respiratory system b
DESCRIPTION
Respiratory System b. Chapter 24. Lungs. Gas exchange organs Delicate structure of Airways, Alveoli, capillaries Right lung 3 lobes Superior, middle, inferior Left lung 2 lobes Superior, inferior Cardiac notch accommodates heart Located in separate pleural cavities. Lung Lobes. Lung. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Respiratory System b
Chapter 24
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Lungs• Gas exchange organs• Delicate structure of Airways, Alveoli, capillaries• Right lung
– 3 lobes– Superior, middle, inferior
• Left lung– 2 lobes– Superior, inferior
• Cardiac notch accommodates heart• Located in separate pleural cavities
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Lung Lobes
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Lung
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Alveoli Structure• 3 cell types• Epithelial Cells (type I)
– Simple Squamous• Alveolar macrophages
– Phagocytic WBC– Engulf inspired particles (dust)
• Surfactant secreting cells (Type II)– Secrete surface active agent– Surfactant
• Decreases intra-alveolar surface tension• Prevents alveolar collapse
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Alveoli Structure
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Type I
Exchange gas with capillaries
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Type II aka Surfactant Secreting Cell
Regeneration & surfactant production
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Surfactant Secreting Cell
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Surfactant
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Macrophages
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Macrophages “Eat” Debris & Bacteria
Macrophages eating soot
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Macrophage
Alveolar Pores
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Alveoli Function
• Simple squamous epithelium• Provide favorable diffusion surface
– Small diffusion distance– Large surface area
• 300 million alveoli produce ~760 sq ft
• Contribute to respiratory membrane
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Gas Exchange
• Gas exchange between air in alveoli & blood in capillaries
• High blood perfusion to lungs• Alveolar capillaries surround alveoli
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Highly Vascularized
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Alveolar Capillaries
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Alveolar Capillaries
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Respiratory Membrane
• 2 cell layers of simple squamous– Alveolar epithelial cells– Capillary endothelial cells
• Total diffusion distance– ~0.1 – 1.5 microns
• Efficient diffusion distance– Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli– Oxygen diffuses out of alveoli
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Diffusion distance
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Respiratory Membrane
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Respiration• Breathing
– Cycle of inhalation & exhalation• Involuntary contraction of diaphragm• Driven by change in pressure• Body creates negative pressure in body
cavity• Regulated chemically
– Amounts of CO2 in blood stream
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Respiration
• Ventilation– Movement of air in & out of lungs
• Systemic respiration– Exchange of gas between inhaled air & blood
• Cellular respiration– Cell use of O2 to make ATP
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Ventilation• Involves changes in pressure to move air in &
out• Respiratory muscles• Diaphragm
– Increases volume of thoracic cavity by “dropping” floor • External intercostal
– Elevate ribs expanding chest cavity• Internal intercostal
– Depress ribs to reduce volume of thoracic cavity
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Diaphragm
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Diaphragm important in respiration
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Muscles Associated with Breathing
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Serous membranes
• Parietal pleura– Lines pleural cavity
• Visceral pleura– Covers lung
• Ventilation– Movement of chest wall– Membranes adhere to each other– Movement of chest wall “pulls” lungs open
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Serous Membranes
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Serous membranes adhere via cohesion
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Respiration• Inhalation
– Rib cage expands- increases volume– Diaphragm contracts- increases volume– Creates negative pressure in lungs– Air rushes in
• Exhalation– Rib cage contracted- decrease volume
• Internal intercostals contract• Inhalation muscles relax
– Diaphragm relaxes- decrease volume– Increases pressure IN lungs – Air rushes out
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Inhalation
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Exhalation
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Respiration
http://chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/explore/embryology/day15/focuson_humans.html - blank
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Systemic Respiration
• Exchange of gas across respiratory membrane
• Passive transport down concentration gradient
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Neural control
• Blood gas levels monitored by breathing control centers
• Adjust breathing to meet body’s needs
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Smoking & You
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Smoking is the leading cause of death in America
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Lung disease
• Lining of respiratory surface- delicate• Molecules bind & impair function• Protected by
– Mucus– Cilia
• Lung cancer• Emphysema
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Emphysema
• Alveoli over-inflate because of a breakdown of alveolar walls
• Resulting decrease in respiratory function• 3 million Americans
– 15th most common chronic condition• Leading cause
– Cigarette smoking
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Emphysema
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Emphysema
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Smoking is BAD!
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Smoking Results in all kinds of BAD days!
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Don’t Despair…
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Pollution and Your Lungs
• http://www.cleanair.utah.gov/SWF/lung_control.swf