respiratory anat online
TRANSCRIPT
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Overview of Chapter 21 part I
Organs of the superior respiratory system
tissues
Organs of the inferior respiratory system
tissues
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Respiration
• The main function of the respiratory system is respiration
• supply O2 to cells and dispose of CO2 from body
• Involves both respiratory and circulatory systems
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Respiration
1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):air movement into and out of the lungs
2. External respiration: O2 and CO2
exchange, lungs : blood
3. Transport: O2 and CO2 in blood
4. Internal respiration: O2 and CO2
exchange, blood : tissues
Respiratorysystem
Circulatorysystem
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Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy
Major organs
• Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi and their branches
• Lungs and alveoli
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.1
Nasal cavity
NostrilOral cavityPharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Carina of trachea
Left bronchus
Right bronchus
Right lung
Left lung
Diaphragm
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The Nose
• Provides an airway
• Moistens and warms entering air
• Filters and cleans air
• Resonating chamber for speech
• Houses olfactory receptors
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The NoseTwo regions
1.External nose: root, bridge, and apex
• Philtrum
• a groove below noseon upper lip
• Nostrils (nares)
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The Nose
Nasal pharynx
ethmoid
sphenoid
Hard palate
Soft palate
Nasal conchae
2. Nasal cavity:
• Location:
• Divided by nasal septum (R &L)
• Open posteriorly to nasaopharynx
• Roof: ethmoid and sphenoid bones
• Floor: hard and soft palates
• Contains nasal conchae
• Superior, middle & inferior
• Helps to circulate air
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Nasal Tissues
• Olfactory mucosa
• Lines the superior nasal cavity
• Contains smell receptors
• Respiratory mucosa
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• Mucous
• Cilia move mucus to back of throat
• Sensory nerves triggers sneezing
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PharynxMuscular tube
1.Nasopharynx
• nasal cavity
2.Oropharynx
• mouth
3.Laryngopharynx
• larynx
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Nasopharynx
• Posterior nasal cavity
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
• Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) on superior posterior wall
• Uvula and soft palate
• Inferior border
• close during swallowing
• Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes
• on lateral walls
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Oropharynx• From the soft palate to the epiglottis
• stratified squamous epithelium
• Isthmus of the fauces (opening to the oral cavity)
• Palatine tonsils lateral walls of fauces
• Lingual tonsil posterior of tongue
Laryngopharynx
• From the epiglottis to the larynx
• continuous with the esophagus
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.3c
Nasopharynx
Uvula
Palatine tonsilIsthmus of thefauces
Opening ofpharyngotympanictube
Pharyngeal tonsil
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
(c) Illustration
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Hyoid bone
Trachea
Pharynx
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Larynx
• Composed of 9 cartilages
• Superior region of the trachea
• Voice production
• Separates trachea from esophagus
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LarynxCartilages of the larynx
• Thyroid cartilage
• laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
• Cricoid cartilage - ring-shaped
• Arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages
• All paired
• Epiglottis
• elastic cartilage
• covers the larynx during swallowing
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Tracheal cartilages
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Larynx
Voice production
•Vocal ligaments
• Attach arytenoid cartilages : thyroid cartilage
• Form vocal folds (vocal cords)
• Air pushes forced through glottis (opening)
• vibrate to produce sound
• Vestibular folds (false cords)
• Superior to ligaments, for swalloing
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.5
(a) Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis
(b) Vocal folds in open position; open glottis
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold(false vocal cord) Vocal fold(true vocal cord)
Glottis
Inner lining of trachea
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Voice Production
Anything other than air passing through causes a “cough” reflex
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Trachea
• Windpipe: from larynx to mediastinum
• Tissues
• Inner lining: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
• Outer lining: fibrous connective tissue
• Cartilage
• After cricoid all cartilages are incomplete rings
• Open towards esophagus
• Allows expansion
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.6a
(a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus
Hyaline cartilage
Mucosa
Posterior
Lumen of trachea
Anterior
Esophagus
Adventitia
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Lower Respiratory System
Trachea divides into right and left main bronchi
• One for each lung (primary)
•Main bronchus branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi
• three right, two left
• Each lobar supplies one lobe
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Lower Respiratory System
• Lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
• Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly
• Bronchioles small conduits
• Entire structure is the respiratory tree
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Alveolar sacs
• Terminal bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts
• Contain alveolar sacs
• alveoli = one sac
• majority of lung volume
• Site of gas exchange
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Respiratory Membrane
• Air-blood barrier (0.5 µm thick)
• Alveolar and capillary walls
• Alveolar walls
• Single layer of squamous epithelium
• Capillary walls
• Single layer of endothelium
• Share a single basement membrane
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.9a
Elasticfibers
(a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships
Smoothmuscle
Alveolus
Capillaries
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.9c
Capillary
Type II (surfactant-secreting) cell
Type I cellof alveolar wall
Endothelial cell nucleusMacrophage
Alveoli (gas-filledair spaces)
Red blood cellin capillary
Alveolar pores
Capillary endothelium
Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epitheliumand the capillary endothelium
Alveolar epithelium
Respiratorymembrane
Red blood cell
O2
AlveolusCO2
Capillary
Alveolus
Nucleus of type I(squamousepithelial) cell
(c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane
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LUNGS
Major organs of the respiratory system
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Lungs
• Occupy majority of thoracic cavity
• Lung regions:
• Root: bronchial attachment site
• Costal surface
• Apex: superior tip
• Base: rests on diaphragm
• Hilum: on mediastinal surface
• Cardiac notch of left lung: accommodates the heart
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.10c
Right lung
Sternum
Anterior
Posterior
Root of lungat hilum
Left lung
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Anterior mediastinum
(c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
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Lungs
• Left lung
• smaller
• two lobes (superior / inferior)
• Cardiac notch
• Right lung
• three lobes (superior / medial / inferior)
• Brochopulmonary segments: 10 R / 8-9 L
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.10a
Trachea
Apex of lung
Thymus
Right superior lobeHorizontal fissure
Right middle lobeOblique fissureRight inferior lobe
Heart(in mediastinum)
DiaphragmBase of lung
Leftsuperior lobe
Cardiac notch
ObliquefissureLeft inferiorlobe
Lung Pleural cavityParietal pleuraRib
Intercostal muscle
Visceral pleura
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
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Lung Coverings: Pleurae
Thin, double-layered membrane
•Parietal pleura – outer border
•Visceral pleura – internal border
• external lung surface
•Pleural fluid fills pleural cavity