resource useage profiles over time note: arctic reserve estimated at 10-20 billion barrels, plus...
TRANSCRIPT
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HOW MUCH ENERGY IS USED ANNUALLY?
1 QUAD ~ 100 BILLION KWH ~ 200 MILLION BARRELS OF OIL
USA ANNUALLY USES ~ 80 QUADS
SOURCE: QUADS USA TOTAL RESOURCE
COAL: ~15 >6000
NATURAL GAS: ~20 400
OIL: ~40 400
NUCLEAR: ~5 BREEDER REACTOR > 600,000 NON-BREEDER 1000
HYDROELECTRIC: ~3 RENEWABLE
GEOTHERMAL: ~0.1 RENEWABLE
SOLAR (TOO SMALL TO MEASURE ON THIS SCALE)
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ENERGY RESOURCES
DEPLETABLE RESOURCES:
FOSSIL FUELS: NUCLEAR:
NATURAL GAS FISSIONOIL NON-BREEDER
COAL REACTORS
RENEWABLE OR NON-DEPLETABLE:
FISSION(BREEDER) NUCLEAR
FUSION (DEUTERIUM)
WIND SOLAR OTEC
DIRECT
GEOTHERMAL
HYDROELECTRIC
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NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
HYDROCARBONS: NATURAL GAS, OIL
PROBLEMS: COMBUSTION PRODUCES CO2 ACID RAIN (FROM SULFUR CONTENT)MOST LIMITED QUANTITY OF FUELTRANSPORT FROM "TROUBLED AREAS"
POTENTIAL: EXTENSIVE RESERVESRELATIVE LOW POLLUTINGMOST CONVENIENT OF FUELS
WHY ARE HYDROCARBONS USED:FUEL OF CHOICE DUE TO HIGH ENERGYCONTENT IN CONVENIENT FORM
TRANSPORTATION AND UTILIZATION ISFULLY MATURE WITHIN OUR ECONOMY...
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RESOURCE USEAGEPROFILES OVER TIME
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Note: Arctic Reserve estimated at 10-20 billion barrels, plus ‘new’ areas Canadian Reserves with Tar Sands ~ 100 billion barrelsRussia has unknown additional quantities, Caspian, Siberia, KamchatkaWestern USA Oil Shale resource >> Saudi Oil resource.
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A piece of Oil Shale
The USA has at least3 Trillion barrels of OilEquivalent of this resource.
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Coal
• Carbon, water, impurities
• C + O2 CO2
• HALF IS CLINKER
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: COAL
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US Coal Consumption
• Coal 22 QBtu (23%)
• 80% used by electric utilities
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Major Coal-Producing States
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Coal
• Anthracite• 22 – 28 million Btu per ton• Not plentiful
• Bituminous • 19 – 30 million Btu per ton• Most plentiful
• Subbituminous• 16 – 24 million Btu per ton• Low sulfur content
• Lignite (Brown Coal)• 9 – 17 million Btu per ton• Local value only
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Coal Resources and Consumption
• Global Recoverable• 1,000 billion tons
• Global Consumption• 5.2 billion tons/year
• US Recoverable• 274 billion tons
• US Consumption• 1.1 billion tons/year
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Global Coal Resources
• United States 25%
• Russia 16%
• China 12%
• India 9%
• Australia 8%
• Germany 7%
• South Africa 5%
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RENEWABLE OR NON-DEPLETABLE:
FISSION(BREEDER) NUCLEAR
FUSION (DEUTERIUM)
WIND SOLAR OTEC
DIRECT
GEOTHERMAL
HYDROELECTRIC
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A major drawback of fission energy: Diversion to bombs
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CHERNOBYL REGION RADIOACTIVITY
Potential for accidental or intentional containment failure.
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Cleanup can be effected by biological and other means
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GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES
LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS:
AVAILABLE ONLY IN GEOLOGICALLY ACTIVEREGIONS
RELEASED VOLCANIC GASES CONTAIN ACIDS ANDOTHER POLLUTANTS
REQUIRES MANAGEMENT TO MAINTAIN RESOURCE
POTENTIAL:
STABLE SOURCE OF POWER, IF MANAGEDPROPERLY
EARTH CORE HEAT (IF WE CAN GET DOWN TO THE20 KM LEVELS REQUIRED) IS AN UNLIMITED POWERSOURCE, NOT FEASIBLE TODAY.
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ANY APPROACHWHICH REDUCESENERGY USE ISUSEFUL TO EXTEND OUR RESOURCES,
I.E.
CONSERVATION ISTHE FASTESTMETHOD TO GETNEW ENERGY
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SOLAR ENERGY
CHARACTERISTICS:
DIFFUSE SOURCE OF ENERGY(< 1KILOWATT/SQUARE METER)
FEASIBLE USE AT LOCAL SITES AS WELL ASLARGE PLANT SITES
DIURNALLY VARIABLE (12-ON_12-OFF), CLOUDS
NEED FOR STORAGE/EXCESS COLLECTIONSOLAR PONDS, PUMPED RESERVOIRS
LONG DISTANCE POWER TRANSMISSION?
COLLECTION IN SOUTHWEST IMPLIESTRANSMISSION TO AREAS WHERE USED...
RELATIVELY NON-POLLUTING
FABRICATION OF COLLECTORS REQUIRESMANUFACTURING TYPE POLLUTION, NOATMOSPHERIC OR WATER POLLUTION
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LAND AREA REQUIRED TO REPLACE PRESENTENERGY RESOURCE IS NOT INFEASIBLE
AREA TO BE USED INCLUDES ROOFTOPS, NON-ARABLE LAND; ECOLOGY, ESTHETICS IMPORTANT
SOLAR ENERGY NOW IN USE
SOLAR FURNACES: BARSTOW, CA. 100 MW STATION EQUIVALENT TOPOWERING 50,000 HOMES
PROBLEM: HIGH INSTALLATION COST (PROTOTYPE)ABOUT 10X COAL-FIRED PLANT
SIZE OF SOLAR RESOURCE: TO EQUAL ALLPRESENT POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR USA:
~1% OF WESTERN USA ASSUMING 10% EFFICIENCY
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WIND POWER:
PROBLEMS: WINDS ARE ERRATIC, STORAGE IS REQUIRED
WIND SPEEDS BETWEEN 10 AND 30 MPH ARENEEDED FOR EFFICIENT USE (E.G. MOUNTAINS ORTRADE WIND REGIONS)
LARGE AREA WINDMILLS ARE REQUIRED (SOURCEIS 250 WATTS/SQUARE METER OR LESS SO THAT FOOTBALL FIELD SIZE WINDMILL COLLECTS ONEMEGAWATT
WINDMILLS ARE NOISY, UNATTRACTIVE, INTRUSIVE,DISRUPT LOCAL TV RECEPTION, ETC.
POTENTIAL:
LOW TECHNOLOGY, RELIABLE, INEXPENSIVE
LOW POLLUTING EXCEPT FOR ABOVE
CAN BE A RESOURCE EQUALING 10% OF NEED
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ROOFTOP SOLAR ENERGY USE:
FACT: HEATING WATER IS ABOUT 30% OF OURENERGY REQUIREMENT...
PROBLEMS: RELATIVELY HIGH INITIAL COSTS, REQUIRES 5-10 YEARS TO RECOVER.
MAINTENANCE IS REQUIRED
POTENTIAL:LOW TECHNOLOGY, CAN REDUCE ENERGYREQUIREMENT FROM NON-RENEWABLEENERGY SOURCES BY 30%!
MORE "HOME SOLAR" OPTIONS
SPACE HEATING: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TO USE WALLS, ETC. TOCOLLECT, DISTRIBUTE SOLAR HEAT
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SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE, INEXPENSIVELY
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HYDROELECTRIC RESOURCES
LIMITED RESOURCE: PRIMARILY IN NW PORTION OF USA, TOTALRESOURCE IS <10% OF REQUIREMENT
PROBLEMS: ECOLOGICALLY DISRUPTIVE DUE TO WATERIMPOUNDMENT, REDUCED WATER FLOW;LIMITEDLIFETIME DUE SILTATION, DOWN STREAM EFFECTS
EXAMPLES, ASWAN DAM, THREE GORGES DAM(UNDER CONSTRUCTION), HOOVER DAM
POTENTIAL: USEFUL AT LIMITED SITES, IN DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES
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OCEAN THERMAL-ELECTRIC CONVERSION
PROBLEMS:OPERATES A REFRIGERATOR IN REVERSE, CARNOTCYCLE ENGINE OF LOW EFFICIENCY
BIOFOULING IN OCEAN
VULNERABLE TO HURRICANES
LONG DISTANCE FOR POWER TRANSMISSION
POTENTIAL:VERY LARGE RESOURCE WITH CONSTANTAVAILABILITY (ENTIRE OCEAN IS ENERGYRESERVOIR)
RELIABLE SOURCE, ECONOMICAL, AVAILABLE
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PHOTOVOLTAICS
DIRECT CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY TOELECTRICITY USING SEMI-CONDUCTORS
PROBLEMS:
INSTALLATION COST IS HIGH, BUT REPAID INABOUT THREE YEARS AT TODAY'S COST (WASTEN YEARS A DECADE AGO)
REQUIRES STORAGE MEANS OR CONNECTIONTO PUBLIC ELECTRICITY UTILITY FOR DARKPERIODS
REQUIRES MAINTENANCE, CLEANING
POTENTIAL:
SIZE OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC RESOURCE:
AT 10% EFFICIENCY: 60 QUADS OF ELECTRICITYWOULD REQUIRE A TOTAL COLLECTION AREA OF50,000 KM2 (500 X 100 KILOMETERS)
DESIRABILITY/EFFICIENCY/COST, ALL FAVORABLEOVER THE COMING DECADES
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Multi-junction Photovoltaics utilize much more of solar spectrum,MORE THAN 30% EFFICIENCY ALREADY ACHIEVED!
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Highly Efficient Energy Utilization
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Industrial scale Fuel Cells…
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EFFICIENCY OF FUEL CELLS:
CHEMICAL, NOT THERMAL PROCESS
DIRECTLY USES ELECTRICITY
WASTE HEAT MUCH LESS THAN OTTO CYCLE ENGINE
MAX. EFFICIENCY HEAT ENGINE ~ 25-30%
MAX. EFFICIENCY FUEL CELL ~75-80 %
WASTE PRODUCTS DEPEND UPON FUEL
WATER IN CASE OF HYDROGEN FUEL
INTERSTITIAL HYDROGEN IN METALS, EQUALS ENERGY DENSITY OF GASOLINE…
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ENERGY RESOURCE AND USEAGE DIRECTLY AFFECTED BYPOPULATION AND STANDARD OF LIVING...