resources
TRANSCRIPT
This article was downloaded by: [Florida Atlantic University]On: 19 November 2014, At: 04:30Publisher: RoutledgeInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: MortimerHouse, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Gender & DevelopmentPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cgde20
ResourcesKanika LangPublished online: 01 Jul 2010.
To cite this article: Kanika Lang (2005) Resources, Gender & Development, 13:2, 99-111, DOI:10.1080/13552070512331332291
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332291
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) containedin the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make norepresentations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose ofthe Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be reliedupon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shallnot be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and otherliabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to orarising out of the use of the Content.
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematicreproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in anyform to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
99
Publications Repositioning Feminisms in Development(2004) Andrea Cornwall, ElizabethHarrison, and Ann Whitehead (eds.), IDSBulletin, 35(4),Publications Office, Institute of Develop-ment Studies, University of Sussex, BrightonBN1 9RE, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1273 678269; fax: +44 (0) 1273 [email protected]/ids/bookshop/index.htmlThis book emerged out of a workshoporganised at the Institute of DevelopmentStudies in 2003 entitled ‘Gender Myths andFeminist Fables: Repositioning Gender inDevelopment Policy and Practice’. Itprovides a multi-authored perspective onthe current challenges of feminist engage-ment with development as a transformative,political project. Authors return repeatedlyto the question of how and why gender issuch a depoliticised aspect of developmenttoday and what ideas about gender havebecome rooted within mainstream develop-ment organisations. Part One examines theways of thinking about gender (gendermyths and fables) that have come to beembedded within gender and developmentadvocacy and programme work. Part Twolooks at development organisations andtheir changing constructions of gender, andpolicies and frameworks to deal withinequality, and articles evaluate the different
efforts at gender mainstreaming. Finally,Part Three presents challenges faced byinternational feminist engagement withdevelopment today i.e. how to position‘older debates on a new political canvas’.
Gender Equality and Men: Learning fromPractice (2004) Sandy Ruxton (ed.)Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John SmithDrive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY,UKwww.oxfam.org.uk/publicationsThis collection of articles draws on theexperience and knowledge of organisationslike Oxfam GB. It focuses on the issue ofworking with men on gender equality toexplore how this can be used to promotebroader gender equality and povertyreduction strategies. The focus on menreflects the increasing recognition that it iscrucial to involve men in any examinationof their privilege and power in order tochange gender relations that disadvantagewomen. The articles discuss experiences ofworking with men in diverse areas such asgender-based violence, sustainable liveli-hoods, and sexual and reproductive health.They include case studies from all over theworld including Mexico, Yemen, theCaribbean region, and East Timor.
Resources Compiled by Kanika Lang
Gender and Development Vol. 13, No. 2, July 2005
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
Gender and Development100
Gender, Development and Diversity ( 2 0 0 4 )Caroline Sweetman (ed.)Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John SmithDrive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY,UKwww.oxfam.org.uk/publicationsThis collection of articles looks at theimplications of diversity and differences(in, for instance, gender, race, class, andage) for development organisations andtheir goals of poverty alleviation andhuman rights. Articles discuss theimportance of multiple identities — basedon class, age, and ethnicity, that intersectwith gender — to determine the degree towhich individual women identify withother women. The articles look atimplications of this for developmentorganisations which aim to mainstreamgender, promote collective ways ofworking among women, and supportwomen to challenge gender inequality.Case studies come from India, Zimbabwe,Uganda, Latin America, and the UK.
‘Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflectionsin gender and participatory development’(2003) Andrea Cornwall, World Development,(31)8: 1325-42www.elsevier.com This article raises issues that are central togender and development concerns. Itdiscusses the extent to which ‘gender-aware’ participatory developmentinitiatives really are participatory. It alsoquestions the ability of such methods torepresent the many cross-cutting andconflicting interests within communities.Cornwall argues against homogeneouscategories of ‘women’ and ‘men’, and thecurrent slippage between ‘gender issues’and ‘women’s needs’. She emphasises thatin order to be truly participatory,development interventions have to besensitive to categories of difference held bythe communities themselves, rather thanimposing external and stereotypicalcategories of gender. Interventions alsoneed to ensure that the voices of both
marginal women and men are providedwith the space to be heard. The authorstresses that the presence of women isimportant, but hearing the voices ofparticular women does not mean that allwomen’s interests are represented. Acrucial question she raises is: what happenswhen the needs that women prioritise areconsidered by the development organi-sation to be detrimental to their ‘empower-m e n t ’ ? The author concludes that it isimportant to move beyond theassumptions that all women identify withgender issues, and that the process ofbringing about change is a zero-sum gamein which women-in-general are pittedagainst men-in-general.
‘Institutions, organisations and genderequality in an era of globalisation’, Aruna Rao and David Kelleher in W o m e nReinventing Globalisation (2003) CarolineSweetman and Joanna Kerr (eds.)Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John SmithDrive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY,UKwww.oxfam.org.uk/publicationsThis article builds on Rao and Kelleher’sprevious work on gender equity andorganisational change, to offer a newapproach entitled ‘institutional change forgender equality’. The authors argue thatorganisations must address and changeinstitutional rules, i.e. societal norms andvalues that determine the distribution ofpower, resources, and responsibilities, inorder to make progress on achievinggender equality. Rao and Kelleher acknow-ledge the importance of a ‘gender infra-structure’ (e.g. an organisational genderpolicy), and organisational change (organisa-tional learning and development to achievegender equality internally). However, theystress that significant and sustainableadvances towards gender justice will occuronly if organisations challenge and changesocial institutions and rules that determinethe distribution of power and resourcesbetween women and men.
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
Resources 101
Mind the Gap: Mainstreaming Gender andParticipation in Development (2003) NazneenKanji, International Institute for Environ-ment and Development (IIED) and IDS. IIED, 3 Endsleigh Street, London WC1H0DD, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 20 [email protected] paper provides an overview of theshifts from Women in Development (WID)to Gender and Development (GAD), andfrom participation to governance. Theauthor argues that shifts in one field aremirrored by the other, in the focus on socialrelations, policy processes, and institutions.The paper provides a brief discussion of thesimilarities and tensions between the twofields, as well as a few thoughts on themeans of bridging the gap between thetwo, through efforts such as renewedalliances with emerging movements.
Gender Mainstreaming: An Overview ( 2 0 0 2 )United Nations Publications, 2 UnitedNations Plaza, Room DC2-853, New York,NY 10017, USA. Tel: +1 212 963 8302; +1 800 253 9646; fax: +1 212 963 [email protected] This brief UN booklet aims to tackle thelack of understanding about how genderperspectives can be identified andaddressed. It starts with an explanation ofwhat gender mainstreaming means, andstresses that the ultimate aim of thestrategy is to achieve gender equality. Itlists some basic issues and questions thatcan provide a starting point for thinkingabout differences between women andmen. The final section discusses howgender can be mainstreamed into differentcontexts such the policy analysis, research,technical assistance and data collection,analysis, and dissemination.
Men’s Involvement in Gender andDevelopment Policy and Practice: BeyondRhetoric (2001) Caroline Sweetman (ed.) Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John SmithDrive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY,UKwww.oxfam.org.uk/publicationsThis book draws on a seminar of the samename convened in 2000 by Oxfam GB withthe Centre for Cross-Cultural Research onWomen. The contributors respond to twokey questions: In what sectors and contextsshould gender and development workinvolve men as beneficiaries? What issuesface men who work in activities whichhave a commitment to gender equalityand/or a feminist perspective? Authorsdraw on experiences from Nicaragua, India,the UK, Egypt, Nepal, and Lesotho to arguethat gender and development theory, inpractice, means not only working withwomen, but also working with — and for— men.
‘Questions of power: women’s movements,feminist theory and development aid’(2001) Signe Arnfred, in Discussing Women’sEmpowerment: Theory and Practice, SidaStudies no.3 w w w . s i d a . s e / S i d a / a r t i c l e s / 1 0 2 0 0 -10299/10273/studies3_.pdfArnfred critiques gender and developmentand gender mainstreaming, arguing that amajor constraint is that feminist scholars h i phas become integrated into government anddevelopment institutions and has lost itspolitical edge. According to the author,WID and GAD discourses obscure the factthat tranformative feminist trends do existin the North, and not all have beenengulfed by what she calls ‘developmentfeminism’. She argues that a big challengefor women’s movements is the need for‘reversals of learning’, with feminists fromthe North listening to and learning fromfeminists from the South.
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
Gender and Development102
Institutionalizing Gender Equality: Commitment,Policy and Practice. A Global Source Book(2000) Henk van Dam, Angela Khadar andMinke Valk (eds.) Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Press, PO Box95001, 1090 HA Amsterdam, TheNetherlands. Tel: +31 (20) 5688272; fax: +31(20) 5688286, and Oxfam [email protected] Case studies in this book are drawn fromLatin America, South Asia, and Africa tohighlight different strategies used bydevelopment agencies and NGOs tomainstream gender into their organi-sational policies, planning, programmes,and structures. The diverse techniquesdiscussed include the establishing ofspecialist gender teams, creating gender-sensitive work environments, building staffcapacity, creating support for gendersensitive programmes and policies at alllevels of staff and management, and gendertraining. The book also includes abibliography and web resources section onthe gender policies and programmes ofdifferent organisations and agencies.
Mainstreaming Men into Gender andDevelopment: Debates, Reflections andExperiences (2000) Sylvia Chant andMatthew GutmannOxfam GB, Oxfam House, John SmithDrive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY,UKwww.oxfam.org.uk/publicationsThis report provides a good overview ofthe arguments for why it is important toinclude men in any attempts to mainstreamgender, redefine gender relations, andachieve equality between men and womenthrough development interventions. Theauthors emphasise that a focus on menshould not result in a diversion ofresources from women (a central concernfor opponents to men’s inclusion).However, they also highlight the benefitsof breaking the inaccurate association ofgender with women, ensuring that women
alone do not have to shoulder theresponsibility of transforming genderrelations. In addition they stress the greaterpotential for sustainable change when menare ‘men-streamed’ in gender and develop-ment planning, policies, and programmes.
Feminists Doing Development: A PracticalC r i t i q u e (1999) Marilyn Porter and EllenJudd (eds.) Zed Books, 7 Cynthia Street, London N19JF, UK.www.zedbooks.co.ukWomen from the North and the Southengaged in development projects andcritiques of development bring to light thechallenges facing those with a feministagenda in development. Section Oneexplores the official structures thatconstrain feminists doing development,while Section Two lists the efforts offeminists to make projects more feminist.Sections Three and Four provide a moreglobal perspective on feminist action andalliances, as well as the global forces thatimpact on feminist agendas in development.
Gender Works (1999) Fenella Porter, InesSmyth, and Caroline Sweetman (eds) Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John SmithDrive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY,UKwww.oxfam.org.uk/publicationsThis book brings together 36 contributorsto look at the efforts of, and challenges for,Oxfam, in putting its gender policy intopractice. The authors draw on their ownexperiences as past or present staff ofOxfam in different regions of the world toprovide insights into the implementation ofOxfam’s gender policy. They discussaspects that have worked and those thathave been less successful in the context ofgender-aware programme and advocacywork, organisational culture, and pro-cedures. Case studies draw on experiencesfrom Bosnia, Ethiopia, El Salvador, UK,Uganda, Burkina Faso, Pakistan, Cambodia,and the Middle East, among others.
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
Resources 103
‘The evaporation of gender policies in thepatriarchal cooking pot’ (1999) SarahHlupelike Longwe in Development withWomen: Selected Essays from Development inPractice. A Development in Practice Reader,Deborah Eade (ed.)Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John SmithDrive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY,UKwww.oxfam.org.uk/publicationsThe author examines why gender policies,so enthusiastically embraced by develop-ment organisations in policy statements,vanish by the time they reach theimplementation stage. She analyses howbureaucracies responsible for development(both Northern agencies and Southerngovernments) can play a major role in theperpetuation of patriarchy. Likeningdevelopment agencies to ‘patriarchalcooking pots’, Longwe explains howgender policies ‘evaporate’ from the policyarticulation to implementation stage,through the use of a diverse range of tacticsincluding policy dilution, lip service,tokenism, and subversion.
Gender at Work: Organizational Change forE q u a l i t y (1999) Aruna Rao, Rieky Stuart,and David Kelleher (eds.)Kumarian Press, 1294 Blue Hills Avenue,Bloomfield, CT. 06002 USA. Tel: +1 (860)243 2098; orders tel: +1 (800) 289 2664; fax: +1 (860) 243 [email protected] fundamental premise of this work isthe interconnectedness of gender inequality,organisational culture, and organisationalimpact. The authors argue that genderinequality is rooted in the ‘deep structure’— i.e. the unquestioned values, history,culture, and practices of an organisation —which governs its work and impact in thewider world. Therefore, an understandingof, and a commitment to, gender equitymust be entrenched within the culture of anorganisation if it is to be attained in itsexternal engagement and work. Drawing
on in-depth case studies from developmentorganisations such as Bangladesh RuralAdvancement Committee and commercialcorporations such as the Body Shop, thisbook presents strategies for transformingorganisations in order to work towardsgender equality both internally andexternally.
Feminist Visions of Development: Gender,Analysis and Policy (1998) Cecile Jacksonand Ruth Pearson (eds.) Routledge, Taylor and Francis, 2 ParkSquare, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxford,OX14 4RN, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 20 7017 6000;fax: +44 (0) 20 7017 6699.www.routledge.com This collection of academic essays re-examines development through a genderlens and challenges unquestioned genderassumptions and concepts in development.The relationship between women andpoverty, education and status change;gender interests and interests stemmingfrom other forms of social identities (e.g.class and race) are all scrutinised. Otherconcepts under consideration includemacro-economic policy, the household,industry, reproductive rights, feminism/s(including ecofeminism), and gender itself.
Missionaries and Mandarins: FeministEngagements with Development Institutions(1998) Carol Miller and Shahra Razavi(eds.) Intermediate Technology Publications,Intermediate Technology DevelopmentGroup, 103/105 Southampton Row, London,WC1B 4HH, [email protected] The articles in this book describe the imple-mentation of gender-equitable practiceswithin development institutions, includingstate bureaucracies, multilateral organi-sations, and non-government organisations.Authors look at the strategies of , andchallenges for, feminists working within
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
these organisations in transforming theminto gender-equitable institutions. Thedifferent feminist strategies of engagementor disengagement, and co-operation orconfrontation are examined, vis-à-visdevelopment institutions. Case studiesfrom New Zealand, Australia, Canada,Vietnam, Uganda, Chile, and Morocco arepresented. The importance of therelationship between ‘insiders’ (i.e.feminists working within developmentorganisations) and ‘outsiders’ (i.e. organisedwomen’s movements) in attaining genderequitability within these organisations is acentral theme of many of the articles.
Gender Training: The Source Book ( 1 9 9 8 )Sarah Cummings, Henk van Dam, andMinke Valk (eds.)Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Press, PO Box 95001, 1090 HA Amsterdam, TheNetherlands. Tel: +31 (20) 5688272; fax: +31(20) 5688286, and Oxfam [email protected] an emphasis on gender training as atransformative project, this book presentsthe experiences of Southern practitionersfrom South Asia, the Middle East, Easternand Southern Africa, and South Africainvolved in gender education and training.Gender training is presented as a tool todevelop an understanding of gender powerrelations within organisations, and as ameans to devise strategies for action andchange within organisations. The authorsemphasise the importance of a totalorganisational strategy for equitablechange within which gender training canserve as one important component. Thebook also contains a bibliography ofresources relevant to gender training(including workshop publications, manualsand methodologies, and case studies).
Policy, Politics and Gender: Women GainingGround (1998) Kathleen StaudtKumarian Press, 1294 Blue Hills Avenue,Bloomfield, CT. 06002 USA. Tel: +1 (860)243 2098; orders tel: +1 (800) 289 2664; fax: +1 (860) 243 [email protected] this book, Staudt analyses developmentinstitutions and their policies in relation totheir impact on women and stresses theimportance of ‘bringing politics back in’. Inpart one, the author provides an overviewof the history of development thinking andwomen in development, and offers aframework to conceptualise different kindsof feminisms. In addition she examines theobstacles and strategies faced by genderadvocates in national and internationalbureaucratic development institutions. Inpart two, mainstream policies related toeducation, work, reproductive health, andviolence against women are examinedthrough a gender lens. In the final sectionof the book, Staudt makes links betweendevelopment institutions, the politicalcontexts they are located within, and theirgender mainstreaming policies.
Gender in Development Organisations ( 1 9 9 7 )Caroline Sweetman (ed.)Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John SmithDrive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY,UKwww.oxfam.org.uk/publications This book examines some of the challenges,pitfalls, and rewards for developmentorganisations that adopt, or are foundedwith, a ‘gender agenda’. The experiences of national and international NGOs inBangladesh, Lebanon, Lesotho, Zimbabwe,South Africa, and Uganda reveal thecrucial significance of the organisation’sown policies, procedures, structures, andculture, and of the wider cultural contextwithin which the organisation operates, indetermining the degree of success in itsgender equity goals.
Gender and Development104
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
Getting Institutions Right for Women inDevelopment (1997) Anne Marie Goetz (ed.)Zed Books, 7 Cynthia Street, London N19JF, UK.www.zedbooks.co.ukThis book looks at the relationship betweengendered aspects of developmentorganisations (ranging from NGOs to statebureaucracies) and the gendered outcomesin the development process that continue toconstrain or disadvantage women. Thearticles in the book look at the oppor-tunities for development organisations tochallenge institutional gender inequity.Some of the articles challenge theassumption that NGOs are inherently moregender-sensitive organisations, whileothers highlight the importance ofindividual agents in promoting genderequity within resistant organisations. Thereare also examples of women’s organi-sations and the problems they face inchallenging the norms of the wider culturalcontext within which they are located.
Institutions, Relations and Outcomes:Framework and Tools for Gender-AwareP l a n n i n g (1996) Naila Kabeer and RamyaSubrahmanian, IDS Discussion Paper 357,Institute of Development Studies, Universityof Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK. Tel: +44(0) 1273 678269; fax: +44 (0) 1273 [email protected]/ids/bookshop/index.htmlThis paper details a framework that enablesboth a gender-aware analysis of institutionsas well as the formulation of gender-awarepolicy. The authors use clear case studies tohighlight the differences between gender-blind and gender-aware approaches topolicy design and implementation. Theydiscuss the difference between attempts to‘add-on’ women in development policiesand genuine mainstreaming that isinherently a transformatory project. Thepaper provides a step-by-step approach onhow to examine the rules, activities,resources, people, and power located
within institutions in order to achievegender-sensitive policy planning, i m p l e-mentation, monitoring, and evaluation.
From WID to GAD: Conceptual Shifts in theWomen and Development Discourse ( 1 9 9 5 )Shahrashoub Razavi and Carol Miller,UNRISD Occasional Paper.Available online from: www.unrisd.orgThis paper provides an introduction toWID by tracing the main trends in the waywomen’s issues have been conceptualisedin the development context. Part I of thepaper explains the emergence of WID inthe early 1970s. Part II looks at theanalytical and intellectual underpinnings ofthe shift from WID to GAD.
Gender Mainstreaming: A Study of Efforts bythe UNDP, the World Bank and the ILO toInstitutionalise Gender Issues ( 1 9 9 5 )Shahrashoub Razavi and Carol Miller,UNRISD Occasional Paper.Available online from: www.unrisd.orgThis paper assesses the attempts of thethree institutions to mainstream gender,and evaluates their achievements in thelight of a) the external pressures andinfluences they are subject to; b) theorganisational mandate and ideology; andc) the actual organisational procedures inplace for mainstreaming gender. Whilesome progress is noted, several problemsand issues are raised, including inadequateresource allocation and ownership, andmarginalisation of gender issues by theorganisations.
The Elusive Agenda: Mainstreaming Women in Development (1995) Rounaq Jahan, Zed Books, 7 Cynthia Street, London N19JF, UK.www.zedbooks.co.ukThis book is now well known for itsdescription of gender mainstreaming as an‘agenda-setting’ exercise, rather than anintegrationist approach. Based on her studyof the gender mainstreaming efforts of four
Resources 105
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
international donor agencies, Jahan askswhy progress towards transforming genderrelations has been so slow. Her conclusionsinclude the resistance by organisations toredistribute power and privileges thatthreaten entrenched male advantage, andtheir reluctance to commit to the goals ofgender equality and women’s empowerment.
‘From Feminist Knowledge to Data forDevelopment: The Bureaucratic Manage-ment of Information on Women andDevelopment’ (1994) Anne-Marie Goetz,IDS Bulletin, 25(2): 27-35.The author discusses how feministknowledge generated about women’s roles,needs, and interests is de-politicised by thebureaucratic processes and rigid categoriesused within the development organisationsthat consume this knowledge. The result isthat this knowledge may help in bringingwomen into development, but their diversepolitical needs are disregarded and do notfeed into development organisations’policies and programmes. Goetz points tothe nature of the categories used bydevelopment organisations as the root ofthe problem.
Reversed Realities (1994) Naila Kabeer,Verso.www.versobooks.comKabeer traces the emergence of ‘women’ asa category in development, revealing theinherent, unexamined biases in mainstreamdevelopment, with its emphasis on market-based economic growth, that furtherdisadvantage poor women. The authora r g u e s for a bottom–up developmentperspective that starts with the interests ofpoor women. She analyses, among otherthings, the construction of power relationswithin the household, and strategies for theempowerment of women that emphasiseboth the importance of collective action by women and the central role that grass-roots NGOs can play in facilitatingempowerment.
Gender Planning and Development: Theory,Practice and Training (1993) Caroline MoserRoutledge, Taylor and Francis, 2 ParkSquare, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxford,OX14 4RN, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 20 7017 6000;fax: +44 (0) 20 7017 6699.www.routledge.com This book argues for the importance ofgender planning in development, the goalof which is the empowerment of women.Part one provides the rationale for genderplanning and includes a discussion of thedistinction between practical and strategicgender needs. It also includes Moser’swidely recognised frameworksummarising policy approaches to womenin development (i.e. welfare, equity, anti-poverty, efficiency, and empowerment).Part two outlines the methodological tools,procedures, and components that make upgender planning, such as gender training.
‘The making of a field’ (1990) Irene Tinker,in Persistent Inequalities: Women and WorldDevelopment, Irene Tinker (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford UniversityPress Bookshop, 116 High Street, Oxford,OX1 4BZ. Tel: +44 (0) 1865 242913; fax: +44(0) 1865 [email protected] at the start of the 1990s, Tinker, apioneer in the field of women in develop-ment, provides an overview of how‘women in development’ came into force.The author discusses the role andchallenges faced by the three major playersin the field: advocates, practitioners, andscholars. She looks at new developmentsbeyond the dominant frameworks of time-welfare and efficiency, such as theimportance of women’s empowerment(through organising), a critique of women’sdemands for equality with men on thegrounds of sameness, and the genderedanalysis of political institutions.
Gender and Development106
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
Development, Crises and Alternative Visions:Third World Women’s Perspectives (1987) GitaSen and Caren Grown, Earthscan, 8-12 Camden High Street,London, NW1 0JH, UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 73878558; fax: +44 (0)20 7387 [email protected] book is by two members of DAWN(Development Alternatives with Womenfor a New Era), a network of largelySouthern activists and researchers. It is oneof the earliest works denouncing theadverse impact of the gender-blindness ofdevelopment policies on the lives ofwomen in the economic South. Theeconomic growth policies espoused byagencies like the World Bank, in the nameof development, come under severecriticism, and the authors emphasise theimportance of women’s roles and voices inovercoming the devastating effects of thesepolicies. The book also looks at thestrategies and methods for women to movetowards gender equality.
WebsitesSiyandawww.siyanda.orgSiyanda is an online database of genderand development materials, with newmaterial on gender equality and main-streaming being regularly added. It alsoenables gender practitioners to share ideas,experiences, and resources with each other.
BRIDGEwww.bridge.ids.ac.ukBRIDGE supports gender advocacy andmainstreaming efforts by bridging the gapsbetween theory, policy, and practice withaccessible and diverse gender informationin print and online. The site has been set upas a ‘virtual bookcase’ where copies of allBRIDGE publications can be downloaded.Themes include Country Profiles, Economics,Governance, and Poverty.
Women Watch www.un.org/womenwatchWomenWatch is a central gateway toinformation and resources on the pro-motion of gender equality and theempowerment of women throughout theUnited Nations system, including theUnited Nations Secretariat, regionalcommissions, funds, programmes, special-ised agencies, and academic and researchinstitutions. It is a joint United Nationsproject created in March 1997 to provideInternet space for global gender equalityissues and to support implementation ofthe 1995 Beijing Platform for Action. Thewebsite now also provides information onthe outcomes of, as well as efforts toincorporate gender perspectives intofollow-up to global conferences.
The Men’s Bibliographyhttp://mensbiblio.xyonline.netThe Men’s Bibliography is a comprehensiveand up-to-date bibliography of writing onmen, masculinities, gender, and sexualities.The Men’s Bibliography lists over 15,000books and articles, sorted into over 30major subject areas.
Oxfam GB’s website pages on its gender workw w w . o x f a m . o r g . u k / w h a t _ w e _ d o / i s s u e s /gender/index.htmOxfam GB’s website pages on gender equalityand menw w w . o x f a m . o r g . u k / w h a t _ w e _ d o / i s s u e s /gender/gem/index.htmThese pages include information on whyOxfam works with men on gender equality,workshop material on working with men,and links to other websites and resourceson gender equality and men.
ActionAid UK’s website pages on its genderworkw w w . a c t i o n a i d . o r g . u k / i n d e x . a s p ? p a g e _ i d=417
Resources 107
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
Electronic resourcesGender and Diversity Resources Kit ( 2 0 0 5 )Gender and Development (GAD) Network,London, UK.For more information on the CD-ROMemail: [email protected] CD-ROM is the outcome of a two-phase GAD Network research projectcarried out between January 2004 andMarch 2005. The project was aimed atlearning more about the emphasis on ‘diversity’ across UK developmentorganisations and its possible implicationsfor gender mainstreaming. The CD-ROMcontains an overview of the project and itsmain findings; a ‘think piece’ on genderand diversity; case studies that explore ingreater detail the practical approaches andmethodologies being developed forworking on diversity issues in rights-basedprogramming; an overview summarisingsome of the approaches being used toaddress issues of diversity. There is also aresources section for further information onthe issues covered.
Gender Myths (2004) BRIDGE.w w w . b r i d g e . i d s . a c . u k / d o c s / i n % 2 0 b r i e f _ myths.pdfDrawing together highlights from aconference held at the Institute ofDevelopment Studies, UK in 2003, thediscussions in ‘Gender Myths’ focus onhow to move beyond the genderstereotypes that feminists have created tocounter pre-existing gender stereotypes indevelopment. These stereotypes have takenon the quality of myths and are treated assacrosanct. The discussion centres on howto promote gender equality better bymoving beyond these simplistic stereotypes.
Gender Mainstreaming: Can it Work forWomen’s Rights? (2004) AWID.w w w . a w i d . o r g / p u b l i c a t i o n s / O c c a s i o n a l P apers/spotlight3_en.pdfFour AWID members engaged with gendermainstreaming draw on their experiencesto discuss what has gone wrong withgender mainstreaming, and why it hasfailed to make any progress in deliveringequality to women. Common strands ofarguments include the fact that gendermainstreaming has been reduced from atransformative project to a technical fix,and that confusion over what it actuallymeans has rendered women’s rights andgender equality invisible.
‘Approaches to institutionalising gender’(1997) Development and Gender In Brief , Issue 5, BRIDGE.www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/Dgb5.htmlThis issue reviews approaches to insti-tutionalising gender issues in bothgovernment and non-government organi-sations and looks at what happens tofeminist concepts, such as empowerment,when they enter the mainstream.
Oxfam’s Policy on Gender Equality (2003).w w w . o x f a m . o r g . u k / w h a t _ w e _ d o / i s s u e s /g e n d e r / d o w n l o a d s / g e n d e r _ p o l i c y 2 0 0 3 . p dfThis provides the rationale for Oxfam’sorganisational commitment to genderequality.
ActionAid’s Gender Policy (2000).w w w . a c t i o n a i d . o r g . u k / w p s / c o n t e n t / d o c uments/genderpolicy.docThis details ActionAid’s organisation-widestrategies to mainstream gender equalityand women’s empowerment.
Gender and Development108
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
Gender is Everyone’s Business: Programmingwith Men to Achieve Gender Equality ( 2 0 0 2 )James Lang.w w w . o x f a m . o r g . u k / w h a t _ w e _ d o / i s s u e s /g e n d e r / g e m / d o w n l o a d s / G E M w k s h p r e p .pdfThis is a workshop report from Oxfam GB’s‘Gender Equality and Men’ (GEM) projectthat details the workshop process andparticipants, conceptual framework, goodpractices and lessons learned from workingwith men and boys, and recommendationsfor next steps.
Reflections on Experiences of EvaluatingGender Equality (2003) Ted Freeman, BrithaMikkelsen et al.w w w . s i d a . s e / c o n t e n t / 1 / c 6 / 0 1 / 8 8 / 2 8 / 4 4 717%20UTV%20Studies%2003-01.pdfThis report reflects on Sida’s (SwedishInternational Development Co-operationAgency) evaluation of its gender equalitywork in Nicaragua, South Africa, andBangladesh, with the aim of contributing tocurrent debates on gender mainstreaming.The report discusses the challenges ofevaluating concepts like gender equality,gender mainstreaming, and empowermentwhen donor agencies and partner countriesdebate their very meaning. It discusses theimplications of conducting such evalu-ations when the definitions of what is beingmeasured are provided by the evaluationteam rather than primary stakeholders. Thereport also identifies challenges in gendermainstreaming such as ‘who owns gendermainstreaming if it is not working’ and thegap between stated policy and practices.
The Role of National Mechanisms in PromotingGender Equality and the Empowerment ofWomen: Report of the Expert Group Meeting(2004) United Nations Division for theAdvancement of Women.w w w . u n . o r g / w o m e n w a t c h / d a w / e g m /n a t i o n a l m 2 0 0 4 / d o c s / E G M % 2 0 f i n a l % 2 0report.26-jan-05.pdfThis report emerged out of an ExpertGroup Meeting arranged by the UNDivision for the Advancement of Women(DAW) to contribute to the review andappraisal of the implementation of theBeijing Platform for Action (BPfA). Thefocus was on the BPfA commitment tostrengthen national mechanisms for theadvancement of women. The meetingconsidered the changing contexts as well asthe achievements of different types ofinstitutional mechanisms for theadvancement of women, in formulation,implementation, and monitoring ofnational strategies for gender equality andempowerment of women, and infacilitating gender mainstreaming in allnational policy areas. It further identifiedgood practices and continuing challengesfaced by national mechanisms.
Gender Equality and Mainstreaming in thePolicy and Practice of the UK Department forInternational Development (2003) A briefingfrom the UK Gender and Development(GAD) Network. w w w . s i y a n d a . o r g / d o c s / g a d n _ d f i d g e n d e rpolicy.pdfThis report analyses DFID’s progress ingender mainstreaming and the imple-mentation of its commitments under theConvention for Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination Against Women (CEDAW),the Beijing Platform for Action and theMillennium Development Goals (MDGs). Itis based on a review of DFID documents,interviews with DFID staff, and surveys ofGAD Network members’ experiences withDFID. The findings were that DFID’srights-based approach is one of its greatest
Resources 109
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
strengths. However, policy commitmentsto gender equality have been implementedunevenly. The way gender inequality isaddressed is inconsistent, vacillatingbetween a rights-based approach and onebased on efficiency. Recommendationsinclude: producing clearer information ongender equality spending; strengtheningDFID institutional capacity for gendermainstreaming, with new structures,monitoring, training, and better dis-semination and knowledge management ofhigh quality work on gender.
United Nations Development ProgrammeGender Mainstreaming toolswww.undp.org/gender/tools.htmThis website provides an array ofdocuments created and utilised by UNDPand other UN agencies in their efforts tomainstream gender. Available documentson the site include gender briefing andtraining tools, a guide on how to develop agender mainstreaming strategy, a gendermainstreaming manual, as well as infor-mation on where gender training coursesare available.
The Commonwealth Secretariat GenderManagement Systems Series www.thecommonwealth.org/gender (clickon ‘Publications’ in the left hand columnthen ‘Gender Management Systems series’)This website provides free access to a seriesof practical, training-oriented resources bythe Commonwealth Secretariat on gendermainstreaming. These include: an ActionGuide and Trainer’s Guide on gendermainstreaming approaches and gendertraining; the Gender Management SystemToolkit; Handbook; Using Gender-Sensitive Indicators; and guides on how tomainstream gender in education,development planning, finance, trade andindustry, public services, etc.
The Commonwealth Secretariat GenderMainstreaming Series on Development Issueswww.thecommonwealth.org/gender (clickon ‘Publications’ in the left hand column,then on ‘Gender mainstreaming series ondevelopment issues’)This links to a number of books,pamphlets, and papers published by theC o m m o nwealth Secretariat on genderm a i n s t r e a m i n g aimed at governments,policy makers, development professionals,and others. Titles include gendermainstreaming in poverty eradication, thehealth sector, HIV/AIDS, and budgets, andan integrated approach to combatinggender-based violence.
Gender Manual: A Practical Guide forDevelopment Policy Makers and Practitioners(2002) Helen Derbyshire. w w w . d f i d . g o v . u k / p u b s / f i l e s / g e n d e rmanual.pdfDesigned for use by developmentpractitioners who are not specialists ingender, the aim of this manual is to help inorganisational efforts to mainstreamgender. The manual is divided into threemain sections. Section one deals with thebackground ideas and concepts of gendermainstreaming and explains the impor-tance of mainstreaming gender. Sectiontwo provides a summary of the key stepsin gender mainstreaming. Section threecontains practical tools and guidelines onhow to mainstream gender (such as the useof gender-disaggregated data and gender-sensitive analysis, organisational capacitybuilding, and change).
Gender and Development110
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14
OrganisationsGender at Workwww.genderatwork.orgThe Gender at Work initiative is aknowledge and capacity building networkfocused on gender and institutional change.The network works with development andhuman rights practitioners, researchers,and policy makers. It aims to develop newtheory and practice on how organisationscan change gender-biased institutionalrules (the distribution of power, privileges,and rights), values (norms and attitudes),and practices. In addition to information onthe network and a discussion forum, thenetwork’s website offers access to thenetwork’s current analyses and resources.
The Association for Women’s Rights inDevelopment (AWID) Toronto Secretariat: 215 Spadina Ave., Suite150, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2C7, Canada.Tel: +1 416 594 3773; fax: +1 416 594 [email protected] AWID is an international membershiporganisation connecting, informing, andmobilising people and organisationscommitted to achieving gender equality,sustainable development, and women’shuman rights. Their goal is to cause policy,institutional, and individual change thatwill improve the lives of women and girlseverywhere. They aim to do this byfacilitating ongoing debates on funda-mental and provocative issues as well as bybuilding the individual and organisationalcapacities of those working for women’sempowerment and social justice.
Womankind Worldwide32-37, 2nd Floor, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London EC2A 4JX,UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 7549 0360; fax: +44 (0)20 7549 [email protected] Womankind Worldwide is a UK-basedcharity dedicated to women’s developmentand women’s human rights globally.Womankind has developed programmes inpartnership with local community groups,to tackle women’s inequality in many of theworld’s poorest places. These programmesare called the Four Literacies — WordLiteracy, Money Literacy, Body Literacy,and Civil Literacy — and they work tounlock women’s potential and maximisetheir ability to make decisions in their ownlives, the lives of their family, as well as inthe future of their community and country.Womankind works with 70 partnerorganisations in 20 countries, spanningAfrica, South Asia, Central and SouthAmerica, and Europe.
Women In Development Europe (WIDE)rue de la Science 10, 1000 Brussels,Belgium. Tel: +32 2 5459070; fax: +32 25127342. [email protected]/wide/home.htmWIDE is a European network of develop-ment NGOs, gender specialists, and humanrights activists. It monitors and influencesinternational economic and developmentpolicy and practice from a feministperspective. WIDE’s work is grounded onwomen’s rights as the basis for thedevelopment of a more just and democraticworld order. WIDE strives for a worldbased on gender equality and social justicethat ensures equal rights for all, as well asequal access to resources and opportunitiesin all spheres of political, social, andeconomic life.
Resources 111
Dow
nloa
ded
by [
Flor
ida
Atla
ntic
Uni
vers
ity]
at 0
4:30
19
Nov
embe
r 20
14