respiratory system - mt. sac 35...s•4t se –frontal – maxillary –ethmoidal –sphenoidal...
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Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemRespiratory System
Dr. Carmen E. RexachDr. Carmen E. RexachAnatomy 35Anatomy 35
Mt San Antonio CollegeMt San Antonio College
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Functions
• Ventilation• Exchange of gases
• Two major zones– Conduction zone– Respiratory zone
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Two zones• Conducting zone• Fxt: get air in and out
of the lungs– Nose– Pharynx– Trachea– Larynx– Bronchi– Bronchioles
• Respiratory zone• Fxt: exchange of gases
– Respiratory bronchioles– alveoli
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The Conducting Zone
• nose and nasal passages– bordered exteriorly with external nares– Bilateral cavities lined with mucus
membranes– contain olfactory epithelium– warm and moisten incoming air– sense of smell
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Nose and nasal passages– Concha
• 3 sets of bones• increase the surface
area of the nasal cavities
– Septum and bridge• composed of hyaline
cartilage– Choanae
• internal nares• posterior passages to
nasopharynx
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Deviated septum• Most septa not
perfectly straight• Degree of deviation
determines effect• Could cause breathing
difficulties, speech difficulties, and contribute to snoring and sleep apnea
• Treatment: surgical correction
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Nose and palate• External nares• Nasal cavity• Nasal septum• Olfactory receptors• Nasal conchae• Paranasal sinuses• Separation from oral cavity
– Hard palate– Soft palate
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Cleft palate• Congenital deformity
– Unknown cause– 1/1000 live births: most common congenital
abnormality• Effects:
– Speech production– Dentition– Feeding– Facial development
• Surgical correction
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Cleft palate
Lack of medial fusion of bones forming palate.
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Pharynx
• Nasopharynx– posterior to nasal cavities
• Oropharynx– posterior to oral cavity
• Laryngopharynx– posterior/superior to the larynx
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• large cavities that equalize air pressure between the head and atmosphere
• 4 sets – Frontal– Maxillary– Ethmoidal– Sphenoidal
Paranasal sinuses
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larynx
• voice box • superior most aspect of the trachea• supported by several cartilages
– thyroid– cricoid– arytenoid and corniculate (move during
speech)
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Larynx• Epiglottis
– elastic cartilage that closes when you swallow
• Glottis– opening between vocal
cords• vocal folds (vocal cords)
– cords of fibrous CT– vibrate during speech
• vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
• laryngeal muscles involved in speech and swallowing
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http://www.entusa.com/larynx_videos_flash/normal_larynx/normal_larynx_flv0.htm
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trachea
• windpipe • C-ring cartilage
– hyaline cartilage rings– 16-20 – Prevents collapse of tube
• trachealis muscle– Smooth muscle support for C-rings– Closes the circle of C ring by forming bridge– Helps adjust air flow to lungs
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tracheostomy
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Bronchial tree• 1o bronchi
– 1st branches off trachea• 2o bronchi
– 1 per lobe of lung• 3o bronchi
– branch off secondary• bronchioles • Terminal• respiratory bronchioles • eventually give rise to alveolar ducts
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Gradual changes in the bronchial tree
• decrease in diameter• decrease in hyaline cartilage support• decrease in smooth muscle• a gradual thinning of epithelium• in larger bronchioles
– hyaline cartilage in plates– smooth muscle still present
• Airways closed during inflammation of mucous membranes, as in asthma– sometimes aggravated by “bronchiolespasm”
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The Respiratory Zone• pleura: protective membranes
surrounding lungs, in elastic tension against thoracic wall
• lungs:– lobes:– Rt. has 3– Lt. has 2 and has a notch to leave room
for the heart
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Alveoli• number: ~300,000,000• size (individual) ~ 60-100 microns
diameter• surface area (collective)=1500 square
feet• type I alveolar cells
– simple squamous epithelium• type II alveolar cells
– septal cells – secrete surfactant
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Asthma• Difficulty breathing due to narrowing of
the passageways from nose to lungs• Many causes• Rx includes:
– Bronchodilators– Steroidal anti-inflammatories– Leukotriene inhibitors
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COPD
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Cystic fibrosis• Genetic disorder effecting
lungs and digestive tract• Overproduction of mucus
impairs breathing by clogging lungs and digestion by obstructing entry of pancreatic enzymes into the small intestines
• Life expectancy = 30-40yo