Resources Crude Oil is a finite resource – fuels are obtained from it

by Fractional distillation. We use it to get the small molecules that are synthesised

(built up) to give us CONSUMER PRODUCTS. Consumer Products – Plastics, cosmetics,agricultural

products and dyes etc. Crude Oil gives is fuels and consumer products. We use a lot of aromatic compounds to make consumer

products. ( e.g. – aspirin, TCP )

Esters and Carboxylic Acids

Esters can used used to give characteristics smells to substances, they are also very good non polar solvents.

Other uses – perfumes, flavourings, nail varnish remover( ethyl ethanoate)and paint thinner.

Carboxylic acids – vinegar ( ethanoic acid), benzoic acid is used as a food preservative.

Halogenalkanes Trichlormethane – chloroform – used as an anaesthetic. However it is toxic and can cause liver damage. Halothane (2 – bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-triflouroethane) is a

modern replacement. CFC’s – Chloroflourocarbons – unreactive, low toxicity. Uses – aerosol propellants, refrigerants, cleaning solvents. Problem – They break up O3 in the ozone layer – more UV

radiation gets to the earth. This can cause – skin cancer, eye cataracts, effect growth of

organisms, the global temperature etc.

Polymers

Revision Standard Grade Plastics are long chain molecules made when

small monomer units join. The monomers are repeated along the polymer

chain. There are 2 types of polymerisations: addition and

condensation.

Addition Polymerisation

The monomer must be an unsaturated molecule. The double bond opens up along the monomers to

join.Monomer Polymer

Ethene Poly (ethene)

Propene Poly (propene)

Styrene Poly (Styrene)

Vinyl chloride Poly ( vinyl chloride)

Example Monomer – Propene Polymer – Poly(propene)

CH3 H CH3H CH3 H CH3 H

I I I I I I I I

C = C - C – C – C – C – C – C –

I I I I I I I I

H H H H H H H H

repeating unit

Condensation Polymerisation When 2 monomers join the elements which make up 1

molecule of water are released. Examples Starch, Proteins, polyesters. Starch is made when glucose monomers join HO – �–OH + HO – � – OH + HO – �- O

- O - - O - - O - - � � � + H2O + H2O

Polyester Polyesters are formed in condensation reactions. They are made from monomers that have2 functional

groups in their molecule i.e. di ols and di acids. Example HO - - O� H HOOC– Δ – COOH

Alcohol Acid Part of polyester

O II

HO - - � O – C – Δ – COOH + H2O

Uses of Polyesters They can be manufactures as textile fibres – Terylene. The long polyester chains have a linear structure and fibres can be

spun together to make strong, flexible fibres. These are used to make clothes.

They can also be used to make resins. The unsaturated molecules form cross –links across to other fibres – producing a network.

This is called CURING. Polyester resins (thermosetting) can be mixed with glass fibre to

produce GRP – glass reinforced plastic. The resin is brushed on to the glass fibre and cured. It can be used in boats, car bodies etc.

Amines

Amines are a homologous series that contain the functional group – amine NH2 ( amino)

They start with the normal prefix and end in amine

Example

Methyl amine CH3NH2

Ethyl amine CH3 CH2 NH2