response to selection
DESCRIPTION
Response to Selection. Bio 508: Evolution Robert Page Slides Courtesy of Dr. Voss. Heritability. h 2 = V A /V p. Proportion of total phenotypic variance attributable to additive genetic variance . Describes the extent to which offspring resemble their parents. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Response to Selection
Bio 508: EvolutionRobert Page
Slides Courtesy of Dr. Voss
h2 = VA/Vp
Describes the extent to which offspring resemble theirparents
Proportion of total phenotypic variance attributable toadditive genetic variance
Heritability
Resemblance between parents and offspring indicates degree to which a trait is inherited
heritability (narrow sense):
h2 = VA
VP
h2 = bOP
Drosophila wing length
Offs
prin
g av
erag
e (O
)
bOP parental average (P)
Detecting the genetic componentof phenotypic variation
Fraction of variation in parents that is explained by variation in their genes (VA).
19761978 h2 = 0.9
Bill depthin the
Ground Finch
Almost all characteristicsin almost all species aregenetically variable tosome extent.
Heritability is often measured in the lab;estimates are higherthan would be expected in nature.
Detecting the genetic componentof phenotypic variation
Genetically variable characters can be altered by selection.
The response to selection is proportional to the amount of genetic variation in the character.
Truncation Selection
S = selection differential
Breed only these 16%
Standard deviation units
68%
14% 14%
nonselected
selected
Response to selection when bOP = 1
Note standard deviation ( = 2 cm
16% > 1
Note standard deviation ( = 1 cm
Response to selection for a less variable population
Response to selection when when bOP < 1
2% > 2
Response to selection under a more intense selection program
Summary of Graphs
Response of a quantitative trait to selection depends on:
1. the relationship between fitness and phenotype2. the phenotypic variance3. the degree to which the trait is heritable
R = h2 S
Selection on polygenic characters
R = h2S
generation h2 (low line)1–9 0.5010–25 0.2326–52 0.1053–76 0.15
How do selection response and heritability change over time?
• Long-term selection may eventually exhaust standing additive genetic variation
• Continued response depends on mutational input
Response to Selection for Increased Bristle #
316% increase in phenotype !
Relationship among heritability, R, and S