Respiratory Respiratory SystemSystem

FunctionFunction

To exchange gases To exchange gases with the with the surrounding surrounding environmentenvironment

OO2 2 in, COin, CO22 out out

MechanismMechanism

COCO22 is a waste is a waste product of cellular product of cellular respirationrespiration

It is carried in the It is carried in the blood as a blood as a Carbonate (carbonic Carbonate (carbonic acid)acid)

The medulla The medulla oblongata keeps oblongata keeps track of blood track of blood acidityacidity

Organs involvedOrgans involved

Mouth, NoseMouth, Nose TracheaTrachea BronchusBronchus BronchiolesBronchioles AlveoliAlveoli

Protection From External Protection From External EnvironmentEnvironment

All passageways of the All passageways of the respiratory system are respiratory system are kept moist, and most kept moist, and most are lined with mucousare lined with mucous

This is to keep air This is to keep air flowing freely, and to flowing freely, and to trap dirt and bacteriatrap dirt and bacteria

We also have some cilia We also have some cilia lined air passageways to lined air passageways to prevent dirt from prevent dirt from entering our lungs entering our lungs (nasal passages, and (nasal passages, and Trachea)Trachea)

How does it work?How does it work?

Lungs are not Lungs are not musclesmuscles

Diaphragm isDiaphragm is Diaphragm Diaphragm

contractscontracts Ribcage expandsRibcage expands Lungs expandLungs expand Air rushes in to fill Air rushes in to fill

up empty spaceup empty space

How does it work?How does it work?

Exhaling is generally Exhaling is generally a passive processa passive process Diaphragm relaxes Diaphragm relaxes Lungs compressLungs compress Forces out airForces out air

You can also use the You can also use the muscles around your muscles around your ribcage to constrict ribcage to constrict your chest more, your chest more, expelling more airexpelling more air

Diffusion ConfusionDiffusion Confusion

Alveoli are to the respiratory system Alveoli are to the respiratory system like villi to the digestive system, and like villi to the digestive system, and like the nephron to the excretory like the nephron to the excretory systemsystem

INCREASED SURFACE AREA INCREASED SURFACE AREA LEADS TO MORE GAS EXCHANGE!!LEADS TO MORE GAS EXCHANGE!!

Diffusion Diffusion

Alveoli are where Alveoli are where circulatory system circulatory system meet the respiratory meet the respiratory systemsystem

Site of gas exchangeSite of gas exchange High concentration High concentration

to low concentrationto low concentration Same process drive Same process drive

absorption of absorption of nutrients and wastesnutrients and wastes

Homeostatic ControlHomeostatic Control

Feedback loopsFeedback loops Increased muscular activity leads to more Increased muscular activity leads to more

cellular respirationcellular respiration Increased cellular respiration leads to Increased cellular respiration leads to

increased levels of Carbon Dioxide in the increased levels of Carbon Dioxide in the bloodblood

Leads to high acid levelsLeads to high acid levels Triggers MedullaTriggers Medulla Medulla sends signal to increase Medulla sends signal to increase

respiratory raterespiratory rate

DisordersDisorders

BronchitisBronchitis AsthmaAsthma COPDCOPD EmphysemaEmphysema Lung CancerLung Cancer Others…..Others…..

Immune SystemImmune System

Pathogens can get Pathogens can get into the bodyinto the body

Lymph system and Lymph system and Circulatory systemCirculatory system

ImmunityImmunity

The ability of an organism to resist The ability of an organism to resist foreign organisms or invaders which foreign organisms or invaders which enter its body.  enter its body. 

Layered DefenseLayered Defense

Humans have Humans have three layers of three layers of protection against protection against pathogenspathogens1- Physical barrier1- Physical barrier

2- Innate immune 2- Innate immune responseresponse

3- Adaptive immune 3- Adaptive immune responseresponse

Physical BarrierPhysical Barrier

Innate Immune SystemInnate Immune System

A non-specific A non-specific response to response to pathogenspathogens

Many different WBC Many different WBC PhagocytesPhagocytes, ,

mast cellsmast cells, , eosinophilseosinophils, , basophilsbasophils, and , and natural killer cellsnatural killer cells. .

Attack and destroy Attack and destroy (phagocytosis)(phagocytosis)

Adaptive ImmunityAdaptive Immunity

Immune system Immune system has a memoryhas a memory

It can produce It can produce antibodies to antibodies to certain pathogenscertain pathogens

Next time Next time pathogen enters pathogen enters body antibodies body antibodies deactivate, and tag deactivate, and tag it for destructionit for destruction

VaccinesVaccines

Rely on adaptive Rely on adaptive immunityimmunity

Inject inactive Inject inactive pathogenpathogen

Body develops Body develops antibodiesantibodies

If invaded, you If invaded, you already have the already have the antibodies to fight antibodies to fight it offit off

AllergiesAllergies

Overactive immune Overactive immune systemsystem

Body identifies Body identifies harmless substance harmless substance as a pathogenas a pathogen

Produces immune Produces immune defense (sneezing, defense (sneezing, watery eyes, watery eyes, coughing, mucus coughing, mucus production increase)production increase)

Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases

Disease in which the immune system Disease in which the immune system targets it’s own body cells for targets it’s own body cells for destructiondestruction

http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_autoimen.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_autoimmune_diseasesmune_diseases

AIDSAIDS

Acquired Immune DefiencyAcquired Immune Defiency AIDSAIDS is a viral disease which destroys is a viral disease which destroys

the ability of the immune system to the ability of the immune system to produce antibodies, so the afflicted produce antibodies, so the afflicted individual is unable to cope with individual is unable to cope with infections and cancer cells which arise infections and cancer cells which arise within the body. within the body.