Responsible Uses of Responsible Uses of TechnologyTechnology

Equity of Educational Opportunity

• Technology has become an indispensable part of the way we live and work

• As teachers we must accept responsibility to prepare students for this reality.

• We are short changing our students if we do not prepare them for a world more and more dependent on technology.

Copyright Laws

Copyright

• Is the body of legal rights related to the reproduction, distribution, and performance of original works.

What is Copyright?

• The US Constitution States:

“The Congress shall have the power to…promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the excessive right to their respective writings and discoveries.”

What is Copyright?

• The intent is:

To advance the progress of knowledge by giving the author of a work an economic incentive to create new works.

What may be Copyrighted?

1. Literary works;

2. Musical works, including any accompanying words;

3. Dramatic works, including any accompanying music;

4. Pantomimes and choreographic works;

5. Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works;

6. Motion pictures and other audiovisual works;

7. Sound recordings;

8. Architectural works;

Copyright owners have exclusive rights to:

• Reproduce the work

• Prepare a derivative work

• Distribute the work

• Perform the work publicly

• Display the work publicly

Establishing Copyright

• In the USA, everything created privately and originally after April 1, 1989 is copyrighted and protected whether it has a notice or not. (Berne Copyright Convention). Copyright is established the moment a work is fixed in tangible form and lasts until 50 years after the author dies.

Copyright notice• Although not necessary, a notice of

copyright helps strengthen the protection. The correct form of notice:

“Copyright [dates] by [author/owner]

• You may use © in a circle instead of copyright but not (C) in parentheses.

Fair Use• Four factors are to be considered in determining

whether or not a particular use of a copyrighted work is fair:1. Purpose and character of the use (nonprofit educational

use vs. commercial purposes)2.Nature of the copyrighted work3.Amount and substantiality of the portion

used in relation to the work as a whole4.Effect of the use upon potential market

for value of the work.

Fair Use Purpose• The intent of fair use is to allow for

criticism, commentary, news reporting, research, education and parody about copyrighted works NOT to allow schools and educational institutions free rein to use copyrighted materials, especially if those works are published or viewed outside of the classroom.

Intellectual Property

• The term intellectual property refers to personal rights of ownership acquired originally or derivatively from intellectual creations. For example: copyrights, trademarks, and patents.

Trademarks and Patents• A patent is a grant of exclusive rights issued by the U.S.

Patent and Trademark Office that gives an inventor a 20-year monopoly on the right to "practice" or make, use, and sell his or her invention.

• A trademark is any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, adopted and used by a manufacturer or merchant to identify his or her goods and distinguish them from those manufactured or sold by others.

Photocopying• Teachers can do the following copying for

their own scholarly research, use in teaching, or preparing to teach a class. Multiple copies (one copy per student in a course) can be made if it meets the criteria of brevity, spontaneity, and cumulative effect and if each copy contains a notice of copyright.

Brevity• A complete poem printed on no more than two pages or

an excerpt from a longer poem not to exceed 250 words.• A complete article, story or essay of less than 2,500 words

may be copied in its entirety. For other kinds of prose, such as a play or novel, a copy must not be more than 1,000 words or 10% of the whole, whichever is less. No matter how short the work, one may copy an excerpt of 500 words.

• One chart, graph, diagram, cartoon, or picture per book or periodical issue.

Spontaneity

• Copying is done by the teacher when there is not a reasonable length of time to request and receive permission to copy.

Cumulative Effect• The copying is only for one course and only

nine instances of multiple copying per course during one class term is allowed. Not more than one short poem, article, story, essay or two excerpts may be copied from the same author, nor more than three from the same collective work during one class term.

Children’s Picture Books

• Short works such as these are often less than 2,500 words and cannot be copied as a whole.

• An excerpt of not more than two published pages or 10% of the book, whichever is less, can be copied.

You do not have permission to copy if:• Copying is done to create or replace or substitute

for anthologies, compilations, or collective works.• The item is consumable (i.e. workbooks)• You are in any way substituting for purchasing

books, periodicals, etc.• You intend to charge the student more than what

the item actually cost to copy.• You intend to use it term after term.

Video Use at school must:• Take place in a classroom or similar place

of instruction.

• Be part of the regular instructional process, not recreational.

• Be in the course of face-to-face teaching activities.

• Be a lawfully-made or acquired copy.

Videotaping Guidelines• Taped shows:– Cannot be kept for more than 45 days after the

recording date.– Can only be shown within the first 10 days of

that 45-day period.– Can only be made through a teacher request,

not in anticipation of a need.– Can only be shown two times within a single

class.

Videotaping Guidelines

• After 10 days the tapes can only be reviewed by the teacher for possible purchase and curriculum inclusion.

• Duplicate copies of the same program can be made to fill teacher requests.

• Tapes cannot be altered in any way.

• All copies must include copyright notice.

Videotaping Guidelines

• These guidelines apply only to nonprofit education institutions, which are expected to establish control procedures to make sure these guidelines are met.

Computer Software and CD-ROMs

• Only load software on the number of machines for which you have permission.

• Do not load drivers for CD-ROMs onto multiple machines.

• Upgrades of programs become your legal copies - discard earlier versions.

• Do not load school software onto home computers (and vice versa).

• Follow shareware and freeware rules.• Old copies of software can be given away (and

not used at school anymore).• Multi-platform CD-ROM drivers can only be

loaded onto the one platform of choice.

Computer Software and CD-ROMs

• You can legally use one program with one child or group of children as long as you’re only on one machine.

• Anything a student creates belongs to the student and not the school.

• Before loading a program on another computer it must first be deleted from the previous computer (for one license).

Computer Software and CD-ROMs

• If a school consolidates or moves to a new building, the software transfers as well.

• Purchasers are allowed to make one backup copy of software for archival purposes only.

• Keep all software licensing documentation.

Computer Software and CD-ROMs

What is a software license?

• A software license allows the purchaser to use the software under certain specified conditions. The license also stipulates what the purchaser may or may not do with the software.

Shareware

• Shareware allows users to try software before purchasing it. If it is found to be of use, the user then pays a fee to the shareware author. The fee paid is determined by the author (usually found in a “read me” file with the software) and is paid on the honor system.

Freeware

• The freeware software producer retains the copyright to the product however no fee is charged.

• Freeware generally comes with many of the restrictions found in shareware or fee licensed software.

Public Domain• Items placed intentionally into public domain by

the author/creator are not copyrighted. Material on which the copyright has expired is also considered public domain.

• Granting something to the public domain is a complete abandonment of all rights and derivative works can be made and copyrighted from public domain material.

Multimedia Fair Use Guidelines

• You may use:– 10% or 3 minutes, whichever is less, of a

motion media work.– 10% or 1,000 words, whichever is less, to

incorporate into a multimedia project.– Up to 10%, but never more than 30 seconds, of

music and lyrics.

Multimedia Fair Use Guidelines

• You may use:– No more than 5 images by the same artist or

photographer. No more than 10% or 15 images, whichever is less, of a collective work. (photos and illustrations).

– Up to 10% or 2500 fields or cells, whichever is less, of a database.

Multimedia Fair Use Guidelines

• You may not have more than two useable copies of a project.

• As a teacher, you may keep projects for approximately two years.

• These guidelines apply to the classroom setting. Once you go outside that setting (i.e. to the Internet) you must obtain all appropriate permissions.

Copyright and the Internet

• Under the guidelines of copyright, media on the Internet is copyrighted—whether it expressly says so or not.

• Either ask and receive permission to use copyrighted materials on your Web site or use public domain or original media.

Linking to Web pages

• Like a street address, a URL for a Web page is not copyrightable. Therefore, listing a link on your Web site does not require permission. However, copying an entire list of links from another Web page could be.

Linking to Web pages

• You also might want to:

– Remove a link to another person’s Web page if asked to do so.

– Remove links to pages where you suspect the author(s) have included materials without the copyright owner’s permission.

Violation of Copyright• Violation of copyright laws is usually a civil

matter, resulting in lawsuits instead of criminal trials. However, if the case involves more than 10 copies and a value of over $2,500, it can be made a felony. Under U.S. law, infringement may result in civil damages of up to $100,000 and/or criminal penalties of up to five years imprisonment and/or a $250,000 fine.

Following copyright laws and guidelines allows you to:

• Be a good role model.

• Support creative endeavors and the ability to profit from them.

• Avoid lawsuits and other trouble!

Sources• Joseph, Linda C. (1999). CyberBee Copyright Workshop, [Online]. Available: World

Wide Web: http://www.cyberbee.com/copyrt.html• McKenzie, Jamie. (1996). Keeping it Legal: Questions arising out of Web site

management, [Online]. Available: World Wide Web: http://www.fno.org/jun96/legal.html

• Northern Trails Education Agency (1999). To Copy or Not to Copy - That is the Question, [Online]. Available: World Wide Web: http://www.aea2.k12.ia.us/Tutorials/Copyright/Copyright_.html

• O'Mahoney P.J. Benedict. (1995). Copyright Website, [Online]. Available: World Wide Web: http://www.benedict.com/

• Software & Information Industry Association. (1999). Copyright Glossary, [Online]. Available: World Wide Web: http://www.siia.net/piracy/programs/glossary.htm

• Templeton, Brad. 10 Big Myths About Copyright Explained, [Online]. Available: World Wide Web: http://www.clari.net/brad/copymyths.htm

• U. S. Copyright Office. [Online]. Available: World Wide Web: http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/