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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

D u r q the period of investigation (1995 to 2001) on post harvest diseases of

fruits and vegetables, periodic surveys were made in all the 14 revenue districts of

Kerala. Four to live major n-~arkets in each district were surveyed at least 3 times a

year. Result ol'the studies carried out during the period is divided into four parts, viz.

Part - A Post hawest fungal diseases of fruits

Part - B Post harvest fungal diseases of fruity

vegetables

Part - C Post harvest fungal diseases of tuberous

vegetables

Part - D Post harvest fungal diseases of under

utilized fruits

PART - A

POST HARVEST FUNGAL DISEASES

OF FRUITS

During !he investigations on the post harvest diseases of fruits, infected fruits

from different districts were examined and studied. The fruits selected were (1) apple,

(2) banana, (3 ) custard apple, (4) guava, (5) jack fruit, (6) mango, (7) papaya, (8) pine

apple. (9) sapota. (10) santra orange and (1 1) water melon. Except apple and santra

orange other fruits are grown either in small scale or in large scale in the state of

Kerala. In apple and satitra orange a few diseases were noticed which were hitherto

not reported from Kerala.

A. 1. APPLE (Malus ~lvestris (L.) Mill.)

The diseases studied during the investigation are soft rot (Rhizopus nigricans

Ehr. ex Fr. and Penicillium expansum Link.), circular brown spot (Alternaria

uliernata (Fr.) Keissl.), black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.) and sour rot

(Geotrichum cundidum Link. ex Pers.).

Soft rot inkcted fruits collected from the markets of Thiruvananthapuram and

Palakkad showed the presence of only Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex Fr. Besides, fruits

collected from 1;rnakulam markets were infected by both P. expansum and

R. niyricuns. Cultural and inoculation studies showed that the joint effect produced

severe infections rapidly resulted in heavy damage than when each fungus was used

individually.

In order to study the effect of injury in promotting the diseases, experiments

were conducted using both artificially injured and uninjured fruits. These experiments

confirmed that injured h i t s were easily affected by these pathogens. Sof? rot was

found to the favoured by humidity also. This disease was obsewed periodically

during the monsoon and caused severe damage to apple fruits in Ernakularn markets.

Black mould rot (.4.sprrgillu.r nrger V. Tiegh.) was also found to be very

serious diseasc of apple dtxing storage. The injured fruits were found to be very

susceptible and damaged completely within 4 days of inoculation. This disease was

prevalent during monsoon months and observed repeatedly in the markets of Kannur.

Circular brown spot and sour rot were not so severe as soft rot and black mould

rot. These diseases are new reports from Kerala markets.

A. 2. BANANA (Musa paradkiaca L.)

Banana 1s extensively cultivated in Kerala and is also transported from

nearby states. Different varieties are available in the state and hence this fruit was

studied in a varietal level for post harvest fungal diseases. The varieties investigated

are (1) chorupoovon. (2) chenkadali. ( 3 ) nendran, ( 4 ) nendrapadatty, ( 5 )

njalippoovan. ( 6 ) palayamkodan, ( 7 ) poovan and (8) robusta. This is the first attempt

to study the post harvest diseases of banana in a varietal level. These fruits collected

from various pans of the State were affected by black mould rot (Aspergillus niger

V. Tiegh.), charcoal rot (Rhizoctonia hataticola (Taub.) Butl.), Phoma rot (Phoma

psidii P. Henn.), Alternaria rot (A. aliernata (Fr.) Keissl.), Fusarium rot (F. roseum

Link.), Rhizopus rot (R.nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.), waxy rot (Geotrichum candidum

Link.), black rot (Thie1oviop.r.i~ paradoxa (de Seynes) Hoehn.), Alternaria rot i b 5 ..,

( A . alternaiu (Fr.) Keissl.), Penicillium rot (P, digitatum Sacc.) and brown rot <:\.:'

(Botryodiplodia theobromar Sacc.). The pathogens responsible for these diseases

were isolated and cultured. Cross inoculation studies of these pathogens clearly

showed that almost all varieties were susceptible to these diseases. This investigation

confirmed that all these varieties are derived from hybrids of Musa acuminata and M

babisiana (called .M x , .sapientum) and showed a common character. Among these

diseases, black mould rot, Phorna rot and waxy rot were found to be very severe and

caused extensive damage to banana fiuits under storage. Black mould rot was

observed frequently in the markets of Kozhikkode during monsoon. Phoma rot was

prevalent in the Thiruvananthapuram markets and repeatedly observed. Humidity was

found to favour these diseases. These diseases are reported here as new to Kerala

markets

A. 3. CUSTARD APPLE: (Annona sguamosa L.)

'Three post harvest fungal diseases, viz. black mould rot (Aspergillus niger

V. Tiegh.). Fusarium rot (F. oxysporum (Schl. ex Fr.) em. Snyd. et Hans. and

Trichoderma rot (7: lignorum (Tode.) Harz.) were observed in custard apple. Injury

and humidity were found to favour black mould rot. This disease caused severe

damage to the fruits in the Thiruvananthapuram markets during monsoon season.

Fusarium rot was also found to be a serious disease of injured custard apple,

confirmed by inoculation studies. Trichoderma rot was found to be a minor disease of

custard apple since the fruits became damaged on 6th day after inoculation.

The diseases noticed during the investigation, viz. black mould rot,

Fusarium rot and Trichoderma rot are reported for the first time from Kerala.

A. 4. GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.)

During the investigation guava fruits were found to be susceptible to five

fungal diseases, viz. black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.), Rhizopus rot

(R. nigricuns thr . ex Fr.), Penicillium rot (P. expansum Link. & P. digitatum Sacc.),

Fusarium rot (F. roseum Link.) and brown rot (Phoma psidii P. Henn.). Except !

: brown rot caused by Phoma psidii P. Henn., other diseases were not observed in the

Kerala markets, may be due to climatic variations.

Black mould rot was found to be a very serious disease in the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram during the monsoon months. The injured fruits were found to be

more susceptible to Rhizopus rot. Fully ripe fruits kept under humid conditions were

affected by Penicillium rot, confirmed by inoculation studies. Guava fruits were

seriously ai'fected by Fusarium rot, collected from the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram and E.rnakulam during the monsoon season. This disease was

found to occur periodically in these markets. Brown rot caused by Phoma psidii was

found to be a minor disease as it was observed in a few samples collected from

Kasargod markets. These diseases were not reported earlier from Kerala markets.

A. 5. JACK FRUIT (Artocarpus integrifolius Auct. non. L.f.)

During the investigation four major diseases were noticed in Jack fruits, viz.

black cottony rot (Rhizopus nigricuns Ehr. ex Fr.), black mould rot (Aspergillus

niger V . Tiegh.), Fusarium rot (F. ucuminatum Ell. & Ev.), brown rot

(Botryodiplodiu theohromae Sacc.) and Phoma rot (Phoma vexans Sacc. & Syd.)

Harter. Black cottony rot was found to be a serious disease of jack fruit during

monsoon, in all the markets of Thiruvananthapuram, Emakulam, Kasargod and

Alappuzha. The fruits damaged during harvesting were easily affected by this disease

as confirmed by inoculation studies. Another disease which affect these h i t s

seriously was black mould rot. Fruits examined from Kottayam were frequently

affected by this disease. which occurred periodically. Fusarium rot was prevalent in

Thimvananthap~xam, Ernakulam markets and a few samples examined from

Kasargod markets. Injured fruits were found to be more susceptible to this disease

during the pre - monsoon months. Brown rot due to Botryodiplodia theobromae Sacc.

was observed periodically in the markets of Thiruvananthapuram causing severe

damage to jack fruits. Inoculation studies have shown that the injured fruits were

easily affected by this disease. Phoma rot was not so severe as other diseases. Though .. .. .

brown rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butl. is reported in 'muttan

varikka' from Kerala by Menon et a1 (1979), this disease was not observed in any of

the markets in Kerala during the study. The diseases observed during the

investigation are new to Kerala markets.

A. 6. MANGO (Mangifera indica L . )

Like banana, post harvest diseases of mango were studied in a varietal level

as these varieties are available in the Kerala markets. The local variety such as

'moovandan' and other popular and improved varieties of mango such as pairi,

suvarnarekhu. nrelum, chelan, banglora and mulgoa, were examined for fungal

diseases. Though post harvest diseases of mango fruits were studied in details in other

parts of India, studies on varietal level is the first attempt, as several varieties are

available in the state of Kerala.

Present investigation led to the identification of the following fungal diseases

in the Kerala markets. Black mould rot (AspergiNus niger V. Tiegh.), Penicillium

rot (P. digitarum Sacc.), Rhiopus rot (R.nigricans Ehr. ex. Fr.), Alternaria rot

(A. alternatu ( F r . ) Keissl.), Charcoal rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butl.),

Phoma rot (P. psidii P. Henn.), black rot (Thielaviopsis paradoxa (de Seynes) '

Hoehn.).Cross inoculation studies of different pathogens confirmed that rnuvandan

and banghru varieties were resistant to Phoma rot as they produced disease

symptoms only after a week's inoculation. Black mould rot was found to be very

severe and caused extensive damages in all varieties of mango except neelum.

Rhizopus rot caused severe damage to chelan and rnulgoa collected from

Pathanamthitta and Thiruvananthapuram markets. Neelum var. of mango fruits were

affected by charcoal rot brought from Kollam and Malappuram markets. Black rot

was very serious disease of banglora variety of mango in the Pathanamthitta and

Wyanad markets. This disease occurred frequently and periodically during

MarchIApril months. Black rat was found to be a very serious disease of banglora

variety of wdngo. The injured fruits were easily affected by this disease. Charcoal

rot was frequently observed in neelum variety collected from the markets of

Emakulam and Kasargod. Mulgou fruits were affected by Penieillium rot under

humid conditions. The diseases recorded are new reports to Kerala.

A. 7. PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.)

During the market survey papaya fruits were found to be affected by

Fusarium rot (F : roseum Link.), anthracnose ((~olletotrichurn papayae Chona, Lall.

& Munjal), waxy rot (Geotrichurn candidurn Link.ex Pers.), black mould rot

(Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.), sooty mould (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.) and

black soft rot (Mucor hiemalis Wehrn.). Fusarium rot was found to cause disease in

unripe and ripe fruits, but the ripe fruits were easily damaged. Anthracnose was a

serious disease of papaya fruits in the Kollam and Idukki markets during post-

monsoon months, observed periodically. Waxy rot was very common in ripe fruits,

found to be a very serious disease in the Thiruvananthapuram markets whereas this

disease was noticed only in a few samples collected from Kozhikkode and Kasargod

markets. Black mould rot was found to be severe when the h i t s were kept under

moist conditions. This disease was found to be prevalent in Pathanamthitta, Idukki

and Wyanad markets during monsoon months. Black soft rot and sooty mould were

observed only in a very few samples and caused very little damage to this fruit. These

diseases were found to be new to Kerala markets.

A. 8. PINEAPPLE (Ananas sativus Schult.)

Fruit samples collected and examined from the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram, Kottayam and Emakulam were severely affected by black rot

caused by ~hir.1avio~p.vi.s paradoxu (de Seynes.) Hoehn. Humidity was found to

favour this disease, confinned by inoculation studies. Fusarium rot (F. moniliforme

Scheld.) caused severe damage to pipeapple fruits under storage. This disease was

frequently observed in the Kollam markets. Black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V.

Tiegh.) was notlced in samples examined during post - monsoon months collected

from the Thrissur and Kasargod markets. This disease was found to spread during

storage. Penicillium rot (P. digitaturn Sacc.) was observed in some samples brought

from Kannur, which appeared as a minor disease. These diseases are not recorded

from Kerala and hence new to Kerala markets.

A. 9. SANTRA ORANGE (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

Santra orange IS transported to Kerala markets from various parts of India,

very popular and consumed widely by Keralites. Post harvest fungal diseases of this

fruit are not reported earlier from the state. The diseases recorded during the

investigation were black mould rot (AspergiNus niger V. Tiegh.) and soft rot

(Geohichum candidurn Link. ex Pers.). Both these diseases were severe in nature and

produced extens~re damage of the fruits under storage. Black mould rot was observed

in all the samples collected from Thiruvananthapuram, Emakulam and Kozhikkode

markets during pre - monsoon months. Sofi rot was prevalent in Thrissur and

Kozhikkode markets during the same period. It was also observed in a few samples

collected from Ernakulam markets. Black mould rot and soft rot are considered as

new reports of fungal diseases fiom Kerala markets.

A. 10. SAPOTA (Achras sapota L. )

Follow~ny fungal diseases were observed in the Kerala markets. They were

black rot (Alternuriu ullernata (Fr.) Keissl.), Fusarium rot (F. camptoceros

Wollenw & Reid . ) and black mould rot (AspergiNus niger V. Tiegh). Black rot was

found to be a very serious disease of sapota, favoured by injury. This disease was

found frequently and periodically in Thiruvananthapuram and Emakulam markets

during monsoon months. Fusarium rot was found to be prevalent in Kozhikkode

markets during monsoon causing extensive damage to sapota fruits under storage.

Black mould rot is a serious disease of sapota in Kollam and Ernakulam markets

during monsoon. The injured or damaged fruits were found to be more susceptible to

this disease as confirmed by inoculation studies. Black rot, Fusarium rot and black

mould rot of sapota are not reported previously from Kerala markets.

A. 11. WATER MELON (CitruNus lanatus (Thunb.)Mats. & Nakai.)

Survey of water melons for post harvest fungal diseases in Kerala markets

noticed pink rot (F'usurium roseum Link.), Rhizopus rot (R. nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.)

and stem end rot (Boiryodiplodiu fheobronzae Sacc.). Pink rot was found to be

prevalent in Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikkode markets during the pre - monsoon

months. It was also observed in a few samples collected from Ernakulam markets.

This disease caused severe damage to the water melons. Rhizopus rot was found in

injured or damaged fruits. This disease was noticed periodically in the markets of

Kollam, Ernakulam and Kozhikkode . Stem end rot was found to be a major disease

in Kollam and Emakulam markets causing extensive damage to water melons. This

disease was observed periodically during FebruaryIMarch months in Kollam and

Ernakularn markets. These diseases are not recorded earlier from Kerala.

During the course of investigation 74 post harvest hngal diseases were

collected and studied. During the survey diseased fruits were collected and examined

from various markets of Kerala, that too during different seasons of the year. About

61 diseases were found to be major diseases which caused severe damage to these

fruits. Most of' these diseases were found to be new to Kerala and some are new to

Indian markets. This type of study is a pincor effort of its kind. Several diseases are

due to improper handling during transport, loading and unloading, as injured ones

were easily affected by diseases (black mould rot of apple, Fusarium rot of custard

apple etc.). Some diseases were found to be due to inadequate storage conditions as

diseases were favoured by damp and humid conditions (soft rot of apple, Phoma rot

of banana etc.). By improving handling techniques and storage facilities most of these

diseases can be controlled in the markets of Kerala.

NEW REPORTS FROM KERALA A -

SI. No.

1

2

3

4

5

FRUITS

Host

APPI,I:

BANANA

CUS'IAKII - APPI.1:

GUAVA

JACKI;RI.Lr

Disease

Soft rolt

C'ircular brown spot

Sour rot

Black nlould rot

Carcoal rot

Hlack rot

Penicillium rot

Waxy rot

Pho~na )rot

tusarium rot

Brown rot

Black mould rot

t'usariurn rot

l'richoderma rot

Black mould rot

Khizopus rot

I'enicillium rot

Pen~cillium rot

tusarium rot

lihizopus rot

Black mould rot

1;usarium rot

Pathogen

Rhizojms nigricuns Ehr. ex Fr.

Alternariu alternuta (Fr.) Keissl.

Geotrichum candidum Link.ex Pers.

A.sj)ergillu.s niper V. Tiegh.

Rhizoctonia bataticola ('Taub.) Butl.

Thielaviop.sis paradoxu (de Seynes ) Hoehn.

PeniciNium digitatum Sacc.

tieotrichum candidum Link. ex Pers.

Phoma psidii P. Henn.

Fusarium roseum Link.

Botryodiplodiu theobromae Sacc.

Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.

Fi~sm'wn qqmnm (Schl.ex Fr.) a Snydet Ham

Trichodermu lignorum (Tode) Harz.

AspergiNus niger V. Tiegh.

Rhizoppzrs nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.


Penicillium expansum Link.

Fustrrium roseum Link.

Rhizopus nigricuns Ehr. ex Fr.

A.sprrgillus niger V. Tiegh.

Fusurium acuminalum Ell. & Ev.

- il. lo. -

6

7

8

9

1 C

1 1

-

- Host

-

dAN(i0

PAPA1.A

'INt%\I'F'l.E

jAN'l'R/\ - ORANGE

SAPO'IA

WA.1 I1K - MI.1.ON

Phoma rot

f3rown 1.01

t3lack mould rot

I'cnicillium rot

Rhizopus rot

Altrmaria rot

C'harccral rot

Phoma rot

Black rot

L'u.strrilrm rot

Anthracnose

Waxy rot

Black mould rot

Sooty mould rot

Black soft rot

Black. rot

Fusarium rot

Black mould rot

I'cnicillium rot

tslack mould rot Soft rot

Black mould rot

Fusarium rot

Black mould rot

I'ink rot

Khi;copus rot

Stem end roc

Pathogen

Phomu vexans (Sacc. & Syd.) Harter.

Botrvodiplodiu theohrotnue Sacc.

A.spvrgil1us niger V. Tiegh.

Penrcillium digitalum Sacc.

Rhizopus nigricun.c Ehr. ex Fr.

Altrrnariu allernata (Fr.) Keissl.

Rhizocioniu bataticolu (Taub.) Butl.

Phoma psidii P. Henn.

Thieluvic~p.psis pamdoxu (de Seynes) Hoehn


C.olletotrichum papuyue Chona, Lall. & Munjal

Geotrichjrm candidum Link. ex Pers.


Ailernaria ulternafa (Fr.) Keissl.

Mucor hiemulis Wehm.

Thieluviopsis paradoxu (de Seynes) Hoehn.

Ftrsarium rnonilijbrme Scheld.


Pmicilliurn di,qitatum Sacc.

A.spergil1u.s nigrr V. Tiegh. Grotrichurn candidum Link. ex Pers.

Alternuria ulfrrnutu (Fr.) Keissl.

F'usarium crunptoceros Wollenw. & Reink.


';ir.~urium rosrum Link.

Yhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.

Sotryodiplodiu theobromue Sacc.

PART - B


OF FRUITY VEGETABLES

O u t of the several fruity vegetables marketed in Kerala, few are cultivated

indigenouslq and few are transported from neighbouring states. The fruity

vegetables from the markets of different districts of Kerala were examined and

studied for fungal diseases. 'These vegetables include (1) ash gourd, (2) bitter gourd,

(3) bottle gourd. (4) bread fruit, (5) brinjal, (6) chilli, (7) chow-chow, (8) cluster bean,

(9) cow pea. (10) cucumber, (1 I ) drum stick, (12) French bean/common bean, (13)

Indian goosebeny, (14) lady's finger, (15) lima bean, (16) lime, (17) little gourd, (18)

pea, (19) pumpkin, (20) ridge gourd, (21) snake gourd, (22) sword bean and (23)

tomato. Of these peas, lime and tomato are largely transported to Kerala markets

ti.om neighbouring states

Though these fruits are largely consumed by Keralites very little research on

the post hawest fungal diseases was carried out earlier. Most of the fungal diseases

noticed during the investigation are found to be new to Kerala.

B. 1. ASH GOURD (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.)

Present study disclosed that this fruit was susceptible to Cladosporium rot

(C. fulvum Cke.), brown rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.), waxy rot (Geotrichum

candidum Link. ex Pers.), halo spot (C'orynespora cassicola Berk. & Curt. Wei.),

Fusarium rot (F .semitectum Berk. & Rav.) and Mucor rot (Mhiemalis Wehm.).

Cladosporiurr~ rot was found to be very serious disease of ash gourd fruits during

monsoon, collected horn Thiruvananthapuram markets. The injured fruits were easily

affected by this pathogen. Brown rot affected the long stored injured fruits. A similar

disease caused by hfucor hiemalis was also noticed in Kasargod markets during the

period. Compared to Rhizopus rot, Mucor rot was very severe. Waxy rot was

favoured by damp conditions under storage and frequently observed in the markets of

Thrissur and Kozhikkode. tlalo spot and Fusarium rot were not so severe as other

diseases. Halo spot was observed during the pre - monsoon months in long stored

fruits. Fusariulr~ rot affected the fruits very slowly and took 5 to 6 days for the

complete decay. The diseases are reported here as new to India.

B. 2. BlTTER GOURD (Mamordica charantia L.)

Four fungal diseases were investigated during the study, viz. brown rot

(Rhizopus nigricuns Ehr. ex Fr.), Fusarium rot (F. oxysporum (Schl. ex Fr.) em.

Snyd. et Hans.), black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.) and waxy rot

(Geotrichum cundidum Link. ex Pers.). Except Fusarium rot other diseases were

found to be severe and caused extensive damage to bitter gourd fruits, during storage.

Fusarium rot was commonly found in injured fruits. Complete damage was observed

after 4 - 5 days of inoculation. Black mould rot was very severe in Idukki and Kannur

markets during the post - monsoon months, and observed in a few samples collected

from Malappwam. Waxy rot caused extensive damage to bitter gourd during

monsoon. Except Fusarium rot caused by F. oxysporum (Sch1.e~ Fr.) em. Snyd. et

Hans. other diseases are reported for the first time from India.

B. 3. BOTTLE GOURD (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.)

Bottle gourd was found to be susceptible to waxy rot (Geofrichum candidum

Linkex Pers.) and Fusarium rot ( F moniliforme Scheld.). Waxy rot was severe

during monsoon and observed periodically in the Thiruvananthapuram and Kannur

markets. Fusarium rot was observed in some samples collected from Pathanamthitta

and Alappuzha markets during the pre - monsoon months. This disease was not so

severe as waxy rot. Though this fruit was reported to be affected by Diplodia sp.

(D. natu1ensi.s P. Evans), anthracnose (Collerotrichurn lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. ex

Halst.), cottony rot (Fusarium spp.) and soft rot (Pythium aphanidermatum (Eds.)

Fitz.), these diseases were not observed in Kerala. The diseases noticed during the

survey are new to Indian markets.

B. 4. BREAD FRUIT (Artocarpus rommunis Frost.)

A single disease was recorded earlier in bread fruit from India and abroad,

caused by l'hytophthoru pulmivoru Butl. It is also known from Kerala. But present

investigation led to the identification of 4 more hngal diseases prevalent in Kerala

markets, V ~ L . brown rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae Sacc.), brown soft rot

(Rhizoctoniu hututicolu (Taub.) Butl.). black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.)

and Fusarium rot (I .: roseurn Link.). Injured h i t s were found to be susceptible to

brown rot which caused extensive damage to the fruits. Long stored fruits were

affected by brown soft rot. 'This disease was frequently observed in the markets of

Thrissur and Malappuram during pre - monsoon period. Black mould rot and

Fusarium rot were also found to cause severe damage to injured fruits. These

diseases are new reports to India.

B. 5. BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L.)

Present investigation revealed that this fruity vegetable was affected by

diseases such as Alternaria rot (A. alternata (Fr.) Keissl.), cottony leak

(Phytophthortr purasitica Dast.), black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.),

Fusarium rot (1.: clxy.sporum (Schl. ex. Fr.) em. Snyd. et Hans.) and brown rot

(Rhizopus nigriricuns Ehr. ex Fr.). Allernaria rot was not so severe but observed

frequently in the Palakkad and Kasargod markets during February - April. Cottony

leak was a serious post harvest disease of brinjal during rainy season. Black mould

rot was very conlmon and affected these fruits severely. The fruits collected from

Kollam, Palakkad and Kasargod were periodically affected by this disease. Fusarium

rot and brown rot were observed in the markets of Emakulam. Fusarium rot was

prevalent during the monsoon months whereas it was absent in the pre - monsoon

months. Among these diseases Alternaria rot and brown rot were earlier recorded, but

others are not reported from Indian markets.

B. 6. CHILLI (Capsicum anrruum L.)

During the survey three diseases were noticed in punjent variety of chilli and

two diseases from sweet variety. Black rot due to Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.

was commonlq obsewed in the punjent variety collected from the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram, Idukki and Kozhikkode during monsoon. Humidity was found

to be favourable for this disease. Fusarium rot (F. semirectum Berk. & Rav.) was

noticed as a serlous disease in the markets of Malappuram and Kannur during the

post - monsoon months. Black mould rot (AspergiNus niger V. Tiegh.) was noticed

in long stored h i t s . Anthracnose caused by (,'olle~otrichum capsici( Syd.) Butl. &

Bisby was observed periodically in the markets of Thiruvananthapuram, Alappuzha

and Kozhikkode during rainy season in sweet variety. Brown rot (Drechslera

tetrameru (Mc Kinny) Subram. & Jain was observed in sweet variety during

pre - monsoon rnonths in the markets of Alappuzha and ldukki markets and in some

samples collected from Kannur markets. Fusarium rot and Altemaria rot are earlier

reported in punjent variety are also known to cause diseases in the punjent variety in

the Kerala markets. Anthracnose was not observed in punjent variety but observed in

the sweet variety. Black mould rot and brown rot are found to be new to Indian

markets. Alternaria rot, Fusarium rot and anthracnose are new to Kerala markets.

B. 7. CHOW CHOW (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.)

Fungal diseases noticed during the investigation were waxy rot (Geotrichum

candidum Link. ex Pers.), black spot (Cluwularia luberculata Jain), brown rot

(Rhizopus nigricuns Ehr. ex Fr.), white cottony rot (Fusarium rigidiiscula (Berk. &

Br.) Sacc. and black rot (Allernaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl). Waxy rot was found to be

a very serious disease of chow chow, frequently observed in the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam and Kasargod during monsoon. This disease was

reported earlier from Maharashtra. A very unique rot was observed in the markets of

Wyanad during post - monsoon months caused by Curvularia tuberculata (black

spot). Brown rot was found to be serious in some markets in Malappuram and Idukki

when these fruits were stored in humid conditions. Black rot was not so severe but

noticed in the markets of Thiruvananthapuram and Pathanamthitta during the

pre - monsoon months. Among these diseases investigated, all except waxy rot are

new to Indian markets.

B. 8. CLUSTER BEAN (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.) Taub.)

Three diseases were noticed during the study, viz. Fusarium rot (F. roseum

Link.), Sclerotium rot ( S ro!fsii Sacc.) and black rot (Alternaria alternata (Fr.)

Keissl.). Fusar~um rot was found to be a seiious disease during monsoon in the

markets of Ernakulam and Thiruvanantbapuram. Occassionally this disease was

observed in some samples collected from Thrissur. Sclerotium rot was observed

during post - monsoon months, periodically in the markets of Kollam and

Kozhikkode markets. The severity of the disease was found to be influenced by

humid conditions, confirmed by inoculation studies. Black rot was a minor disease

noticed in somt: samples collected from Emakulam markets during post - monsoon

months. These diseases are not reported earlier from Indian markets.

B. 9. COW PE:A (Vigna sinensis Endl.)

Five diseases were studied during the investigation in cow pea. They were

anthracnose ((blletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Br.& Cav.),

Alternaria pod spot (Fr.) Keissl.), Fusarium rot (F.nivale (Fr.) Ces.), Rhizopus rot

(R. nigricuns Mr. ex Fr.) and wet rot (Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Rav.)

Thaxt.). Though anthracnose due to (L'olletobichum spp.) reported earlier from ' .

Kerala as a pre - harvest disease, it is now reported as a post harvest disease of

cow pea for the first time in India.

B. 10. CUCUMBER (Cucumk sativus L.)

In cucumber following diseases were observed during the present survey. Soft

rot (C'unninghumelltr echinulata Thaxt.), Fusarium rot (F.semitectum Berk.& Rav.)

and brown rot (Rhizopu.~ nigricans Ehr.ex Fr.). Soft rot was observed frequently in

the markets of Pathanamthitta and Emakulam. The injured fruits were found to be

more susceptible to this disease. This disease caused extensive damage during rainy

season. Fusariutn rot was severe in the fruits collected from Kottayam and Kasargod

markets dur~ng January - March. Brown rot was also common in the markets of

Pathanamthitta and Kottayam markets during monsoon. The diseases observed during

the investigation are new to Indian markets.

B. 11. DRtJM STICK (Moringa pferygosperma Gaertn.)

In drum stick five post harvest fungal diseases bad been noticed during the

investigation. They were brown rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.), pink rot

(Fusarium rohrum Link.). black mould rot (Asperginus niger V. Tiegh.), Alternaria

blemish ( ,t . cil~crncrtu (Fr.) Keissl.) and black soft rot (Mucor hiemalis Wehm.).

Brown rot was a serious disease periodically observed in the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram, Emakulam and Kannur during monsoon when stored in heaps.

Pink rot was observed in the markets of Kollam, Kozhikkode and Kottayam during

pre - monsoon months. l'his disease was found to be severe in the samples examined

from Kollrun and Kottayam markets. Black mould rot was found to be more severe

than brown rot and pink rot as the disease spread very rapidly and caused damage of

the whole heap within a short period. This disease was observed in all the samples

examined in the markets of Thiruvananthapuram, Emakulam and Kozhikkode during

the monsoon months. Black soft rot was noticed as severe diseases in the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram. Injured fruits were found to be more susceptible to this disease.

Alternaria blern~sh was not so severe as other diseases and observed in a few samples

collected from Kottayam and Kozhikkode markets.

The d~seases noticed during the investigation are new to Indian markets.

B. 12. FRENCH BEAN / COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulpris L.)

During the investigation four fungal diseases were observed in French bean,

viz. brown rot (Hhizopus nipicans Ehr. ex Fr.), Fusarium rot (I? semitectum Berk.

& Rav.), black mould rot (,4spergillus niger V. Tiegh.) and Alternaria rot (A.

alternata (Fr.) Keissl. J. Brown rot was found to be a very serious disease of French

bean during the post - inonsoon months as this disease was frequently observed in the

markets of Thiruvananthapuram, Alappuzha and Wyanad. Fusarium rot was very

severe during monsoon was found to be favourable for the rapid decay of the fruits.

This disease was noticed in almost all samples collected from Pathanamthitta, Idukki

and Kannur. Black mould rot was also favoured by high humidity, observed in the

samples taken frorn gunny bags during pre - monsoon months. Alternaria rot was

found to be not so severe as other diseases as it was observed in a few samples

collected and examined tiom Alappuzha markets.

Though anthracnose (Cbllctotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. &: Magn.) Bri. & 8

Cav. and cottony leak (Phylophfhora spp.) reported earlier from Kerala were not

observed during the. investigation. Brown rot, Fusarium rot, black mould rot are new

to Indian markets. Alternaria rot is a new report from Kerala.

B. 13. INDlAN GOOSEBERRY (Emblica offinale Gaertn.)

Verq few fungal diseases were observed in Indian goosebeny such as black

mould rot (Asprrgi//u.s niger V. Tiegh) and Penicillium rot (P. expansum Link. and

P. digitarum Sacc.). Both these diseases were found to be serious post harvest

diseases of this fruit as they occurred periodically and caused severe damage. Black

mould rot was favoured by injury. Penicillium rot due to P. expansum was observed

in samples collected from Kottayam and Ko~hikkode, whereas P. digitatum was

observed in samples collected from Wyanad and a few samples collected from

Kozhikkode. A few samples from all these markets also showed the presence of both

P, expansum and P. digitutunz.

Fruit rot due to A. niger V. Tiegb. and Penicillium spp. are earlier reported

from Indian markets but these diseases are new reports from Kerala markets.

B. 14. LADY'S FINGER / OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.

During the survey post harvest diseases such as black mould rot (Aspergillus

niger V. Tiegh.), Fusarium rot (F. oxysporum (Schl. ex Fr.) em. Snyd. et Hans.) and

black soft rot (Mirror hiemalis Wehm.) were observed in Lady's finger. Black mould

rot was found to he a serious disease during the pre - monsoon period. The injured

fruits as well as those kept under humid conditions were found to be more susceptible

to this disease. Fusarium nlt was observed in the samples collected from

Thir~vanantha~uram and Malappuram. The injured fruits were found to be easily

affected by this disease.

Except rot due to I; oxysporum other diseases are not reported from India.

Black mould rot, Fusarium rot and black soft rot are new to Kerala markets.

B. 15. LIMA BEAN (Phaseolus Iwnatws L.)

Diseases noticed during the investigation were brown rot (Rhizopus

nigricans Ehr. ex F r . ) . black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.), Fusarium rot

( F acuminatum t i l l . & Ev.) and wet rot (('loanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Rav.)

Thaxt. Brown rot \was found to be a very serious disease of lima beans observed

periodically in the markets of Kollam, Thrissur and Kannur markets. The injured

fruits were easily affected by this disease. Dry rot caused by R. nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.

was earlier reported from Maharashtra. Black mould rot was found to be prevalent in

the markets of Pathanamthitta and Malappuram. It was also observed in a few

samples collected from Kozhikkode markets during post - monsoon period. Fusarium

rot was found to be not so severe as brown rot and black mould rot as this disease was

observed in a few samples brought from Kannur markets. Wet rot was found to be

serious when the fruits were stored under humid conditions. This disease was noticed

periodically in Thrissur and I'athanamthitta markets during post - monsoon months.

Black mould rot, Fusarium rot and wet rot are not reported previously kom

Indian markets. Brown rot is a new report from Kerala.

B. 16. LIME (Citrus aurantijblia (Christm.) Swing.)

Lime was found to be comparatively less affected by fungal diseases under

Kerala climate. The fungal diseases noticed during the investigation were Fusarium

dry rot (I.: nivale (Fr.) Ces.), black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.) and

Trichoderma rot (7: viride Pers. ex Fr.). Fusarium rot was found in some samples

collected and examined from the markets of Palakkad during pre - monsoon months. . ,,

A few simples examined from Alappuzha and Idukki also showed their presence. '.

Black mould rot was found to be a very serious disease of lime during the

pre - monsoon months. This disease was frequently observed in the markets of

Alappuzha, Idukki and Wyanad. Trichodenna rot was a minor disease, observed only

in a very few samples collected from Idukki and Wyanad. The injured fruits were

easily affected by this disease.

Diseases like Phytophthora rot (P. palmivora Butl.), citrus scab (Elsinoe

fawcetti Bitancourt & Jenkins) and rot due to specices of Penicillium reported earlier

from other parts o India were not observed in Kerala markets. The diseases of lime

noticed during the survey are not reported earlier from Indian markets.

B. 17. LITTLE: GOURD ((bccinia indica W. & A,)

Little gourd fruits examined during the survey were affected by Fusarium rot

(F oxy.rporum (Schl. ex Fr.) em. Snyd. et Hans.) and soft rot (Pythium

aphanidermarurn (Eds.) 1:itz.)'. Fusarium rot was found to be a serious disease in the

markets of Alappuzha. Ko~hrkkode during the post - monsoon months. The injured

fruits were easily affected by this disease, periodically observed in these markets.

Soft rot was also severe, observed frequently in the Thrissur and Malappuram

markets. This disease was noticed in the f ~ i t s stored in heaps.

Though little gourd is affected by anthracnose (Collectotrichum spp.), black

rot (Alternuriu trnuis Auct.) and soft rot (Choanephoru spp.). from other parts of

India, these diseases were not observed in the Kerala markets during the

investigation. Fruit rot due to F oxysporum alone was observed during the study. The

diseases noticed, viz. Fusarium rot and soft rot are new to Kerala markets.

B. 18. PEA (Pisum sativum L.)

Peas are transported to Kerala markets from the neighbouring states. This

fruity vegetable was found to be affected by anthracnose (Colle~otrichum pisi Pat.)

and cottony leak (Phytophthora paru.~irica Dast.). These diseases were found to be

very serious in the Kerala markets. These h i t s were affected by anthracnose when

they were kept in humid conditions. It was observed periodically in the markets of

Pathanamthitta, ldukki and Kozhikkode during the survey. Cottony leak was noticed

in the fruits kept in bamboo baskets during storage. This disease was frequently

observed in the markets of Pathanamthina and Kasargod.

These two diseases are reported earlier from other parts of India especially ,

from Maharashtra. But they are new to Kerala markets. Pod spot due to specices of

Alternaria and cottony white rot by specices of Fusarium were not observed in

Kerala markets.

B. 19. PUMPKIN (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.)

During the investigation fungal diseases such as black mould rot (Aspergillus

niger V. Tiegh.), Fusarium rot (F. roseum Link.), soft rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr.

ex Fr.) and blue mould rot (Penicillium expansum Link.). Black mould rot was

found to be a very serious disease of pumpkin noticed periodically in the markets of

Alappuzha, Kozhikkode and Kannur during post - monsoon months. The injured or f i , -

., . . ,-, <.", .,., . , .,

cut pieces of this fruit was found to be affected by this disease. Fusarium rot was

observed in leti outs kept in shops, kitchen stores and the fruits stored in humid

conditions. This disease was found to spread very rapidly in Ernakulam and Wyanad.

Soft rot was noticed during the post - monsoon months in the samples examined

from Kozhikkode and Kannur markets. The injured fruits were easily affected by this

disease. Blur n~ould rot was not so severe as other diseases. This disease was

observed in the cut pieces kept in kitchen stores and small shops in

Thiruvananthapuram and Kannur.

Though cottony white rot due to species of Fusarium was observed in other

parts of India, rot due to F roseum of pumpkin is a new report from Kerala. The

disease. soft rot (Rhizopus nigr~cun.\ Ehr. ex Fr.) is a new report from Kerala.

Blue mould rot is reported for the first time from Indian markets

B. 20. FUDGE GOURD (Lufla aculangula (L.) Roxb.)

Present investigation of the post harvest fungal diseases in the Kerala markets

noticed Fusarium rot ( F oxy.~porum (Schl. ex Fr.) em. Snyd. et Hans.), cottony leak

(Phytophthoru parasilica Dast.), waxy rot (Georrichum candidum Link. ex Pers.),

black soft rot (Mucor rucemo.vus Schipper) and brown rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr.

ex Fr.). Fusarium rot was found to be a serious disease of ridge gourd during

monsoon in samples collected from the markets of Thiruvananthapuram, Idukki and

Kozhikkode markets. rhis disease was observed periodically. Cottony leak was

observed in Kollarn and Emakulam markets during monsoon. This disease was found

to cause extensive damage during storage. Waxy rot was noticed in a few samples

brought from the markets of Thiruvananthapuram and Emakulam. This disease was

frequently observed in the fruits kepts in humid storage conditions. Black soft rot was

found frequently in injured fruits. Brown rot was not so severe as other diseases and

observed in some samples brought from the markets of Thiruvananthapuram. These

diseases except Fusarium rot are not recorded earlier from anywhere in India.

B. 21. SNAKE GOURD (Trichosanthes anguina L.)

Survey in the Kerala markets noticed 3 diseases which caused extensive

damage to this frulty vegetable. They were Fusarium rot (F. oxysporum (Schl. ex

Fr.) em. Snyd. et ttans.), black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.) and soft rot

(Cunninghumellu r~:hinul~rtu Thaxt.) Fusarium rot was observed frequently in injured

fruits examined from the markets of Emakulam, Pathanamthitta and Malappuram

during the monsoon. As these fruits are elongated and their soft texture, the fruits are

easily broken during transport and transit. The damaged fruits were affected first,

followed by the fresh fruits. Black mould rot was found to be severe in the markets of

Alappuzha and Emakulam during monsoon. A few samples brought from

Kozhikkode was also found to be affected by this disease. Soft rot was observed in ,,: , c

the markets of 'l'hrissur and Malappurarn during post - monsoon months in the fruits

stored in heaps. This disease was found to be severe and caused extensive damage.

The diseases observed during the survey were not reported earlier from Indian

markets.

B. 22. SWORD BEAN (Canavelia ensifomis D.C. Baker)

Sword bean was found to be affected by diseases such as anthracnose

((Jolletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butl. & Bisby) and Alternaria pod spot (A. alternata

(Fr.) Keissl.). Both diseases were found to cause minor damage to this fruity

vegetable. The h i t s were made ugly and affected the market value. Anthracnose was

observed in the samples collected and examined from the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram. Alappuzha and Palakkad.

Though anthracnose due to C'olletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.)

Br. & Cav. is reported earlier from Kerala by Nair and Menon (1983), this species

was not observed during the survey instead C. capsici was found to cause this

disease. This pathogen is a new report from Indian markets. Collar rot due to

Sclerotium roosii reported earlier from Kerala (Sarnraj & Jose, 1969) was also not

observed during the survey. Rot caused by A. alternata (Fr.) Keissl. is a new report

from Kerala.

B. 23. TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Tomato fruit is an extensively studied fruity vegetable, transported to Kerala

markets. 7'his t ~ i t is repon.ed to be affected by several fungal diseases, as reported

from other parts of India. This is a first attempt to study the fungal diseases in Kerala

markets. During the investigation five diseases were observed and studied in detail,

viz. Alternaria rot (A, alfernata (Fr.) Keissl.), Fusarium rot (F. solani (Mart.)

Sacc.), black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.), brown rot (Rhizopus

nigricans F.hr. ex Fr.) and sour rot (Geotrichum candidum Link. ex Pers.). Except

Alternaria rot other diseases were found to be severe and cause extensive damage to

this fruit. Alternaria rot was very slow and observed in the fruits stored for longer

periods observed during JanuaryIFebruary months in the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram and Ernakulam. Fusarium rot was very severe and affected the

fiuits which were stored in humid storage conditions. This disease was observed

periodicall) in all markets In Kollam, Palakkad and Kannur during monsoon. Black

mould rot was prevalent in the markets of Thiruvananthapurarn and Kasargod during

post - monsoon period. f i e injured fruits were found to the easily affected by this

disease. Brown rot was observed in samples collected from the markets of Kollam,

Emakulam and Kannur during pre - monsoon months. This disease was found to

cause severe damage to tomato fruits. Injured ripe fruits were found to be easily

affected b) sour rot. 'This disease was noticed in the samples collected from

Ernakulam, Palakkad markets and a few samples brought from Kasargod markets.

The diseases came across during the survey are earlier reported from other

parts of ind~a. l'hese diseases were found to be new to Kerala markets.

To sum up. during the survey of post harvest fungal diseases of fruity

vegetables from the markets of Kerala during various seasons led to the identification

and study of 86 diseases of which about 72 were found to be serious and caused

extensive damage to these fruity vegetables. Out of these 53 fungal diseases are new

to Indian and 26 are new to Kerala markets. The fungal diseases were frequently

observed in injured fruits as these vegetables were handled carelessly during

harvesting, loading, unloading and transport. Some of these diseases spread due to

damp and humid storage conditions. Most of these diseases can be prevented by

careful handling and improved storage facilities.

REPORTS FROM KERALA NEW TO INDIA

SI. No.

1

3

4

5

B - FRUITY

Host

BrnRGC)uRD

m3am1

BREAD F'KUIT

BRINJAI.

White cottony rot

Alten~aria rot

FuFcPiwn ~ S c N . a c F ~ ) n t StycLetHan

C'urt~ularia tuberculaia Jain

Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.

Fusarium rigidiiscula (Berk. & Br.) Sacc.

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.

VEGETABLES

Disease

Brown rot

Black mould rot

Waxy rot

Waxy rot

Fusiaium rot

Brown rot

Brown soft rot

Black mould rat

Fusarium rot

Cottony leak

Black mould rot

Pathogen

Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex. Fr.

Asj>ergillus niger V. Tiegh.

Geotrichum candidum Link. ex Pers.


Fusarium monilgorme Scheld.

Botryodiplodia rheobromae Sacc.

Rhizoctonia haiaticola (Taub.) Butl.


Fusarium roseurn Link.

Phytophthora parasifica Dast.

Aspergillus niger V.Tiegh.

- Host

:LIJSlFK B W

:OW P t 4

XICUMBER

]RUM STICK

FRE-CH BbAN/

X3MMoN IBFN

LADY'S t. INCiEF

Disease Pathogen

Fusarium rot

Sclerotium rot

Black rot

Altemaria pod spc

Fusarium rot

Rhizopus rot

Soft rot

F usarium rot

Rhiz.opus rot

Brown rot

Pink rot

Black mould rot

Altemaria blemis

Black soft rot

Brown rot

1:usarium rot

Black mould rot

Black mould rot

Black soft rot


Yclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

411ernaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.

4lternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.

Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces.


Cunninghamella echinulata Thaxt.

Fusarium semitecrum Berk. & Rav.




Aspergillus niger V . Tiegh.

Allernaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.

Mucor hiemalis Wehm.


Fu,surium semitectum Berk. & Rav.



Mucor hiemalis Wehm.

NEW REPORTS FROM KERALA

Pathogen

C71udosporium ,fulv~im Cke.

Rhizop~rs nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.

Geotrichum candidurn Link. ex Pers.

Corynesporu ca.ssicola Berk. & Curt. Wei.

Fusurium semitectum Berk. & Rav.

Mucor hiemulis Wehm.

F U S C I T ~ ~ ony.spc~rum (Schl. ex Fr.) em. Snyd et Han

Alternuria ulternu~a (Fr.) Keissl.

Fu.uurium sernitectum Berk. & Rav.

C'olletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butl. & Bisbq

Alternaria ullernata (Fr.) Keissl.

A.spergil1u.s niger V. Tiegh.

Penicillium expansum Link.

Penicillium digitatlim Sacc.

Fusm'zm m ( y m u n (Schl. ex Fr.) an Snyd. et Han


VEGETABLES

Disease

C'ladosporium rot

Brown rot

Waxy rot

lialo spot

Fusarium rot

Mucor rot

Fusarium rot

Black rot

tusarium rot

Anthracnose

Alterr~aria rot

Black mould rot

Penicillium rot

Penicillium rot

tusarium rot

Brown rot

B - SI. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

FRUIT\'

Host

AS11 <;Ol IUD

BIT7'1,U - (iOlJRD

CI111.1.1

FRENCIi Bt-AN.

COMMON nEAh

INDIAN -

(;OOS[;H t R R Y

1.ADY.S -

FIN(iI<R

L,lMABI.AN

$1. io. - 8

9

10

11

-

Host Disease

PEA

SWOl<D . BEAN

TOM,YI ( )

Anthracnose

Cottony leak

Fusarium rut

Soft rot

Altemaria pod spc

Altenlaria rot

I; usarium rot

Black. mould rot

Brown rot

Sour rot

Pathogen

Colletotrichum p i ~ i Pat.

Phylophrhora parasiticu Dast.


Rhizo~pus nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.

Alternuria trllernafa (Fr.) Keissl.

Allernaria nlternata (Fr.) Keissl.

Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.



Geotrichum cundidum Link. ex Pers.

PART - C'


OF TUBEROUS VEGETABLES

These vegetables come under two groups - I) root tubers and 2) stem tubers.

The root tubers studied were, beet root, carrot, cassava (Tapioca) and sweet potato.

The stem tubers were, country potato. elephant ear (taro), elephant foot yam, ginger,

potato and yam. 'Though the diseases of these crops were investigated earlier in the

field, not much work has been done in the post harvest stage, especially in this part of

the country.

During the investigation in different markets throughout Kerala, several

diseases were not~ced. Beet root. carrot and potato are transported to Kerala markets

from the neighbouring states. Several diseases affected these vegetables during

storage.

C.1. BEET ROUT (Beta vulgaris L.)

In beet root two fungal diseases were studied, viz. Fusarium rot

(F. acuminatum Ell.& Ev.) and brown soft rot (Rhizoctonia bararicola (Taub.) Butl.

Fusarium rot was lound to be a serious disease of beet root during monsoon in the

markets of Thiruvananthapuram. Ernakulam and Kasargod. The injured tubers were

found to be easily atlected by this disease. Brow1 soft rot was observed in a few

samples studied tiom Ernakulam and Idukki.

Diseases such as brown rot (Geotrichum candidum Link.), cottony white rot

(Fusurium oxysporum (Schl. e x Fr.) em. Snyd. et Hans.) and creepy white rot

(Sclerolium ro&Sii Sacc.) reported earlier from other parts of India were not noticed in

Kerala markets. The diseases such as Fusarium rot and brown soft rot are new

reports from Indian markets.

C. 2. CARROT (Daucus carota I . . )

Four fungal diseases were observed in carrot during the study. They were

soft rot (Fu.v(rriurn oxy.sporum (Schl. ex Fr.)em. Snyd. et Hans.) black rot

(Alternuritr c~lrernalu (Fr.) Keissl.) and brown rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.).

Soft rot was found to be very severe during monsoon in the markets of Emakulam,

Kollam and Kozhikkode and caused extensive damage. Sour rot was also found to be

a very serious disease of carrot in Palakkad and Kannur markets. The injured tubers

were found to be easily affected by this disease. A few samples collected and

examined from the markets of Idukki were also affected by this disease. Brown rot

was severe in Kannur markets whereas this disease was observed only a few samples

brought from Idukki and Palakkad. injured fruits were found to be very easily

affected by this disease. Black rot was seen in some samples brought from Kollam

and Emakulam. I his disease .was not so severe as other diseases.

Tuber rot due to specices of Fusarium, Allernaria and Rhrzopus are reported ,

earlier from other parts of India. The fungal diseases of carrot revealed during the , study are nem to Kerala. Rot due to Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. reported earlier as a

major disease from Assam and West Bengal was not observed in Kerala markets.

C. 3. CASSAVA /TAPIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz.)

Four fungal diseases were observed during the investigation in cassava, viz.

black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.), brown rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr.

ex Fr.), Scytalidium rot (S lignic~ola Pesante) and waxy rot (Geotrichum candidum

Link. ex Pers.) Black mould rot was observed during pre - monsoon months in the

markets of Thiruvananthapuram, Kottayam and Kasargod, caused extensive damage.

This disease was found to be favoured by high humidity. Brown rot was observed in

samples brought tiom Emakulsun and Palakkad markets and a few samples collected

from Malappuritm. This disease was found to be severe during the post - monsoon

months. Scytalidium rot and waxy rot were observed in injured tubers.

Scytalidium rot was found to be minor disease as it was observed in a few

samples brought from Kottayam and Palakkad markets. They were also noticed in

Kozhikkode and l'hiruvananthquram markets. The diseases observed during the

survey are new to lndian markets.

C. 4. SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas L..) Poir.

A few tiingal diseases such as black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.),

brown rot (Rhirocforriu hatufico/u (Taub.) Butl.) and Fusarium rot (F. oxysporum

(Schl. ex Fr . ) em. Snyd, et I-lans. were observed and studied in detail during the

investigatiotl.

Black niould rot was very severe in the markets of Pathanamthitta, Thrissur

and Kasargod during monsoon. Humidity and injury were found to favour the rapid

decay of these tubers. Brown rot was observed in a few samples collected and

examined froni the markets of Thrissur and Malappuram. Fusarium rot was observed

in a few samples collected from Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha during the

pre - monsoon months. 'This disease appeared to he a minor disease.

Black mould rot is recorded earlier from other parts of India as a minor

disease was found to be of' much significance in the Kerala markets. Brown rot due

to Rhizocloniu soluni reported earlier is not observed in the Kerala markets instead '

R. batalicoiu uas observed :in Kerala markets.

C. 5. COUNTRY POTATO (Coleuspantiflorus Benth.)

Fungal diseases of leaves caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.,

Fusarium trverrtrceum (Fr.) Sacc. and wilt due to Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. are reported

earlier from country potato. Fungal diseases of tubers are not reported from anywhere

in India. Three fungal diseases were noticed and studied in detail in this tuberous

vegetable. They were soft rot (Fusurium maniliforme Scheld.), brown rot (Rhizopus

nigricans tIhr. ex Fr.) and waxy rot (Geotrichum candidum Link. ex Pers.). Soft rot

was found to be a very serious disease of country potato in the markets of Kollam,

Idukki and Kozhikkode. The injured fruits were easily affected by this disease.

Brown rot also caused severe damage to this crop in the markets of Idukki and

Palakkad. This disease was also noticed in some samples examined from Emakulam

markets. The injured tubers were easily affected by this disease. Brown rot also

caused severe damage to this crop in the markets of Idukki and Palakkad. This

disease was also noticed in some samples examined from Emakulam markets. The

injured tubers were easily affected by this disease. Waxy rot was found to be

prevalent during FebruaryIMarch and frequently observed in the samples collected ., . 7

j." and examined from the markets of Kollam and Palakkad. As these tubers are smaller i,.'

7 .. i ,, ., / ~. \i; i

in size and the harvesting practice resulted in the wounding or injury, led to the - > Q . t

spoilage by the attack of' these fungal pathogens. These diseases are new records to ,, . .. . .. ,

India. I,.

C. 6. ELEPHANT EAR 1 TARO (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.)

Present investigation revealed that this tuberous vegetable was affected by

soft rot (Sclerolium rolfiii Sacc.) and Fusarium rot (Fsolani (Mart. Sacc.). These

two diseases were found to be very serious and caused extensive damage. Soft rot

was observed periodically in the markets of Kollam, Emakulam and Kozhikkode

during the pre - monsoon period. This disease was found frequently in tubers heaped

in store houses where humidity was high. Fusarium rot was very severe during

monsoon months in the markets of Pathanamthitta, Emakulam and Kozhikkode. The

tubers rotted very quickly and affected the fresh tubers also.

Corm rot due to Sclrrotium rolfiii and Fusarium solani are new reports fiom

Kerala. Rot due to species ot'Fusurium are recorded earlier from India and abroad.

C. 7. ELEPHANT FOOT YAM (Amorphophallus campanulatus Bl.)

Three fungal diseases were noticed during the study in elephant foot yam, viz.

soft rot (Scler-otium rolfi~ii Sacc.). brown rot (Trichurus spiralis Swart.) and

Fusarium rot ( F ac~tminat~tm Ell. & Ev.). Soft rot was found to be very severe and

caused extensive damage during the monsoon months in the markets of

Thiruvananthapuram and E;makulam. This disease was also observed in a few

samples collected and examined from the markets of Kannur. Brown rot was found

frequently in injured or cut pieces of the corm. Fusarium rot was found to be more

severe than brown rot as it caused more damage in samples collected from

Thiruvananthapuram and ldukki markets.

Soft rot caused by Sclrrolium rolfsii is not reported earlier from Kerala.

Brown rot and t:usarium rot ,xe new to Kerala markets.

C. 8. GINGER (Zingibrr officinale Rose.)

Five fungal diseases were studied in ginger during the investigation, viz.

dry rot (Fusrrrium .soluni (Mart.) Sacc.), rhizome rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.),

Penicillium rot ( P . digi~utum Sacc.), cottony watery rot (Pythium aphanidermatum

(Eds.) Fi tz .~ and soft rot (Stuchybotrys kampalensis Hansf.). These diseases were

found to be very serious and caused extensive damage to this crop in the markets of , ,

Kerala. Dry rot was observed in the markets of Thiruvananthapuram, Kottayam and ? , .

Idukki during post - monsoon months. This disease was observed periodically. ' : , .

' , l j

Rhizome rot due to Sclrrorium rolfiii was also a serious disease observed during . '

monsoon months in samples collected from Pathanamthitta and Kozhikkode markets.

Penicillium rot was found to be severe in some samples examined from Kottayam

markets. In Pathanamthitta and Kozhikkode markets this disease was not so severe.

Cottony watery rot was noticed during monsoon in the markets of Kottayam and

Pathanamthitta. This disease was found to be favoured by high humidity. An

uncommon disease, but serious produced by Sfachybotrys kampalensis Hansf. was

found to occur in the markets of ldukki and Kasargod. This disease was observed

periodically in these markets during post - monsoon months. A few samples collected

from Malappuram markets also showed their presence.

Dry rot. rhizome rot and conony watery rot are new reports from Kerala.

Penicillium rot and soft rot are new to Indian markets.

C. 9. POTATO (Solanurn tuberosum L.)

Potato is transported to Kerala markets from different parts of the country. It

is reported to be affected by several major and minor hngal diseases. But in Kerala

markets, the author came across only three fungal diseases, viz, dry rot (Fusarium

solani (Mart.) Sacc. ), waxy rot (Georrichum candidum Link. ex Pers.) and soft rot

(Rhizopus n~gricuns Ehr. ex Fr.). These three diseases caused extensive damage to

this tuber cn)p in the market conditions in Kerala. Dry rot was noticed in the tubers

stored for longer duration in .the markets of Pathanamthitta and Idukki. Waxy rot was

observed during monsoon in Alappuzha, Kozhikkode and Kannur markets. This

disease was found to be more severe than dry rot. Soft rot was prevalent in the

markets of Pathanamthitta and in some samples collected from Alappuzha and

Kannur. The injured tubers were found to be easily affected by this disease. Soft rot

was more severe than dry rot.

Several Fusarium specices are reported from Indian markets in potato, but the

infection by E: .solani is a new report. Waxy rot and soft rot are also new reports

from Indian markets.

C. 10. YAM (Dioscorea alata L.)

Present investigation revealed only two fungal diseases in the Kerala markets,

viz. soft rot (fi'usariurn solani (Mart.) Sacc.) and brown rot (Rhizocfonia bataticola

(Taub.) Butl.). These two diseases were observed periodically in the Kerala markets

which caused serious damage to this tuber crop. Soft rot was observed during

post - monsoon months in the markets of Thiruvananthapuram and Emakulam. This

disease was also observed in a few samples collected from Kozhikkode markets.

Brown soft rot was prevalent in the markets of Alappuzha, Emakulam and Kottayarn

during pre - monsoon months. This disease was found to be more severe than soft rot

and periodically observed in the markets of Alappuzha and Emakulam, but not so

severe in the markets of Koltayan~.

In this part 31 post harvest fungal diseases were studied in detail. Out of these

12 diseases were found to be favoured by injury (Fusarium rot of beet root, sour rot &

brown rot of carrot, black mould rot of sweet potato, Scytalidium rot and waxy rot of

cassava, soft rot, brown rot and waxy rot of country potato, soft rot and brown rot of

elephant foot yam, sofi rot of potato). Three diseases were favoured by high relative

humidity (Black mould rot of sweet potato and cassava, soft rot of elephant ear). All

the 31 diseases discussed here are new reports from Kerala markets, 15 are new to

Indian markets. Though pathological studies of these crops were made in these crops,

an intensive study of the post harvest fungal disease of these tubers were not made in

the Kerala markets.

REPORTS FROM KERALA NEW TO INDIA

C - TUBEROI!S VEGETABLES Pathogen P S'.

No.

1

2

3

5

6

7

8

Fu.siirium acuminalum Ell. & Ev.

Rhizocloniu hatuticolu (Taub.) Butl.

I.'UW&WI c q p m n (Schl ex Fr.)en. S& et Ham


Alternuria uliernalu (Fr.) Keissl.

Rhizopus nigricuns Ehr. ex Fr.

Host

BEET KO( 11.

CAKKOI

CASSAVA

COIJN'I'KI' - POTATO

ELEPHAN'T- EAWlARO

ELEPHANf- FOOl YAM

GINGER

Asprrgillus niger V. Tieyh.


Scy/alidium lignicola Pesante

Geolrichum candidum Link. ex Pers.

Disease

f'usarium rot

Brown soft rot

Soft rot

Sour rot

Black rot

13rown rot

Black mould rot

Brown rot

Scytalidium rot

Waxy rot

Soft rot

Brown rot

Waxy rot

Soft rot

Fusariurn rot

/ ~ ~ ( J M ' I I rfJ/

I~usariurn rot

Penicillium rot

Soft rot

Fzrsarium monilifbrme Scheld.

Rhimpus nigrieuns Ehr. ex Fr.

Geotrichum candidum Link. ex. Pers. I Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Fusurium solani (Mart.) Sacc

Trichurus spiralis Swart.

Fusuriirm ~cz~rninurum Ell. & Ev.

Petzicillium digitaturn Sacc.

Sruchyholrys kumpu1en.si.s Hansf.

Host

'OTKl'( )

Disease

Dry rot

Waxy rot

Soft rot

Soti ~ .ot

I3rown soft rot

Pathogen

Fzrsc~rium soluni (Mart.) Sacc.

Geolrichum candidum Link. ex Pers.

Rhizopus nigrictms Ehr. ex Fr.

Fustrrium soluni (Mart.) Sacc.

Rhizoctonia ba/aticola (Taub.) Butl.

PART - D


OF UNDER UTILIZED FRUITS

These fruits are les:s known and under exploited, though they contain

valuable minerals. vitamins, alkaloids etc. Some of them may act as carriers of certain

diseases. Thls part is included in the study so as to give an awareness in the fungal

pathology of these fruits. The fruits studied were black plum (Jambolana), carambola,

cashew apple, Cqylon olive (Valiya kara), egg fruit, hog plum, nut rneg, passion fruit,

phyllanthus, pot tamarind, rose apple, tamarind and West Indian cherry. These fruits

are not marketed in the state m d hence are collected from various regions to study

their post harvest deter~oration!r.

D. 1. BLACK PLUM IJAMBOLANA (Eugenia jambolana Lamk.)

Two fungal diseases were studied, viz. black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V.

Tiegh.) and Penicillium rot (1'. digitarum Sacc.). Black mould rot was found to be

very serious during pre - monsoon months in fruits collected from Pathanamthitta and

Emakulam. Penicillium rot was observed in a few samples brought from Kozhikkode

and was found to be not severe as black mould rot. The injured fruits were found to

be more susceptible to this disease.

These diseases are recorded for the first time from India.

D. 2. CARAMBOLA (Averrhoa carambola L.) & (A. bilimbi L.)

A. carumholu L. fruits were affected by waxy rot (Geobichum candidum

Linkex Pers.). This disease was found to be a very serious disease of A. carambola

L. during monsoon This disease was noticed periodically in Thiruvananthapuram and

Emakulam. Soft rot (Fusurium equiseli (Corda) Sacc. and brown rot (Rhizopus

nigricans Ehr, ex Fr.) were noticed in A. bilimbi during monsoon. Soft rot was

frequently observed in Thiruvananthapuram and Malappuram, more severe than

brown rot. Brown rot was prevalent in Thiruvananthapuram. Both A. carambola and

A. bilimhi were found to be affected by black mould rot in Thiruvananthapuram,

Emakulam and Kozhikkode. This disease was found to be the most serious of other

diseases. This disease was also observed during the monsoon.

Wax) rut, soA rot, brown rot and black mould rot of carambola are new

reports from India

D. 3. CASHEW APPLE (Anacardiutn occidentale L.)

Though cashew nut i:s popular and consumed as 'table nuts', cashew apple is

under utilized rn Kerala and many parts of India. Two fungal diseases, viz. black

mould rot (Aspergi1lu.s niger V. Tiegh.) and brown rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex

Fr.) were noticed in this fruit. Black mould rot was found to be a very serious disease

of cashew appie during FebruaryiMarch in 'rhiruvananthapuram, Emakulam and

Kannur. Injured fruits were found to be susceptible to brown rot.

Black mould rot and brown rot are new to Kerala.

D. 4. CEYLON OLIVE 1 VALlYA KARA (Elaeocarpus serrafus W . & A.)

Fungal diseases studied in this fruit were black mould rot (Aspergillus niger

V. Tiegh.) and brown rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.). Black mould rot was

observed periodically in Kollam and Palakkad. The injured fruits were easily affected

by this disease. Brown rot was noticed in some samples collected from Emakulam.

This disease was frequently observed in over - ripe fruits.

Though this plant is reported to be affected by some pre - harvest disease

causing fungi like Aslerostomellu indicu Rao & Anahousur, Cladosporium sp.,

Cbtacaumu elirrocurpi Ramakr. & Ramakr. and Phyllachora ugharkarii, fruit rot

diseases such a!; black mould rot and brown rot are new report from India.

D. 5. EGG FRUIT (Lucumo nervosa L.)

Black mould rot (Aspergillus nigrr V. Tiegh.) and Penicillium rot

(P, digitatum Sacc.) are the two diseases studied. Black mould rot was found to be

severe during prc - monsoon months in Ernakulam and Kollam. Penicillium rot was

observed in some samples brought from Thimvananthapuram and Malappuram

during the same period

Egg fruit is comparatively free from disease and no disease was reported

earlier and hence black mould rot and Penicillium rot are new reports to India.

D. 6. HOG PLUM (Spondiaspinnafa (L. f.) Kurz.)

Two tungal diseases were observed in hog plum - black mould rot

(Aspergillus nigrr V:liegh.) and soft rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. ex Fr.). Black

mould rot was hund to be :serious when the humidity was high. It was observed

in the samples collected from Alappuzha and Kozhikkode during post - monsoon

months. Soft rot was noticed in a few samples brought from Alappuzha. This disease

was found to be not so serious as black mould rot.

Though this fiuit is affected by species of Aspergillus including A. niger as

reported from other parts of India, this is a new repot from Kerala. Soft rot is not

reported from Indian markets.

D. 7. NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)

Durlng the survey, diseases such as charcoal rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola

(Taub.) Butl.).. black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.) and black rot

(Thielaviop.psis parudoxu (de Seynes) Hoehn.) were studied in nutmeg. These diseases

affected not only the pericarp but also the mace and seed in advanced stage. Charcoal

rot was found to be prevalent during pre - monsoon, observed in the samples brought

from Kollam and Ernakulam. It was also noticed in a few samples collected from

Wyanad. Hlack n~ould rot was found to be very serious in Idukki and Emakularn,

observed peri~~dically and caused extensive damage. Black mould rot was noticed in

samples collected from Kollam, Emakulam and Wyanad during the monsoon caused

severe damage to this fruit after harvest.

Black rot reported earlier from Kerala by Rao and Varghese (1976), is noticed

during the pr.esent survey in Kerala. Other diseases such as charcoal rot and black

mould rot are new to Kerala markets.

D. 8. PASSION FRUIT (Passflora edulis Sims.)

Passion tiuit was found to be affected by soft rot (Fusarium oxysporum (Schl.

ex Fr.) em. Snyd. et Hans.), black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh.) and

brown rot (Botryodiplodic~ ttzeobrornur Sacc.). Soft rot was very severe in the fruits

examined from 'fhiruvananthapuram and Kozhikkode. It was also noticed in a few

samples collected from Idukki. Black mould rot was observed in some samples

brought from Alappuzha and .Malappuram. This disease was not so severe as soft rot,

observed dur~ng monsoon. Brown rot was noticed in injured fruits collected from

Alappuzha and Kozhikkode dming pre - monsoon months.

Among these diseases soft rot, and black mould rot are reported earlier from

Karnataka. and it is a new report from Kerala. Brown rot is a new report from India.

D. 9. PHYLLANTHUS (Phyllanthus acidus Skeel.)

These fruits were affected by two fungal diseases, viz. Black mould rot

(Aspergillus niger. V. Tiegh.) and Fusarium rot ( F . roseum Link.). The injured fruits

were found to be susceptible to black mould rot. This disease was observed during

the monsoon months in some samples collected from Kollam, Emakulam and

Kozhikkode. Fusarium rot was not so severe as black mould rot and observed in a

few samples examined from Alappuzha and Thrissur during monsoon.

Though leaf spot due to Colletotrichum sp. and Glomerelluphyllanthi Pai are

reported from Phyllanthus. no fruit rot disease is reported. Black mould rot and

Fusarium rot are the fungal diseases of this fruit reported for the first time from India.

D. 10. POT TAMAFUND (Garcinia gambogea Desr.)

Penicillium rot (P digilutum Sacc.) and black mould rot (Aspergillus niger

V. Tiegh.) were the fungal diseases noticed during the monsoon. Black mould rot was

found to be more severe than Penicillium rot. Black mould rot was observed in

samples collected from Emakulam, Palakkad and Kasargod. Penicillium rot was

noticed in a few samples broughi from Kollam.

A few fungi causing diseases of leaves are reported earlier from this h i t

plant. Black mould rot and Penicillium rot are new to Indian markets.

D. 11. ROSE APPLE (Eugenia javanica L.)

Fungal diseases observed and studied in rose apple were black mould rot

(Aspergillus n i p r V . Tiegh.). Penicillium rot (P, digitatum Sacc.) and Trichoderma

rot (l: 11iridc Pers. ex Fr.). Black mould rot was found to be very severe and observed

in samples collected from I'athanamthitta, Thrissur and Kozhikkode. The injured

fruits were found to be more susceptible to this disease. Penicillium rot was observed

in a few samples brought tiom Idukki and Wyanad and not so severe as black mould

rot. A unique type of rot due to Trirhoderma viride was noticed in some samples

examined from idukki.

Though black mould rot is reported by Manobarachary and Rama Rao 'from '11 ,

A.P., this disease is a new report from Kerala. Penicillium rot due to P. expansum is

also reported from A.P.. but P, digitalum is a new report from Kerala. Trichodenna

rot is not reported from anywhere in India.

D. 12. TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica L.)

Fusarium rot (b: equiseti (Corda) Sacc.) and black mould rot (Aspergillus

niger V. f ~ e g h . ) were observed in tamarind. Both these diseases caused severe

damage to this fruit. Fusariwm rot was observed during post - monsoon months in

Thiruvananthapuram. Kottayam and Kannur, whereas black mould rot was observed

during the pre -. monsoon months in Alappuzha and Idukki.

Black mould rot and Fusarium rot are new to Kerala.

D. 13. WEST INDIAN CHERRY (Carissa carandas L.)

This fruit was found to be affected by fungal diseases, viz, anthracnose

(Pes/alotiop.si.~ ~jers~c.ol~r (Speg.) Stey.). black mould rot (Aspergillus niger V.

Tiegh.) and dry rot (Fzt.surlum acuminatum Ell. & Ev.). Anthracnose was observed

during monsoon in samples brought from Patbanamthitta, Emakulam and

Malappuram. Black mould rot was found to be a serious disease of West Indian

cheny in Idukki and Wyanad. It was also observed in some samples collected from

Kannur. Fruits collected from Pathanamthitta and Wyanad were affected by dry rot

during monsoon. This disease was found to be not so severe as anthracnose and black

mould rot.

Anthracnose and black mould rot are recorded from other parts of India, but

are new reports from Kerala. Dry rot is a new report from India.

Out of the thirty two fungal diseases observed and studied in under utilized

fruits, twenty six diseases were fbund to be serious and caused extensive damage in

this part of the country. Seven diseases were found to affect the injured fruits more

easily than the uninjured fruits. In Ceylon olive the unripe fruits were not easily

affected by brown rot. Humidity was fbund to favour diseases such as black mould

rot. As these fruits are not investigated earlier for post harvest diseases in India the

present study forms new additions to Indian Mycology and Plant Pathology.

REPORTS FROM KERALA NEW TO INDIA D - UNDER UTILIZED FRUITS

SI. No.

1

2

4

5

8

9

10

Host

BLACK I'LLIM

CARAMBOLA

CEYLON -

OLIVE

EGG FKIJI'I'

PASSION ..

FRUl'f

P ~ ~ I U S

POTTAMARIND

Disease

Black mould rot

Penicillium rot

Waxy rot

Soft rot

Brown rot

Black mould rot

Black mould rot

Brown rot

Black mould rot

Penicillium rot

Brown rot

Black mould rot

E'usariurn rot

Penicillium rot

Black mould rot

Pathogen


Penicillium digitarum Sacc.

Geoirichum candidum Link. ex Pers.

Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.






Penicillium digitatum Sacc.

Botryodiplodiu theobromae Sacc.



Penicillium digituium Sacc.


NEW REPORTS FROM KERALA

Pathogen



Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butl.


Thielaviopsis paradoxa (de Seynes) Hoehn.

F& ~ ( S c h l s r F r . ) a n . S n y d . t f Hami




Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.


D - SI. Nn.

1

2

3

4

5

UNDER UTILIZED

Host

CASHt:W- 4PPLE

NUTMEG

PASSION FRUIT

ROSE APPLE

TAMARlhD

FRUITS

Disease

Black mould rot

Brown rot

Charcoal rot

Black mould rot

Soft rot

Black mould rot

Black mould rot

Penicillium rot

Fusariurn rot

Black mould rot

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