Resource Guide SCULPTURE FROM ASIA AND COLOR ACROSS ASIA: GALLERIES 2 & 4 COMPILED BY KRISTINA BUSH, MLS ‘19

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Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................................... 1

How to Use this Guide ............................................................................................................................... 2

Cultures ........................................................................................................................................................ 3

CHINA ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

JAPAN ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

KOREA ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

SOUTH ASIA............................................................................................................................................ 4

SOUTHEAST ASIA .................................................................................................................................. 4

Religion ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

BUDDHISM .............................................................................................................................................. 6

HINDUISM ............................................................................................................................................... 6

ISLAM ....................................................................................................................................................... 7

ACKLAND FIVE FAITHS PROJECT ....................................................................................................... 8

Export and Trade ......................................................................................................................................... 9

TRADE WITH EUROPE .......................................................................................................................... 9

TRADE WITH THE MIDDLE EAST ...................................................................................................... 10

LASTING INFLUENCES ....................................................................................................................... 10

Ceramics .................................................................................................................................................... 10

SHAPES ................................................................................................................................................. 11

TYPES OF WARES ................................................................................................................................ 12

Bronze................................................................................................................................................. 12

Earthenware ....................................................................................................................................... 12

Enamel ............................................................................................................................................... 12

Lacquerware ....................................................................................................................................... 13

Porcelain ............................................................................................................................................ 13

Stoneware........................................................................................................................................... 14

KILNS ..................................................................................................................................................... 14

GLAZES .................................................................................................................................................. 14

Chronology of Colors ......................................................................................................................... 15

ICONOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 15

CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................................... 16

Tea Ceremony .................................................................................................................................... 16

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Funerary Practices ............................................................................................................................ 17

Ceramic Artists .......................................................................................................................................... 18

Sculpture .................................................................................................................................................... 18

STONE .................................................................................................................................................... 18

WOOD ..................................................................................................................................................... 19

METAL .................................................................................................................................................... 19

GLASS .................................................................................................................................................... 20

How to Use this Guide This resource guide provides Ackland visitors with suggested resources for background information about objects on display at the museum. This particular guide relates to Sculpture from Asia in Gallery 2 and Color Across Asia in Gallery 4. Links without descriptions correspond to books in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill’s library. Click on images to see the record database information for the object in the Ackland Collection Database.

Bottle-Shaped Vase, Chinese, c.1700; porcelain with underglaze cobalt blue decoration. 8 x 4 3/16 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gift of Herbert and Eunice Shatzman in honor of Ruth and Sherman Lee, 99.22.1.

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Cultures CHINA A Beginners Guide to Imperial China - Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-asia/imperial-china

Educational resource with detailed information about each period of Chinese history, including examples of art and descriptions of the types and styles of ceramics popular in each period.

Guide to Chinese Ceramics – Minneapolis Institute of Arts http://archive.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/ceramics/early-chinese-ceramics.cfm.html Resource contains a chronology of Chinese ceramics with information about glaze types, decorative styles, and kilns. Asian Art Collection – Princeton University Art Museum https://etcweb.princeton.edu/asianart/timeperiod_china.jsp?ctry=China&pd=Neolithic

General information on the history of China, with information about artistic traditions throughout the ages.

List of Rulers of China – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chem/hd_chem.htm Chronological list of Chinese dynasties from 2100 BCE to 1900 CE. JAPAN Japanese Civilization - TimeMaps https://www.timemaps.com/civilizations/japanese-civilization/ Historical overview of Japan from prehistoric to modern times. The Arts of Japan: A Teacher’s Guide – Freer|Sackler Gallery http://archive.asia.si.edu/explore/teacherResources/ArtsofJapan.pdf

Teacher’s Guide includes historical and art interpretation materials about Japan. Forms of art including ceramics, calligraphy, woodwork, and metalwork are also included. Resource also contains lesson plans.

A Brief History of Japanese Ceramics - Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka http://www.moco.or.jp/en/intro/history_c/japan.php

Essay about basics of Japanese ceramics. Resource provides a comprehensive guide to ceramics that can be found by toggling to the Guide to Enjoy the Exhibit page in the top navigation menu. The full guide includes extensive information about fabrication techniques, vessel shapes, decorations, iconography, glazes, and kilns.

KOREA Korea, 8000-2000 BCE – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/eak.html

First in the series of chronologies of Korean history spanning from 8000 BCE until present day. Chronologies contain historical information, maps, and a timeline of key events.

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Korean Pottery – Encyclopaedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/art/Korean-pottery

Resource describes changes in style between dynasties with historical context, especially as a result of contact with China.

Korean Ceramics in the Freer Gallery of Art – Freer Gallery of Art http://korean-ceramics.asia.si.edu/

Information is organized by period, ware, glaze and decoration, and kiln. High quality images are provided of works in the collection. Academic essays can be found under the essay tab about Goryeo ceramics production, innovations, and export.

SOUTH ASIA India: History – Encyclopaedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/place/India/History History of India from the pre-historic era to the present. South Asia, 1000-1400 CE – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History North: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/ssn.html South: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/sss.html

Resources include timelines, maps, and key events that occurred in the regions, especially related to trends in the creation of art.

Himalayan Region, 1000-1400 CE – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/ssh.html

Encapsulating present day Nepal and Tibet, this resource presents a timeline and key events that occurred during the designated time period.

South Asia, 1600-1800 CE – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/09/ssa.html

Resource describes the impact that the Islamic Mughal Empire had on India in relation to politics, culture, religion, and art.

India: the ancient past: a history of the Indian subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200 by Burjor Avari Islamic Civilization in South Asia: a history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent by Burjor Avari Looking to do more research? Take a look at the South Asian Art Libguide! SOUTHEAST ASIA Southeast Asia, 8000-2000 BCE – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/sse.html

First of a series in chronologies of Southeast Asian history from 8000 BCE to the present day. Chronologies contain historical information, maps, and a timeline of key events.

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Ceramics in Mainland Southeast Asia – Freer|Sackler Gallery https://archive.asia.si.edu/publications/seaceramics/default.php

Resource provides extensive information techniques and materials used in Southeast Asian ceramics production. There is also a map feature that allows geographic navigation of Southeast Asian kilns and provides information about the types of wares produced in each location. Chronologies of historical information about Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Burma can also be found on this guide.

Arts of Southeast Asia and the Himalayas: The Sacred and the Secular – Asian Art Museum http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/video/arts-southeast-asia-and-himalayas-sacred-and-secular

Podcast that explores the history of Southeast Asian and Himalayan art through objects in the museum’s collection, focusing on themes of religion, trade, and politics.

The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators – Metropolitan Museum of Art https://www.metmuseum.org/-/media/files/learn/for-educators/publications-for-educators/sseasia.pdf

Education resource about South and Southeast Asia. Includes historical and art historical information and suggested topics of discussion.

Bowl with Fish Decoration, Thai, 15th-16th century; Glazed Sukhothai stoneware with underglaze iron-black painting. 2 13/16 x 10 1/8 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gift of Lena J. Stewart, 91.49.

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Religion BUDDHISM Buddhism and Buddhist Art – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/budd/hd_budd.htm

Overview of Buddhist art including information about the visual depiction of the Buddha popular in various time periods. The 4th century Gupta Buddha is the prevalent image of Buddha as it was transported by Silk Road trade.

Life of the Buddha – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/buda/hd_buda.htm

Resource describes the mythological life of the Buddha and what is known about the historical life of the Buddha, Siddhartha.

Cosmic Buddhas in the Himalayas – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cbud/hd_cbud.htm

In the types of Buddhism commonly practiced in the Himalayas, there are a complex pantheon of deities who are often depicted in art as helpers to the Buddha.

Mudras of the Great Buddha: Symbolic Gestures and Postures – Stanford University https://web.stanford.edu/class/history11sc/pdfs/mudras.pdf Resource about hand positions in sculptures of the Buddha and what they symbolize. The Art of Buddhism: an introduction to its history & meaning by Denise Patry Leidy HINDUISM Hinduism and Hindu Art – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hind/hd_hind.htm Article with background information about Hinduism and the Hindu Temple. Beliefs Made Visible: Hinduism in South Asia – Asian Art Museum Part 1: http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/video/beliefs-made-visible-hinduism-south-asia-artbabble Part 2: http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/video/beliefs-made-visible-buddhism-south-asia Oral history videos about the context of Hindu and Buddhist art in India. Recognizing the Gods – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gods/hd_gods.htm

Gods are depicted in art with particular symbols or objects that identify who they are. This resource includes information about these indicators for both Hindu and Buddhist art.

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List of Hindu Deities – Encylopaedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-Hindu-deities-2066639

List of links to information about Hindu gods and goddesses. The Ackland’s collection includes depictions of Varaha (Vishnu), Ganesha, and Parvati.

Hindu Art and Architecture by George Michell ISLAM Islam – Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam

Encyclopedia entry about Islam. Extensive information about doctrines, fundamental beliefs, practices, philosophy, politics, art, and culture.

The Birth of Islam – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/isla/hd_isla.htm

Muhammad founded Islam in the 7th century when he received revelations from the angel Gabriel. Islam quickly grew and developed an artistic tradition of its own. This resource recounts the early history of Islam.

The Nature of Islamic Art – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/orna/hd_orna.htm

Islamic art is characterized by a mixing of traditions from those that existed in lands conquered by the Islamic Empire with new traditions and rules, such as the rule that neither Muhammad nor God could be represented in art. Surface decoration, especially calligraphy, is a hallmark of Islamic art.

Figural Representation in Islamic Art – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

Dancing Ganesha, Indian, mid-10th – mid-11th century; Sandstone. 23 1/16 x 13 11/16 x 7 1/4 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gift of Clara T. and Gilbert J. Yager in honor of Dr. Charles Morrow and his wife, Mary Morrow, for their many contributions to the University and to The Ackland Art Museum during his term as Provost, 85.2.1.

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https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/figs/hd_figs.htm Article describes misconceptions about figural representation in Islamic art, especially in regard to secular art.

Calligraphy in Islamic Art – Victoria & Albert Museum http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/calligraphy-in-islamic-art/

Calligraphy is the most highly regarded element of Islamic art. Different scripts were developed for different purposes, artistic and otherwise. Often Qur’an verses or passages from the Hadith (Muhammad’s saying) can be found as decorations on objects.

Concise Encyclopedia of Islam edited on behalf of the Royal Netherlands Academy Islamic Aesthetics: an introduction by Oliver Leaman Looking for more on Islamic Art? Try the Islamic Art and Architecture or Global Islam LibGuides! ACKLAND FIVE FAITHS PROJECT https://ackland.org/five-faiths-project/

The Ackland Five Faiths project introduces world religions through devotional objects in the Ackland’s collection. Website provides information about Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam.

Fashioning the Divine: South Asian sculpture at the Ackland Art Museum edited by Pika Ghosh

Watch and Compass, Indian and Swiss, late 19th century; Brass, enamel, silver overlay, and glass. 2 11/16 x 1 7/8 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Ackland Fund, 96.3.2.

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A Place for Meaning: art, faith, and museum culture: learning from the Five Faiths Project at the Ackland Art Museum by Amanda Millay Hughes

Export and Trade TRADE WITH EUROPE Trade between European and Asian countries promoted cultural exchange. Despite initial resistance to trade, Asian countries developed thriving commercial kilns with styles derived from and created for the European market. Europeans were inspired by Asian decorative arts, which they considered to be superior to their own, and attempted to make copies in their home countries.

East and West: Chinese Export Porcelain – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ewpor/hd_ewpor.htm

Article about the influence Chinese porcelain had on Western pottery, while at the same time the style of Chinese ceramics were changed by the export market.

China Trade and the East India Company - History of the East India Company in China. http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/china/guidesources/chinatrade/index.html Encounters by Anna Jackson and Amin Jaffer

Auguste Jean, French, 19th century: Vase with Japanese-Style Decoration, c. 1880; Red glass with applied elements of amber glass, gold, and enamel. 6 1/16 x 7 1/8 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gift of Dorothy and S. K. Heninger, Jr., 2001.30.18.

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Made in China by Ronald W. Fuchs TRADE WITH THE MIDDLE EAST Although Islamic countries already had thriving ceramics centers like Nishapur in modern-day Iran, these countries also participated in trade with East Asia. Islamic ceramics are often characterized by foliate and geometric patterns or calligraphic Qur’an verses. The Chinese were strongly influenced by the geometric nature of Islamic wares. Iraq and China: Ceramics, Trade, and Innovation – Freer|Sackler Gallery http://archive.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/iraqChina/default.htm

Online exhibition about trade between Iraq and China, and the resulting influence on ceramics in the Middle East.

Persian Pottery in the First Global Age by Lisa Golombek; Robert B. Mason; Patricia Proctor; Eileen Reilly Ceramics from Islamic Lands by Oliver Watson Art, Trade and Culture in the Islamic World and Beyond: from the Fatimids to the Mughals edited by Alison Ohta LASTING INFLUENCES East Asian, and especially Japanese decorative arts had a lasting effect on European aesthetics as Western artists strove to attain the level of skill and beauty found in the East. Exoticism in the Decorative Arts – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/exot/hd_exot.htm

Article about the aesthetic influence contact with the Asian world had on European interior decoration. Not only were the media of Eastern art forms adopted by Europeans, but also patterns and styles.

Japonisme – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jpon/hd_jpon.html

Resource describes how the Japanese woodblock print inspired the impressionist movement by demonstrating how beauty can be found in simple forms.

Chinese Export Porcelain by Shirley H. Ganse Chinese Export Porcelains by Andrew Madsen

Ceramics Ceramics – Oxford Art Online

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http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000015510

Definition of Ceramics with information about materials and techniques, trade, and conservation.

SHAPES Function was an important aspect in the shapes of pottery that became popular. The tea ceremony was especially influential in the development of shapes. A Beginners Guide to Chinese Porcelain Vase Shapes – ArtNet News https://news.artnet.com/art-world/a-beginners-guide-to-chinese-porcelain-vase-shapes-31882

Timeline of Chinese porcelain vase shapes, including images of the shapes and the years in which each form of vase was produced.

Types and Forms of Vessels – The Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka http://www.moco.or.jp/en/intro/guidance/#no03

Resource is part of a comprehensive guide to Asian ceramics. This section names vessel types in both Japanese and English. Descriptions and images of each shape are also present.

Jade Cong and Bi – Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/neolithic-art-china/a/jade-cong-and-bi

Article provides information about the historical context of bi discs, like the one in the Ackland’s collection. Bi discs were used in ancient Chinese funerary rituals.

Chinese Bronze Mirrors – Australian Museum https://australianmuseum.net.au/chinese-bronze-mirrors

Mirrors, like the one at the Ackland, had both symbolic and ritual functions in ancient China.

A Dictionary of Chinese Ceramics = Zhongguo tao ci ci dian by Wang QIngzheng

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TYPES OF WARES Different materials were popular in the production of ceramics throughout history. Bronze Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/shzh/hd_shzh.htm

Article about the Bronze Age of China 2000 BCE - 256 BCE. Includes information about methods of bronze casting.

Shang Dynasty Ritual Bronze Vessels – Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/shang-dynasty/a/shang-dynasty-ritual-bronze-vessels

Resource provides information about the sophistication of bronze casting during the Shang Dynasty, especially in regards to taotie (monster masks) and weaponry.

Earthenware Earthenware – Encyclopaedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/art/earthenware Brief but comprehensive definition of earthenware. Enamel Chinese Cloisonné – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clos/hd_clos.htm

Cloisonné developed because of interaction between the East and West. This technique uses bronze or copper wires to create patterns within which colored glass paste is piped. These vessels are brightly colored and highly decorated.

Mirror with Lion and Grapevine Pattern, Chinese, Tang Dynasty; Bronze. 5 1/4 x 1/2 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The William A. Whitaker Foundation Art Fund, 90.37.

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Japanese Cloisonné Manufacture – Victoria & Albert Museum http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/j/japanese-cloisonne-an-introduction/ Resource provides a brief history of the cloisonné technique in Japan. Lacquerware

Lacquerware of East Asia – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/elac/hd_elac.htm

Lacquer is a resin that can be used like a glaze to coat and decorate ceramics. Many forms of lacquer decoration evolved in East Asia, including surface decoration and carving. China, Japan, and Korea all developed their own unique lacquer techniques that are described in this resource.

Bone, Flesh, Skin: The Making of Japanese Lacquer – Asian Art Museum pt. 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkgCW-z-31w pt. 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CV9yn7VPDSM

Videos show step by step how Japanese lacquerwares are produced. Resource also includes historical background information.

Porcelain Porcelain - Encyclopaedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/art/porcelain

Dictionary definition of porcelain, including the differences between Asian and European porcelains.

The Magic of Kneaded Clay – National Palace Museum https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh99/ceramics/html/page_en_02.html

Exhibition guide from the National Palace Museum in Beijing that provides detailed information about Chinese ceramics from the Neolithic through Qing periods. Resource describes the difference between porcelain and other types of wares.

Chinese Porcelain: Production and Export – Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/south-east-se-asia/china-art/a/chinese-porcelain-production-and-export

Kamisaka Sekka, Japanese, 1866-1942: Cigarette Box, 1920s; Lacquer with inlaid decoration in pewter, abalone, silver, and gold. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Ackland Fund, 93.2ab.

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Resource includes a section entitled: “What is Porcelain?” Stoneware Stoneware – Encyclopaedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/art/stoneware Short and sweet definition of Stoneware and its history. KILNS A kiln is a type of oven that is used to fire pottery, or bake it until it is hard. New Scholarship – China Heritage Quarterly http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=004_wanggy.inc&issue=004

Introduction to a text that tells the history of 14 Chinese imperial kilns. Some information about these kilns and their context of use is provided.

Inside a 350 Year-Old Chinese ‘Dragon Kiln’ – Business Insider https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mavD3fT1eI

Video gives an inside look at a dragon kiln in use. A Dragon kiln or climbing kiln is long and thin, and is built at an incline. These types of kilns can fire thousands of vessels at a single time.

Japanese Porcelain: Keeping an Ancient Craft Alive – CNN https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/12/17/spc-on-the-road-japan-porcelain.cnn

Video about the historic Arita kiln in Japan in the modern era. Video includes shots of pottery being made and fired. This resource describes the modern history and current use of the Arita kiln and provides little historical information.

GLAZES A glaze is the substance that forms the decorative and protective coating on a piece of pottery.

Footed Bowl, Japanese, 19th century; Arita porcelain with underglaze cobalt blue decoration. 1 15/16 x 6 5/16 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Transferred from Louis Round Wilson Library, Willie P. Mangum Collection, 84.19.12.

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Chinese Ceramics - An Expert Guide to Glazes – Christies https://www.christies.com/features/Glazes-A-Chinese-Ceramics-collectors-guide-7651-1.aspx

Guide to the color trends in Chinese ceramics from the 7th to the 18th century CE. Resource includes demonstrative images of wares from each dynastic period.

Chinese Glazes by Nigel Wood Chronology of Colors Han Purple: Violet glaze color unique to the Han Dynasty. Blue and White: Blue-and-white ware is common throughout the history of Chinese ceramics, and is often the first image to come to mind when one thinks of porcelain. Sancai: Translated as three colors, sancai glazes consisted of green, brown, and cream glazes, and were popular in the Tang Dynasty. Celadon: A green glaze used on stoneware.

• Korean Goryeo Celadon • Chinese Longquan Celadon

Celadon and Qingbai: Qingbai is a shadowy blue glaze that is visually similar to celadon. Mise: Translated as "mysterious color," mise ware was popular from the 9th - 11th century. Black Glaze: Black glaze was common during the Song dynasty. Hare's Fur Glaze: A technique of brushing on glaze that left a steaky finish, visually similar to fur. This type of glazing technique has been revived and popularized by contemporary American potter John Britt. Shino: Japanese white ware. Sang de Boeuf: Blood-red color, popular in the export market. Falangcai: Porcelain decorated with colorful enamels in the Qing dynasty. Famille Rose: A Pink color that was introduced only for the export market. ICONOGRAPHY There are many symbols that can be found in the decorations of ceramic vessels. These are often natural figures like plants or animals and symbolize things like longevity, health, and royalty. Longevity in Chinese Art – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/long/hd_long.htm

Objects in the collection include symbols of longevity including peaches, grapes, and svastikas.

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Daoism and Daoist Art – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/daoi/hd_daoi.htm

Daoist (or Taoist) art often includes natural imagery and signs of yin and yang. Daoism is a secular school of thought that developed into an organized religion inspired by the teachings in the text Laozi.

How to Read Symbols in Chinese Art – Christie’s https://www.christies.com/features/Chinese-Ceramics-How-to-decode-the-meanings-of-traditional-symbols-7229-1.aspx

Resource provides general information about reading and decoding Chinese ceramics and the symbols used to decorate them. Symbols described include cranes, bats, peacocks, and sons.

How to Read Chinese Ceramics by Denise Patry Leidy The story of Imari : the symbols and mysteries of antique Japanese porcelain by Goro Shimura CONTEXT The functions of the objects on display inform our knowledge of what daily life was like in ancient times.

Tea Ceremony Tea Drinking and Ceramic Tea Bowls – China Heritage Quarterly http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=029_li.inc&issue=029

Resource describes the connection between Chinese ceramic decorative styles and the tea ceremony, including extensive information about the tea bowl shapes and the process of making tea.

Plate with Scalloped Rim, Chinese, c. 1740-1745; porcelain with underglaze painting and overglaze enamel decoration. 10 1/2 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gift of Richard D. Pardue, 2014.39.7.

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The Japanese Tea Ceremony – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jtea/hd_jtea.htm

The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual process with many steps involved in the preparation and drinking of the tea. For this reason, the vessels in which the tea leaves are crushed and the tea is served were designed with great care for function and form. Resource focuses on the 16th century tea ceremony.

Vietnamese and Chinese ceramics used in the Japanese tea ceremony by Hiromu Honda and Noriki Shimazu

Funerary Practices Traditional Life in China: Burial Customs – Victoria & Albert Museum http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/b/burial-customs-china/

History of burial traditions and rituals in China, including images of objects used in funerary practices.

The Vibrant Role of Mingqi in Early Chinese Burials – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgqi/hd_mgqi.htm

Model of a Granary, Chinese, Han dynasty; red earthenware with green lead-based glaze. 12 1/4 x 10 1/4 x 10 1/4 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gift of Smith Freeman, 2009.26.6.

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Resource describes the changing role of mingqi from the Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. Mingqi are small figurines that were buried with the dead. The Ackland has mingqi in their collection.

Ceramic Artists Bezanson, Brother Thomas (Canadian, 1929–2007): The Marks Project, Pucker Gallery Britt, John (American, b.1980): John Britt Pottery, Ceramic Arts Network Hiroshi, Sakai (Japanese, b. 1960) Onishi Gallery, Japan Pottery Net Video Jean, Auguste (French, 1859 – 1904) Musee Orsay Munefusa, Myochin (Japanese, 18th century) Aizu Museum Osamu, Suzuki (Japanese, 1926-2001) National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, Japan Times Sekka, Kamisaka (Japanese, 1866 – 1942): The Art Institute of Chicago Shigekazu, Nagae (Japanese, b. 1953) Ceramics Now Shinobu, Kawase (Japanese, b. 1950) Japanese Pottery Information Center Shoji, Hamada (Japanese, 1894 – 1977) Encyclopaedia Britannica, Arizona State University Art Museum, Shoji Hamada Pottery

Sculpture The Sculpture of Greater India – Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258591.pdf.bannered.pdf

Article about Indian sculpture at the Met, especially focusing on Hindu and Buddhist sculptural traditions.

The Sculpture of India 3000 BCE-1300CE – National Gallery of Art https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/sculpture-of-india.pdf

Exhibition guide provides extensive information about sculpture from 300 BCE to 300 CE. Introduction discusses Western appreciation and interpretation of Indian art.

Nepalese Sculpture – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/neps/hd_neps.htm

Nepal has a traditional and style of sculpture all its own. Although Nepalese sculptors worked in many media, wooden sculptures like the one in the Ackland’s collection tended to be located in architectural settings.

STONE Introduction to Stone Carving Tools and Techniques – Minneapolis Institute of Art https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBCHa4t8eYk Video demonstrates the traditional technique of carving stone.

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Buddhist Sculpture – Centre for Cultural Resources and Training http://ccrtindia.gov.in/buddhistsculp.php

Resource about the changes in Indian Buddhist sculpture over time. Links to essays about Buddhist architecture and Temple Architecture are valuable for understanding the sculptures on view in their original context.

Deities in Stone – Asian Art Museum https://www.flysfo.com/museum/exhibitions/deities-stone-hindu-sculpture-collections-asian-art-museum

Exhibition introduction essay provides contextual information about the production and use of sculptures of the Hindu gods.

The Stone Sculpture of India: a study of the materials used by Indian sculptors from ca. 2nd century B.C. to the 16th century by Richard Newman WOOD The Antiquity of Nepalese Wood Carving: a reassessment by Mary Shepherd Slusser Woodcarving in the Himalayan Region by O.C. Handa METAL Casting Bronze Statues in South India – Asian Art Museum http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/video/casting-bronze-statues-south-india Video demonstrates the techniques used to cast bronze statues.

Bhrikuti, the Female Companion of the White Avalokiteshvara, Lord of Compassion, Nepalese, 14th century; wood with polychrome. 41 9/16 x 15 3/8 x 9 13/16 in. Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gift of the Tyche Foundation, 2010.9.

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Compass Astronomy and Astrology in the Medieval Islamic World https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/astr/hd_astr.htm

Navigation is important in Islam because of qibla, or prayer, which must face toward Mecca. For this reason, compasses and astrolabes became essential to Muslims and their production became an art form.

Metalwork and Material Culture in the Islamic World: art, craft and text: essays presented to James W. Allan edited by Venetia Porter and Mariam Rosser-Owen GLASS Glass from Islamic Lands – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igls/hd_igls.htm Introduction to the use of glass as a medium in Islamic art. Enameled and Gilded Glass from Islamic Lands – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/enag/hd_enag.htm

Like the lamp in the Ackland’s collection, decoration of glass objects with gold and brightly colored enamel was popular in the Middle Ages. These types of objects were part of a flourishing trade economy.

Gilded and Enamelled Glass from the Middle East edited by Rachel Ward Lamp Symbol of Divine Light: the lamp in Islamic culture and other traditions by Nicholas Stone

Take a look at the East Asian or South Asian Art and Architecture LibGuides for ideas to continue your research.