2018

235 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

Report

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Results Results Results Conclusion - …concepts.psych.wisc.edu/posters/CNS05_HaukETAL.pdf · Results Results Results Conclusion ... RT/accuracy (typical vs. atypical), and number

Bargraphswithstandarderrorsforsignificantmain

effectsoftheERPanalysis.

Grand-meanvoltagesareplottedforelectrodesat

peaksintheERPdistributionatthecorresponding

latencies.

A)Maineffectsoftypicality.

B)Maineffectsoflexicality.

ERPtopographiesofearlymaineffects:

Mapswereinterpolatedandprojectedonatwo-

dimensionalplane.Thep-valuesbasedonpaired2-

tailedt-testsareshownontheleft,whilethe

correspondingERPamplitudesarepresentedonthe

right.F:Front;R:Right.

A)MaineffectofTypicalityat100ms.

B)MaineffectsofLexicalityat210msand240ms.

InteractionbetweenLexicality,Typicalityand

Lateralityat158ms:

A)Grand-meanvoltagesareplottedforselected

posteriorelectrodesasafunctionofelectrode,lexicality

andtypicality.

B)Statisticalparametricmaps(top)andERP

topographies(bottom)fortheTypicalitycontrast,

separatelyforwords(left)andpseudowords(right).

Sourceestimates

computedonthegrand-meanERPdisplayedfortheleft

andtherighthemisphere,respectively.Redandblue

coloursdistinguishthedirectionofeffectsaccordingto

labelswithineachfigure.

A)

B)

A)

B)

Pseudowords

Typical-Atypical

RMSforIndividualConditions

0

0.51

1.52

2.5

-100

0100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Latency(ms)

RMS(uV)

TypicalWords

AtypicalWords

TypicalPseudowords

AtypicalPseudowords

Introduction

ProcedureandMethods

Results

Results

Results

Conclusion

Cognitionand

BrainSciencesUnit

1MRCCognitionandBrainSciencesUnit,Cambridge,UK.

[Q:]WhenwouldyoupreferaSOSSAGEtoaSAUSAGE?

[A:]Atabout100ms.

ERPcorrelatesoforthographictypicalityandlexicalityinwrittenwordrecognition

HaukO1,PattersonK1,WoollamsA1,WatlingL1,PulvermüllerF1,RogersTT1,2

2DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,USA

Writtenwordrecognitionreliesondifferentsources

ofinformation,whichcanberoughlyclassifiedintotwo

kinds[1,2,3]:

i)surfaceproperties(e.g.wordlengthorfrequencyof

lettercombinations)

ii)lexico-semanticproperties(e.g.wordfrequencyor

imageability).

Thisstudyaimedatdissociatingthetimecoursesand

neuralsubstratesoftheseprocesses.

Usingaspeededlexicaldecision(LD)task,event-

relatedpotentials(ERP)andminimumnorm

(MN)

sourceestimates,weinvestigatedearlyspatio-

temporalaspectsofcorticalactivationelicitedby

wordsandpseudowordsthatvariedintheir

orthographictypicality,i.e.inthefrequencyoftheir

componentletterpairs(bigrams)andtriplets

(trigrams).

TaskandStimuli

14subjectswereconfrontedoneachtrialwithaword

orapseudoword,andaskedtopressonebuttonwith

theindexfingeroftheirlefthandforwordsandwiththe

middlefingerofthesamehandforpseudowords.

Quartetsofstimuliweregeneratedsuchthatthe

surface-orthographicrelationshipbetweentypical

words(e.g.drew)andatypicalpseudowords(driew)

wasidenticaltotheonebetweenatypicalwords(view)

andtypicalpseudowords(vew)(seetablebelow).The

crucialmanipulationwasthat,inonepairofeach

matchedquartet,thewordwaslessorthographically

typical(asmeasuredbybigramandtrigram

frequencies)thanitspartner.Eachcategory

comprised50items.Thesewerematchedforlength,

frequency,RT/accuracy(typicalvs.atypical),and

numberofpseudo-homophones.

ERPanalysisandsourceestimation

63EEGand2EOGchannels(Neuroscan).Bandpass

1-20Hz.Averagereference.Baseline100ms.Artefact

threshold100uV.Onlytrialswithcorrectresponses

wereanalysed.

PeaksinRMScurveswereselected,andamplitudesat

peakelectrodessubjectedto2-by-2ANOVAs.

Furthermore,p-valuedistributionsarepresentedas

post-hoctestsandtotestforspecificityofeffects.

MNsourceestimates[4]werecomputedongrand-

meandatabeforesubtraction.OnlyvalueswithSNRs

largerthan2areshown.

TimecourseofERPdata:

A)Root-Mean-SquareandERPcurvesforindividual

conditions.Latenciesselectedforanalysisaremarked

fortheRMScurves.

B)Voltagecurvesforselectedelectrodes.

TheearliestERPeffectoftypicalitywasobservedat

~100ms(atypical>typical),andtheearliesteffectof

lexicalityat~200ms(pseudowords>words).Themain

corticalsourcesofbotheffectswerelocalisedinleft

inferiortemporalcortex.Thetwofactorsinteracted

significantlyat~150ms,withatypicalityeffectfor

wordsbutnotpseudowords.Typicalwordsactivated

perisylvianregionsbilaterally,whereasatypicalwords

elicitedstrongersourcecurrentsinleftanterior

inferiortemporalcortex:thelatterregionisthemain

siteofatrophyinpatientswithsemanticdementia,

whohaveparticulardifficultyrecognisingatypicalwords

[1].Ourdatasuggestdistinctbutinteractive

processingstagesinwrittenwordrecognition,with

theinteractionreflectingintegrationofinformationfrom

theearlierform-basedsystemandlaterlexico-semantic

processes.

-1.5-1

-0.50

0.51

1.52

2.53

100ms

284ms

Typical

Atypical

A)Typicality

ERP(µV)

-5-4-3-2-10123

210ms

240ms

512ms

552ms

Words

Pseudowords

B)Lexicality

ERP(µV)

B)LexicalityWords-Pseudowords

p>0.05

p=0.01

p>0.05

p=0.01

0.9µV

-0.9µV

0.8µV

-0.8µV

240ms

210ms

F

R

-6-4-20246

P7

P5

P3

P1

Pz

P2

P4

P6

P8

Electrode

Voltage(uV)

TypicalWords

AtypicalWords

-6-4-20246

P7

P5

P3

P1

Pz

P2

P4

P6

P8

Electrode

Voltage(uV)

TypicalPseudowords

AtypicalPseudowords

1.2µV

-1.2µV

Typical-Atypical

Typical-Atypical

p>0.05

p=0.001

p=0.01

0.9µV

-0.9µV

p>0.05

p=0.001

p=0.01

F

R

TypicalAtypical

Word

Drew

View

Pseudoword

Vew

Driew

p>0.05

p=0.01

0.7µV

-0.7µV

F

R

A)TypicalityTypical-Atypical

References

[1]Rogers,T.T.,LambonRalph,M.A.,Hodges,J.R.,Patterson,K.(2004).

Naturalselection:Theimpactofsemanticimpairmentonlexicalandobject

decision.CognitiveNeuropsychology,21,331-352.

[2]Pulvermüller,F.(2001).Brainreflectionsofwordsandtheirmeaning.Trendsin

CognitiveSciences,5(12),517-524.

[3]Hauk,O.,Pulvermüller,F.(2004).Effectsofwordlengthandfrequencyonthe

humanevent-relatedpotential.ClinicalNeurophysiology,115(5),1090-1103.

[4]Hauk,O.(2004).Keepitsimple:acaseforusingclassicalminimumnorm

estimationintheanalysisofEEGandMEGdata.Neuroimage,21(4),1612-1621.

Contact:[email protected]@wisc.edu

TypicalWords-AtypicalWords

158ms

Words-Pseudowords

210ms

Typical-Atypical

100ms

Front

Back

+0.21

-0.21

+0.12

-0.12

nA/cm2

+0.16

-0.16

nA/cm2

Back

Front

nA/cm2

TypicalWords

TypicalPseudowords

AtypicalWordsAtypicalPseudowords

Words

Typical-Atypical

100ms

Y.W. Lin. Outline Introduction Experiments Results and Discussion Conclusion References

Description of welding prototypes Results The new design - Conclusion

Add the missing piece to the liver’s metabolismstimulant factors Hepabial+ = The liver Hepabial+ Hepabial+ TRIAL N 1 TRIAL N 2 PROTOCOL PROTOCOL RESULTS RESULTS CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

Index Introduction Experiment Results Conclusion

Sound effects Our project Background & techniques Applications Methodology Results Conclusion

Background Method Results Conclusion

Introduction Results Discussion Conclusion

Writing Results, Conclusion, and Abstract Paragraphs

Introduction Results Conclusion Future Work Reference ...ljilja/ENSC427/Spring13/Projects/team12/427... · Introduction Implementation Results Conclusion Future Work References

Motivation Fit Method Inputs Results Conclusion

Presentation contents Introduction Study area Objectives Methodology Results Conclusion

Facies, porosity and permeability prediction and 3-D ......Material and method Sedimentological results Property results Reservoir architecture results Modeling results Conclusion

Keywords: Conclusion: Results

Goal recap Implementation Experimental Results Conclusion Questions & Answers

Conclusion and summary of results Introduction Storage capacity

INTRODUCTION THE PURPOSES OF RESEARCH CONCEPT FRAMEWORK METHOD CONCLUSION RESULTS

Introduction Methodology Results and discussion Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONrepository.wima.ac.id/9382/6/BAB V.pdf · 39 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION V.1. Conclusion Based on the experimental results of the

2 Abstract Introduction Method Results Conclusion

Introduction Simulation Results Conclusion

Amber Chen YE4B 1101100078. Introduction Literature Review Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusion

Main Results Project conclusion

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/29501/10/10_chapter 5.pdf · SUMMARY, RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION CONCLUSION METHODS AND MATERIALS€¦ · INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION RESULTS ABSTRACT METHODS AND MATERIALS CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAFIA ... biodegradable

1. 2 AGENDA Overview Group Results Divisional Results Strategy Conclusion

Are our results reliable enough to support a conclusion?

Results and Conclusion

Contents Introduction Procedure The Results Conclusion 4 1 2 3 2

Interpreting results and drawing conclusionsimohw.tmu.edu.tw/.../uploads/2015/...results-and-drawing-conclusion… · RESULTS: Participants unfamiliar with the design and methodology

Bukola Johnson LUMA-GIS, Sweden. Objectives Background Datasets Methodology Results Conclusion

Curtis Kelsey University of Missouri. Introduction Method Experiment Results Conclusion Summary

Introduction Literature Review Hypothesis Research Approach Results Conclusion

IIT Bombay {pcpandey, [email protected]} Intro. Proc. Schemes Evaluation Results Conclusion Intro. Proc. Schemes Evaluation Results Conclusion

Case study municipality. 2 Contents Introduction The way Results Conclusion

Building an Interactive Exploration Tool from Ratings and ...Design Walkthrough Experiment Results Conclusion. Experimental Conditions Design Walkthrough Experiment Results Conclusion